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Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ...................................................................................................... 3 2 Heimatbegriff außerliterarisch ....................................................................... 5 2.1 Heimat im Wörterbuch .......................................................................... 5 2.2 Räumliche und soziale Bedingungen .................................................... 6 2.3 Heimat als Utopie.................................................................................. 8 3 Heimatliteratur..............................................................................................13 3.1 Heimatkunstbewegung.........................................................................14 3.2 Blut-und-Boden-Literatur......................................................................17 3.3 Heimatroman........................................................................................18 3.4 Gattungsproblematik ............................................................................19 4 Anti-Heimat-Literatur ....................................................................................20 4.1 Vorbedingungen - Heimatliteratur nach 1945.......................................20 4.2 1960er & 1970er Jahre ........................................................................22 4.3 Definitionen von Anti-Heimatliteratur....................................................25 4.4 Von Anti-Heimatliteratur zu Anti-Heimat-Literatur ................................26 4.5 Österreich – Anti-Heimat par excellence..............................................28 5 Überlegungen zum Heimkehrmotiv ..............................................................34 5.1 Exkurs: Funktion von Motiven für die Literatur .....................................34 5.2 Heimkehrmotiv .....................................................................................37 6 „Da war er – noch immer gefangen...“ – „Fasching“ von Gerhard Fritsch ....42 6.1 Späte Anerkennung .............................................................................42 6.2 Heimkehr eines Deserteurs..................................................................44 6.2.1 Rezeptions- und Wirkungsästhetik des Heimkehrmotivs...........51 7 „Von einer Heimkehr konnte jedenfalls nicht die Rede sein.“ – „Der Emporkömmling“ von Franz Innerhofer................................................54 7.1 Teil vier einer Trilogie?.........................................................................54 7.2 Heimkehr als letzter Ausweg................................................................58 8 „Er regredierte hier...“ – „Schubumkehr“ von Robert Menasse.....................66 8.1 Zitat-Montage und Anti-Heimat-Roman................................................66 8.2 Heimkehr als Regression .....................................................................68 1 9 „Mach aus dir eine Insel“ – „Das tote Haus“ von Peter Zimmermann...........77 9.1 Variante des Anti-Heimat-Romans.......................................................77 9.2 Suche nach der Stille ...........................................................................78 10 Funktionen des Heimkehrmotivs ..................................................................87 10.1 Erzähltechnisches Konzept des Heimkehrmotivs.................................89 10.2 Heimat – eine Utopie?..........................................................................96 10.3 Heimkehr in die Anti-Heimat – ein Widerspruch?...............................100 10.4 Ausblick..............................................................................................102 11 Bibliographie ..............................................................................................104 11.1 Primärliteratur.....................................................................................104 11.2 Sekundärliteratur................................................................................104 11.2.1 Rezensionen ...........................................................................112 11.2.2 Internet ....................................................................................114 Anhang............................................................................................................115 Interview mit Peter Zimmermann, 30.9.2007..............................................115 Abstract......................................................................................................120 Lebenslauf .................................................................................................122 2 1 Einleitung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Werken eines Genres, das mittler- weile beinahe vollständig von der Bühne der österreichischen Literatur ver- schwunden ist. Die Anti-Heimatliteratur beziehungsweise Anti-Heimat-Literatur durfte sich in den Siebzigerjahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts über ihre größten Erfolge freuen. Mittlerweile ist der Begriff mit einer Aura des Antiquierten und Unzeitgemäßen behaftet und wird meist nur in abwertender Absicht verwendet. Dabei nimmt die Anti-Heimat-Literatur eine wichtige, wenn nicht sogar die wich- tigste Position in der österreichischen Gegenwartsliteratur ein. Anti-Heimat- Literatur hat in hohem Ausmaß auf historische und aktuelle politische und ge- sellschaftliche Entwicklungen in Österreich Bezug genommen und diese kritisch beleuchtet. Diese Arbeit soll auch ein Beitrag dazu sein, dass dieses Genre nicht völlig in Vergessenheit gerät. Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht das Heimkehrmotiv, das sich auf den ersten Blick nicht unbedingt in Verbindung zur Anti-Heimat-Literatur bringen lässt. Denn tat- sächlich ist es das Fluchtmotiv, welches weitaus häufiger zur Verwendung he- rangezogen wird. Von dieser Beobachtung ausgehend soll untersucht werden, ob und wie das Heimkehrmotiv kompatibel zur Anti-Heimat-Literatur ist. Dabei ist es wichtig, auf die inhaltlichen und auf die formalen Besonderheiten des Mo- tivs einzugehen. Motive haben generell eine Funktion als Inhalts- und auch als strukturierte und strukturgebende Einheiten, sie entfalten ihre Wirkung auf zwei verschiedenen Ebenen. Das Heimkehrmotiv findet sich in der Literaturgeschichte immer wieder in den unterschiedlichsten Kontexten. Als eine der ältesten und bekanntesten Heim- kehrergeschichten sei die Odyssee von Homer erwähnt. Darin und auch in vie- len anderen Werken steht die Sehnsucht nach der Rückkehr in die Heimat im Vordergrund. Umgelegt auf das Genre der Anti-Heimat-Literatur stellt sich die Frage, wie sich diese Sehnsucht mit einer Gattung, die tendenziell eine kritische Haltung zur Heimat einnimmt, vereinbaren lässt. Eine Heimkehr in die Anti- Heimat kann nur schwer entsprechend den herkömmlichen Verläufen der klas- sischen Heimkehrergeschichten entsprechen. Deshalb soll in dieser Arbeit un- tersucht werden, ob sich für die Verwendung des Motivs in der Anti-Heimat- 3 Literatur ein eigenes Schema definieren lässt. Eine rein textimmanente Interpre- tation würde jedoch zu kurz greifen. Deshalb steht zu Beginn der Arbeit ein the- oretischer Teil, der dazu beitragen soll, möglichst viele relevante Aspekte in die Analyse einzubringen. Zuallererst ist es notwendig, auf die Aspekte Heimat und Identität einzugehen, da diese in enger Verbindung zum Heimkehrmotiv stehen und auch wichtige Themen in der Anti-Heimat-Literatur sind. Zu diesem Zweck werden in Kapitel zwei verschiedene Konzepte zum Thema Heimat präsentiert und zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Der Heimatbegriff unterzog sich im Laufe der Zeit einem vielfachen Wandel und wurde leider sehr oft auch zu ideologischen Zwecken missbraucht. Ein Wandel des Heimatbegriffes auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene findet immer auch eine Ent- sprechung in der Literatur, da diese wesentlich von aktuellen Entwicklungen beeinflusst wird und diese auch widerspiegelt. Diese Verbindung wird versucht in Kapitel drei, welches sich mit der Heimatkunstbewegung, der Blut-und- Boden-Literatur und dem Heimatroman der Nachkriegszeit beschäftigt, nachzu- zeichnen. Erst aus dem Verständnis der problematischen und auch miss- bräuchlichen Verwendung des Begriffes in der Literatur kann sich das Ver- ständnis für die Entstehung der Anti-Heimat-Literatur als spezifisch österreichi- sches Genre herausbilden. Kapitel vier schließlich widmet sich der Anti-Heimat- Literatur, skizziert deren Entwicklung und stellt ein umfassendes Konzept dazu vor. Den letzten Abschnitt des Theorieteils bildet Kapitel fünf, das sich mit Über- legungen zur Motivforschung und zum Heimkehrmotiv beschäftigt. Dieses Kapi- tel ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für eine fundierte Interpretation, welche in den darauf folgenden vier Abschnitten stattfindet. Es wird jeweils ein Werk pro Kapitel unter Einbeziehung von Forschungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte genau- er analysiert. Die ausgewählten Werke spannen einen zeitlichen Bogen von den 1960er Jahren bis in die Gegenwart und repräsentieren jeweils verschiedene Phasen der Anti-Heimat-Literatur. Im abschließenden Kapitel zehn werden die Erkenntnisse der Einzelanalysen zusammengefasst, anhand konkreter Leitfra- gen zueinander in Beziehung gebracht und zu Grundaussagen über das Heim- kehrmotiv in der Anti-Heimat-Literatur formuliert. 4 2 Heimatbegriff außerliterarisch Betrachtet man den Begriff „Heimat“ aus diachroner Sicht, so lässt sich un- schwer erkennen, dass dieser Terminus im Laufe der Zeit einem vielfältigen Wandel unterzogen wurde. Rüdiger Görner etwa bezeichnet in diesem Zusam- menhang Heimat als „chamäleonhaftes
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