Characterization of Tentacle Branching Morphogenesis in the Jellyfish
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(Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae) and the Use of 16S Rdna Sequences for Unpuzzling Systematic Relationships in Hydrozoa*
SCI. MAR., 64 (Supl. 1): 117-122 SCIENTIA MARINA 2000 TRENDS IN HYDROZOAN BIOLOGY - IV. C.E. MILLS, F. BOERO, A. MIGOTTO and J.M. GILI (eds.) Sarsia marii n. sp. (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae) and the use of 16S rDNA sequences for unpuzzling systematic relationships in Hydrozoa* BERND SCHIERWATER1,2 and ANDREA ENDER1 1Zoologisches Institut der J. W. Goethe-Universität, Siesmayerstr. 70, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] 2JTZ, Ecology and Evolution, Ti Ho Hannover, Bünteweg 17d, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. SUMMARY: A new hydrozoan species, Sarsia marii, is described by using morphological and molecular characters. Both morphological and 16S rDNA data place the new species together with other Sarsia species near the base of a clade that developed‚ “walking” tentacles in the medusa stage. The molecular data also suggest that the family Cladonematidae (Cladonema, Eleutheria, Staurocladia) is monophyletic. The taxonomic embedding of Sarsia marii n. sp. demonstrates the usefulness of 16S rDNA sequences for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships in Hydrozoa. Key words: Sarsia marii n. sp., Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Corynidae, 16S rDNA, systematics, phylogeny. INTRODUCTION Cracraft, 1991; Schierwater et al., 1994; Swofford et al., 1996). Nevertheless molecular data are especial- Molecular data and parsimony analysis have ly useful or even indispensable in groups where become powerful tools for the study of phylogenet- other characters, like morphological data, are limit- ic relationships among extant animal taxa. In partic- ed or hard to interpret. ular, DNA sequence data have added important and One classical problem to animal phylogeny is the surprising information on the phylogenetic relation- evolution of cnidarians and the groups therein ships at almost all taxonomic levels in a variety of (Hyman, 1940; Brusca and Brusca, 1990; Bridge et animal groups (for references see Avise, 1994; al., 1992, 1995; Schuchert, 1993; Schierwater, 1994; DeSalle and Schierwater, 1998). -
CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell. -
Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2011 Volume 19 Number 6
ISSN 1198-6727 Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2011 Volume 19 Number 6 TOO PRECIOUS TO DRILL: THE MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF BELIZE Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada TOO PRECIOUS TO DRILL: THE MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF BELIZE edited by Maria Lourdes D. Palomares and Daniel Pauly Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(6) 175 pages © published 2011 by The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia 2202 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4 ISSN 1198-6727 Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(6) 2011 TOO PRECIOUS TO DRILL: THE MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF BELIZE edited by Maria Lourdes D. Palomares and Daniel Pauly CONTENTS PAGE DIRECTOR‘S FOREWORD 1 EDITOR‘S PREFACE 2 INTRODUCTION 3 Offshore oil vs 3E‘s (Environment, Economy and Employment) 3 Frank Gordon Kirkwood and Audrey Matura-Shepherd The Belize Barrier Reef: a World Heritage Site 8 Janet Gibson BIODIVERSITY 14 Threats to coastal dolphins from oil exploration, drilling and spills off the coast of Belize 14 Ellen Hines The fate of manatees in Belize 19 Nicole Auil Gomez Status and distribution of seabirds in Belize: threats and conservation opportunities 25 H. Lee Jones and Philip Balderamos Potential threats of marine oil drilling for the seabirds of Belize 34 Michelle Paleczny The elasmobranchs of Glover‘s Reef Marine Reserve and other sites in northern and central Belize 38 Demian Chapman, Elizabeth Babcock, Debra Abercrombie, Mark Bond and Ellen Pikitch Snapper and grouper assemblages of Belize: potential impacts from oil drilling 43 William Heyman Endemic marine fishes of Belize: evidence of isolation in a unique ecological region 48 Phillip Lobel and Lisa K. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Locomotory Systems of Medusoid Cnidaria
Helgol~nder wiss. Meeresunters. 25, 228-272 (1973) A comparative analysis of the locomotory systems of medusoid Cnidaria W. G. GLADFELTER Pacific Marine Station; Dillon Beach, California, USA KURZFASSUNG: Eine vergleichende Analyse der Iokomotorischen Systeme von Cnidarier- Medusen. Auf der Grundlage einer funktionell-morphologischen Analyse des lokomoto- rischen Systems bei Hydro- und Seyphomedusen wurde der Versuch unternommen, den Me- chanismus ihrer Schwimmbewegungen allgemein zu charakterisieren. An Vertretern yon ins- gesamt 42 Gattungen wurden der Bau und die funktionelle Variabilit~it des Schirmes, der Mesogloea, der Fibriiien der Mesogloea, der kontraktilen Elemente der Muskulatur und des Velums bzw. des Velariums untersucht und verglichen some eine Klassifizierung der Medusen nach der Struktur der Mesogloea und der Art der Fortbewegung vorgenommen. INTRODUCTION The most complete discussion to date of the medusa as a functioning musculo- skeletal system has been that of GLADFELTrR (1972a) for the hydromedusan Polyorchis montereyensis. In another study the very different locomotory system of the scypho- medusan Cyanea capillata has been discussed (GLADFrLT~R 1972b). Other published works on the functional morphology of medusan locomotory systems have been frag- mentary or have dealt with specialized aspects of the subiect (K~AslNSKA 1914, CHaVMAN 1953, 1959; MAC~IE 1964, CHAVMAN 1968 and others), and works on general anatomy (CguN I897, CONANT 1898, THIr~ 1938, HYMAN 1940a and others) though presenting some of the pertinent anatomy, have not discussed the locomotory system as a whole. A number of more speciaiized papers dealing with the physiology of medusan locomotion are also available but present only the essential rudiments of morphology (BULLOCK & HORRIDGE 1965, MACKIE 197t and others). -
Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Light of Mitochondria! 16S Rdna Data
Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondria! 16S rDNA data ALLEN G. COLLINS*, SILKE WINKELMANN, HEIKE HADRYS & BERND SCHIERWATER Accepted: 14 April 2004 Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadiys, H. & Schiei-water, B. (2004). Phylogeny of Capitata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) and Coiynidae (Capitata) in light of mitochondrial 16S rDNA data. — Zoologica Scripts, 34, 91-99. New sequences of the partial rDNA gene coding for the mitochondrial large ribosomal sub- unit, 16S, are derived ffom 47 diverse hydrozoan species and used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among families of the group Capitata and among species of the capitate family Corynidae. Our analyses identiiy a well-supported clade, herein named Aplanulata, of capitate hydrozoans that are united by the synapomorphy of undergoing direct development without the ciliated planula stage that is typical of cnidarians. Aplanulata includes the important model organisms of the group Hydridae, as well as species of Candelabiidae, Corymorphidae, and Tubulariidae. The hypothesis that Hydridae is closely related to brackish water species of Moerisiidae is strongly controverted by 16S rDNA data, as has been shown for nuclear 18S rDNA data. The consistent phylogenetic signal derived from 16S and 18S data suggest that both markers would be useful for broad-scale multimarker analyses of hydrozoan relation- ships. Coiynidae is revealed as paraphyletic with respect to Polyorchidae, a group for which information about the hydroid stage is lacking. Bicorona, which has been classified both within and outside of Corynidae, is shown to have a close relationship with all but one sampled species of Coryne. The coiynid genera Coiyne, Dipurena, and Sarsia are not revealed as mono- phyletic, further calling into question the morphological criteria used to classiiy them. -
Cnidaria (Coelenterata) Steven Sadro
Cnidaria (Coelenterata) Steven Sadro The cnidarians (coelenterates), encompassing hydroids, sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are a large (ca 5,500 species), highly diverse group. They are ubiquitous, occurring at all latitudes and depths. The phylum is divided into four classes, all found in the waters of the Pacific Northwest. This chapter is restricted to the two classes with a dominant polyp form, the Hydrozoa (Table 1) and Anthozoa (Table 2), and excludes the Scyphozoa, Siphonophora, and Cubozoa, which have a dominant medusoid form. Keys to the local Scyphozoa and Siphonophora can be found in Kozloff (1996), and Wrobel and Mills (1998) present a beautiful pictorial guide to these groups. Reproduction and Development The relatively simple cnidarian structural organization contrasts with the complexity of their life cycles (Fig. 1). The ability to form colonies or clones through asexual reproduction and the life cycle mode known as "alteration of generations" are the two fundamental aspects of the cnidarian life cycle that contribute to the group's great diversity (Campbell, 1974; Brusca and Brusca, 1990). The life cycle of many cnidarians alternates between sexual and asexual reproducing forms. Although not all cnidarians display this type of life cycle, those that do not are thought to have derived from taxa that did. The free-swimming medusoid is the sexually reproducing stage. It is generated through asexual budding of the polyp form. Most polyp and some medusae forms are capable of reproducing themselves by budding, and when budding is not followed by complete separation of the new cloned individuals colonies are formed (e.g., Anthopleura elegantissima). -
(Cnidaria: Anthoathecata) in the South Atlantic Ocean OCEAN and C
OCEAN AND COASTAL NOTE https://doi.org/10.1590/s2675-28242020068349 RESEARCH First in situ record of the medusa stage of Cladonema radiatum (Cnidaria: Anthoathecata) in the South Atlantic Ocean Gabriel Bittencourt Farias1* , Sigrid Neumann Leitão1 , Pedro Augusto Mendes de Castro Melo1 , Miodeli Nogueira Júnior2 , Everton Giachini Tosetto1 1 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Departamento de Oceanografia (Av. Arquitetura, s/n - Cidade Universitária - Recife - 50740-550 - PE - Brazil) 2 Universidade Federal da Paraiba - Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia (Conj. Pres. Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa - 58050-000 - PB - Brazil) *Corresponding author: [email protected] Hydromedusae are important predators in marine observation of the medusa stage of Cladonema radiatum habitats and information on their distribution is in the South Atlantic Ocean associated with two essential for understanding biogeographic patterns different substrates, collected with emergence traps. and marine ecosystem functioning (Colin et al., 2003; This record extends the known geographic occurrence Tewksbury et al., 2014). Contrary to most hydromedusae, of the species to northestern Brazil. We additionally species of the family Cladonematidae Gegenbaur, provide insights on methodologies that can improve the 1857 (Anthoathecata) are characterized by a mostly collection efficiency of organisms with demersal habits. or exclusively benthic mode of life with specialized The specimens were collected in the Abrolhos adhesive structures on the tentacles used to -
Irish Biodiversity: a Taxonomic Inventory of Fauna
Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna Irish Wildlife Manual No. 38 Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna S. E. Ferriss, K. G. Smith, and T. P. Inskipp (editors) Citations: Ferriss, S. E., Smith K. G., & Inskipp T. P. (eds.) Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 38. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Section author (2009) Section title . In: Ferriss, S. E., Smith K. G., & Inskipp T. P. (eds.) Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 38. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Cover photos: © Kevin G. Smith and Sarah E. Ferriss Irish Wildlife Manuals Series Editors: N. Kingston and F. Marnell © National Parks and Wildlife Service 2009 ISSN 1393 - 6670 Inventory of Irish fauna ____________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................................2 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................3 Methodology........................................................................................................................................................................3 -
Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Hydromedusae of the World, with a List of the Worldwide Species
Phylogeny and Classification of Hydroidomedusae SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE HYDROMEDUSAE OF THE WORLD, WITH A LIST OF THE WORLDWIDE SPECIES. Jean Bouillon (1) and Ferdinando Boero (2) (1) Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Ave F. D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium. (2) Dipartimento di Biologia, Stazione di Biologia Marina, Università di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Abstract: This report provides a systematic review of the pelagic Hydrozoa, Siphonophores excluded; diagnoses and keys are given for the different families and genera with a short description of their hydroid stage where known; a list of the world-wide hydromedusae species is established. Key words: Hydrozoa, Automedusae, Hydroidomedusae, systematics, diagnosis A: INTRODUCTION: The hydromedusae are on the whole one of the best known groups of all the Hydrozoa, three great monographs covering the world-wide described species having been dedicated to them, the first by Haeckel (1879-1880), the second by Mayer (1910) and the last by Kramp (1961). A generic revision has been done by Bouillon, 1985, 1995 and several large surveys covering various 47 Thalassia Salentina n. 24/2000 geographical regions have been published in recent times, more particularly, those by Kramp, 1959 the “Atlantic and adjacent waters”, 1968 “Pacific and Indian Ocean”, Arai and Brinckmann-Voss, 1980 “British Columbia and Puget Sound”; Bouillon, 1999 “South Atlantic”; Bouillon and Barnett, 1999 “New- Zealand”; Boero and Bouillon, 1993 and Bouillon et al, (in preparation) “ Mediterranean”; they all largely improved our knowledge about systematics and hydromedusan biodiversity. The present work is a compilation of all the genera and species of hydromedusae known, built up from literature since Kramp’s 1961 synopsis to a few months before publication. -
Diversity and Life-Cycle Analysis of Pacific Ocean Zooplankton by 2 Videomicroscopy and DNA Barcoding
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/669663; this version posted June 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Diversity and Life-cycle Analysis of Pacific Ocean Zooplankton by 2 Videomicroscopy and DNA Barcoding. I. Cnidaria 3 4 Peter J. Bryant1 and Timothy E. Arehart2 5 6 1Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 7 2Crystal Cove Conservancy, #5 Crystal Cove, Newport Coast, CA 92657 8 9 Abstract 10 11 Most, but not all cnidarian species in the classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa have a life cycle in which a colonial, 12 asexually reproducing hydroid phase alternates with a free-swimming, sexually reproducing medusa phase that, in the 13 hydrozoans, is usually microscopic. Hydrozoan medusae were collected by zooplankton tows in Newport Bay and the 14 Pacific Ocean near Newport Beach, California, and hydroid colonies were collected from solid substrates in the same 15 areas. Specimens were documented by videomicroscopy, preserved in ethanol, and sent to the Canadian Centre for 16 DNA Barcoding at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada for DNA barcoding. 17 Among the order Anthomedusae (athecate hydroids), DNA barcoding allowed for the discrimination between the 18 medusae of eight putative species of Bougainvillia, and the hydroid stages were documented for two of these. The 19 medusae of three putative species of Amphinema were identified, and the hydroid stages were identified for two of 20 them. -
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) and the Evolution and Development of Ectopleura Larynx
PHYLOGENETICS OF APLANULATA (CNIDARIA: HYDROZOA) AND THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ECTOPLEURA LARYNX BY Copyright 2012 ANNALISE M. NAWROCKI Submitted to the graduate degree program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________________ Chairperson Paulyn Cartwright _________________________ Caroline Chaboo _________________________ Lena Hileman _________________________ Mark Holder _________________________ Rob Ward _________________________ Ed Wiley Date Defended: March 28, 2012 The Dissertation Committee for ANNALISE M. NAWROCKI certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: PHYLOGENETICS OF APLANULATA (CNIDARIA: HYDROZOA) AND THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ECTOPLEURA LARYNX _________________________ Chairperson Paulyn Cartwright Date approved: April 11, 2012 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE…………….……….………………….…………………………………………..i ACCEPTANCE PAGE……...…………………………………………………………………..ii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………….iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...…………………………………………………………………..iv ABSTRACT………………...…………………………………………………………………..vii INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..viii MAIN BODY CHAPTER 1: Phylogenetic relationships of Capitata sensu stricto……………………...1 CHAPTER 2: Phylogenetic placement of Hydra and the relationships of Aplanulata....33 CHAPTER 3: Colony formation in Ectopleura larynx (Hydrozoa: Aplanulata) occurs through the fusion of sexually-generated individuals…………...………69 -
Marine Invertebrates of the Northern and Yorke Nrm Region: Results of 2013-2014 Field Work, Including Records of New Species
MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF THE NORTHERN AND YORKE NRM REGION: RESULTS OF 2013-2014 FIELD WORK, INCLUDING RECORDS OF NEW SPECIES J. Baker1, A. Falconer2, D. Kinasz3, A. Futterer4, H. Crawford5, K. Puxley6, J. Baker-Johnson7, S. Ruxton8, A. Newton9, K. Hart10, B. Moffat11, A. Strous12, M. Sutcliffe13, W. Butvila14, J. Santiago15, L. Baade16 and D. Aston17 1 Janine L. Baker, Marine Ecologist, Founder and Manager of South Australian Conservation Research Divers (SACReD) Email: [email protected] 2 A. Falconer, Marine Research Group of the Fields Naturalists Club of Victoria, associate of SACReD, and associate of Museum Victoria 3 D. Kinasz, Marine Photographer, fieldwork assistant, member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club, associate of SACReD 4 A. Futterer, Marine Photographer, member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club and M.E. Dive Club, member of SACReD 5 H. Crawford, Marine Photographer, member of SACReD, member of MLSSA 6 K. Puxley, Marine Photographer, member of M.E. Dive Club, associate of SACReD 7 J. Baker-Johnson, SCUBA diver and fieldwork assistant; member of SACReD 8 S. Ruxton, Marine Photographer, associate of SACReD 9 A. Newton, Marine Photographer and Videographer at A&K Diving; associate of SACReD 10 K. Hart, Marine Photographer and Videographer at A&K Diving, associate of SACReD 11 B. Moffat, Marine Photographer, member of Wallaroo and Districts Dive Club 12 A. Strous, Marine Photographer, Marine Biology student and member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club 13 M. Sutcliffe, Marine Photographer, member of Adelaide University SCUBA Club 14 W. Butvila, Marine Photographer; Founder and Manager of M.E. Dive Club 15 J. Santiago, Marine Photographer 16 L.