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Classification of Cell Death
Cell Death and Differentiation (2005) 12, 1463–1467 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/05 $30.00 www.nature.com/cdd News and Commentary Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death G Kroemer*,1, WS El-Deiry2, P Golstein3, ME Peter4, D Vaux5, with or without, caspase activation and that ‘autophagic cell P Vandenabeele6, B Zhivotovsky7, MV Blagosklonny8, death’ represents a type of cell death with (but not necessarily W Malorni9, RA Knight10, M Piacentini11, S Nagata12 and through) autophagic vacuolization. This article details the G Melino10,13 2005 recommendations of NCCD. Over time, molecular definitions are expected to emerge for those forms of cell 1 CNRS-UMR8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, death that remain descriptive. F-94805 Villejuif, France 2 University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Preface 3 Centre d’Immunologie INSERM/CNRS/Universite de la Mediterranee de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, It is obvious that clear definitions of objects that are only France shadows in Plato’s cage are difficult to be achieved. Cell death 4 The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th and the different subroutines leading to cell death do not Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 5 escape this rule. Even worse, the notion of death is strongly Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, influenced by religious and cultural beliefs, which may UK 6 Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical subliminally influence the scientific view of cell death. -
Acid-Catalysed Hydroaminations
Acid-Catalysed Hydroaminations A thesis submitted to Cardiff University by Laura Henderson MChem (Hons.) In candidature of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Chemistry Cardiff University UMI Number: U557419 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U557419 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Acknowledgments First of all I would like to thank Prof. David W. Knight, for all his support, great ideas and seemingly endless breadth of knowledge that made this project possible. Secondly, I would also like to thank Dr. Andrew C. Williams for all the support and advice he has given over the last three years. I am grateful to the many students whose have contributed towards this thesis; they were all a joy to work with. In particular, I want to thank Nena Christiansen, Jon Williams and Rhian Courtney for their work. I want to thank Dr Rob Jenkins, Robin Hicks and Dave Walker for all of their mass spec, and NMR support over the years. I also want to thank Dr John Brazier and Dr Jacky Yau for all the advice and help that they gave, and endless enthusiasm that they have shown. -
Microgram Journal, Vol 3, Number 2
MICROGRAM Laboratory Operations Division Office Of Science And Drug Abuse Prevention BUREAU OF NARCOTICS & DANGEROUS DRUGS / U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE / WASHINGTION, D.C. 20537 Vol.III, No. 2 March-April, 1970 STP (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) hydrochloride was found coating the inside of capsules sent to BNDDfrom Germany. The capsules were clear, hard gelatin, standard shape size No. o. Average weight was 114 milligrams. Each capsule had a white crystalline coating on inner surface of capsule body. Apparently a measu~ed amount of solution had been placedin the cap·sule body, after which it was rotated to spread the solution on the inner surface. The substance contained 8. 7 milli grams STP (DOM)HCl per ca·psule. · These were the first STP capsules of this type seen by our laboratory. A few years ago, capsules were ob tained in the U.S. similarly coated with LSD. STP (Free Base) on laboratory filter paper, also from Germany, was seen for the first time in our laboratory. The STP spots, containing approxi mately 8 miliigrams STP base each, were 5/8 to 3/4 inch in diameter. The paper was 1\ inches square. Phencyclidine (Free Base) was recently analyzed on parsley leaves. Called "Angel DUst, 11 the phencyclidine on two samples of leaves was 2.6% and 3.6%. Approximately thirty pounds of 94% pure powder was also analyzed. (For identification of phencyclidine base, see Microgram, II, 1, p.3 (Jan 1969). IMITATIONSof well-known drug products are examined frequently in our Special Testing and Research Laboratory. Many of these are well made preparations and closely resemble the imitated product. -
4 Mitotic Catastrophe
4 Mitotic Catastrophe Fiorenza Ianzini, FI, PhD, and Michael A. Mackey, MAM, PhD Summary Mitotic catastrophe (MC) is the result of premature or inappropriate entry of cells into mitosis, usually occurring because of chemical or physical stresses. MC is characterized by changes in nuclear morphology and the eventual appearance of polyploid cell progeny in affected cell populations, is markedly enhanced in cells lacking p53 function, and is the result of overaccumulation of cyclin B1 in cells delayed late in the cell cycle by the inducing agent. Thus, MC is considered to be the predominant mechanism underlying mitotic-linked cell death. Along with characteristic features associated with MC, a delayed DNA damage phenotype has been noted in these populations, suggesting a potential role for MC in mutagenesis and the acquisition of genomic instability. Although generally lethal, some cells can survive MC through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Cytological features associated with meiotic cell division have been noted in polyploid cell populations produced through MC, a finding that might be particularly relevant in the understanding of tumor progression and that might provide a novel mechanism for the generation of quasi-diploid progeny from MC-induced polyploid cell populations. This review summarizes the literature pertaining to MC and describes current lines of research in this interesting research area. Key Words: Mitotic catastrophe; cell cycle regulation; cyclin B1; endopoly- ploid cells; mitosis; meiosis; carcinogenesis; tumor progression; delayed DNA damage; SPCC. 1. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MITOTIC CATASTROPHE 1.1. Mitotic Catastrophe is the Result of Premature Entry into Mitosis Following Abrogation of G2/M Checkpoint Function Exposure of some cell types to a broad class of agents can lead to a loss of regulation of cell division, such that cells enter into a premature mitosis, an event that culminates in a phenomenon called mitotic catastrophe (MC). -
Plants and Parts of Plants Used in Food Supplements: an Approach to Their
370 ANN IST SUPER SANITÀ 2010 | VOL. 46, NO. 4: 370-388 DOI: 10.4415/ANN_10_04_05 ES I Plants and parts of plants used OLOG D in food supplements: an approach ETHO to their safety assessment M (a) (b) (b) (b) D Brunella Carratù , Elena Federici , Francesca R. Gallo , Andrea Geraci , N (a) (b) (b) (a) A Marco Guidotti , Giuseppina Multari , Giovanna Palazzino and Elisabetta Sanzini (a)Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare; RCH (b) A Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy ESE R Summary. In Italy most herbal products are sold as food supplements and are subject only to food law. A list of about 1200 plants authorised for use in food supplements has been compiled by the Italian Ministry of Health. In order to review and possibly improve the Ministry’s list an ad hoc working group of Istituto Superiore di Sanità was requested to provide a technical and scientific opinion on plant safety. The listed plants were evaluated on the basis of their use in food, therapeu- tic activity, human toxicity and in no-alimentary fields. Toxicity was also assessed and plant limita- tions to use in food supplements were defined. Key words: food supplements, botanicals, herbal products, safety assessment. Riassunto (Piante o parti di piante usate negli integratori alimentari: un approccio per la valutazione della loro sicurezza d’uso). In Italia i prodotti a base di piante utilizzati a scopo salutistico sono in- tegratori alimentari e pertanto devono essere commercializzati secondo le normative degli alimenti. Le piante che possono essere impiegate sono raccolte in una “lista di piante ammesse” stabilita dal Ministero della Salute. -
Managing, Training and Exploring Anatomy
MANAGING, TRAINING AND EXPLORING ANATOMY - HABILITATION THESIS - Associate Professor STAN CRISTINEL IONEL, MD, PhD - 2019 - CONTENTS Abbreviations 3 Abstract 5 Rezumat 7 SECTION I - PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS 9 Brief overview of the academic carreer 9 CHAPTER 1. FROM HYPPOCRATES TO HARVEY - FROM FASCIES TO ARTERIES 12 1.1. State of the Art 12 1.2. Sustentaculum facies - everlasting facial youth 17 1.2.1. Introduction 17 1.2.2. Material and methods 22 1.2.3. Results 23 1.2.4. Discussions 35 1.2.5. Final remarks 40 1.3. Anatomic variations in arterries 40 1.3.1. Introduction 40 1.3.2. Material and methods 41 1.3.3. Results 42 1.3.4. Discussion 44 1.3.5. Final remarks 46 1.4. Anatomical substrate of peritoneal dialysis 47 1.4.1. Introduction 47 1.4.2. Material and methods 47 1.4.3. Results 49 1.4.4. Discussion 54 1.4.5. Final remarks 56 1.5. Perspectives in clinical applied embryology 57 1.5.1. Introduction 57 1.5.2. Material and method 58 1.5.3. Results 58 1.5.4. Discussion 62 1.5.5. Final remarks 64 CHAPTER 2. THE PHOENIX OF BONE RESTORATION – FROM PATHOLOGY TO ANATOMY 64 2.1. State of the Art 64 2.2. Plate osteosynthesis in tibial fractures 67 2.2.1. Introduction 67 2.2.2. Materials and methods 70 2.2.3. Results 71 2.2.4. Discussions 73 2.2.5. Final remark 74 2.3. New perspectives in shoulder prosthesis 75 2.3.1. -
Food and Health in Europe: Europe: in Health and Food WHO Regional Publications
Food and health in Europe: Food and health WHO Regional Publications European Series, No. 96 a new basis for action Food and health in Europe: a new basis for action 96 The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as a specialized agency of the United Nations serving as the directing and coordinating authority for international health matters and public health. One of WHO’s constitutional functions is to provide objective and reliable information and advice in the field of human health, a responsibility that it fulfils in part through its publications programmes. Through its publications, the Organization seeks to support national health strategies and address the most pressing public health concerns. The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six regional offices throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the particular health problems of the countries it serves. The European Region embraces some 870 million people living in an area stretching from Greenland in the north and the Mediterranean in the south to the Pacific shores of the Russian Federation. The European programme of WHO therefore concentrates both on the problems associated with industrial and post-industrial society and on those faced by the emerging democracies of central and eastern Europe and the former USSR. To ensure the widest possible availability of authoritative information and guidance on health matters, WHO secures broad international distribution of its publications and encourages their translation and adaptation. By helping to promote and protect health and prevent and control disease, WHO’s books contribute to achieving the Organization’s principal objective – the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health. -
Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 11713-11741; doi:10.3390/ijms140611713 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use Adam M. Takos and Fred Rook * Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +45-3533-3343; Fax: +45-3533-3300. Received: 28 April 2013; in revised form: 26 May 2013 / Accepted: 27 May 2013 / Published: 31 May 2013 Abstract: The alkaloids characteristically produced by the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllidaceae, bulbous plant species that include well know genera such as Narcissus (daffodils) and Galanthus (snowdrops), are a source of new pharmaceutical compounds. Presently, only the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, is produced commercially as a drug from cultivated plants. However, several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown great promise as anti-cancer drugs, but their further clinical development is restricted by their limited commercial availability. Amaryllidaceae species have a long history of cultivation and breeding as ornamental bulbs, and phytochemical research has focussed on the diversity in alkaloid content and composition. In contrast to the available pharmacological and phytochemical data, ecological, physiological and molecular aspects of the Amaryllidaceae and their alkaloids are much less explored and the identity of the alkaloid biosynthetic genes is presently unknown. An improved molecular understanding of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis would greatly benefit the rational design of breeding programs to produce cultivars optimised for the production of pharmaceutical compounds and enable biotechnology based approaches. -
Radioimmunotherapy Effector Mechanisms
UMEÅ UNIVERSITY MEDICAL DISSERTATIONS New Series No 1002 ISSN 0346-6612 ISBN 91-7264-013-8 ____________________________________________________ EXPERIMENTAL RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY AND EFFECTOR MECHANISMS David Eriksson Departments of Immunology, Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Physics Umeå University, Sweden Umeå 2006 The articles published in this thesis have been reprinted with permission from the publishers Copyright © 2006 by David Eriksson ISBN 91-7264-013-8 Printed in Sweden by Solfjädern Offset AB, Umeå 2006 ABSTRACT Experimental Radioimmunotherapy and Effector Mechanisms Radioimmunotherapy is becoming important as a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of tumour diseases. Lately monoclonal antibodies tagged with radionuclides have demonstrated encouraging results in treatment of hematological malignancies. The progress in treatment of solid tumours using radioimmunotherapy, however, has been slow. New strategies to improve the treatment response need to be evaluated. Such new strategies include the combination of radioimmunotherapy with other treatment modalities but also elucidation and exploration of the death effector mechanisms involved in tumour eradication. As the combination of radioimmunotherapy and radiotherapy provides several potential synergistic effects, we started out by optimising a treatment schedule to detect benefits combining these treatment modalities. An anti-cytokeratin antibody labelled with 125I administered before, after, or simultaneously with radiotherapy, indicated that the highest dose to the tumour was delivered when radiotherapy was given prior to the antibody administration. The optimised treatment schedule was then applied therapeutically in an experimental study on HeLa Hep2 tumour bearing nude mice given radiotherapy prior to administration of 131I-labelled monoclonal antibodies. Combining these treatment regimes enhanced the effect of either of the treatment modalities given alone, and a significant reduction in tumour volumes could be demonstrated. -
Cell Death by Mitotic Catastrophe: a Molecular Definition
Oncogene (2004) 23, 2825–2837 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9232/04 $25.00 www.nature.com/onc Cell death by mitotic catastrophe: a molecular definition Maria Castedo1, Jean-Luc Perfettini1, Thomas Roumier1, Karine Andreau1, Rene Medema2 and Guido Kroemer*,1 1CNRS-UMR 8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pavillon de Recherche 1, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, Villejuif F-94805, France; 2Division of Molecular Biology H8, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands The current literature is devoid of a clearcut definition of mutant strains (Molz et al., 1989; Ayscough et al., mitotic catastrophe, a type of cell death that occurs during 1992). Accordingly, some authors view ‘mitotic mitosis. Here, we propose that mitotic catastrophe results catastrophe’ of mammalian cells as the failure to from a combination of deficient cell-cycle checkpoints (in undergo complete mitosis (which would be more particular the DNA structure checkpoints and the spindle accurately called ‘mitotic failure’) after DNA damage assembly checkpoint) and cellular damage. Failure to (coupled to defective checkpoints), a situation that arrest the cell cycle before or at mitosis triggers an would lead to tetraploidy (after a single cell cycle) attempt of aberrant chromosome segregation, which (Andreassen et al., 2001a; Margottin-Goguet et al., culminates in the activation of the apoptotic default 2003) or endopolyploidy (after several cell cycles) with pathway and cellular demise. Cell death occurring during extensive DNA damage and repair, perhaps followed by the metaphase/anaphase transition is characterized by the the selection of apoptosis-resistance cells that will ulti- activation of caspase-2 (which can be activated in response mately survive after endoreduplication (Ivanov et al., to DNA damage) and/or mitochondrial membrane per- 2003). -
Oral Presentations 2015 AANS Annual Scientific Meeting Washington, DC • May 2–6, 2015 (DOI: 10.3171/2015.8.JNS.Aans2015abstracts)
Oral Presentations 2015 AANS Annual Scientific Meeting Washington, DC • May 2–6, 2015 (DOI: 10.3171/2015.8.JNS.AANS2015abstracts) 500. Pre‑ and Postoperative Skin Preparation Using past decade. Diagnosis related group‑associated variables assessed Chlorhexidine‑Alcohol in Patients Undergoing Lumbar within our analysis included for traumatic stupor and coma 1) total Instrumented Fusion: Results of a Novel Antisepsis Protocol number of discharges, 2) length of stay, 3) charges, and 4) hospital type. Peter C. Gerszten, MD, MPH, FAANS; Erin Paschel; Ramesh Results: In 1997, there were a recorded 18,891 discharges Grandhi, MD; David Okonkwo, MD, PhD; Adam Kanter, MD; for the treatment of traumatic stupor and coma nationally (2:1, Yue‑Fang Chang, PhD (Pittsburgh, PA) male:female ratio). The majority of children treated were at teaching institutions (60.0%) in large metropolitan centers (92.6%). 52.6% Introduction: Wound infection following lumbar instrumented of cases received care at a designated children’s hospital. Median fusion surgery is a potentially preventable complication that is length‑of‑stay was 1.0 days and median charges totaled $3,919. associated with major morbidity and cost. The purpose of this In comparison, 14,778 pediatric patients were treated for the same investigation was to demonstrate that the postoperative application presentation in 2012 (2.2:1, male:female ratio). Similar trends were of a skin antiseptic agent in addition to standard preoperative skin noted in the presentation to predominantly large, metropolitan preparation reduces surgical site infection. The study was also teaching institutions. However, only one‑quarter of such cases designed to identify risk factors for the development of infection in received care at a designated children’s hospital. -
Mitotic Catastrophe
Cell Death and Differentiation (2008) 15, 1153–1162 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/08 $30.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review Death through a tragedy: mitotic catastrophe H Vakifahmetoglu1, M Olsson1 and B Zhivotovsky*,1 Mitotic catastrophe (MC) has long been considered as a mode of cell death that results from premature or inappropriate entry of cells into mitosis and can be caused by chemical or physical stresses. Whereas it initially was depicted as the main form of cell death induced by ionizing radiation, it is today known to be triggered also by treatment with agents influencing the stability of microtubule, various anticancer drugs and mitotic failure caused by defective cell cycle checkpoints. Although various descriptions explaining MC exist, there is still no general accepted definition of this phenomenon. Here, we present evidences indicating that death-associated MC is not a separate mode of cell death, rather a process (‘prestage’) preceding cell death, which can occur through necrosis or apoptosis. The final outcome of MC depends on the molecular profile of the cell. Cell Death and Differentiation (2008) 15, 1153–1162; doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.47; published online 11 April 2008 Historical Remarks defective cell cycle checkpoints.8 MC was also depicted as the main form of cell death induced by ionizing radiation. During mitosis, proliferating cells undergo several structural The first observations of MC were made in the late 1930s and molecular changes, characterized by chromatin conden- and early 1940s when cells in exponential growth phase were sation, spindle formation, nuclear envelope fragmentation and exposed to radiation.9,10 It was noticed that the fraction of cells cytoskeleton reorganization.1 Chromosome segregation is in the mitotic stage instantly declined in response to radiation carried out by a complex machinery – the mitotic spindle – that and did not reappear until several hours following treatment.