Mitotic Catastrophe
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Keystone Review Module B BIO.B.1.1 – Describe the Three Stages of the Cell Cycle: Interphase, Nuclear Division, Cytokinesis
Keystone Review Module B BIO.B.1.1 – Describe the three stages of the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis. ● Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis. ● Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear division. Which statement BEST describes the phase of the cell cycle shown? A. The cell is in prophase of mitosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled. B. The cell is in prophase I of meiosis because of the number of chromosomes has doubled. C. The cell is in telophase of mitosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome. D. The cell is in telophase of meiosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome. Answer - C A. Incorrect - The cell is not in prophase. This is obvious as the cell contains two nuclei, a condition which only occurs in telophase. B. Incorrect - The cell is not in prophase. This is obvious as the cell contains two nuclei, a condition which only occurs in telophase. C. Correct - The cell is in telophase, which can be seen from the two nuclei. Only telophase of mitosis includes two copies of each chromosome. D. Incorrect - The cell is in telophase, but in meiosis each cell contains only 1 copy of each chromosome. Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis? A. Meiosis is a multi-step process. B. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells. C. Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism. -
Classification of Cell Death
Cell Death and Differentiation (2005) 12, 1463–1467 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/05 $30.00 www.nature.com/cdd News and Commentary Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death G Kroemer*,1, WS El-Deiry2, P Golstein3, ME Peter4, D Vaux5, with or without, caspase activation and that ‘autophagic cell P Vandenabeele6, B Zhivotovsky7, MV Blagosklonny8, death’ represents a type of cell death with (but not necessarily W Malorni9, RA Knight10, M Piacentini11, S Nagata12 and through) autophagic vacuolization. This article details the G Melino10,13 2005 recommendations of NCCD. Over time, molecular definitions are expected to emerge for those forms of cell 1 CNRS-UMR8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, death that remain descriptive. F-94805 Villejuif, France 2 University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Preface 3 Centre d’Immunologie INSERM/CNRS/Universite de la Mediterranee de Marseille-Luminy, Case 906, Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, It is obvious that clear definitions of objects that are only France shadows in Plato’s cage are difficult to be achieved. Cell death 4 The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 924 E 57th and the different subroutines leading to cell death do not Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 5 escape this rule. Even worse, the notion of death is strongly Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, influenced by religious and cultural beliefs, which may UK 6 Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical subliminally influence the scientific view of cell death. -
Proper Division Plane Orientation and Mitotic Progression Together Allow Normal Growth of Maize
Proper division plane orientation and mitotic progression together allow normal growth of maize Pablo Martineza,b, Anding Luoc, Anne Sylvesterc, and Carolyn G. Rasmussena,1 aDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; bBiochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521; and cDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 Edited by Elliot M. Meyerowitz, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, and approved January 17, 2017 (received for review November 23, 2016) How growth, microtubule dynamics, and cell-cycle progression are dynamics during mitosis. Similar to mutants with defects in both coordinated is one of the unsolved mysteries of cell biology. A interphase and mitotic microtubule dynamics, maize tan1 mu- maize mutant, tangled1, with known defects in growth and proper tants have short stature and misoriented cell patterns (23), as do division plane orientation, and a recently characterized cell-cycle mutants of TAN1-interacting partners phragmoplast orienting delay identified by time-lapse imaging, was used to clarify the re- kinesin-1;2 (24). TAN1 is similar to the microtubule binding lationship between growth, cell cycle, and proper division plane domain of adenomapolyposis coli (22), a multifunctional protein orientation. The tangled1 mutant was fully rescued by introduction that promotes proper division orientation in animal cells (25–27). of cortical division site localized TANGLED1-YFP. A CYCLIN1B de- In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtTAN1 fused to yellow fluorescent struction box was fused to TANGLED1-YFP to generate a line that protein (YFP) was the first identified positive marker of the cor- mostly rescued the division plane defect but still showed cell-cycle tical division site, remaining at the site after PPB disassembly (20). -
Mitosis Vs. Meiosis
Mitosis vs. Meiosis In order for organisms to continue growing and/or replace cells that are dead or beyond repair, cells must replicate, or make identical copies of themselves. In order to do this and maintain the proper number of chromosomes, the cells of eukaryotes must undergo mitosis to divide up their DNA. The dividing of the DNA ensures that both the “old” cell (parent cell) and the “new” cells (daughter cells) have the same genetic makeup and both will be diploid, or containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. For reproduction of an organism to occur, the original parent cell will undergo Meiosis to create 4 new daughter cells with a slightly different genetic makeup in order to ensure genetic diversity when fertilization occurs. The four daughter cells will be haploid, or containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The difference between the two processes is that mitosis occurs in non-reproductive cells, or somatic cells, and meiosis occurs in the cells that participate in sexual reproduction, or germ cells. The Somatic Cell Cycle (Mitosis) The somatic cell cycle consists of 3 phases: interphase, m phase, and cytokinesis. 1. Interphase: Interphase is considered the non-dividing phase of the cell cycle. It is not a part of the actual process of mitosis, but it readies the cell for mitosis. It is made up of 3 sub-phases: • G1 Phase: In G1, the cell is growing. In most organisms, the majority of the cell’s life span is spent in G1. • S Phase: In each human somatic cell, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes; one chromosome comes from the mother and one comes from the father. -
The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression Tingting Zou and Zhenghong Lin * School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The cell cycle is a collection of events by which cellular components such as genetic materials and cytoplasmic components are accurately divided into two daughter cells. The cell cycle transition is primarily driven by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which activities are regulated by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of key regulators such as cyclins, CDK inhibitors (CKIs), other kinases and phosphatases. Thus, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression via recognition, interaction, and ubiquitination or deubiquitination of key proteins. The illegitimate degradation of tumor suppressor or abnormally high accumulation of oncoproteins often results in deregulation of cell proliferation, genomic instability, and cancer occurrence. In this review, we demonstrate the diversity and complexity of the regulation of UPS machinery of the cell cycle. A profound understanding of the ubiquitination machinery will provide new insights into the regulation of the cell cycle transition, cancer treatment, and the development of anti-cancer drugs. Keywords: cell cycle regulation; CDKs; cyclins; CKIs; UPS; E3 ubiquitin ligases; Deubiquitinases (DUBs) Citation: Zou, T.; Lin, Z. The Involvement of Ubiquitination Machinery in Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Progression. 1. Introduction Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115754 The cell cycle is a ubiquitous, complex, and highly regulated process that is involved in the sequential events during which a cell duplicates its genetic materials, grows, and di- Academic Editors: Kwang-Hyun Bae vides into two daughter cells. -
Cell Division- Ch 5
Cell Division- Mitosis and Meiosis When do cells divide? Cell size . One of most important factors affecting size of the cell is size of cell membrane . Cell must remain relatively small to survive (why?) – Cell membrane has to be big enough to take in nutrients and eliminate wastes – As cells get bigger, the volume increases faster than the surface area – Small cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio than larger cells to help with nutrient intake and waste elimination . When a cell reaches its max size, the nucleus starts cell division: called MITOSIS or MEIOSIS Mitosis . General Information – Occurs in somatic (body) cells ONLY!! – Nickname: called “normal” cell division – Produces somatic cells only . Background Info – Starts with somatic cell in DIPLOID (2n) state . Cell contains homologous chromosomes- chromosomes that control the same traits but not necessarily in the same way . 1 set from mom and 1 set from dad – Ends in diploid (2n) state as SOMATIC cells – Goes through one set of divisions – Start with 1 cell and end with 2 cells Mitosis (cont.) . Accounts for three essential life processes – Growth . Result of cell producing new cells . Develop specialized shapes/functions in a process called differentiation . Rate of cell division controlled by GH (Growth Hormone) which is produced in the pituitary gland . Ex. Nerve cell, intestinal cell, etc. – Repair . Cell regenerates at the site of injury . Ex. Skin (replaced every 28 days), blood vessels, bone Mitosis (cont.) – Reproduction . Asexual – Offspring produced by only one parent – Produce offspring that are genetically identical – MITOSIS – Ex. Bacteria, fungi, certain plants and animals . -
4 Mitotic Catastrophe
4 Mitotic Catastrophe Fiorenza Ianzini, FI, PhD, and Michael A. Mackey, MAM, PhD Summary Mitotic catastrophe (MC) is the result of premature or inappropriate entry of cells into mitosis, usually occurring because of chemical or physical stresses. MC is characterized by changes in nuclear morphology and the eventual appearance of polyploid cell progeny in affected cell populations, is markedly enhanced in cells lacking p53 function, and is the result of overaccumulation of cyclin B1 in cells delayed late in the cell cycle by the inducing agent. Thus, MC is considered to be the predominant mechanism underlying mitotic-linked cell death. Along with characteristic features associated with MC, a delayed DNA damage phenotype has been noted in these populations, suggesting a potential role for MC in mutagenesis and the acquisition of genomic instability. Although generally lethal, some cells can survive MC through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Cytological features associated with meiotic cell division have been noted in polyploid cell populations produced through MC, a finding that might be particularly relevant in the understanding of tumor progression and that might provide a novel mechanism for the generation of quasi-diploid progeny from MC-induced polyploid cell populations. This review summarizes the literature pertaining to MC and describes current lines of research in this interesting research area. Key Words: Mitotic catastrophe; cell cycle regulation; cyclin B1; endopoly- ploid cells; mitosis; meiosis; carcinogenesis; tumor progression; delayed DNA damage; SPCC. 1. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING MITOTIC CATASTROPHE 1.1. Mitotic Catastrophe is the Result of Premature Entry into Mitosis Following Abrogation of G2/M Checkpoint Function Exposure of some cell types to a broad class of agents can lead to a loss of regulation of cell division, such that cells enter into a premature mitosis, an event that culminates in a phenomenon called mitotic catastrophe (MC). -
List, Describe, Diagram, and Identify the Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Objective # 1 In this topic we will examine a second type of cell division used by eukaryotic List, describe, diagram, and cells: meiosis. identify the stages of meiosis. In addition, we will see how the 2 types of eukaryotic cell division, mitosis and meiosis, are involved in transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next during eukaryotic life cycles. 1 2 Objective 1 Objective 1 Overview of meiosis in a cell where 2N = 6 Only diploid cells can divide by meiosis. We will examine the stages of meiosis in DNA duplication a diploid cell where 2N = 6 during interphase Meiosis involves 2 consecutive cell divisions. Since the DNA is duplicated Meiosis II only prior to the first division, the final result is 4 haploid cells: Meiosis I 3 After meiosis I the cells are haploid. 4 Objective 1, Stages of Meiosis Objective 1, Stages of Meiosis Prophase I: ¾ Chromosomes condense. Because of replication during interphase, each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere. ¾ Synapsis – the 2 members of each homologous pair of chromosomes line up side-by-side to form a tetrad consisting of 4 chromatids: 5 6 1 Objective 1, Stages of Meiosis Objective 1, Stages of Meiosis Prophase I: ¾ During synapsis, sometimes there is an exchange of homologous parts between non-sister chromatids. This exchange is called crossing over. 7 8 Objective 1, Stages of Meiosis Objective 1, Stages of Meiosis (2N=6) Prophase I: ¾ the spindle apparatus begins to form. ¾ the nuclear membrane breaks down: Prophase I 9 10 Objective 1, Stages of Meiosis Objective 1, 4 Possible Metaphase I Arrangements: Metaphase I: ¾ chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate in pairs, i.e. -
Managing, Training and Exploring Anatomy
MANAGING, TRAINING AND EXPLORING ANATOMY - HABILITATION THESIS - Associate Professor STAN CRISTINEL IONEL, MD, PhD - 2019 - CONTENTS Abbreviations 3 Abstract 5 Rezumat 7 SECTION I - PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS 9 Brief overview of the academic carreer 9 CHAPTER 1. FROM HYPPOCRATES TO HARVEY - FROM FASCIES TO ARTERIES 12 1.1. State of the Art 12 1.2. Sustentaculum facies - everlasting facial youth 17 1.2.1. Introduction 17 1.2.2. Material and methods 22 1.2.3. Results 23 1.2.4. Discussions 35 1.2.5. Final remarks 40 1.3. Anatomic variations in arterries 40 1.3.1. Introduction 40 1.3.2. Material and methods 41 1.3.3. Results 42 1.3.4. Discussion 44 1.3.5. Final remarks 46 1.4. Anatomical substrate of peritoneal dialysis 47 1.4.1. Introduction 47 1.4.2. Material and methods 47 1.4.3. Results 49 1.4.4. Discussion 54 1.4.5. Final remarks 56 1.5. Perspectives in clinical applied embryology 57 1.5.1. Introduction 57 1.5.2. Material and method 58 1.5.3. Results 58 1.5.4. Discussion 62 1.5.5. Final remarks 64 CHAPTER 2. THE PHOENIX OF BONE RESTORATION – FROM PATHOLOGY TO ANATOMY 64 2.1. State of the Art 64 2.2. Plate osteosynthesis in tibial fractures 67 2.2.1. Introduction 67 2.2.2. Materials and methods 70 2.2.3. Results 71 2.2.4. Discussions 73 2.2.5. Final remark 74 2.3. New perspectives in shoulder prosthesis 75 2.3.1. -
The Cell Cycle Coloring Worksheet
Name: Date: Period: The Cell Cycle Coloring Worksheet Label the diagram below with the following labels: Anaphase Interphase Mitosis Cell division (M Phase) Interphase Prophase Cytokinesis Interphase S-DNA replication G1 – cell grows Metaphase Telophase G2 – prepares for mitosis Then on the diagram, lightly color the G1 phase BLUE, the S phase YELLOW, the G2 phase RED, and the stages of mitosis ORANGE. Color the arrows indicating all of the interphases in GREEN. Color the part of the arrow indicating mitosis PURPLE and the part of the arrow indicating cytokinesis YELLOW. M-PHASE YELLOW: GREEN: CYTOKINESIS INTERPHASE PURPLE: TELOPHASE MITOSIS ANAPHASE ORANGE METAPHASE BLUE: G1: GROWS PROPHASE PURPLE MITOSIS RED:G2: PREPARES GREEN: FOR MITOSIS INTERPHASE YELLOW: S PHASE: DNA REPLICATION GREEN: INTERPHASE Use the diagram and your notes to answer the following questions. 1. What is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide? CELL CYCLE 2. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called? INTERPHASE 3. During what stage does the G1, S, and G2 phases happen? INTERPHASE 4. During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur? M-PHASE 5. During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur? MITOSIS 6. During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? S-PHASE 7. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow? G1,G2 8. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis? G2 9. How many stages are there in mitosis? 4 10. Put the following stages of mitosis in order: anaphase, prophase, metaphase, and telophase. -
Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction the Cell Cycle (Cell-Division Cycle), Is a Series of Events That Take Place in a Cell Leading to Its Division and Duplication
Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction The cell cycle (cell-division cycle), is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis. Cell division produces two daughter cells. In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via binary fission. Interphase Gap1(G1)- Cells increase in size. The G1checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. Synthesis(S)- DNA replication occurs during this phase. DNA Replication The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. Semiconservative Replication The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule. Gap 2(G2)- The cell continues to grow. The G2checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide. Mitotic(M) refers to the division of the nucleus. Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division. The final event is cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm divides and the single parent cell splits into two daughter cells. Reproduction Cellular reproduction is a process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate, contents. Mitosis Mitosis- nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement (genetically identical) as the original cell. -
Regulation of the Cell Cycle and DNA Damage-Induced Checkpoint Activation
RnDSy-lu-2945 Regulation of the Cell Cycle and DNA Damage-Induced Checkpoint Activation IR UV IR Stalled Replication Forks/ BRCA1 Rad50 Long Stretches of ss-DNA Rad50 Mre11 BRCA1 Nbs1 Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 Mre11 RPA MDC1 γ-H2AX DNA Pol α/Primase RFC2-5 MDC1 Nbs1 53BP1 MCM2-7 53BP1 γ-H2AX Rad17 Claspin MCM10 Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 TopBP1 CDC45 G1/S Checkpoint Intra-S-Phase RFC2-5 ATM ATR TopBP1 Rad17 ATRIP ATM Checkpoint Claspin Chk2 Chk1 Chk2 Chk1 ATR Rad50 ATRIP Mre11 FANCD2 Ubiquitin MDM2 MDM2 Nbs1 CDC25A Rad50 Mre11 BRCA1 Ub-mediated Phosphatase p53 CDC25A Ubiquitin p53 FANCD2 Phosphatase Degradation Nbs1 p53 p53 CDK2 p21 p21 BRCA1 Ub-mediated SMC1 Degradation Cyclin E/A SMC1 CDK2 Slow S Phase CDC45 Progression p21 DNA Pol α/Primase Slow S Phase p21 Cyclin E Progression Maintenance of Inhibition of New CDC6 CDT1 CDC45 G1/S Arrest Origin Firing ORC MCM2-7 MCM2-7 Recovery of Stalled Replication Forks Inhibition of MCM10 MCM10 Replication Origin Firing DNA Pol α/Primase ORI CDC6 CDT1 MCM2-7 ORC S Phase Delay MCM2-7 MCM10 MCM10 ORI Geminin EGF EGF R GAB-1 CDC6 CDT1 ORC MCM2-7 PI 3-Kinase p70 S6K MCM2-7 S6 Protein Translation Pre-RC (G1) GAB-2 MCM10 GSK-3 TSC1/2 MCM10 ORI PIP2 TOR Promotes Replication CAK EGF Origin Firing Origin PIP3 Activation CDK2 EGF R Akt CDC25A PDK-1 Phosphatase Cyclin E/A SHIP CIP/KIP (p21, p27, p57) (Active) PLCγ PP2A (Active) PTEN CDC45 PIP2 CAK Unwinding RPA CDC7 CDK2 IP3 DAG (Active) Positive DBF4 α Feedback CDC25A DNA Pol /Primase Cyclin E Loop Phosphatase PKC ORC RAS CDK4/6 CDK2 (Active) Cyclin E MCM10 CDC45 RPA IP Receptor