44. Drug dosage in renal failure

Appendix: Drug dosing in renal failure

Abbreviations used:

ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme AV: atrioventricular BUN: blood urea nitrogen

CCr: Creatinine clearance CAPD: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CHF: congestive heart failure CMV: cytomegalovirus CNS: central nervous system CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy CSA/FK: cyclosporine A and tacrolimus CVD: cardiovascular disease CVVH: Continuous venovenous hemofiltration DVT: deep vein thrombosis ESRD: end-stage renal disease GI: gastrointestinal GFR: glomerular filtration rate HBV: hepatitis B virus HD: hemodialysis HDL: high-density lipoprotein HIT: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia HSV: herpes simplex virus INR: international normalized ratio IV: intravenous MI: myocardial infarction MMF: mycophenolate mofetil NA: not applicable NC: No data: no change required NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs TB: tuberculosis TDM: therapeutic drug monitoring

VD: volume of distribution VZV: varicella zoster virus.

919 OLYAEI & BENNETT 50 ml/min 50 ml/min; 50 ml/min; 50 ml/min, 50 ml/min; 50 ml/min; No data No data No data No data mended Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 50 ml/min; measure levels measure measure levels measure measure levels measure measure levels measure measure levels measure measure levels measure day day day 12 hr 20 mg/L/ 20 mg/L/ 40 mg/L/ CAPD CVVH ml/min Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for 4 mg/L/day GFR Dose for 4 mg/L/day GFR Dose for 4 mg/L/day GFR Dose for 0.5 g/day No data for GFR <10 for 200 mg/day Not recom- 15 − 15 − 20 − 250 mg q. 8 − 250 mg q. No data: Dose 3 − 3 − 3 − GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min Method of dosage adjustment 1.0 g HD dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis Half full Half full Half full Half full Half full 0.5 − dose after dose after dose after dose after dose after dose after Dose after Dose after Half normal after dialysis 300 mg after 250 mg after 300 mg after 200 mg after blockers; 2 mic; measure serum levels for efficacy for and toxicity; serum levels peritoneal mic; measure ome 30; trough, <5 30; trough, 8; trough, < 2 8; trough, 8; trough, < 2 8; trough, 8; trough, < 2 8; trough, levels levels 40 ml/min or in patients Comments bers of class Group toxicity Group Monitor levels Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group members of class 30 − Peak, 6 − Peak, Peak, 6 − Peak, Peak, 6 − Peak, < level of kidneylevel function Peak, 20 − Peak, Cr prothrombin biosynthesis prothrombin absorbed better with food absorbed better Avoid once-daily Avoid dosing in patients Concurrent penicillin treatment may may penicillin treatment Concurrent Concurrent penicillin treatment may may penicillin treatment Concurrent Rare allergic interstitial nephritis; ab- interstitial Rare allergic May be less ototoxic than other mem- be less ototoxic May with C sorbed well when given intraperitone- when given sorbed well with acute renal failure or an uncertain failure renal with acute ally; may cause bleeding from impaired ally; impaired cause bleeding from may Malabsorbed in presence of H Malabsorbed in presence result in subtherapeutic aminoglycoside in subtherapeutic aminoglycoside result result in subtherapeutic aminoglycoside in subtherapeutic aminoglycoside result 72 hr 72 hr 72 hr 72 hr 96 hr than other be less nephrotoxic May 72 hr 30% q. 30% q. 30% q. 30% q. 30% q. 30% q. 30% q. 30% q. 20% q. < 10 48 hr; 100% 48 hr; 100% 48 hr; 100% 48 hr; 100% 48 hr; 100% 20 − 20 − 10 − q 48 − q. 48 − q. q. 48 − q. q. 48 − q. q. 48 − q. 20% − 20% − 24 − 24 − 24 − 24 − 24 − 48 hr 48 hr 70% q. 70% q. 70% q. 70% q. 48 hr 70% q. 70% q. 70% q. 70% q. 60% q 12 100% 50% 100% 100% 10 − 50 18 hr; 100% 18 hr; 100% 18 hr; 100% 18 hr; 100% 24 − (ml/min): 30 − 30 − hr; 100% q q. 24-48 hr q. q. 24-48 hr q. q. 24 − q. q. 24 − q. 30% − 30% − 20 − 12 − 12 − 12 − 12 − otoxic; ototoxicity is worse when the patient is hyperbilirubine is worse ototoxicity otoxic; , transitory elevation of BUN, rash, and serum sicknesslike syndr 24 hr 24 hr 24 hr 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 90% q. 24 hr increases with edema, obesity, and ascites with edema, obesity, increases − − − − >50 D 24 hr 12 hr; 12 − 12 hr; 100% 12 hr; 100% 12 hr; 100% q. 12 − q. q. 12 − q. q. 12 − q. 100% q. 12 − 100% q. 12 hr: 100% q. 8 − 8 − 8 − Dosage adjustment for renal failure with GFR failure renal for Dosage adjustment 90% 60% − 85% 100% 100% 50% 80% 100% 100% 50% 70% 100% 100% 50% 95% 100% 100% 100% 90% 100% 100% 100% 60% 24 hr q. 24 − 72 hr q. − 72 q. renally excreted excreted % of drug 500 mg 500 mg 500 mg 400 mg q. 400 mg q. 12 hr 12 hr q. 8 hr q. q. 8 hr q. q. 8 hr q. for TB) for 250 − (1.0 g q. 24 hr (1.0 g q. Amikacin 12 hr 7.5 mg/kg q. 95% 60% Netilmicin 8 hr 2 mg/kg q. 95% 50% Tobramycin 8 hr 1.7 mg/kg q. 95% 60% absorption increases with presence of inflammation. V of inflammation. with presence absorption increases Cefixime 200 − CefaclorCefadroxil 250 − 1 g q. 500 mg to Drug Aminoglycosides and ot nephrotoxic are toxicity:Group all agents in this group Normal dosage Streptomycin 12 hr 7.5 mg/kg q. Cephalosporins (oral) abnormalities effects: coagulation toxicity:Group Adverse Cephalexin 250 − Gentamicin 8 hr 1.7 mg/kg q. 95% 60% Ceftibuten 24 hr 400 mg q. Cefuroxime axetil 70% 100% Cefpodoxime 12 hr 200 mg q. 30% 100% Kanamycin 8 hr 7.5 mg/kg q. 50% − Table 2 . Antibacterial agents 2 Table 920 44. Drug dosage in renal failure NC NC NC NC 5 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min mended No darta Not recom- 1.0 g q. 12 hr 1.0 g q. 10 − Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 1.0 g q. 1.0 g q. NC NC NC GFR Dose for NC NC <10 12 hr CAPD CVVH 1 g/day 12 hr 1 g q. 1 g/day1 g/day 12 hr 750 mg q. GFR Dose for Dose for Dose for 0.5 g/day GFR Dose for 10 ml/min 0.5 − <10 ml/min <10 ml/min 0.5 g q. 12 hr0.5 g q. GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR < Dose for GFR<10 ml/min 50 Method of dosage adjustment 1.0 g 1.0 g NC NC NC − HD dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis ml/min 1 g after 1 g after 1 g after 1 g after 1 g after 1 g after Dose for Dose for 0.5 − 0.5 Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after GFR 10 − after dialysis after dialysis y bilirubin; may y bilirubin; may tion with CSA/KF NC drolyzed to active to drolyzed assay Comments Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group 750 mg q. 12 hr 750 mg q. renal metabolite renal prothrombin biosynthesis prothrombin e allergic interstitial nephritis; ab- interstitial e allergic compound erythromycylamine. compound by 50% in patients with jaundice by nephritis; may cause bleeding from cause bleeding from nephritis; may impaired prothrombin biosynthesis prothrombin impaired cilastin to prevent nephrotoxicity of nephrotoxicity prevent cilastin to creatinine level by interference with interference by level creatinine ance in acute renal failure is less than failure renal in acute ance sorbed well when given intraperitone- when given sorbed well in chronic renal failure; administer with administer failure; renal in chronic ally; may cause bleeding from impaired ally; impaired cause bleeding from may prolong prothrombin time; reduce dose time; reduce prothrombin prolong neally; may cause rare allergic interstitial interstitial neally; allergic cause rare may Increase CSA/FK level 24 hr 24 hr 24 hr intraperito- when given Absorbed well < 10 alysis q. 24 hr q. q. 24 hr q. q. 12 hr q. q. 12 − q. q. 12 − q. Dose after di- 250 mg q. 12 hr250 mg q. clear- in ESRD; nonrenal seizures Causes 24 hr 24 hr q. 12 hr 12 hr q. in serum false increase produce May 12 hr 12 − q. 500 q. 500 q. 12 hr 10 − 50 8 − (ml/min): q. 12 − q. ory elevation of BUN, rash, and serum sicknesslike syndrome No renal adjustment requiredNo renal No drug-drug interac No renal adjustment required No renal No renal adjustment requiredNo renal Nonenzymatically hy No renal adjustment required No renal No renal adjustment required.No renal b protein from Displaced 12 hr 12 hr q. 24 hr q. >50 ment required Dosage adjustment for renal failure with GFR failure renal for Dosage adjustment 6% 50% 8 hr 500 mg q. 250 − 90% 8 hr q. 8 − q. 10% 100% 100% 100% 50% Rar renally excreted excreted % of drug 8 hr 60% 8 hr q. 12 hr q. 8 hr 100% 6 hr q. 8 hr q. 500 mg 8 hr 8 hr 1.5 g IV q. 1.5 g IV q. 500 mg q. 500 mg q. 450 mg q. 450 mg q. 500 mg IV 24 hr − q. 6 hr q. q. 8 hr q. 2 g IV q. 8 hr2 g IV q. 8 hr2 g IV q. 85% 85% 8 − q. 8 hr q. 12 hr q. 2 g IV q. 8 hr2 g IV q. 80% 8 hr q. 12 hr q. 6 hr2 g IV q. 80% 8 hr2 g IV q. 70% 6 hr q. 8 hr q. 8 − q. 12 hr q. 2 g IV q. 12 hr2 g IV q. 20% 2 g IV q. 24 hr2 g IV q. 50% adjust- No renal 2 g IV q. 6 − 2 g IV q. 2 g IV q. 6 − 2 g IV q. 250 − 0.75 − CefepimeCefmetazole 1 − 1 − Cefoperazone 1 − Cefotaxime 1 − Cefotetan 12 hr 1 − 2 g IV q. 75% 12 hr q. Cefazolin 1 − CefoxitinCeftazidime 1 − 1 − Ceftriaxone 1 − Imipenem- cilastatin Cephradine 250 Dirithromycin 24 hr 500 mg q. Clarithromycin 12 hr 500 mg q. 20% Drug Normal dosage (IV)Cephalosporins transit abnormalities, toxicity: cause coagulation Group may Cefamandole 1 − Macrolides Azithromycin 250 − Cefuroxime sodium Clindamycin 150 −

921 OLYAEI & BENNETT NC NC 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min No data Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − NC No data NC CAPD CVVH Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for <10 ml/min <10 ml/min <10 ml/min 400 mg/day NA Dose for GFR Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for 250 mg q. 12 hr250 mg q. GFR Dose for 250 mg q. 12 hr250 mg q. 12 hr250 mg q. No data GFR Dose for GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min NC Dose for GFR<10 ml/ min ter ter Method of dosage adjustment NC NC NC HD None None GFR Dose for Avoid Avoid Avoid dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis ml/min GFR<10 Dose for Dose for Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after , dairy products, tube feeding, may also impair may , dairy tube feeding, products, / g Dose after food y, onchospasm; IV y; disulfiram reac- Comments Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group ects: seizures, false positive false positive ects: seizures, day upper limit dose in ESRD day High sodium, content 1.9 mEq High sodium, content hypoglycemia, and nephrotoxicity hypoglycemia, Group toxicity: cause bleeding Group may frequency of liver functionfrequency (1%) of liver tests tion with alcoholic beverages; increase increase beverages; tion with alcoholic urine protein reactions; 6 million units/ urine protein administration may cause hypotension, cause hypotension, administration may abnormalities, hypersensitivity, seizures hypersensitivity, abnormalities, Increase CSA/FK levels; avoid in avoid Increase CSA/FK levels; transplant patients toxicity Group 75% 75% 75% 75% < 10 q. 12 hr q. 2 g q. 12 hr2 g q. Specific toxicity: sodium, 5.2 mEq/g 3.0 g af 75% 50% 8 hr 8 hr q. Specific toxicity: sodium, 1.9 mEq/g 50% Avoid y be needed to treat CAPD peritonitis treat y be needed to 100% 50% − 1g q. 12 hr1g q. 24 hr 0.5 − 1 g q. 10 − 50 2 g q. 8 hr2 g q. 1 − q. 24 hrq. 48 hr q. Inhalation cause br may (ml/min): 50% − esence of magnesium, calcium, aluminum, and iron; photosensitivit calcium, aluminum, and iron; of magnesium, esence No renal adjustment required No renal No renal adjustment requiredNo renal neuropath Peripheral No renal adjustment is required No renal No renal adjustment is required No renal 6 hr 6 hr q. 8 hr q. eff Adverse 6 hr 6 − q. . 8 hr 0.5 − >50 100% 100% 50% − 2 g q. 4 hr2 g q. 1 − Dosage adjustment for renal failure with GFR failure renal for Dosage adjustment 90% 4 − q. 70% 100% 100% 50% − 70% 4 − q. 50% 100% 100% 50% − 15% renally excreted excreted 75% − % of drug 8 6 hr 6 hr 85% 1 − hr 6 hr 6 hr 8 hr 500 mg q. 500 mg q. 500 mg q. 500 mg q. 500 mg q. 500 mg q. IV q. 4 hr IV q. 2 g IV q. 4 hr2 g IV q. 35% 2 g IV q. 6 hr2 g IV q. 60% 6 hr q. 8 hr q. 3 million Units 4 g IV q. 4 − 4 g IV q. 3.375 g IV q. 6 − 3.375 g IV q. 3.1 g IV q. 4 − 3.1 g IV q. Penicillin VPenicillin 250 − Piperacillin 3 − Penicillin GPenicillin 2 − Fleroxacin hr 400 mg q.12 70% 100% Nafcillin 1 − Penicillins Penicillins (oral) Amoxicillin 8 hr 500 mg q. 60% Metronidazole 6 hr 500 mg IV q. 20% Meropenem 8 hr 1 g IV q. 65% 1 g q Dicloxacillin 250 − Ampicillin 6 hr 500 mg q. 60% 100% Erythromycin 250 − Ticarcillin/cla- vulanate Piperacillin/ tazobactam Cinoxacin 12 hr 500 mg q. 55% 100% absorption; theophylline metabolism is impaired; higher oral doses ma metabolism is impaired; absorption; theophylline Drug Normal dosage Penicillins (IV) Ampicillin 1 − Quinolones malabsorbed in the pr are toxicity:Group agents in this group Pentamidine 4 mg/kg/day 5% 24 hr q.

922 44. Drug dosage in renal failure NC 12 hr 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min No data No data <10 ml/min 300 mg/day 200 mg IV q. 200 mg IV q. Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for 10 − 10 − 10 − 500 mg q. 12 hr 500 mg q. 96 hr NC NC GFR Dose for CAPD CVVH q. 24 hrq. 18 hr q. No data GFR Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for (200 mg if IV) 1.0 g q. 24 − 1.0 g q. 250 mg q. 8 hr 250 mg q. GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min Method of dosage adjustment 24 hr 200 mg NC NC Dose for NC HD if IV) 100% 100% 100% Avoid Avoid No data dialysis ml/min ml/min q. 24 hrq. 24 hr q. 24 − 36 hr q. No data No data No data No data No data No data GFR<10 GFR<10 Dose for Dose for No data: Dose for Dose for 12 − 500 mg q. 500 mg q. Dose after hr (200 mg <10 ml/min <10 ml/min after dialysis 100 − dose for GFR dose for 250 mg q. 12 250 mg q. Dose for GFR Dose for elated elated , sucral- 10 onchospasm; IV Clostridium difficile tions; decrease CSA/ tions; decrease tional transperitoneal tional transperitoneal xacin: appears to have have xacin: appears to FK level oral dose infections movement Comments Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group muscle relaxants before each dose before omycin is indicated only for only for is indicated omycin rum creatinine level rum creatinine Peak, 30; trough, 5 − 30; trough, Peak, y cause hyperkalemia; increase se-y cause hyperkalemia; increase hypoglycemia, and nephrotoxicity hypoglycemia, the treatment of the treatment reactions; give 250 ml normal saline reactions; give the neuromuscular blockadethe neuromuscular effect of similar pharmacokinetics and toxicities fate, and phosphate binders; decreases binders; decreases and phosphate fate, phenytoin levels; IV dose is one third of IV dose is one third levels; phenytoin administration may cause hypotension, cause hypotension, administration may 72 hr prolong may ototoxic; Nephrotoxic, < 10 50% 75% 48 hr 50% q. 36 hr 48 − q. 48 hr 10 − 50 (ml/min): No renal adjustment requiredNo renal cause infusion-r may Nephrotoxic; No renal adjustment required No renal No renal adjustment required No renal adjustment required No renal No renal adjustment is required No renal No renal adjustment is required No renal No renal adjustment is required.No renal drug interac Many >50 100% 50% − 100% 200 − 400 mg q. 100% Avoid100% Avoid 100% 100% bidirec Excellent q. 12hrq. 12 hr 250 q. 12 hr 250 q. of oflo L-isomer q. 24 hrq. 24 hr q. 48 hr q. Inhalation cause br may q. 12 hrq. 12 − 24 hr q. 24 hr q. Dosage adjustment for renal failure with GFR failure renal for Dosage adjustment 0% 100% 100% 100% Oral vanc 70% 12 hr q. 18 hr q. 24 hr q. Ma 70% 12 hr q. 12 − 24 hr q. 24 hr q. 10% 60% 12 hr q. 12 − 24 hr q. 24 hr q. absorbed with antacids Poorly <1% renally excreted excreted % of drug 250 mg 600 mg 20% day 400 mg q. 400 mg q. 300 mg q. 300 mg q. 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr q. 8 hr q. 1.5 mg/kg/ 400 mg IV q. 400 mg IV q. q. 12 hr q. 6 mg/kg/day <1% 5 mg/kg/day <1% 800/160 mg 125 − 1 g IV q. 12 hr1 g IV q. 90% 12 hr q. 24 − q. 0.5 − Vancomycin Vancomycin (IV) Vancomycin Vancomycin (oral) Ofloxacin 200 − RifampinTrimethoprim- sulfamethoxa- 300 − zole Pentamidine 4 mg/kg/day 5% MoxifloxacinNalidixic acid 24 hr 400 mg q. Norfloxacin 6 hr 1.0 g q. 20% 12 hr 400 mg q. Pefloxacin High 30% 24 hr 400 mg q. 11% Sparfloxacin 24 hr 400 mg q. Trovafloxacin 10% 200 − Levofloxacin 24 hr 500 mg q. 70% Lomefloxacin 24 hr 400 mg q. 76% AmphotecAbelcet 4 − 5 mg/kg/day <1% AmBisome 3 − Ciprofloxacin 200 − Drug Normal dosage Antifungal Agents Amphoteri- cin B

923 OLYAEI & BENNETT 50 50 NC NC NC NC 24 hr 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min ml/min ml/min No data No data 10 ml/min Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for for GFR 10 − for 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − for GFR 10 − for 100 mg q. 12 − 100 mg q. 3.5 mg/kg/day Dose for GFR < Dose for NC NC NC NC NC GFR Dose for 1.0 g/day GFR Dose for 24 hr CAPD CVVH ml/min ml/min No data No data: dose GFR<10 Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for <10 ml/min for GFR <10 for for GFR <10 for Dose for GFR Dose for 0.5 − No data: dose No data: dose 100 mg q. 12 − 100 mg q. No data: avoid No data avoid GFR<10 ml/min GFR<10 ml/min Method of dosage adjustment 24 hr NC NC NC NC NC No data No data: dose HD avoid dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis No data: No data: No data: 12 − 100 mg q. 100 mg q. dose after dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after ease CSA/FK level level tion; marrow suppres- tion; marrow benecid infection infection Comments May cause CHF May injected rapidly Increase CSA/FK level Increase CSA/FK level Increase CSA/FK level 200 mg after compound penciclovir compound tients: increase CSA/FK level tients: increase Adverse effects: pancreatitisAdverse Dose after Hepatotoxic; increase CSA/FK level increase Hepatotoxic; NC nephrotoxicity and renal clearance clearance and renal nephrotoxicity sion more common in azotemic pa- in azotemic common sion more For VZV: 500 mg p.o., q. 8 hr; for HSV: HSV: 8 hr; q. for 500 mg p.o., VZV: For hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia hypomagnesemia, reduced with coadministration of pro- with coadministration reduced Dose-limiting with pro- nephrotoxicity teinuria, glycosuria, renal insufficiency; renal glycosuria, teinuria, IV preparation can cause renal failure if failure can cause renal IV preparation are hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, are IV ganciclovir for the treatment of CMV the treatment for IV ganciclovir IV ganciclovir for the treatment of CMV the treatment for IV ganciclovir Poor absorption; neurotoxicity in ESRD; absorption; neurotoxicity Poor 250 p.o. , q. 12 hr; metabolized to active 12 hr; to , q. metabolized 250 p.o. Oral ganciclovir should be used only for should be used only for Oral ganciclovir Oral ganciclovir should be used only for should be used only for Oral ganciclovir prevention of CMV infection; always use of CMV infection; always prevention prevention of CMV infection; always use of CMV infection; always prevention Nephrotoxic, neurotoxic; adverse effects adverse neurotoxic; Nephrotoxic, Cr < 10 25% 24 hr 24 hr 1,000 mg q. 1,000 mg q. 1,000 mg q. 1,000 mg q. 8 hr 8 hr 24 hr, according to C to according 24 hr, 10 − 50 (ml/min): 1,000 mg q. 1,000 mg q. 1,000 mg q. 1,000 mg q. No data: 100% No data: 100% 20 mg q. 8 − 20 mg q. >50 100% 100% 50% oral absorption; incr Poor 100% 100% 100% q. 8 hr q. q. 8 hr q. q. 12 hrq. 16 hr q. 24 hr q. Hepatic dysfunc Dosage adjustment for renal failure with GFR failure renal for Dosage adjustment 69% 12 hr q. 24 hr q. 24 hr 50% q. 1% 100% 100% 100% 1% 100% 100% 100% 85% 40 − 60% 8 hr q. 12 hr q. 24 hr q. 15% 100% 100% 100% 70% 100% 100% 50% 90% 100% No data: avoid No data: avoid 90% 100% 50% 50% 100% 100% 50% renally excreted excreted 40% − % of drug 12 hr 400 mg 800 mg − kg) 8 hr 6 hr 250 mg q. 250 mg q. 200 mg q. 200 mg q. 24 hr 12 hr 5x/day 80 mg IV q. 80 mg IV q. q. 24 hr q. − − mg/day q. 8 2 (induction); 5 (125 mg if < 60 1,000 mg q. 8 hr1,000 mg q. 95% 1,000 mg 1,000 mg q. 8 hr1,000 mg q. 95% 1,000 mg × mg/kg every 2 wk Foscarnet 40 − Terbinafine 24 hr 250 mg q. >1% Miconazole 1,200 − 3,600 Famciclovir 250 − 500 mg p.o., Itraconazole 12 hr 200 mg q. 35% Ketoconazole 200 − Didanosine 12 hr 200 mg q. Flucytosine 37.5 mg/kgGriseofulvin 125 90% Fluconazole 200 − 800 mg IV q. Cidofovir 5 mg/kg weekly Amantadine 100 Drug Normal dosage Antiviral Agents Acyclovir 200 − Ganciclovir (oral) Delavirdine 8 hr 400 mg q. 5% No data: 100% Ganciclovir (oral)

924 44. Drug dosage in renal failure 50 50 50 50 50 ml/min 50 ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min No data Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for No data: dose No data: dose for GFR 10 − for for GFR 10 − for 10 − for GFR 10 − for 10 − for GFR 10 − for 100 mg q. 8 hr 100 mg q. 2.5 mg/kg/day NC No data: dose CAPD CVVH ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min No data No data: dose Dose for Dose for <10 ml/min for GFR <10 for <10 ml/min for GFR <10 for for GFR < 10 for for GFR < 10 for Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for No data: dose No data: dose GFR<10 ml/min Method of dosage adjustment NC No data: dose NC NC No data: dose HD dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis dialysis No data No data No data No data: dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after Dose after <10 ml/min Dose for GFR Dose for ranulocytopenia and drome erpatient variation; me- Comments interactions For HBV infection For thrombocytopenia and peritoneal dialysis and peritoneal tabolite renally excreted renally tabolite tubulointerstitial nephritis tubulointerstitial verse effects: hemolytic uremic syn- effects: hemolytic uremic verse acute renal failure due to crystalluria due to failure or renal acute May be partially May hemodialysis by cleared < 10 data No data 10 − 50 (ml/min): No data: 100% No data: 100% drug adverse with many Associated No data: 100% No data: 100% and effects: nephrolithiasis Adverse >50 100% 100% 50% 100% 12 hr q. 24 hr q. 100% 100% 100% q. 12 hrq. 24 hr q. 24 hr 50 mg q. q. 12 hrq. 24 hr q. 2,5 mg/kg/day effects: g Adverse No data No Dosage adjustment for renal failure with GFR failure renal for Dosage adjustment 25% 100% 100% 8 hr 100 mg q. Enormous int < 3 No data: 100% No data: 100% No data: 100% 30% 100% 100% 50% Ad renally 8% − excreted excreted % of drug 12 hr for 14 days for 300 mg q. 12 hr 300 mg q. Zalcitabine 8 hr 0.75 mg q. 75% Zidovudine 8 hr or 200 mg q. Rimantadine Ritonavir 12 hr 100 mg q. 25% 12 hr 600 mg q. 3.50% No data: 100% Rifabutin 24 hr 300 mg q. 5 − 10% Ribavirin 500 − 600 mg q. NelfinavirNevirapine 8 hr 750 mg q. 24 hr 200 mg q. No data Ganciclovir (IV) 12 hr 5 mg/kg q. 95% Drug Normal dosage IndinavirLamivudine 8 hr 800 mg q. 150 mg b.i.d. 10% No data: 100% 80%

925 OLYAEI & BENNETT 10-50 ml/min 10-50 ml/min 10-50 ml/min 10-50 ml/min 10-50 ml/min 10-50 ml/min NC No data NC GFR Dose for None GFR Dose for CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment NC No data GFR Dose for NC NC HD Avoid Avoid No data Avoid Avoid Avoid dialysis No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data Dose after e of cumulates cumulates ect in ESRD NC No data GFR Dose for y decrease GFR when y decrease in ESRD Comments phenacetin. , an active metabolite, accumulates accumulates , an active metabolite, Titrate the dose regimen Titrate tein binding reduced in ESRD binding reduced tein creted unchanged in acidic urine creted in ESRD and may cause seizures; protein binding protein cause seizures; in ESRD and may is reduced in ESRD; 20%-25% of meperidine is ex- is reduced renal blood flow is prostaglandin dependent; may dependent; may is prostaglandin blood flow renal add to uremic GI and hematologic symptoms; pro- symptoms; GI and hematologic uremic add to 75% 75% 75% avoid Increased sensitivity drug eff to 75% 50% 100% Avoid ac norpropoxyphene metabolite Active 100% 50%-75% q. 6 hrq. 8 hr q. major metabolit be nephrotoxic; may Overdose failure with GFR (ml/min): failure >50 10 - 50 <10 Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment q. 4 hrq. 4-6 hr q. Avoid in high doses; ma Nephrotoxic Route (renal) Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% avoid avoid Normeperidine Hepatic 100% 75% 50% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% of drug clearance 4 hr tion tion ized) 2 mg IV Hepatic 100% 100% 100% 8-40 g/kg tion (individual- Normal dosage Anesthetic induc- 30-60 mg q. 4-6 hr30-60 mg q. Hepatic 100% 75% 50% Analgesic agents PentazocinePropoxyphene 4 hr 50 mg q. 6-8 hr 65 mg q. Hepatic Hepatic 100% 100% Naloxone Sufentanil Anesthetic induc- Morphine 4 hr 20-25 mg q. Hepatic 100% ButorphanolCodeine Fentanyl 3-4 hr 2 mg q. HepaticMeperidine 100% 3- 50-100 mg q. Methadone 6-8 hr 2.5-5 mg q. Hepatic 100% Acetylsalicylic acid 4 hr 650 mg q. Hepatic Drug antagonists and narcotic Narcotics Alfentanil Anesthetic induc- Nonnarcotics Acetaminophen 4 hr 650 mg q. Hepatic 4 hr q. Table Table 3. 926 44. Drug dosage in renal failure 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 or ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − 50% No data Dose for 30% NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC Dose for HD CAPD CVVH 20% NC Dose for 25% NC Dose for 20% NC Dose for Method of dosage adjustment No data No data Dose for No data No data Dose for 25% − 25% − o CE inhibitors to accumulate accumulate to CE inhibitors tive moiety formed in liver moiety formed tive 20% − 25% NC Dose f ramiprilat Comments hypotension e is perindoprilat; clearance of e is perindoprilat; clearance Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group formed in liver formed pril metabolite is excreted renally is excreted serum digoxin levels serum digoxin perindoprilat is bound in renal failure; fosinoprilat is the active moiety fosinoprilat failure; in renal drome, dysgeusia, granulocytopenia; increases granulocytopenia; increases dysgeusia, drome, Adverse effects: rare proteinuria, nephrotic syn- nephrotic proteinuria, effects: rare Adverse renal; approximately 60% of circulating perindopril 60% of circulating approximately renal; perindopril and its metabolites is almost exclusively is almost exclusively perindopril and its metabolites Adverse effects: sexual dysfunction, dizziness, portal effects: sexual dysfunction, dizziness, Adverse is bound to plasma proteins, whereas 10% to 20% of 10% to whereas plasma proteins, is bound to 50% active enala- analogue of a pharmacologically Lysine 50% − <10 50% 75% is quinaprilat; 96 % of quinaprilat metabolite Active 50% 25-50% is ramiprilat; data pertain metabolite Active t 25% − − − 75% 75% 75% 100% 100% 10 − 50 ough, anemia, and liver toxicity ough, anemia, and liver >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 50% − 100% 50% 100% 75% 100% 50% − 100% 75% 50% Enalaprilat is the ac 100% 100% 75% likely than other A Less 100% 100% 100% 100% 75% 25% Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 90% 100% 50% − − < 10% 100% 75% 50% metabolit Active renally 80% Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 1.2 mg/day 45% 100% 100% 100% 100 mg t.i.d. 35% 100% 75% 50% 2 mg q. 24 hr 2 mg q. 125 mg q. 24 hr 125 mg q. Normal dosage 25 mg t.i.d. t.i.d. Starting dose Maximum dose Trandolapril 1 − 2 mg/day 4 mg/day 33% Ramipril 2.5 mg/day 10 b.i.d. 15% Quinapril 10 mg/day 20 mg/day 30% Perindopril Pentopril Fosinopril 10 mg/dayLisinopril 40 mg b.i.d. 2.5 mg/day 20 mg b.i.d. 20% 80% Enalapril 5 mg/day 20 mg b.i.d. 45% Dobutamine 2.5 mcg/kg/min 15 mcg/kg/min 10% Captopril 6.25 − Drug agonist agents Adrenergic Clonidine or 0.1 mg b.i.d. inhibitors enzyme (ACE) Angiotensin-converting rash, c angioedema, toxicity: failure, Group renal hyperkalemia, acute Benazepril 10 mg/day 80 mg/day 20% Antihypertensive and cardiovascular agents and cardiovascular 4. Antihypertensive Table 927 OLYAEI & BENNETT 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − change date: no date: GFR 10 − required 50 ml/min 50 mg NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC NC NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC No data NC NC Dose for NC NC NC NCNC NC NCNC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment No data NC Dose for No data No No data No data Dose for 25 − ompletely bio-ompletely enal failure NC NC No data ression, and sexual dysfunction ression, e variable in ESRD; tion over a 2-min period; tion over Comments impairment Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group See group toxicity See group Accumulates in ESRD Accumulates the GI tract candesartan to continuous infusion of 2 mg/min continuous tive metabolites with long half-lives metabolites tive NC NC decreased protein binding in uremia protein decreased are reported to be increased in patients with renal in patients with renal reported be increased to are istered; alternatively, dose may be administered by by be administered dose may alternatively, istered; at 10-min intervals of 300 mg is admin- until a total activated by ester hydrolysis during absorption from during absorption from hydrolysis activated ester by additional injections of 40 mg or 80 mg can be given additional injections of 40 mg or 80 can be given <10 100% Kineticsdose dependent; plasma concentrations are 100% 100% in r retained metabolite Active 10 − 50 >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% injec IV use: 20 mg slow For 100% 50% 25% 100% 100% 100% Eprosartan pharmacokinetics mor 100% 75% 50% 100% 100% 50% Candesartan is rapidly and c cilexetil 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment CE-inhibitors) oms of hypoglycemia; can cause bronchospasm, fatigue, insomnia, dep fatigue, can cause bronchospasm, oms of hypoglycemia; 10% 100% 100% 75% 55% 100% 50% 30% − 50% Ac <5% 100% 100% 100% renally Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 90% 100% 100% 50% 50% or b.i.d. 600 mg q. 24 hr 600 mg q. 200 mg q. 24 hr 200 mg q. Normal dosage or b.i.d. 50 mcg/kg/min 300 mcg/kg/min 10% 100% Starting dose Maximum dose Bopindolol 24 hr 1 mg q. Carteolol 24 hr 4 mg q. 24 hr 0.5 mg q. < 10% 24 hr 10 mg q. Carvedilol < 50% 3.125 mg t.i.d.Celiprolol 25 mg t.i.d.DilevalolEsmolol (IV 2% only) 200 mg b.i.d. 400 mg b.i.d. < 5% Betaxolol 24 hr 20 mg q. 80 − Metoprolol 50 mg b.i.d. 100 mg b.i.d. < 5% Labetalol b.i.d. 50 mg p.o., 400 mg b.i.d. 5% Atenolol 25 mg/day 100 mg/day 90% Drug (ARA) antagonists Angiotensin-II-receptors toxicity: than A Group (less common hyperkalemia, angioedema Candesartan 16 mg/day 32 mg/day 33% Beta blockers and mask sympt toxicity: HDL level Group agents can decrease Acebutolol hr 400 mg q..24 Eprosartan 600 mg/day 400 − 800 mg/day 25% IrbesartanLosartan 150 mg/day 50 mg/dayValsartan 300 mg/dayTelmisartan 100 mg/day 80 mg/day 20% 160 mg b.i.d. 13% 20 − 80 mg/day 7%

928 44. Drug dosage in renal failure V 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 or ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min GFR10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − NC NCNC Dose for NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NC NC NC NC Dose for NC NC Dose for NC No data No data HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment 80 mg NC Dose for y increase; y increase; ormulation NC NC NC se bradycardia, constipation, gingival hyperplasia, and A hyperplasia, gingival constipation, se bradycardia, ercised in the use of ercised erval and titrate 40 mg NC Dose for y exacerbate hyperkale-y exacerbate xin and cyclosporine levels NC NC Dose f Comments Group toxicity Group graphic monitoring graphic May increase digoxin levels digoxin increase May May increase digoxin levels digoxin increase May interference; hypoglycemiamay occur hypoglycemiamay interference; sotalol in patients with renal failure undergoing undergoing failure sotalol in patients with renal hemodialysis; to minimize the risk of induced ar- the risk of induced minimize to hemodialysis; mia; may increase digoxin and cyclosporine levels digoxin increase mia; may rhythmia, patients initiated or reinitiated on BETA- or reinitiated patients initiated rhythmia, metabolites may cause increased bilirubin by assay assay bilirubin by cause increased may metabolites cardiac resuscitation and continuous electrocardio- and continuous resuscitation cardiac PACE should be placed for a minimum of 3 days (on a minimum of 3 days for should be placed PACE their maintenance dose) in a facility that can provide dose) in a facility that can provide their maintenance <10 tensive dilator and dilator anti-hyper- 100% 100% In ma ESRD: bioavailability of propranolol 100% 100% short-acting f Avoid nifedipine 10 − 50 >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% digo increase May 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% dysfunction; ma renal Acute 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 50% 25% − 50% Extreme caution should be ex 100% 50% 25% Start int with prolonged Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment No data No data vaso- Weak le edema, gingival hyperplasia and flushing; nondihydropyridine can cau and flushing; nondihydropyridine hyperplasia le edema, gingival renally Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted Normal dosage 160 mg t.i.d. 320 mg/day <5% 100% 30 mg/day 90 mg b.i.d. 10% 100% Starting dose Maximum dose Propranolol 40 − Pindolol 10 mg b.i.d. 40 mg b.i.d.Sotalol 40% 80 bid 160 mg b.i.d.Timolol 70% 10 mg b.i.d. 20 mg b.i.d. 15% Penbutolol 24 hr 10 mg q. 40 mg q 24 hr < 10 Diltiazem 30 mg t.i.d.Felodipine 90 mg t.i.d. 5 mg b.i.d.Isradipine 20 mg/day 10% 5 mg b.i.d.Nicardipine Nifedipine 20 mg t.i.d. 10 mg b.i.d.XL 1% 30 mg t.i.d. <5% <1% Nadolol 80 mg/day 160 mg b.i.d. 90% block Amlodipine 2.5/dayBepridil 10 mg/day No data 10% < 1% No data Drug channel blockers Calcium ank can cause headache, toxicity:Group dihydropyridines

929 OLYAEI & BENNETT 50 50 50 50 ml/min ml/min ml/min qurired change re- GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − No data GFR 10 − ml/min NC NC Dose for NC NCNC Dose for NC Dose for NC NC No data NC NCNC No data NC No data: no NC NC No data NC No data NC HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment No data No data Avoid No data No data No data No data No data NC NC Dose for e as diuretic in e as diuretic ombination with ective in ESRD NC NC No data tive metabolites accumu- metabolites tive in ESRD y increase serum cholesterol; use of potassium-sparing agents is serum cholesterol; y increase acidosis patients Comments Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group aminoglycosides doses effective in ESRD doses effective May lower blood pressure lower May May increase digoxin levels digoxin increase May and total body clearance decreased; de- decreased; body clearance and total D antibodies to treat severe toxicity toxicity severe treat antibodies to mastia; high doses effective in ESRD mastia; high doses effective toxicity enhance and hypomagnesemia late particularlylate forms. with sustained-release diabetics; may cause hyperchloremic metabolic cause hyperchloremic diabetics; may nation with aminoglycosides; high doses effective high doses effective nation with aminoglycosides; ESRD; may cause neurologic side effects in dialysis side effects in dialysis cause neurologic ESRD; may aminoglycosides; may cause muscle pain, gyneco- may aminoglycosides; Radioimmunoassay may overestimate serum levels serum levels overestimate Radioimmunoassay may crease loading dose by 50%; serum level 12 hr after 50%; serum level loading dose by crease in uremia; clearance decreased by amiodarone, spi- amiodarone, by decreased clearance in uremia; In ESRD: V In ESRD: Adverse effects: gynecomastia and impotence; high and impotence; effects: gynecomastia Adverse ronolactone, quinidine, and verapamil; hypokalemia and verapamil; quinidine, ronolactone, dose is best guide to clearance; use digoxin-immune use digoxin-immune clearance; dose is best guide to GFR <10 100% especially in combi- in ESRD, Ototoxicity increased in ESRD with low with low 50% Avoid acidosis; ineffectiv potentiate May 100% 100% with in ESRD combination Ototoxicity increased 100% 100% in ESRD c Ototoxicity increased Avoid Ineffective 10 − 50 >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 100% 100% dysfunction; ac renal Acute 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Avoid Hyperkalemia with GFR < 30 ml/min, especially in 100% 100% 100% Ototoxicity; high doses eff 100% Avoid100% Ineffective 100% Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment yperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and hypomagnesemia; ma and hypomagnesemia; hyperglycemia, yperuricemia, 10% 100% 100% 100% renally Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 0.25 mg/day 25% 100% 100% 100% 30 mg q. 8 hr 30 mg q. Normal dosage 80 mg/day 120 mg t.i.d. 70% 100% 100% 2 mg/day 2-4 mg/day 35% 100% 50 mg/day 100 mg b.i.d. 20% 100% q.d. (daily or q.d. 125 mg t.i.d. 500 mg t.i.d. 90% 100% 25 mg q. 24 hr25 mg q. 50% 24 hr q. 24 hr q. every other day) Starting dose Maximum dose Digoxin 0.125 mg q.o.d./ Nimodipine Nisoldipine 20 mg/dayVerapamil 30 mg b.i.d. 40 mg t.i.d. 10% 240 mg/day 10% Drug Diuretics toxicity: cause hypokalemia, Group hyperkalemia, agents may h recommended Acetazol- amide Ethacrynic acid Furosemide 40 − Piretanide 24 hr 6 mg q. 24 hr 12 mg q. 40-60% Amiloride 5 mg/day 10 mg/day 50% Indapamide 24 hr 2.5 mg q. Metolazone < 5% 2.5 mg/day 10 mg b.i.d. 100% 70% Bumetanide 1 − Chlorthali- done

930 44. Drug dosage in renal failure 50 50 50 50 50 50 qiured ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min ml/min GFR10 − change re- GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − No data Dose for NC NC Dose for NC NCNC Dose for NC Dose for HD CAPD CVVH 8 hr Avoid No data No data Avoid Avoid Avoid Method of dosage adjustment 5 mg q. 5 mg q. No data No data Avoid No data No data Dose for No data No data Dose for etention, hy- etention, y cause cyanide e; hyperkalemia ective in ESRD NC NC No data; no ytopenia; nausea, vomit- ytopenia; ence toxicity ing in ESRD Comments cemia may occur may cemia e with long half-life in ESRD; hyper- e with long half-life talluria in acid urine Increases blood pressure ective with GFR < 30 ml/min; effective at ective with GFR < 30 ml/min; effective pertrichosis, and tachycardia May cause lupuslike reactionMay in diabetics; may cause acute renal failure; acts failure; as renal cause acute in diabetics; may common when GFR < 30 ml/min, especially in dia- common folic acid antagonist; may cause urolithiasis or crys- cause urolithiasis acid antagonist; may folic acidosis; increases serum by immunoassay interfer- immunoassay serum by acidosis; increases kalemia when GFR < 30 ml/min, especially common low GFR in combination with loop diuretic; hyperuri- with loop diuretic; GFR in combination low betics; may cause gynecomastia and hyperchloremic and hyperchloremic cause gynecomastia betics; may <10 No data 10 mg 100% Avoid with long half-lif metabolites Active 100% 100% ma is metabolic byproduct; Cyanide q. 8 hr q. 10 − 50 5 − 10 mg >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 100% 100% Ototoxicity; high doses eff 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% effusion, fluid r cause pericardial May 100% 100% 100% q. 8 hr q. Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 80% 5 − 40% 100% 100% 100% effects: thromboc Adverse 10% 12 hr q. 12 hr q. Avoid metabolit Active renally 10% − 50 mg b.i.d. > 95% 100% 100% ineff Usually Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted mg/kg 10 mg/kg/min daily dose <10 0.75 mcg/kg/min 0.75 25 mg b.i.d. Normal dosage min mg/kg 100 mg/day 300 mg/day 25% 100% 1 mcg/kg/min 10 mcg/kg/min <10% 100% daily dose <10 Starting dose Maximum dose Torasemide 5 mg b.i.d. 20 mg/day 25% Triamterene 25 mg b.i.d. 50 mg b.i.d. 5% − Spironolac- tone Thiazides Midodrine No data No data 75% − Minoxidil 2.5 mg b.i.d.Nitroprus- side 10 mg b.i.d. 20% Drug enzyme inhibitors Phosphodiesterase Amrinone 5 mg/kg/min Vasodilators Hydralazine 10 mg q.i.d. 100 mg q.i.d. 25% Milrinone 0.375 mcg/kg/

931 OLYAEI & BENNETT 50 GFR 10 − NC NC NCNC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NCNC Dose for NCNC NC NCNC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC HD CAPD CVVH Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid AvoidAvoid Avoid AvoidAvoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid AvoidAvoid Avoid AvoidAvoid Avoid AvoidAvoidAvoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Avoid Method of dosage adjustment - 8 hr in yolysis as- yolysis , and flatulence Avoid Avoid Avoid eases with azote- half life of 5 − half life

mia No data No data No data No data No data No data No data Comments Diuretic effects Diuretic Causes lacticCauses acidosis Impairs excretion water ect; may falsely elevate serum creatinine serum creatinine ect; falsely elevate may Hepatotoxic; decrease CSA level decrease Hepatotoxic; poglycemia in azotemic patients in azotemic poglycemia void all oral hypoglycemic agents on CRRT all oral hypoglycemic void NC sociated with concurrent CSA/FK treatment with concurrent sociated prolonged hypoglycemia in azotemic patients in azotemic hypoglycemia prolonged healthy persons and is eliminated by the kidney; by persons and is eliminated healthy level; active metabolite has a active metabolite level; <10 100% Avoid Avoid Avoid hy cause prolonged may Impairs excretion; water No data 18 hr 50% 100% 100% 25% − Avoid Avoid 10 − 50 >50 100% 100% 100% and rhabdom dysfunction, myalgia, Liver 100%100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 50% 25% 100% 100% 100% 50% 50% 100% 50% Avoid Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting 100% 50% Avoid 100% 100% 100% 100% Avoid Avoid 100% 50% Avoid 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 50% − failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 70% 6 − 12 hr q. 12 − q. T − 50% 50% − 95% 100% Avoid Avoid None Avoid Avoid Avoid eff Diuretic None 100% 75% 50% Renal metabolism of insulin decr renally No data 100% 75% 50% A Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 24 hr 1,500 mg q. 1,500 mg q. 500 mg q24h 47% 50% Avoid (b.i.d. or t.i.d.) (b.i.d. 250 mg q. 24.hr250 mg q. 7% 100% 100% 100 mg q. 14 hr100 mg q. No data No data No data Variable Variable Normal dosage 1 mg 4 mg t.i.d. 400 mg SR q. 24 hr 400 mg SR q. 24 hr 24 hr 24 hr 24 hr 100 mg q. 100 mg q. 250 mg q. 250 mg q. 4 gm b.i.d.4 gm 24 gm/day None 100% Starting dose Maximum dose Lispro insulin Lispro Tolazamide 100 mg q. Bezafibrate or q.i.d. 200 mg b.i.d. ColestipolFluvastatinGemfibrozil 5 g b.i.d. 20 mg/day 600 b.i.d. 80 mg/day 30 g/day 600 b.i.d. <1% None None Drug (oral) agents Hypoglycemic agents on CRR all oral hypoglycemic toxicity:Group avoid Acarbose 25 mg t.i.d. 100 mg t.i.d. 35% (parenteral) agents Hypoglycemic levels blood glucose Dosage guided by Insulin Hyperlipidemic agents Atorvastatin 10 mg/day 80 mg/day <2% MetforminRepaglinide 500 mg b.i.d. 2,550 mg/day 0.5 − TolbutamideTroglitazone 24 hr 1 g q. 200 mg/day 24 hr 2 g q. 600 mg/day None 3% Chlorprop- amide GlibornurideGliclazide 12.5 mg q. Glipizide 24 hr 80 mg q. Glyburide 24 hr 320 mg q. Gimepiride < 20% 5 mg/day 2.5 mg/day 1 mg/day 10 mg b.i.d. 20 mg b.i.d. 8 mg daily 50% 5% 50% Cholestyr- amine Nicotinic acid 1 g t.i.d. 2 g t.i.d. None Acetohex- amide Clofibrate 500 mg b.i.d. 1,000 mg b.i.d.Lovastatin 40% 5 mg/day 20 mg/day None Table 5. Endocrine and metabolic agents Table 932 44. Drug dosage in renal failure ne, war- ne, , and other P450 3A-4 in- NC NC NC NCNCNC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment farin) hibitors Comments Neurotoxic; increase CSK/FK level increase Neurotoxic; Adverse effects: headache, diarrhea effects: headache, Adverse Adverse effects: headache, diarrhea effects: headache, Adverse Adverse effects: headache, diarrhea effects: headache, Adverse diarrhea effects: headache, Adverse eractions (e.g., beta blockers, sulfonylurea, theophylli sulfonylurea, beta blockers, eractions (e.g., e, not to exceed 10 mg/day exceed not to e, 50% 50% 50% No data No data Comments Adverse effects: constipation; decreased absorption of MMF decreased effects: constipation; Adverse Adverse effects: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting; abortifacient effects: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting; agent Adverse Adverse effects: headache, fatigue, thrombocytopenia, alopecia fatigue, effects: headache, Adverse Adverse effects: headache, fatigue, thrombocytopenia, alopecia fatigue, effects: headache, Adverse Adverse effects: headache, fatigue, thrombocytopenia, alopecia fatigue, effects: headache, Adverse Avoid with azole antifungal agents, macrolide antibiotics macrolide antifungal agents, with azole Avoid − <10 75% 75% <10 100% 10 − 50 100% 100% 10 − 50 >50 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 75% 25% 100% 75% 25% 100% 100% 50% − 100% 100% 100% failure with GFR (ml/min): failure >50 Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 5% 100% 100% 50% 60% 100% 75% 25% Multiple drug-drug int 80% 100% 75% 25% None 100% 100% 100% 7 100% 100% 100% renally 10% 100% 100% 50% 5 mg/day; maintenanc < 10 100% 100% 100% < 2% 100% 100% 100% renally Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 20 mg t.i.d. 100 mg t.i.d. 500 mg b.i.d. Normal dosage 5 − Normal dosage 40 mg/day 80 mg/day <10% 100% 100% 20 mg/day 20 mg/day 13% 100% 10 mg t.i.d. 30 mg q.i.d. 15% − − Starting dose Maximum dose Starting dose Maximum dose Probucol Rosuvastatin 5 − 40 mg/day 40 mg/day Pravastatin 10 Simvastatin 5 Propylthio- uracil Drug Antithyroid drugs Methimazole Famotidine 20 mg b.i.d. 40 mg b.i..d. 70% Drug LansoprazoleNizatidine 15 mg/dayOmeprazole 30 mg b.i.d. 150 mg b.i.d. 20 mg/day 300 mg b.i.d. None 40 mg b.i.d. 20% None Cimetidine 300 mg t.i.d. 800 mg b.i.d. Rabeprazole 20 mg/dayCisapride 40 mg b.i.d. 10 mg t.i.d. None 20 mg q.i.d. Metoclo- pramide PantoprazoleRanitidine 40 mg/day 150 mg b.i.d. 80 mg b.i.d. 300 mg b.i.d. None MisoprostolSucralfate 100 mcg b.i.d. 200 mcg q.i.d. 1 g q.i.d. 1 g q.i.d. Table Table agents 6. Gastrointestinal 933 OLYAEI & BENNETT 50 GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − GFR 10 − Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min QID. ml/min 300 mg Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for GFR < 10 GFR < 10 500 300 − NC NC Dose for NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NCNC NC NC NC NC HD CAPD CVVH alysis Avoid Avoid Dose for dialysis dialysis No data No data Dose for No data No data Dose for mg after mg after hemodi- 250 200 − load, then load, Method of dosage adjustment 20 mcg/ml − 20 mcg/ml; may cause 20 mcg/ml; may 40 mcg/ml; may cause 40 mcg/ml; may 100 mcg/ml; adverse ef- 100 mcg/ml; adverse 150 mcg/ml; side effects − − omiting, insomnia, nauseaomiting, Dose after − − tion is recommended, the tion is recommended, 12 mcg/ml; adverse effects: 12 mcg/ml; adverse level − ompared to carbamazapine to ompared NC NC NC insomnia valproate ts compared to other agents to ts compared 300 mg y be increased by 4 to 8 mg at 4 to by y be increased entration: 5 Comments fects: headache cause nephrotic syndrome cause nephrotic entration: 4 oncentration: 15 oncentration: oncentration: 40 oncentration: oncentration: 50 oncentration: characteristics not clinical trials data nystagmus; check free phenytoin level phenytoin check free nystagmus; in divided doses two to four times daily four to in divided doses two double vision, fluid retention, myelosuppression double vision, fluid retention, Plasma concentration: 10 Plasma concentration: Active metabolites with long half-life in ESRD; may in ESRD; may with long half-life metabolites Active include weight gain, hepatitis; check free valproate valproate gain, hepatitis; check free include weight pairment; recommendations based on known drug pairment; recommendations drug has not been studied in patients with renal im- drug has not been studied in patients with renal weekly intervals until clinical response is achieved, or weekly intervals is achieved, until clinical response up to 32 mg/day; the total daily dose should be given 32 mg/day;up to daily dose should be given the total 24 hr <10 100% major drug-drug Autoinduction, interaction with q. 12 − q. 12 hr 10 − 50 Albumin >50 100% 50% Avoid 100% 50% 25% v effects: anorexia, Adverse 100% 50% 25% CNS side effec Less 100% 100% 100% effect on P450 c Less 100% 50% 50% 100% 100% 100% Although no dose reduc failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 100% 100% Plasma conc Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 2% 100% 100% 100% daily dose ma Total 1% 100% 100% 100% Plasma c 1% and low failure renal for Adjust 1% 100% 100% 100% Plasma c 2% 100% 100% 100% Plasma conc 20% 100% 100% 100% Plasma c None 8 hr q. 8 − q. renally Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted q.i.d. 600 mg t.i.d. or 600 mg t.i.d. titrate weeklytitrate effect and TDM effect and effect and TDM effect and effect and TDM effect and effect and TDM effect and Normal dosage side effect and TDM side effect and 50 mg/day 150 mg/day 1% 100% 100% or q.i.d. 7.5 to 15 mg/kg/day; 7.5 to adjust for Starting dose Maximum dose Trimethadione 300 mg t.i.d. Topiramate 50 mg/day 200 mg b.i.d. 70% Tiagabine 4 mg/day; 4mg/day, increase Sodium valpro- ate Primidone Primidone 50 mg 100 mg 1% Oxcarbazepine 300 mg b.i.d. 600 mg b.i.d.Phenytoin 1% 20 mg/kg/day; side adjust for Phenobarbital 20 mg/kg/day; side adjust for Levetiracetam 500mg b.i.d. 1,500 mg b.i.d. 66% Gabapentin 150 mg t.i.d. 900 mg t.i.d. 77% Lamotrigine 25 − Felbamate 400 mg t.i.d. 1,200 mg t.i.d. 90% Clonazepam 0.5 mg t.i.d.Ethosuximide 2 mg t.i.d. 5 mg/kg/day; side adjust for 1% Drug Carbamazepine 2 − 8 mg/kg/day; side Carbamazepine adjust for Neurologic and anticonvulsant agents and anticonvulsant 7. Neurologic Table 934 44. Drug dosage in renal failure GFR 10 − GFR 10 − Dose for Dose for Dose for Dose for 50 ml/min 50 ml/min ml/min Dose for Dose for GFR < 10 HD CAPD CVVH ml/min Dose for Dose for GFR < 10 Method of dosage adjustment Comments renal functionrenal y may arise with drug accumulationy may No data No data 600 mg/day appear effective for normal for appear effective 600 mg/day turer recommends that zonisamide not be that zonisamide recommends turer with a minimum of 2 wk between adjustments to adjustments to with a minimum of 2 wk between ml/min); dose recommendations for renal impair- renal for ml/min); dose recommendations to 200 mg/day for at least 2 wk; further for 200 mg/day to dosage in- 100 mg/day; after 2 wk, be increased the dose may used in patients with renal failure (estimated GFR <50 (estimated failure used in patients with renal achieve steady state at each dosage level; zonisamide zonisamide at each dosage level; state steady achieve creases to 300 mg and 400 mg/day can then be made 300 mg and 400 mg/day to creases doses of 100 − ment based on clearance ratios: initial dose should be ment based on clearance <10 10 − 50 >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 30% 100% 75% 50% Manufac 70% 100% 50% 25% Encephalopath renally Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted b.i.d. − 300 mg q.d. Normal dosage Starting dose Maximum dose Drug Vigabatrin 1 g b.i.d.Zonisamide 100 mg/day 2 g b.i.d. 100 −

935 OLYAEI & BENNETT

936 44. Drug dosage in renal failure 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min Dose for GFR Dose for Dose for GFR Dose for 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − No data GFR Dose for NC NC Avoid NC NC NC NCNC NC NC GFR Dose for GFR Dose for NC NC GFR Dose for NC NC GFR Dose for NC NCNC GFR Dose for NC NCNC NC GFR Dose for NC GFR Dose for GFR Dose for NCNC NCNC NC GFR Dose for NC GFR Dose for GFR Dose for HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment dose Avoid No data Avoid Half dose No data GFR Dose for One-third alemia , sodium retention; carries increased risk of CVD, MI, risk of CVD, carries increased alemia , sodium retention; yperk e hearing loss in ESRD NC NC with ESRD Comments Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group branous nephritis Nephrotic syndrome Nephrotic olonged use if GFR < 50 ml/min NC No data ects: interstitial nephritis, exfoliative exfoliative ects: nephritis, interstitial einuria and ephritic syndrome. proteinuria; ephritic syndrome, mem- ephritic syndrome, proteinuria; Ineffective at decreased GFR Ineffective at decreased normal renal function,1 wk in patients normal renal half life tion of active metabolite with half life of 25 hr in with half life tion of active metabolite dermatitis, and rarely, xanthine stones; renal excre- renal xanthine stones; and rarely, dermatitis, <10 50% 50% Avoid 50% 25% 10 − 50 25% − % >50 100% 100% 50% failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment egation; may cause nephrotic syndrome, interstitial nephritis, h nephritis, interstitial syndrome, cause nephrotic egation; may 90% 50% Avoid Avoid thiomalate 60% 100% 50% 25-50% cause acut May 4% 100% 100% 50% 175 100% 50-100% 25% pr Avoid − 1% 100% 100% 50% 50% 50% Avoid Avoid Prot 30% 100% 100% 50% 30% 100% 100% 50% 30% 75% 50% 25% eff Adverse < 1% 50% − 100 < 1% 100% 100% < 2% 100% Avoid Avoid < 6%< 1% 100% 100% 100% 50-100% 50% 50% renally 5% − 60% − 30% − Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 1.0 mg q. 1.0 mg q. 50 mg 24 hr q. 6 hr q. 75 mg b.i.d. 500 mg b.i.d. < 3% 100% 50% 600 mg q.i.d. 25 − 6 mg q24h 500 mg bid 1,000 mg q. 24 hr1,000 mg q. 40% 100% Avoid 800 mg t.i.d. 200 mg b.i.d. Negligible 100% 100% 30 mg q. 6 hr 30 mg q. Normal dosage Normal 100 mg t.i.d. or q.i.d.100 mg t.i.d. 2% 60 mg load then 15 − Chronic: 0.5 − Chronic: 50 − Penicillamine 250 − Probenecid Gold sodium and stroke DiclofenacDiflunisalEtodolac 25 − 250 − Agent Arthritis and gout agents Allopurinol 24 hr 300 mg q. anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Nonsteroidal function toxicity:aggr renal and platelet Group decreases FenoprofenFlurbiprofen 300 − Ibuprofen or t.i.d. 100 mg b.i.d. 20% Colchicine 2 mg then 0.5 Acute: Auranofin IndomethacinKetoprofen 25 − 50 mg t.i.d. Ketorolac Meclofenamic 25- − 5 mg t.i.d. 30 − acid Mefanamic acidNabumetone 250 mg q.i.d. 24.hr 1.0-2.0 g q. Rheumatologic agents 8. Rheumatologic Table 937 OLYAEI & BENNETT 100% 100% 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − NC NC GFR Dose for NC NC GFR Dose for NC NC GFR Dose for NC NC GFR Dose for NC NCNC GFR Dose for NC GFR Dose for HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment 100% 50% Avoid 100% 100% 100% ections 100% 100% 100% e is reduced up e is reduced Comments Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group have been conducted have less than 30 ml/min); no formal studies less than 30 ml/min); no formal tive sulfide metabolite in ESRD sulfide metabolite tive Cr eased risk of TB and other infectionseased risk of 100% 100% ontinued during therapy; may increase to to ontinued during therapy; increase may Increased risk of TB and other infectionsIncreased risk of 100% 100% to 75% in patients with severe or end stage renal or end stage renal 75% in patients with severe to itant methotrexate; may cause glomerulonephritis may itant methotrexate; 40 mg S.C. q. wk in patients not receiving concom- wk in patients not receiving 40 mg S.C. q. disease (C <10 100% 50% 10 − 50 >50 100% 100% 100%TB and other inf Increased risk of failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 7% 100% 100% 50% Ac 15% 100% 100% 50% 10% 100% 100% 50% < 1% 100% 100% 50% < 1% 100% 100% 50% Renal 100% 50% Avoid Renal impairment: plasma clearanc renally Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% be c May Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Incr clearance Route of drug Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 400 mg t.i.d. 200 mg b.i.d. 500 mg b.i.d. 20 mg q. 24 hr 20 mg q. 100 mg/day S.C. 100 mg/day Normal dosage Normal other week every other week with methotrexate 100 mg t.i.d. or q.i.d.100 mg t.i.d. 1% 100% wk, 8 wk; then q. combine Sulindac Rituximab 375 mg/mm every AdalimumabAnakinra 40 mg S.C. Tolmetin Piroxicam Agent Biologic agents Infliximab 3 mg/kg IV at 0, 2, and 6 Etanercept Etanercept 50 mg S.C. weekly Hepatic Naproxen OxaproxinPhenylbuta- zone 24 hr 1200 mg q.

938 44. Drug dosage in renal failure 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min Dose for GFR Dose for 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − dose hale normal NC NC No data NC NC No data NC No data GFR Dose for NC No data GFR Dose for NC No data NC NC No data GFR Dose for NC NC No data NC No data NA NC No data GFR Dose for NC No data No data NC No data No data NC No data No data NA NA NA HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment Avoid Avoid No data dialysis No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data NC No data No data No data No data No data No data Dose after ephalopa- ective than peritoneal dialysis for poisoning for dialysis ective than peritoneal e eff tion is recommended, tion is recommended, fusion; may cause exces- fusion; may thy in ESRD thy Comments sive sedation sive orrelates with alpha-1 acid gly- orrelates Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group with alkaline diuresis coprotein concentration coprotein days; protein binding decreases in uremia binding decreases protein days; should be reduced if given longer than a few longer than a few if given should be reduced Up to 50% unchanged drug excreted with urine 50% unchanged drug excreted Up to oxazepam may accumulate in renal failure; dose failure; in renal accumulate may oxazepam nal impairment; recommendations are based on are nal impairment; recommendations known drug characteristics not clinical trials data the drug has not been studied in patients with re- hr <10 50% 100% and desmethyldiazepam metabolites Active 100% 100% 100% 12 hr 12 − 16 q. 10 − 50 12 hr 8 − q. y in ESRD − >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 100% 50% 100% 100% 100% Although no dose reduc 100% 100% 100% sedation and enc cause excessive May Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment eomalacia in ESRD; charcoal hemoperfusioneomalacia in ESRD; charcoal mor and hemodialysis Hepatic 100% 100% 100% binding c Protein Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic No data No data No data Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% Avoid Avoid hemoper by Removed Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% clearance Route of drug 8 hr Hepatic 100% 100% 100% 12 hr Hepatic (renal) 8 q. 12 hr Hepatic 100% 100% 100% 8 hr Hepatic 100% 100% 100% − qhs 0.50 mg qhs 30 mg qhs 5.0 mg q. 8 hr5.0 mg q. Hepatic 100% 100% 1 mg qhs − 60 mg q. 24 hr60 mg q. Hepatic (renal) 100% 100% − 5 mg q.8 hr 5 mg q.8 40 mg q. 24 hr40 mg q. Hepatic 100% 100% 120 mg q. 24 hr120 mg q. Hepatic 100% 100% 100 mg q. 24 hr100 mg q. Hepatic 100% 100% − 100 mg q. 8 − 100 mg q. (individualized) Normal dosage 15 − Au: define qhs Au: Triazolam 0.25 − Temazepam 30 mg qhs Estazolam Lorazepam 8 − 1 − 2 mg q. Quazepam 15 mg 15 Quazepam Thiopental Anesthesia induction Diazepam 5 − Pentobarbital 6 30 mg q. FlurazepamMidazolam 15 Individualized Hepatic Oxazepam 30 − Phenobarbital 50 − Secobarbital− 6 30 − 50 mg q. Clonazepam 24 hr 1.5 mg q. Hepatic Drug Barbiturates ost sedation.; increased toxicity: cause excessive Group may Benzodiazepines sedation and encephalopath toxicity: cause excessive Group may Alprazolam 0.25 Benzodiazepine antagonists Flumazenil agents sedative Miscellaneous 15 sec 0.2 mg IV over Buspirone Hepatic Clorazepate 15 Ethchlorvynol 500 mg qhs Chlordiazepox- ide Sedative agents 9. Sedative Table 939 OLYAEI & BENNETT 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 10 − 10 − 10 − NC GFR Dose for NC GFR Dose for HD CAPD CVVH NC No data No data Method of dosage adjustment HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data No data dialysis Dose after Comments cal response Comments NSAIDs, and diuretics NSAIDs, hanced by forced diuresis forced by hanced eful titration of dose according to clini- to eful titration of dose according active metabolites with long half life in ESRD with long half life active metabolites levels should be measured periodically 12 hr should be measured levels Side effects: excessive sedation; excretion en- sedation; excretion Side effects: excessive diabetes insipidus, nephrotic syndrome, renal renal syndrome, nephrotic insipidus, diabetes tubular acidosis, and interstitial fibrosis; acute acute fibrosis; and interstitial tubular acidosis, toxicity when serum levels > 1.2 mEq/L; serum when serum levels toxicity after dosing; half life does not reflect extensive after dosing; half life dialysis; toxicity enhanced by volume depletion, volume by enhanced toxicity dialysis; Active and inactive metabolites excreted in urine; excreted and inactive metabolites Active tissue accumulation; plasma levels rebound after rebound plasma levels tissue accumulation; Adverse effects: hypertension, excessive sedation effects: hypertension, excessive Adverse NC <10 hr 100% <10 25-50% effects include nephrogenic adverse Nephrotoxic; 100% 50% − 12 hr 12 − 18 q. − 10 − 50 10 − 50 >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 30 100% 100% 100% car Require <1% 100% 100% 100% None 100% 50% − renally clearance Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted Route of drug 12 hr Hepatic 100% 100% 100% mg/day) mg/day) 1.2 g q. 24 hr1.2 g q. Renal 100% 50-75% 1.6 g q. 24 hr1.6 g q. Hepatic (renal) 6 hr q. 9 q. 1 mg/day 2 mg q. 8 − 2 mg q. Normal dosage − Normal dosage 0.9 − (30 mg/day to 200 to (30 mg/day 2 tablets t.i.d. or q.i.d. or q.i.d. 2 tablets t.i.d. 2 tablets t.i.d. or q.i.d. 2 tablets t.i.d. (300 mg/day to 2,000 to (300 mg/day Anti-Parkinson agents Anti-Parkinson Rasagiline inhibi- (MAO-b tor) Lithium car- bonate Haloperidol 1 Drug Drug Carbidopa 1 − Levodopa 1 − Meprobamate 1.2 − Table Table 10. 940 44. Drug dosage in renal failure 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 50 ml/min 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − 10 − Method of dosage adjustment NC NC GFR Dose for HD CAPD CVVH No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for No data No data GFR Dose for cessive sedation.cessive No data No data GFR Dose for ypotensive effectsypotensive No data No data GFR Dose for Comments Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group oxicity; excessive sedation oxicity; excessive may occur in ESRD occur may <10 10 − 50 >50 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% drug IV Do not administer 100% 100% 100% failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment oms, and confusion and confusion oms, HepaticHepatic 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% t Group Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hepatic 100% 100% 100% h Potential Hepatic 100% 100% 100% Hypotension, ex Hepatic 100% 100% 100% complete excreted renally excreted Metabolism nearly Percentage of drug Percentage 450 6 hr 400 mg/day 400 mg/day 50 b.i.d or 50 b.i.d 12 hr − 50 to 300 − 50 to 10 mg by day 4 day by mg b.i.d. 5 − 800 mg q. 24 hr 800 mg q. 100 mg q. 12 hr 100 mg q. 100 mg q. 24 hr 100 mg q. 2 mg q. 8 − 2 mg q. − 50 mg I.M. q. 4 − 50 mg I.M. q. Normal dosage 1 − 20 − more than 6 mg/day more 2 mg b.i.d.; increase to no to increase 2 mg b.i.d.; 100 mg p.o. , t.i.d.; increase increase , t.i.d.; 100 mg p.o. maximum: 900 mg/day 12.5 − mg/day by end of 2 weeks; end of 2 weeks; by mg/day increments of 25 increments q.i.d.; increase to 64 mg/day to increase q.i.d.; ally to 15 mg/day ally to t.i.d. to achieve 300 − achieve to t.i.d. gradually; max dose 800 mg/day Ziprasideone 20 − RisperidoneThiothixene 3 to increase b.i.d.; 1 mg p.o., gradu- increase t.i.d.; 2 mg p.o., Quetiapine in increase b.i.d.; 25 mg p.o., Trifluoperazine 1 − Promazine Thioridazine 50 − Melperone olan- Melperone zapine Perphenazine or t.i.d., b.i.d., 16 mg p.o., 8 to Loxapine Haloperidol Drug Phenothiazines toxicity:Group orthostatic extrapyramidal sympt hypotension, Chlorpromazine 300 Clozapine 25 − 12.5 mg p.o.; Antipsychotic agents 11. Antipsychotic Table 941 OLYAEI & BENNETT Method of dosage adjustment NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC HD CAPD CVVH Comments Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group toxicity Group <10 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 10 − 50 >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure 100% 100% 100% 100%100% 100%100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment etention, glucose intolerance, hypertension intolerance, glucose etention, 5 8 34 34 < 10 None 100% 100% 100% excreted renally excreted Percentage of drug Percentage No data 9.0 mg q. 24 hr 9.0 mg q. 9.0 mg q. 24 hr 9.0 mg q. 500 mg q. 24 hr500 mg q. 24 hr 48 mg q. 24 hr 60 mg q. None 24 hr48 mg q. 100% No data 100% 500 mg q. 24 hr500 mg q. None 24 hr 60 mg q. 100% − − Normal dosage 5 − 25 − Corticosteroid agents Corticosteroid Drug Group toxicity: may aggravate azotemia; adverse effects: sodium r adverse azotemia; toxicity: aggravate Group may Betamethasone 0.5 Budesonide Cortisone DexamethasoneHydrocortisone 0.75 4 − Methylprednisolone 20 − PrednisolonePrednisone Triamcinolone 5 − 4 − Table Table 12. 942 44. Drug dosage in renal failure 50 ml/min GFR 10 − NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC HD CAPD CVVH Method of dosage adjustment y; 1 y NC NC NC 5 mg p.o. 5 mg p.o. tivator No data No data Dose for at low GFR at low Comments ts: severe neutropenia and neutropenia ts: severe tor Xa activity Xa tor 4 hr after 2nd e renal failure; uricosuric effect uricosuric failure; e renal can be used to achieve INR achieve can be used to Half life increases with dose increases Half life used for patients with HIT only used for thrombocytopenia; decrease CSA level thrombocytopenia; decrease dose in patients with renal dysfunction dose in patients with renal dence of drug accumulation in renal failure in renal of drug accumulation dence anti-factor activity Xa dose 4 hr after second in patients with renal dysfunction; some evi- in patients with renal mg vitamin K IV over 30 min or 2.5 − mg vitamin K IV over <10 50% 50% of DVT; check treatment 12 hr for 1 mg/kg q. 50% Avoid should be failure; with renal increases Half life − − 100% 100% GI irritation and bleeding tendenc 100% 100% Monitor INR very closely; start at 5 mg/da 100% 100% 10 − 50 >50 failure with GFR (ml/min): failure Dosage adjustment for renal renal for Dosage adjustment 2% 100% 100% 100% effec Adverse 8% 100% 75% 90% 50% 25% 10% 50% 100% 100% 100% None 100% 100% 100% < 15% 100% 50% 25% renally 25-50% 100% 100% Avoid cause acut May 52-62% 50% 30% 10% No data 100% 100% 100% Tissue-type plasminogen ac No data 100% 100% 100% No data No data No data No data No data 100% 100% 100% No data 100% 75% Unknown 100% 100% NA Check anti-fac Percentage of Percentage drug excreted drug excreted 12 hr No data 100% 100% 50% daily 5 min 5,000 units S.C. q. hr for 2 hr for No data 50 mg t.i.d. 200 mg b.i.d. Normal dosage 30 U over 2 − 30 U over 2.0 ng/kg/min for 5 − 2.0 ng/kg/min for daily 5 mg/day per INR Adjust <1% 100% 81 mg/day 325 mg/day 10% 100% 75 U/kg load then 15 U/kg/hr None 100% 0.5 − 60 mg over 1 hr then 20 mg/hr 60 mg over Starting dose Maximum dose Anticoagulant agents Anticoagulant Drug Alteplase Anistreplase Aspirin Clopidogrel DalteparinDipyridamole 75 mg/day 2,500 units S.C. 75 mg/day Sulotroban StreptokinaseSulfinpyrazone then 100 000 U/hr 250 000 U load, Enoxaparin 20 mg/day 30 mg b.i.d. Ticlopidine acidTranexamic Urokinase 250 mg b.i.d.Warfarin or q.i.d. 25 mg/kg t.i.d. 250 mg b.i.d. 4400 U/kg load then 4,400 Indobufen 100 mg b.i.d. 200 mg b.i.d. FondaparinuxHeparin 2.5mg S.C. dailyIloprost 10 mg S.C. daily Table Table 13. 943 Clinical Nephrotoxins Renal Injury from Drugs and Chemicals Third Edition

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AA aristolochic acid AmB amphotericin B AAN aristolochic acid nephropathy AMI acute myocardial infarction AAP alanine aminopeptidase AMP adenosine monophosphate AAS atomic absorption spectrometry Amph amphotericin ABC ATP-binding cassette ANA antinuclear antibody ABCD amphotericin B colloidal dispersion ANCA anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ABLC amphotericin B in lipid complex ANDA abbreviated new drug application ACAM N-cadherin ANF atrial natriuretic factor ACE angiotensin converting enzyme ANT adenine nucleotide translocator ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ANZDATA Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Transplant Registry Industrial Hygienists AP alkaline phosphatase AcP acid phosphate APA aminopeptidase 1 (angiotensinase) ADH antidiuretic hormone APACHE Acute Physiology And Chronic Health or alcohol dehydrogenase Evaluation ADP adenosine diphosphate APC antigen presenting cell ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney APhN acute phosphate nephropathy disease APN aminopeptidase N ADR adverse drug reaction AQP aquaporin AE adverse event ARBs angiotensin II receptor antagonists AER adverse event reaction ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome AGT alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase 5-ASA 5-aminosalicylic acid AH-SOD hexamethyl-enediamine-conjugated super- AST aspartate aminotransferase oxide dismutase ATHENA AIDS Therapy Evaluation National Centre AHS allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome ATG anti-thymocyte globulin AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ATN acute tubular necrosis AIN acute interstitial nephritis ATP adenosine triphosphate AKI acute kidney injury AUC area under the curve ALB albumin AV atrioventricular

α1-AG α1-acid glycoprotein AVP arginine vasopressin α1-m α1-microglobulin AZT azidothymidine α -KG α –ketoglutarate β1-m β1-microglobulin ALT alanine aminotransferase BBA brush border antigen Abbreviations

BBM brush border membrane CPK creatinine phosphokinase BBMV brush border membrane vesicle cPLA2 cytosolic phospholipase A2 BC breast cancer CPP calcium phosphorus product BCNU carmustine CREB cAMP response element-binding bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor CRF chronic renal failure BEN Balkan endemic npehropathy CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy BID twice daily CsA cyclosporine A BM basolateral membrane CSF colony-stimulating factor BMDL benchmark dose low CSFL cerebrospinal fluid BMI body mass index CT computer tomography BMT bone marrow transplantation CTGF connective tissue growth factor BN Brown-Norway CTIN chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis

BP blood pressure Curea urea clearance BQ123 cyclo [Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu] CVD cardiovascular disease BSA bovine serum albumin CVVH continuous venovenous hemofiltration BSP bromosulfophthalein CVVHD continuous venous-venous hemodialysis BUN blood urea nitrogen Cx clearance of a marker BW body weight CYP cytochrome P450 CA carbonic anhydrase dA-AAI 7(desoxyadenosin-N6-yl) aristolactam I CABG coronary artery bypass graft dA-AAII 7(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl) aristolactam II cADPR cyclic ADP-ribose DAC diacylglycerol Calc calcitonin DCAA dichloroacetic acid CAM cell adhesion molecule DCT distal convoluted tubule cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate DCVC dichlorovinylcysteine CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis dDAVP 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin CAPE caffeic acid phenethyl ester DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane CaSR calcium sensing receptor DES diethyl stilbesterol CC cytochemistry DEVD-CHO Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde CCB calcium channel blocker DFO desferoxamine CCD cortical collecting duct dG-AAI 7(deoxyguanosine-N²-yl) aristolactam I CCNU lomustine DGFR delayed graft function recovery Ccr creatinine clearance DHEA-S dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate CD collecting duct DHG dehydrogenase CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention DHP vitamin D binding protein CD-IC collecting duct intercalated cell DIGE difference in-gel electrophoresis CdMT cadmium-metallothionein DISC death inducing signaling complex CD-PC collecting duct principal cell DMARD disease modifying antirheumatic drugs CFS colony-stimulating factor DMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium CG density gradient centrifugation DMPC dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine CHD coronary heart disease DMPG dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol CHF congestive heart failure DMPS dimercaptopropane 1 sulphonate CHN Chinese herb nephropathy DMSA dimercaptosuccinic acid CI confidence interval DMSO dimethylsulfoxide CIN chronic interstitial nephritis DMT divalent metal transporter CKD chronic kidney disease DMTU dimethylthiourea CLOD clodronate DNP-SG S-(dinitropheny1)-glutathione CM contrast media DOCA deoxycorticosterone acetate CMIN contrast media induced nephropathy DPCPX 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine CMV cytomegalovirus (selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) CNI calcineurin inhibitors DPP dipeptidyl peptidase CNS central nervous system DTL descending thin limb cNOS constitutive nitric oxide synthase DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid CNT connecting tubule DVT deep vein thrombosis COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease E217 β G estradiol-17 β -D-glucuronide COX cyclooxygenase EBV Epstein Barr virus CPH cephaloridine ecNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase

946 Abbreviations

EDD extended daily dialysis HA hyaluronic acid EDHF endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor H&E hematoxylin and eosin EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor HCM hypercalcaemia of malignancy EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid HCTZ hydrochlorothiazide EDTA European Dialysis and Transplant Associa- HCV hepatitis C virus tion HD hemodialysis EEG electroencephalogram HDF hemodiafiltration EG ethylene glycol HDL high-density lipoprotein EGF epidermal growth factor HETE hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid EHDP etidronate HF hemofiltration ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay HGF hepatocyte growth factor EMA epithelial membrane antigen HGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl EP E-prostanoid transferase eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase HHV human herpes virus ER endoplasmic reticulum HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia ERK extracellular regulated kinase HIV human immunodeficiency virus ERPF effective renal plasma flow HIVAN HIVassociated nephropathy ESRD end-stage renal disease HLA human leukocyte antigen estrone-S estrone sulfate HMW high molecular weight ET endothelin HNL human neutrophil lipocalin ET-1 endothelin-1 HO heme oxygenase ETA endothelin A hOAT human organic anion transporter ETB endothelin B HPT human proximal tubular cells FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting HPV human papillomavirus FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide HR hazard ratio FAK focal adhesion kinase HSP heat shock protein FAT focal adhesion targeting HSV herpes simplex virus FCS fetal calf serum hTERT human telomerase catalytic subunit FDA Food and Drug Administration HUS hemolytic uremic syndrome FE fractional excretion HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells FENa fractional excretion of sodium IAKI ischemic acute kidney injury

FEurea fractional excretion of urea IAP intestinal alkaline phosphatase FF filtration fraction IARC International Agency for Research on Can- FGS focal glomerulosclerosis cer FHH familial hypercalcemic hypocalciuria IBD inflammatory bowel disease FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate IBN ibandronate FKBP FK-binding protein IC information component FMN flavin mononucleotide ICAD inhibitor of caspase-activates Dnase FPPS farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase ICAM intercellular cell adhesion molecule FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ICC immunocytochemistry G6PD glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase ICD International Classification of Diseases GBM glomerular basement mmbrane ICU intensive care unit GC gas chromatography IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus GCCA gadolinium-containing contrast agents IEG immediate early gene response GFR glomerular filtration rate IFN interferon GI gastrointestinal Ig immunoglobulin GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase IGF insulin-like growth factor GMP guanosine monophosphate IL interleukin GN glomerulonephritis IM intramuscular GO glyoxylate oxidase IMCD inner medullary collecting ducts GP glycoprotein iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase GSC glomerular sieving coefficient INR international normalized ratio GSH glutathione IPD intermittent peritoneal dialysis GSSG glutathione disulfide IP3 inositol 3,4,5 triphosphate GST glutathione-S-transferase IPRK isolated perfused rat kidney GT glutamyl transferase ISOM inner stripe outer medulla

947 Abbreviations

ITAM immunoreceptor tyrosine activated motive mPDS methylprednisolone IV intravenous MN membranous nephropathy IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin MPF+ 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium IVP intravenous pyelography MPGN membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis JCAHO Joint Commission on Accreditation of MPO myeloperoxidase Healthcare Organizations MPT mitochondrial permeability transition JGA juxtaglomerular apparatus MPTP l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyri- JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase dine KAP kidney androgen-regulated protein MR magnetic resonance kD or kDa kilodalton Mr molecular weight KDOQI Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative MRA magnetic resonance angiography KIM kidney injury molecule MRI magnetic resonance imaging L-Amph amphotericin B liposome MRP multidrug resistance-associated protein LAP leucine aminopeptidase MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy LC lung cancer MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus LD50 lethal dose for 50% MS metabolic syndrome LDH lactate dehydrogenase MT metallothionein LDL low-density lipoprotein MTAL medullary thick ascending limb LEHD-CHO Leu-Glu-His-Asp-aldehyde MTT methylthiotetrazole LEW Lewis MTX methotrexate LFA lymphocyte function-associated antigen NA not applicable LFAB lipid formulation of amphotericin B NAA neutron activation analysis LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cell line from porcine kidney NAC N-acetylcysteine LMW low molecular weight NADC Na dependent α-ketoglutarate cotransporter L-NAME N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos- LOCM low osmolar contrast medium phate LPS lipopolysaccharide NAG N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase LR likelihood ratio Na-K-ATPase sodium-potassium-ATPase LRP LDL-receptor-related protein NAME nitric oxide synthase inhibitor LT leukotriene NAPA N-acetyl procainamide LTC4 leukotriene C4 NAPAP N-acetyl-p-aminophenol LX lipoxin NAPQI N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine mAb monoclonal antibody NC No data: no change required MAC minimal alveolar concentration NCAM neural cell adhesion molecule MACS magnetic cell separation NCX Na+-Ca++ exchanger magn. magnification NDA New Drug Application MAP mitogen-activated protein NDMA N-methyl-D-aspartate or mean arterial pressure NEP neutral endopeptidase MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase NF-AT-c nuclear factor of activating T lymphocytes MATE multidrug and toxin extrusion NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin MCD medullary collecting duct NHE Na+/H+ exchanger isoform MCP monocyte chemoattractant protein NIP NF-AT interacting protein MD macula densa NK natural killer cells or multiple dose NMN N-methylnicotinamide MDA malondialdehyde NMTT N-methyl-tetrazole-thiol MDCK Madin-Darby canine kidney nNOS neuronal nitric oxide synthase MDFA 2,2-difluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid NO nitric oxide MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine NOS nitric oxide synthase MDR multidrug resistance NPT sodium-dependent phosphate transporter MDRD modification of diet in renal disease NRF nuclear respiratory factors MEK MAP kinase kinase NRK52E normal rat kidney epithelial cells MHC major histocompatibility complex NRTI nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase MI myocardial infarction inhibitor MM multiple myeloma NSA neuron specific enolase MMF mycophenolate mofetil NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug MMP matrix metalloproteinases NSF nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

948 Abbreviations

OA osteoarthritis PPI proton pump inhibitor OAT organic anion transporter PRA plasma renin activity OCT organic cation transporter PR3 proteinase 3 OCTN organic cation/carnitine transporter PSS progressive systemic sclerosis OD once daily PST proximal straight tubule OFR oxygen-derived free radicals PT or PTC proximal tubular cells OKT3 anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody PTCA percutanerous transluminal coronary angio- OK opossum kidney plasty OM outer medulla PTFE polymeric tetrafluoroethylene OPN osteopontin PTH parathyroid hormone OR odds ratio PTK protein tyrosine kinase ORS oral rehydration solution PTU propylthiouracil OST other solid tumours PTX polyester OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Agency QD once daily OSOM outer stripe outer medulla QTL quantitative trait locus OSPS oral sodium phosphate solution RA rheumatoid arthritis OTA ochratoxin RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system PAA poly-L-aspartic acid RANTES regulated on activation, normal T-cell ex- PAF platelet activating factor pressed and secreted PAH para-aminohippurate RAP receptor-associated protein PAS periodic acid Schiff RAS renin-angiotensin system PAM periodic acid methenamine RBF renal blood flow PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells RBFV renal blood flow velocity PC Pneumocyctis carinii RCT randomized clinical trial or prostate cancer rhIGF recombinant human insulin growth factor PCE perchloroethylene RIA radio immunoassay PCOP plasma colloid osmotic pressure RIS risedronate PCP Pneumocyctis carinii pneumonia ROC receiver-operating characteristic or phencyclidine ROR reporting odds ratio PCSA planar cell surface area ROS reactive oxygen species PCT proximal convoluted tubule RPF renal plasma flow PD peritoneal dialysis RPGN rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis PDB Paget’s disease of bone RR relative risk PDGF platelet derived growth factor RTE renal tubular epithelial cells PEG polyethylene glycol RVR renal vascular resistance PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure RXR retenoic orphan receptor PEM prescription event monitoring S- serum- PEPCK phosphenol pyruvate carboxy-kinase SAPK stress-activated protein kinase PEPT peptide cotransporter SAT sulfate-oxalate exchanger PG prostaglandin SBP systolic blood pressure PGA poly-L-glutamic acid Scr or SCr serum creatinine PGC PPAR-gamma-coactivator SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide PGP P-glycoprotein gel electrophoresis PH1 primary hyperoxaluria type 1 SEM standard error of the mean PIDD primary immune deficiency diseases SHAKI Stuivenberg Hospital Acute Kidney Injury PIH postischemic hydronephrosis SHARF Stuivenberg Hospital Acute Renal Failure PIP phosphatidylinositide 4,5 biphosphate SHR spontaneously hypertensive rats PK protein kinase SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic PKB protein kinase B hormone PL phospholipase SKF550 (9-fluorenyl)-N-methyl-β-chloroethylamine PLA placebo SLC Na+/Li+ countertransporter PMA phorbol myrastate acetate SLE systemic lupus erythematosis PMO postmenopausal osteoporosis SmPC summary of product characteristics pmp per million population SMSA Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor SMZ sulfamethoxazole PPD paraphenylene diamine SNGFR single nephron glomerular filtration rate

949 Abbreviations

SNS sympathetic nervous system VSMC vascular smooth muscle cells SSc systemic sclerosis vWF von Willebrand factor SVV small vessel vasculitis WHO World Health Organization

t2 elimination half-life XRF x-ray fluorescence T3 triiodothyronin ZAG zinc-α2-globulin TAC tacrolimus ZOL zoledronic acid TAL thick ascending limb ZVAD-fmk Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fmk T-bet T-box expressed in T-cells TB tuberculosis TBM tubular basement membrane TCA trichloroacetic acid TCO2 bicarbonate transport TCR T-cell receptor TDM therapeutic drug monitoring TEA tetraethylammonium TEER transepithelial electrical resistance TER transepithelial resistance TFR transferrin TGA Therapeutic Goods Administration TGF transforming growth factor or tubuloglomerular feedback Th T-helper cell THP Tamm-Horsfall protein TID trice daily TLS tumor lysis syndrome TLR toll-like receptors TLV threshold limit value TMA thrombotic microangiopathic anemia TMP trimethoprim TNAP tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase TNF tumor necrosis factor TQ triple quantum Treg regulatory T cells TRF transferrin TRP tubular reabsorption of phosphorus TSC thiazide sensitive Na+-Cl– cotransporter TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TTR transthryetin TUNEL terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)- mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay TxA2 thromboxane A2 TxB2 thromboxane B2 U- urinary UP:Ucr urine protein to creatinine ratio USRDS United States Renal Data System V1aR vasopressin V1a receptor V2R vasopressin V2 receptor VC vasoconstriction VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule Vd volume of distribution VD vasodilatation VZV varicella zoster virus VGEF vascular endothelial growth factor VLA very late antigen VRE vancomycin-resistant Enterococci

950 Clinical Nephrotoxins Renal Injury from Drugs and Chemicals Third Edition

INDEX

Symbols acetylcholine 202, 205 cyclosporine nephrotox. 625 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) 409–412 acetylcystein dapsone 368 clinical aspects 412 mushroom nephrotoxicity 764 drugs 30 epidemiology 409–411 acetylcysteine epidemiology 29–30 pathophysiology 411–412 radiocontrast agents 706 gadolinium 709 pharmacological aspects 75 acidosis hemodynamically mediated nephro- prevention 412 cadmium-induced renal effects 792 toxicity 30–32 prospective studies 409–411 gadolinium 712 heroin abuse 603 retrospective study 409 acrodynia (Pink disease) 816, 820 intensive care 29–42 actin mechanisms 6, 30–33 A chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 644 mercury exposure 819 abacavir 387 actinonin paraphenylene diamine 874, 877 ABC transporters 59–61 animal model of septic injury 182 pentamidine 363 accelerated aging 239 acute interstitial nephritis prevention 35, 36 ACE inhibitors: See angiotensin proton pump inhibitors 571 radiocontrast agents 700 converting enzyme (ACE) acute kidney injury 29–42 risk factors 33, 34 inhibitors ACE inhibitors 482 SHARF score 6 acetaminophen acute tubular necrosis 426 strategies 35 analgesic nephropathy 403, 404 advanced age 33 suicide attempt 609 and NSAIDs 422 alcohol ingestion 503 sulfonamides 353 drug metabolism studies 63 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276 tacrolimus nephrotox. 646 acetazolamide 495 amphetamine 608 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 and lithium 739 animal model, measurement of injury acute phosphate nephropathy 579–594 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 183 acute renal failure: See acute kidney acetochlor 224 APACHE score 6 injury acetylation clinical relevance 3 acute tubular necrosis sulfadiazine 355 cocaine abuse 605 acute kidney injury 31–32 INDEX

foscarnet 386 agricultural activity urinary biomarkers 109 paraphenylene diamine 875 silicon containing compounds 834 nonspecific trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 agriculture urinary biomarkers 109 acyclovir 384 Balkan nephropathy 845, 846 alkalinization acylcarnitinuria 312 Aiid methotrexate therapy 521 adefovir 387 genetics 144 poisoning 252 MRP transporters 59 alanine (L-) uptake alkalinization of urine pharmacological aspects 75 beta-lactams 311 heroin abuse 604 adenosine alanine aminopeptidase sulfonamides 353 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 cephalosporins 298 allenic norleucine 764 hydronephrotic kidney 189 urinary biomarkers 109 allergic interstitial nephritis microcirculation model 187 alanine aminotransferase acute kidney injury 32 radiocontrast agents 702, 703 mercury exposure 816 ALLHAT study 439 adenosine receptor albumin allopecia A1:knockout mouse model 177 cadmium-induced renal effects 791 allopurinol therapy 469 A3:animal model of septic injury 182 mercury exposure 820, 821 allopurinol 469–472 A3:knockout mouse model 177 urinary biomarkers 103–104 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 adenylate cyclase albuminemia histopathology 470 cell culture 226 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 269 pathogenesis of nephropathy 470–471 fluoride toxicity 541 albuminuria prevention of nephropathy 471–472 adrenergic agonist agents heroin abuse 596 prognosis of nephropathy 471–472 dosing in renal failure 927 organic solvents 831 tubular reabsorption 48 adrenergic stimulation silicon containing compounds 834, alpha-ketoglutarate acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 835 organic anion transport 51–55 adriamycin 307 urinary biomarkers 103–104 alpha epithelial sodium channel aflatoxin alcohol abuse 609 knockout mouse model 178 Balkan nephropathy 847 and analgesics 406 Alport’s syndrome African nephrotoxins 859–870 alcohol consumption chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 amphetamines 866–867 clinical relevance 17 altered intraglomerular dynamics cantharidin 862–863 alcohol ingestion 501–504 in acute kidney injury 8 Cape aloe 863–864 alcohols alternative medicine copper sulphate 865–866 organic solvents 828 Africa 860 cresols 862 aldosterone aluminum Eastern Cape 864 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632 chelation therapy 257 ethylene glycol 867–868 diuretics 498 in renal failure 886–887 impila 863 vasoconstriction 483 amalgams, dental fillings 812, 821 mercury 864–865 alendronate 548 Amanita phalloides 763 paraphenylene diamine 865 organic anion transport 52 Amatoxins 763 paraquat 866 pharmacokinetics 549 ambisome potassium dichromate 861–862 preclinical toxicity 553 amphotericin B therapy 338 senecio 864 alfalfa amikacin 267 sodium bromate 865 and paraphenylene diamine 872 amiloride 498 Soweto 863 alkaline battery workers and amphotericin B 344 Sudan 865 cadmium-induced renal effects 786, and lithium 733, 740 violet tree 868 788 organic cation transport 56, 57 Zimbabwe 863 alkaline phosphatase amino-levulinic acid agmatine aldehyde 182 intestinal type 791, 800 lead nephropathy 774

952 INDEX

urinary biomarkers 94 cephalosporins 303 vasoconstriction 328 amino-nitrogen amiodarone ampicillin 295, 296, 304 cadmium-induced renal effects 791, tubular secretion 62 amprenavir 390 795 amitriptyline amyloid A 600 aminoaciduria pH-dependent reabsorption 47 amyloidosis aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 amoxicillin 295, 296 5-aminosalicylic acid 409, 412 cadmium-induced renal effects 790 immune response 139 heroin abuse 596, 599–601 didanosine 389 amphetamine 608 analbuminemia aminoglycosides 267–280 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 glomerular filtration 46 absorption 269 amphetamines 866 analgesic nephropathy 400–409 acute kidney injury 31–32 amphotericin B 324–352 abuse of analgesics 400 and beta-lactams 313 and aminoglycosides 343 analgesic mixtures 400–403 and ciprofloxacin 369, 370 and beta-lactams 313 analgesic syndrome 406 and cyclosporine 626, 627 and ciprofloxacin 370 and Balkan nephropathy 848 and pentamidine 364 and cyclosporine 343, 626, 627 and NSAIDs 422 and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole and cyclosporine therapy 326 Australia 403, 408 358, 360 and pentamidine 364 Belgium 403, 408 animal model of septic injury 180 and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole case-control studies 400–402 apoptosis 274 360 clinical aspects 404–407 biochemical pathology of nephrotox- animal model of septic injury 180 CT scan 408 icity 275–276 azotemia 325 Czech Republic 404 cell culture 232 cell culture 233, 238 diagnosis 407–408 clinical relevance 10 cell membrane effects 328–330 dosing in renal failure 926 cortical uptake 270 children 339 drug metabolism studies 63 distribution 269 clinical manifestations 324–327 epidemiology 400–404 dose regimens 277–279 clinical use 342–344 France 403 dosing in renal failure 920 concentrating ability 326 Germany 409 drug metabolism studies 63 dosing regimen 325 Hungary 404 elimination 270 electrolyte disturbances 326–327 Malaysia 404 endocytosis 48 hypokalemia 326 nephrotoxicity of different kinds of epidemiology 268 incidence 325–326 analgesics 402–403 glomerular filtration 46 infusion rate 325 New Zealand 403 immune response 138 lipid formulations 335–341 papillary calcifications 408 immunologic pathology of nephrotox- LLC-PK1 cell line 336 pathophysiology 404 icity 276–277 measures to reduce nephrotoxicity pharmacological aspects 77 morphological pathology of nephro- 332–341 phenacetin 408 toxicity 272–275 mechanisms of nephrotoxicity prevention 408–409 once daily regimen 268, 278–279 328–333 renal imaging 407–408 pharmacokinetics 269–270 pathological findings 327 Slovakia 404 prevention of nephrotoxicity 279–280 pharmacological aspects 74 South Africa 404 proximal tubule cell transport physiological effects 330–331 Sweden 403, 408 270–271 renal tubular acidosis 327 Switzerland 409 renal function 268 risk factors 325–326 Thailand 404 renal transport 270–272 salt supplementation 332, 333, 342 United States 403 risk factors for nephrotoxicity sodium bicarbonate supplementa- analine 873 268–269 tion 331 anaphylaxis aminopyrine-N-demethylase urinary concentration defects 326 proton pump inhibitors 572

953 INDEX

anemia juxtaglomerular apparatus 188 antibacterial agents analgesic nephropathy 406 angiotensin II 483 dosing in renal failure 920–925 Balkan nephropathy 850 and lithium 740 antibiotics 431 cadmium-induced renal effects 792, cell culture 225 amphotericin B 324 797 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 clinical relevance 10 lead poisoning 774 diuretics 496 antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis anesthetic agents 537–546 hydronephrotic kidney 189 cocaine abuse 606 and cyclosporine 627 angiotensin II receptor antagonists anticancer drugs 511–536 and radiocontrast agents 537 483–491 anti-VEGF agents 524–526 clinical implications 542–543 acute kidney injury 31 antimetabolites 520–522 fluoride elimination 541–542 aristolochic acid nephropathy 762 antitumor antibiotics 522–523 fluoride toxicity 540–541 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632 bevacizumab 524 metabolism of inhaled 538–542 dosing in renal failure 928 carboplatin 512, 516–517 pediatric patients 542 hydronephrotic kidney 190 cisplatin 512, 513–516 renal pharmacology 538 microcirculation model 185 cyclophosphamide 512, 517 Angel Dust aniline hydroxylase gemcitabine 521–522 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 cephalosporins 303 ifosfamide 512, 517–518 phencyclidine 607 animal models 175–222 immunotherapy 523–524 angiitis chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631 interferons 512, 523–524 amphetamine 608 hydonephrotic kidney 187–189 interleukins 512, 523 angiotensin 235 T allele in vitro perfused juxtamedullary methotrexate 512, 520–521 genetic susceptibility 14 nephron 186–187 mitomycin 512, 522–523 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) ischemia-reperfusion 198–203 nitrosoureas 518–520 inhibitors 481–494 ischemic injury 178–180 oxazaphosphorines 517–518 acute interstitial nephritis 482 isolated perfused juxtaglomerular radiation nephritis 526–527 acute kidney injury 31 apparatus 193 sorafenib 525 and aminoglycosides 269 isolated perfused mouse kidney streptozotocin 512, 518–519 and cyclosporine 620, 626 194–206 sunitib 525 animal models 175 isolated perfused rat kidney 194–206 anticoagulation agents antiproteinuric effects 489–491 isolated renal microvessels 190–193 D-penicillamine nephropathy 467 aristolochic acid nephropathy 762 knockout mouse models 176–177 dosing in renal failure 943 cell culture 231 measurement of injury 181–184 anticonvulsant agents clinical relevance 11 nephrotoxic ARF model 180 dosing in renal failure 934–935 dosing in renal failure 927 nephrotoxic injury 203 antidepressants (tricyclic) elanapril 231 proximal vs. distal tubular injury 184 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 fall in glomerular filtration rate 483 renal microcirculation 184–194 antidiuresis fetal nephrotoxicity 488 septic ARF model 180–181 lithium treatment 730 gadolinium 715 two-photon microscopy 193–194 antidiuretic hormone membranous glomerulopathy 482 types of renal injury 178–181 fluoride toxicity 541 microcirculation model 185 whole animal models 176–184 isolated perfused rat kidney 198 NSAIDs 427, 430, 438 annexin 230, 236 NSAIDs 428 pentamidine 365 oxalate 754 antiepileptic drugs pre-existing renal failure 487–488 anorexia immune response 138 pregnancy 488 sulfadiazine 355 antifungal agents renal function preservation 489–491 anoxia 305 cell culture 233 renography 489 antacids dosing in renal failure 923–924 angiotensin I 483 pharmacokinetics in uremia 915 antigen presenting cells

954 INDEX

proton pump inhibitors 572 fusion inhibitors 391 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 antiglomerular basement membrane ganciclovir 385 arginine vasopressin antibodies 116 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase lithium treatment 728 antihelmintic preparations 817 inhibitors 389 aristolochic acid nephropathy 757–763, antihistamines nucleoside reverse transcriptase 868 paraphenylene diamine 877 inhibitors 387 and Balkan nephropathy 760, 847, 853 antihypertensive drugs penciclovir 385 botanicals ACE inhibitors 481–494 protease inhibitors 390 Aristolochia Fang 757 and lithium 740 ribavirin 391 Magnolia officinalis 758 dosing in renal failure 927–931 rimantadine 391 Stephania tetrandra chi 758 NSAIDs interaction 429 valacyclovir 384 clinical relevance 16 antimalarials anuria experimental 761–762 artemisinin 860 ciprofloxacin 370 C3H/He mice 761 antimetabolites 520–522 neonatal New Zeeland white rabbits 761 antimonial salt ACE inhibitors 488 Wistar rats 761 pentamidine 364 sulfonamides 353 urinary tract carcinomas 759–760 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies aplastic anemia Artemisia annua 860 (ANCA) D-penicillamine therapy 465 arteriopathy silicon containing compounds 832, gold salt therapy 460 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 630 835 paraphenylene diamine 876 arteriosclerosis urinary biomarkers 116 apoptosis Balkan nephropathy 851 antinuclear antibodies aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274 arthralgia silicon containing compounds 836 amphotericin B therapy 329 amphetamine 608 antioxidants animal model of ischemic injury 178 arthritis agents aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 animal models 175 dosing in renal failure 937 beta-lactams 310 anti-apoptotic Bcl-X(L) 200 ascorbic acid antiParkinson agents aristolochic acid nephropathy 762 tubular reabsorption 48 dosing in renal failure 940 Balkan nephropathy 849 Asia antiplatelet agents cell culture 229, 230, 232–236 lead nephropathy 776 D-penicillamine nephropathy 467 cellular mechanisms 156 aspartate aminotransferase antipsychotic agents chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 cocaine abuse 606 dosing in renal failure 941 HIV nephropathy 603 mercury exposure 816 antithymocyte globulin 693 pharmacological aspects 77 aspirin antithyroid drugs pro-apoptotic Bax 200 analgesic nephropathy 403, 404 dosing in renal failure 933 silicon containing compounds 835 and NSAIDs 435 antitumor antibiotics 522–523 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 microcirculation model 185 antiVEGF agents 524–526 TUNEL staining 157 tubular secretion 62 antiviral agents 383–398 aquaporin ataxia acute kidney injury 31 knockout mouse model 178 lithium treatment 741 acyclovir 384 lithium treatment 729 ATG: See antithymocyte globulin amantadine hydrochloride 391 arachidonic acid atomic absorption spectrometry antiretroviral agents 387–391 prostaglandins 421, 483 mercury determination 815 cidofovir 385 aranidipine 190 atopic dermatitis dosing in renal failure 924–925 arbekacin 267 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 experimental 384, 386, 387, 389 arginine (L-) ATP depletion famciclovir 385 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 models of ischemia 198 foscarnet 386 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 ATP levels

955 INDEX

cell culture 229, 231, 233, 237 B soil 848 atractyloside 161, 863 B-cells treatment 853 atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) polyclonal activation 137 urban population 846 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623, backcrossing viruses 846 628 knockout mouse model 177 water 847 hydronephrotic kidney 189 bacteria wells 848 models of ischemia 202 Balkan nephropathy 847 barbaloin 864 radiocontrast agents 706 Bacteroides fragilis 297, 298 barbiturate atrophy Balkan nephropathy 844–858 acute kidney injury 609 aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 agriculture 848 pH-dependent reabsorption 48 atypia and analgesic nephropathy 848 barbiturates aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 and aristolochic acid nephropathy dosing in renal failure 939 auranofin 460, 463, 464 760, 847 barium hydroxide aurothiomalate (sodium) 460 animals 846 CO2 absorption 540 Australia biological agents 846–847 basiliximab 692 lead nephropathy 775, 776 cadmium 847, 848 basolateral membrane 225, 227, 231, autoantigens chromosomes 846 233, 235 T-cell response 135 chronology 845 Bax autocoids 420 clinical features 850 cellular mechanisms 161 autoimmune diseases clusters 846 Bcl-2 protein acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626 cyclosporine 848, 849 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 640 demographic data 845 cell culture 232, 233 D-penicillamine induced 468 diagnosis 852–853 cellular mechanisms 161–162 gold salts 140–143, 462 environment 846, 847–848 Behçet’s syndrome immune response 132 epidemiology 844–846 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 immunomodulators 685 ethnic differences 845 bendrofluazide 499 mechanisms 142–143 etiology 846–848 and lithium 740 mercury 140 exposure 845 benzidine 604 mercury exposure 817 fertilizers 848 benzodiazepine antagonists metal-induced 143–144 genetics 846 dosing in renal failure 939 autoreactive T-cells 136 geographical distribution 844 benzodiazepines 609 Averrhoa carambola 901 hydrogeology 847 dosing in renal failure 939 azarcon 860 imaging 852 benzoquinone azathioprine immigration 846 paraphenylene diamine 873 and cyclosporine 619, 629 immunology 846 benzylpenicillin 295, 296, 313 D-penicillamine nephropathy 466, incidence 846 bestatin 467 laboratory findings 850–852 tubular reabsorption 48 azlocillin 369 lead poisoning 847, 848 beta-blockers azotemia macroscopic features 848 dosing in renal failure 928–929 ACE inhibitors 487 morphology 848–849 beta-galactosidase acyclovir 384 mortality 846 mercury exposure 820 cocaine abuse 606 mosaic distribution 845, 846 beta-lactams 293–322 foscarnet 386 pathomorphological changes 848–850 alterations of cellular biochemical sulfonamides 353, 497 pesticides 848 processes 310–313 aztreonam 295, 299, 307 prevalence 846 and aminoglycosides 295, 310 prevention 853 antioxidants 310 religious differences 845 beta-lactamase 314

956 INDEX

cell culture 233 renal transport 549–552 hair waving 865 clinical toxicity 313 black grape bronchial asthma 460 cytochrome P-450 305 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 brush border membrane vesicles effects on endoplasmatic reticulum Black population beta-lactams 311 302–304 predisposition to heroin nephropathy Bruxism 812 effects on lysosomes 304 597, 601 Bulgaria effects on mitochondria 304, 306 bladder Balkan nephropathy 844–846 effects on plasma cell membrane 302 cyclophosphamide therapy 517 Cakonica, Balkan nephropathy 845 effects on renal brush border 304 blood lead Vratza, Balkan nephropathy 844 gluconeogenesis 312 lead nephropathy 774 bumetanide 190, 496 glutathione 306–307 blood pressure and lithium 739 immune response 138 ACE inhibitors 481–491 drug metabolism studies 63 interactions with other drugs 313–314 blood urea nitrogen buthionine sulfoximine 307 intracellular concentration 304–305 animal model, measurement of injury butyrate 313 lipid metabolism 312–313 181 lipid peroxidation 309–310 urinary biomarkers 97 C mechanisms of nephrotoxic action bone-G1a protein c-Jun N-terminal kinase 304–310 cadmium-induced renal effects 793 cell culture 235 nephrotoxicity 295–299 bone biopsy cadherins prevention of clinical toxicity 314–315 lead nephropathy 778 urinary biomarkers 113 protein degradation 312–313 bone decalcification cadmium 785–810 radical scavengers 310 cadmium-induced renal effects 790 acute toxicity 787–788 reactive oxygen species 307–309 bone demineralization auto-antibodies against metal- reactivity of the nucleus 306 cadmium-induced renal effects 803 lothionein 804 renal bioactivation 305 bone fractures Balkan nephropathy 847, 848 structure and renal toxicity 299–302 cadmium-induced renal effects 802 Belgium 796–803 tubular reabsorption 48 bone lead biomarkers 789 betamipron 299 lead nephropathy 775 calcium metabolism 802 bevacizumab 524 bone marrow depression carcinogenicity 788 biapenem 295 allopurinol therapy 469 cell culture 234–235 biliary cirrhosis, primary bone marrow transplantation China 803–804 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626 D-penicillamine therapy 465 D-penicillamine therapy 465, 466 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 640 endocytosis 48 binding affinity bone uptake exposure 785–787 aminoglycosides 271 fluoride elimination 541 Germany 803 bioavailability 915 bongkrekic acid 161 in food 786 biologic agents bosentan 204 itai-itai disease 790 dosing in renal failure 938 Bosnia Japan 790–796 biomakers: See urinary biomarkers Balkan nephropathy 844–846 long-term exposure 788 biotin bradykinin 483 metallothionein tubular reabsorption 48 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 cell culture 234, 238 bisphosphonates 547–566 brain toxicity nephrotoxicity 788–789 clinical renal toxicity 554–557 mercury exposure 815 reproductive toxicity 788 histopathology 558–562 BrdU 229, 232 Singapore 803 organic anion transport 52 bricklayers 832 Sweden 789–790 pharmacokinetics 549–552 British Anti-Lewisite 821 toxic effects 787–788 preclinical renal toxicity 552–554 bromate toxicokinetics 786–787

957 INDEX

urinary biomarkers 104 candoxatrilat cathinonine urinary cadmium concentration 795 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628 khat leaf toxicity 868 USA 803 cannabis 867 cation shifts caffeine 434 cannulas, glass models of ischemia 198 analgesic nephropathy 403 isolated perfused rat kidney 196 CD cells: See T-cells calcification cantharidin 862–863 cecal ligation oxalate 752–754 Cape aloe 863–864 animal model of septic injury 181 calcific foci captopril 482–491 cefaclor 297, 298, 300, 306 amphotericin B therapy 327 tacrolimus nephrotox. 647 cefamandol 297, 305 calcineurin alpha-isoform 632 carambola 901 cefazolin 297, 300, 306 calcineurin inhibitors 618–649 carbacephems 295, 298 cefclidin 298 and proton pump inhibitors 570 carbapenems 298 cefepime 295, 298, 305, 312 calcitonin 226 carbenicillin 296 cefixime 297 calcium carbon tetrachloride 828 cefmetazole 295, 298 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 carboplatin 512, 516–517 cefodizime 297 cadmium-induced renal effects 794, carborundum cefonicid 297, 300 802 silicon containing compounds 832 cefoperazone 297 calcium phosphorus product 588 carcinogenity cefoselis 298, 305, 312 cell culture 232–234 aristolochic acid nephropathy 760 cefotaxime 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 307 calcium channel blockers carcinoma cefotetan 295, 298 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625, bladder 876 cefotiam 295, 297, 300, 305 627 cell culture 224 cefoxitin 295, 298, 301 and amphotericin B 332 papillary transitional cell 760 cefpirome 298 animal model of ischemic injury 178 urothelial 406 cefsulodin 295, 301, 307 cell culture 230 aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 ceftazidime 295, 297, 301, 306, 307 dosing in renal failure 929–930 Balkan nephropathy 846, 850 ceftizoxime 297, 299 radiocontrast agents 705 cardiac failure 427 ceftriaxone 297, 299, 305, 314 tacrolimus nephrotox. 646 carmustine 512, 519 cefuroxime 297, 299, 301, 305 calcium ionophore 202 carnithine celecoxib 424, 428, 431, 437 calcium oxalate 749–756 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 cell adhesion molecules deposition 581 carnitine 312 urinary biomarkers 112–114 calcium phosphorus product and antiretroviral agents 389 cell culture acute phosphate nephropathy 588 organic cation transport 58 aminoglycosides 232–233 Callilepsis Laureola 863 carvedilol amphotericin B 233–234 calomel (mercurous chloride) 817 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 cadmium 234 calpain 161 caspase cephalosporins 233 pharmacological aspects 74 animal model of septic injury 182 cisplatin 231–232 calpastatin 161 cell culture 229, 232, 236 co-culture 228–229 Calvert formula cellular mechanisms 159–160 epithelial cells 225, 239 carboplatin therapy 516 knockout mouse model 177 growth surface 227 cAMP catalase hemoglobin 237 lithium treatment 738 beta-lactams 310 immortalization 225, 226 responsive element binding protein cell culture 231, 234, 236 interferons 236–237 (CREB) 164 catecholamines medium 226–227 campath-1H 692 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 medium perfusion 228 Candida albicans cocaine abuse 605 mercury 235 amphotericin B therapy 324, 336, 337 Catha Edulis 868 mycotoxins 235–236

958 INDEX

myoglobin 237 cephamycin 298 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 oxygen 227 cephapirin 297, 299, 305 chronic interstitial nephritis perfusion culture 228, 239 cepirome 301 proton pump inhibitors 574 primary cells 225, 226, 238 cerebrovascular accident chronic kidney disease renal cell injury 239 cocaine abuse 605 aminoglycosides 269, 278 renal cells 239 ceruloplasmin proton pump inhibitors 574 static culture 228 copper sulphate 866 smoking 897 cell culture models channeling chrysiasis drug transport studies 45 pharmacovigilance 88 gold salt therapy 460 cell proliferation 226, 229–232, 235–238 chelation therapy chrysotherapy 460 cellular injury beta-lactams 308, 310 cidofovir 386 pharmacological aspects 77–78 copper sulphate 866 cilastatin 295, 298 cellular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity lead nephropathy 775, 780 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628 155–172 mercury exposure 819, 821 cimetidine 367, 539 Bcl2 161–162 poisoning 257 drug metabolism studies 63 caspases and cell death 159–161 chemokines organic cation transport 56, 58, 62 defects in energy generation 158–159 proton pump inhibitors 572 ciprofloxacin 368 disruption of energy production Chinese herb nephropathy: See aristolo- and aminoglycosides 370 157–158 chic acid nephropathy and amphotericin B 370 mitochondrial dysfunction 158–159 chloralkali industry 812, 813, 820 and cephalosporin 369 morphology of injury 156–157 chloride channels and cisplatin 370 pathophysiology 157 hydronephrotic kidney 189 and cyclosporine 370 stress response 162, 162–165 chloroacetaldehyde and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory structural abnormalities 159 ifosfamide therapy 517 drugs 370 Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitor- chlorocrotylglycine 764 and penicillin 369 ing chloroform 828 gastrointestinal tract absorption 368 proton pump inhibitors 571 chloroquine cirrhosis cephacetrile 299 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 NSAIDs 427 cephalexin 297, 300, 305, 306, 357 chlorothiazide 496 cisplatin 513–516 organic cation transport 57 and lithium 740 and aminoglycosides 269 cephaloglycin 296, 299, 300, 305, 306 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 and beta-lactams 313 cephaloridine 294, 295, 297, 301, 306, chlorpheneramine maleate 877 and ciprofloxacin 370 307 chlorpromazine 609 animal models 175 organic cation transport 58 chlorthalidone 498 cell culture 231–232 cephalosporin 296 cholangitis cellular mechanisms 157, 158 and aminoglycosides 269 allopurinol therapy 469 pharmacological aspects 76 and ciprofloxacin 369 cholesterol tubular secretion 62 cell culture 233 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 urinary biomarkers 115 dosing in renal failure 920–921 amphotericin B binding 328, 336 citrinin first-generation 296 cell culture 233 Balkan nephropathy 847 fourth-generation 298 choline clavulanic acid 295 organic cation transport 58 organic cation transport 57, 58 cleaning agents 828 second-generation 297 tubular reabsorption 48 clindamycin 356 third-generation 297 chromium and aminoglycosides 269 tubular reabsorption 48 in renal failure 888 clinical relevance of drug nephrotoxic- Cephalosporium acremonium 294 chronic allograft nephropathy ity 3–28 cephalothin 294, 299, 301, 305, 306 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 637 addictive behavior 19

959 INDEX

age 17 MDR-glycoprotein transport 60 star fruit intoxication 902 co-existing chronic diseases 18 colic continuous medium perfusion definition 3 lead nephropathy 774 cell culture 239 environmental exposure 15 sulfadiazine 355 convoluted tubule gender 16 collagen bundles amphotericin B therapy 327 genetic susceptibility 14 gadolinium 711 copper incidence 3, 4 collagens cephalosporins 297 individual risk factors 20–21 collagen III 644 in renal failure 888–889 mechanisms 6–10 collecting duct mercury exposure 821 monitoring of renal function 12–13 cell culture 226 smelters nutrition 17 lithium transport 727 cadmium-induced renal effects occupational exposure 15 NSAIDs 422 786, 788 outcome 3, 5 colocalization sulphate 837, 865–866 populations at risk 13–20 aminoglycoside transport 272 transporter 231, 238 race 16 colony-stimulating factor coproporphyrins specific drugs 10–12 knockout mouse model 176 lead nephropathy 774 cloaxicillin 296 coma cortex clodronate 547 cocaine abuse 605 aminoglycosides 268, 270 clinical toxicity 554 drugs overdose 609 cortical atrophy pharmacokinetics 549, 551 heroin abuse 604 analgesic nephropathy 404 preclinical toxicity 553 compensatory responses corticosteroids 431 clofibrate animal models 176 dosing in renal failure 942 drug metabolism studies 63 complement factor B mitomycin therapy 523 clonidine knockout mouse model 177 proton pump inhibitors 574 organic cation transport 57, 58, 63 complement regulatory protein Cortinarius 764 Clostridium knockout mouse model 177 orellanus 763 vancomycin 281 complement system cosmetics clusterin chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 lead nephropathy 776 urinary biomarkers 116 compound A cost-benefit clyclosporine sevoflurane degradation 540 aminoglycoside dosing 277 and pentamidine 364 concentrating defect, urinary cotransporters CO2 absorption 540 lithium treatment 732 phosphate 580 coagulopathy conditional gene knockout cotrimoxazole 356 amphetamines 867 knockout mouse model 177 COX-2 inhibitors cobalt chloride 302, 305, 310 confounding diuretics 496 cobra venom 190 pharmacovigilance 89 crack abuse 605 cocaine abuse 605–607, 867 congeners of gentamicin 280 crank and heroin abuse 600 congestive heart failure amphetamines 866 clinical relevance 19 ACE inhibitors 486 Cre/LoxP 177 cocci 297, 298 beta-lactams 313 creatinine clearance Cockroft and Gault formula 99 cocaine abuse 605 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357 codeine 596, 603 mercury-containing treatment 812, urinary biomarkers 98 analgesic nephropathy 403 817 Cremophor colchicine NSAIDs 424, 427, 435, 439 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 allopurinol nephropathy 471 connective tissue growth factor Cre recombinase 177 and cyclosporine 635 cell culture 231 crescentic glomerulonephritis 133 heroin abuse 601 consciousness disturbed paraphenylene diamine 875

960 INDEX

silicon containing compounds 832, namic injury 619–624 cyst formation 835 mesangial cells 624 lithium treatment 731 cresols 862 nitric oxide 620–621 cystinuria Croatia oxidative stress 623 D-penicillamine therapy 465 Balkan nephropathy 844–846 prostaglandins 621–622 cystoscopy 406 Slavonski Brod, Balkan nephropathy renin-angiotensin system 619–620 cytochrome C 844 sympathetic system 622–623 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276 cryptococcosis and aminoglycosides 269 cell culture 233 amphotericin B therapy 324 and amphotericin B therapy 326, 343 cellular mechanisms 159 crystalluria and beta-lactams 313 cytochrome P-450 acute kidney injury 32 and ciprofloxacin 370 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 627 acyclovir 384 and lithium 740 anesthetic agents 538 animal model of nephrotoxic injury and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole aristolochic acid nephropathy 761 180 358 beta-lactams 302, 309 ciprofloxacin 370 animal models 175, 203 cell culture 224, 239 foscarnet 387 Balkan nephropathy 848, 849 drug clearance 914 in acute kidney injury 9 blood levels 626 drug metabolism studies 63 indinavir 390 cell culture 230–232 in acute kidney injury 8 sulfadiazine 355 cellular mechanisms 157, 161 proton pump inhibitors 568 sulfonamides 353 chronic nephrotoxicity 630–645 cytokeratin temafloxacin 371 autoimmune diseases 640–643 cell culture 225 crystal metamphetamine 866 bone marrow transplantation 640 cytokines 683 curcumin clinical aspects 636–643 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 CSA-free immunosuppresion 645 cell culture 225, 236 cyanidanol E early recognize 644 proton pump inhibitors 572 cephalosporin nephrotoxicity 310 management 644–646 urinary biomarkers 110–112 cyclooxygenase (COX) 420, 435 mechanism of injury 631–636 cytomegalovirus acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621, other solid organ transplantation acyclovir 384 623 637–639 cidofovir 385 analgesic nephropathy 404 primary renal disease 643–644 foscarnet 386 COX inhibition 422 renal transplantation 636–637 ganciclovir 385 COX inhibition:microcirculation working hypothesis 636 valacyclovir 385 model 185 cyclosporine G 628 cytosegrosomes glomerular expression 422 heroin nephropathy 599 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 273 nephrotoxic injury 205 hydronephrotic kidney 190 cytosine monophosphate 385 cyclophosphamide 512, 517 immune response 138 cytotoxicity D-penicillamine nephropathy 466 MDR-glycoprotein transport 60 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 cyclosporine 619–645 microcirculation model 185 acute kidney injury 31 microemulsion 628 D acute nephrotoxicity 619–630 NSAIDs 445 D-penicillamine 465–469 clinical aspects 625–626 pharmacological aspects 74 autoimmunity 141 cremophor 624 proton pump inhibitors 570 Goodpasture’s-like syndrome endothelin 620 SDZ IMM-125 628 466–467 management 626–630 urinary biomarkers 115 histopathology 465 mechanisms of tubular injury Cyr61 183 lupus erythematosus 467 624–625 cystatin C 106 mercury excretion 821 mechanisms of vascular/hemody- monitoring of renal function 12 monitoring of nephropathy 468–469

961 INDEX

pathogenesis of nephropathy 467–468 heroin abuse 600 diltiazem prediction of nephropathy 468–469 lithium treatment 728, 733 and amphotericin B 331, 332 prognosis of nephropathy 465–466 diabetes mellitus dimercaprol 819 proteinuria 465 ACE inhibitors 490 chelation therapy in copper sulphate renal vasculitis 467 gadolinium 709 toxicity 866 therapy of proteinuria 465–466 NSAIDs 427 dimercaptopropane-1 sulphonate 821 daclizumab 692 organic solvents 830 dimercaptosuccinic acid 821 dapsone 361, 367–368 pancreas transplantation 640, 643 dimethylthiourea 182 daptomycin 284 radiocontrast agents 701, 703 dinitrophenol 305 deafness smoking 897 dioscorine 868 sodium bromate 865 diacetylbenzidine dioxane 828 decontamination organic solvents 831 diphenyl-phenylenediamine 310 poisoning 252 dialytic therapies for poisoning dipyridamol dedifferentiation 251–264 radiocontrast agents 702 pharmacological aspects 78 diarrhea diquat 307, 837 defluorination ACE inhibitors 487 disopyramide anesthetic agents 539 amphetamine 608 organic cation transport 56 degreasers 828, 829 cadmium-induced renal effects 787 disproportionality dehydropeptidase diatomite pneumoconiosis 832 pharmacovigilance 88 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628 diatrizoate 204 distal nephron delavirdine 389 diazepam 539 pharmacological aspects 76–77 delayed graft function acute kidney injury 609 distal tubule acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625, dichloroacetate animal models, tubular injury 184 626 and antiretroviral agents 389 disulfiram 297, 298 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane diuretics 495–501 demyelinating disease (DDT) 836 anatomic lesions 500–501 polyradiculoneuropathy 643 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 837 and ACE inhibitors 486, 487 dendritic cells 134 dichromate and allopurinol 472 deoxyguanosine 384 purgative, South Africa 861 and lithium 739, 742 dermatitis diclofenac 431 dosing in renal failure 930–931 allopurinol therapy 469 dicloxacillin 296 functional abnormalities 495–498 exfoliative 469 didanosine 387 functional lesions 500–501 dermatomyositis diethylene glycol 828 glomerular filtration 46 D-penicillamine therapy 465 diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid hypokalemic nephropathy 500–501 desferrioxamine (DTPA) immune response 138 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 monitoring of renal function 12 interstitial nephritis 498–499 beta-lactams 308, 310 diflunisal loop 500, 739 desflurane 540 drug metabolism studies 63 mercury-containing treatment 817 desmin 225 difluoromethoxydifluoroacetic acid models of ischemia 199 desquamation 539 nephrocalcinosis 499–500 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274 digitalis 860 nephrolithiasis 499–500 dexfenfluramine digoxin NSAIDs 428 aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 pharmacokinetics in uremia 915 potassium-sparing 498 diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic tubular secretion 62 renal hemodynamics 495–498 cidofovir 386 dihydrofolate reductase renal parenchymal lesions 498–500 didanosine 389 antimetabolites 520 thiazides 496 foscarnet 387 dihydrothiazine 294 divalent metal transporter

962 INDEX

cell culture 238 neonatal aminoglycoside transport 272 diviners (Africa) 859 ACE inhibitors 488 endosomes 232, 234 DNA adducts endothelial cells 225, 226, 228, 239 aristolochic acid nephropathy 760 E cyclosporine nephrotoxicity 620 DNA damage echogenicity endothelin cell culture 236 HIV nephropathy 601 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, DNA fragmentation ecstacy abuse 608 628 models of ischemia 200 ecstasy abuse animal model of septic injury 182 DNA polymerase amphetamines 866–867 animal models 203 foscarnet 386 edema chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 DNA synthesis gadolinium 709, 712 hydronephrotic kidney 189 cell culture 229, 231, 232 HIV nephropathy 601 isolated perfused rat kidney 198 dopamine mercury exposure 818 knockout mouse model 178 and amphotericin B 332 NSAIDs 428, 431, 437 models of ischemia 202 hydronephrotic kidney 189 EDTA NSAIDs 436 organic cation transport 58 beta-lactams 308 radiocontrast agents 702, 707 radiocontrast agents 705 lead nephropathy 774 smoking 896, 897 dosage of drugs trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357 tacrolimus nephrotox. 647 biologically effective dose 93 EEG epileptiform activity urinary biomarkers 115–116 in renal failure 913–944 star fruit intoxication 909 endothelium urinary biomarkers 93 efavirenz 389 lead nephropathy 777 drug-induced risk eicosanoids endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing pharmacovigilance 85 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 factor drug-induced thrombotic microangio- elanapril animal models 204 pathy pentamidine 364 isolated perfused rat kidney 198 in acute kidney injury 10 elderly patients endotoxin drug abuse 595–616 NSAIDs 427, 435 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276 drug classification elevated osmolal gap enflurane 539 mechanisms of acute kidney injury 9 alcohol ingestion 502 enoxacin 369 drug dosage in renal failure 913–944 enalapril 482–491 Enterobacteriaceae 296 absorption 915 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 Enterococci 297, 298 dialysis 916–917 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631 vancomycin 281 dosing regimens 916 drug metabolism studies 63 environmental exposure elimination 916 tubular reabsorption 48 cadmium-induced renal effects 801 pharmacokinetics in uremia 914–916 enalaprilat 231 lead nephropathy 779 protein binding 915 encephalopathy enzymuria 107–110 therpeutic drug monitoring 916 amphotericin B therapy 339 anesthetic agents 540 volume of distribution 915 lead poisoning 774 cephalosporins 297 drug prescribing endocrine agents organic solvents 830 pharmacovigilance 89 dosing in renal failure 932–933 eosinophilia drug safety endocytosis abacavir 388 urinary biomarkers 92 aminoglycoside transport 271 ACE inhibitors 482 DTPA cephalosporins 297 acyclovir 384 glomerular filtration rate measure- drug transport 48 allopurinol therapy 469, 470 ment endolymph beta-lactams 296 renal artery stenosis 485 aminoglycosides 270 ciprofloxacin 370 ductus arteriosus, patent endoplasmic reticulum immune response 132, 138, 145

963 INDEX

NSAIDs 431 erythropoietin cidofovir 386 proton pump inhibitors 572 gadolinium 712 didanosine 389 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 Escherichia coli 297, 298 ifosfamide therapy 518 eosinophiluria esomeprazole 567 lead nephropathy 775 ACE inhibitors 482 etanercept 692 lithium treatment 741 ciprofloxacin 370 ethacrynic acid 496 paraquat 866 immune response 138 and lithium 739 tenofovir 389 indinavir 391 ethane 309 zidovudine 388 proton pump inhibitors 571 ethanol Fas ligand 229, 230, 232, 233 urinary biomarkers 96 anesthetic agents 539 feeding cycle ephedrine ethers 828 cell culture 228, 239 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 ethoxy-coumarine-O-deethylase (7-) fenfluramine epidemiology cephalosporins 303 aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 acute kidney injury 29–30 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid: fenoldopam epidermal growth factor See EDTA and amphotericin B 332 animal models, tubular injury 184 ethylene glycol 503, 828, 867–868 radiocontrast agents 705 cell culture 227, 237 oxalate 751 fenoprofen 426, 431, 432, 434 cellular mechanisms 163 treatment 503 ferritin models of ischemia 200 etidronate 547 beta-lactams 308 epidermal necrosis clinical toxicity 554 heroin abuse 604 allopurinol therapy 469, 471 pharmacokinetics 551 fever epidermal thickening etoposide 59 proton pump inhibitors 572 paraphenylene diamine 873 Europan Center for the Validation of fialuridine EpiFlow 228, 239 Alternative Methods heptic failure 389 epigallocatechin cell culture 239 fibers acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 European Dialysis and Transplant As- silicon containing compounds 834 epilepsy sociation (EDTA) fibrillarin 140 star fruit intoxication 903, 908 data of risk factors for progressive fibrinogen epithelial-mesenchymal transition 231 renal failure 13 cocaine abuse 606 cell culture 231 everolimus 650 fibrinoid necrosis epithelial cells exchange transfusion allopurinol therapy 470 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, poisoning 256 amphetamines 867 624 exposure data fibroblasts chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632, pharmacovigilance 87 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632 634 extracellular fluid volume depletion HIV nephropathy 603 urinary biomarkers 96 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 eplerenone 498 extracellular matrix components fibrocyte-like spindle cells Epstein-Barr virus cell culture 227, 228, 230, 231 gadolinium 711 acyclovir 384 fibronectin 801 cidofovir 385 F fibrosis 205 ergosterol F0-F1-ATPase Balkan nephropathy 848 amphotericin B binding 328, 336 cellular mechanisms 158 lithium treatment 731 ERK1/2 237 famotidine organic solvents 830 erythematosus tubular secretion 63 silicon containing compounds 832 paraphenylene diamine 873 Fanconi syndrome fibrous glass erythrocytes aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 silicon containing compounds 834 isolated perfused rat kidney 197 cadmium-induced renal effects 790 fish consumption

964 INDEX

mercury exposure 812, 815 and aminoglycosides 269 analgesic nephropathy 406 fish oil and amphotericin B 332 D-penicillamine therapy 465 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622, and beta-lactams 313 gold salt therapy 460 627 and lithium 739 tract infections flexoracin 371 cell culture 226 quinolones 368 flour glomerular filtration 46 gatifloxacin 369 lead poisoning 847 organic cation transport 61 gemcitabine 521–522 flow cytometry radiocontrast agents 705 gene polymorphisms urinary biomarkers 97 fusion inhibitors 391 proton pump inhibitors 569 flucytosine FVB-TIE2/GFP mouse 194 genetics and amphotericin B 332 fybrinolytic activity immune response 132, 143 fludarabine 692 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 gentamicin 267–281 fluorescein 306 cell culture 225, 232–233 isothiocyanate inulin 183 G clusterin 116 fluoride gadolinium organic cation transport 56 anesthetic agents 539–542 chelates 712, 714 geophagia fluorination cyclic gadolinium containing contrast lead nephropathy 776 anesthetic agents 538 agents 715 giant cells fluoroquinolones 368, 369 hemodialysis 715 indinavir 391 flurbiprofen in renal failure 889 Globes tubular secretion 62 nephrogenic systemic fibrosis amphetamines 866 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 709–715 glomerular filtration rate allopurinol therapy 470 differential diagnosis 711 aminoglycosides 270, 277 bisphosphonates 558 other risk factors 712 ciprofloxacin 369 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 644 pathogenesis 714 drug transport 46 gold salt therapy 460 physical therapy 714 gadolinium 708 heroin abuse 596 prevention 715 monitoring of renal function 13 organic solvents 831 treatment 714 NSAIDs 423, 435 urinary biomarkers 115 ulttraviolet light therapy 714 single nephron folic acid 366 risk of acute kidney injury 709 diuretics 496 organic anion transport 54 transmetallation 714 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357 fomepizole 260, 503 gait urinary biomarkers 98–100 Food and Drug Administration (US) cadmium-induced renal effects 790 glomerular lesions mercury-containing products 812, 813 lithium treatment 741 mercury exposure 819 formaldehyde gallnut 871 glomerulonephritis alcohol ingestion 502 gamma-aminobutyric acid 5-aminosalicylic acid 409, 412 formic acid star fruit intoxication 908 crescentic 133 alcohol ingestion 502 gamma-globulins D-penicillamine therapy 466 foscarnet 386 urinary biomarkers 104 foscarnet 386 and cyclosporine 626, 627 gamma-lactams 314 organic solvents 829 and pentamidine 366 garlic silicon containing compounds 833 fungal infections 324 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 urinary biomarkers 114 fungicides 836 gas chromatography glomerulopathy Fungizone mercury determination 816 bevacizumab therapy 525 amphotericin B therapy 338 gastrointestinal agents chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 furosemide 190, 496, 499, 500 dosing in renal failure 933 T-cell dependent 133, 138 and ACE inhibitors 482 gastrointestinal side effects glomerulosclerosis

965 INDEX

ACE inhibitors 490 ethylene glycol 867 gout cell culture 230 glycols 828 allopurinol therapy 469 lithium treatment 731 glycolysis 231 diuretics 499 smoking 897 fluoride toxicity 540 dosing of agents in renal failure 937 zidovudine 388 glycoprotein lead nephropathy 773, 777 glomerulus ABC transporters 60–61 grain dust pharmacological aspects 74–75 cell culture 231, 235, 238 silicon containing compounds 835 gluconeogenesis 309, 312 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 gram-negative bacteria glucose drug clearance 914 quinolones 368 cell culture 227–233 organic cation transport 60 gram-positive bacteria glucose (D-) uptake glycosaminoglycans 404 quinolones 368 beta-lactams 311 oxalate 753 granulocytopenia glucuronic acid glycosuria gold salt therapy 460 ciprofloxacin 369 ACE inhibitors 483 granulomatous glomerulonephritis glucuronidase anesthetic agents 540 gold salt therapy 460 pentamidine 364 Balkan nephropathy 852 green tea glucuronide cidofovir 386 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 beta-lactams 305 heroin abuse 600 growth factors drug metabolism studies 63 lithium treatment 741 pharmacological aspects 79 tubular reabsorption 48 glyoxylate 750 guanidine glucuronyl transferase ethylene glycol 867 organic cation transport 57 cell culture 224 glyphosphate-surfactant herbicide 837 gums, inflammation glues gold mines 812 mercury exposure 812, 816 organic solvents 828, 829 gold salts 460–464 glutamyltransferase (gamma-) autoimmunity 140–143, 462 H beta-lactams 304 histopathology of glomerular lesions H+/K+ ATPase organic solvents 829 460–461 proton pump inhibitors 568 urinary biomarkers 108 histopathology of interstitial lesions hair glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-) 461 mercury exposure 815 cell culture 233, 238 immunosuppressive effects 462 hairdressing glutathione monitoring of nephropathy 463–464 sodium bromate 865 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 parenterally administered 460 hair waving analgesic nephropathy 404 pathogenesis of nephropathy 461–463 sodium bromate 865 aspirin effect 434 pharmacological aspects 74 half-life beta-lactams 305, 306 prediction of nephropathy 463–464 elimination of drugs 916 carbapenems 299 prevention of nephropathy 463–464 hallucinogenics 607 cell culture 224, 229, 235, 237, 238 prognosis 463 halogenated anesthetics 539 cephalosporins 303 therapy 463 halothane 539 peroxidase 183 gold thioglucose 460 Hantavirus tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 Golgi apparatus ribavirin 391 glutathione-S-transferase (GST) aminoglycoside transport 272 hapten anesthetic agents 540 cell culture 232 proton pump inhibitors 572 cell culture 224, 238 Goodpasture’s syndrome harmaline urinary biomarkers 109 D-penicillamine therapy 465, 466 organic cation transport 57 glutethimide 609 organic solvents 829, 830 healers (Africa) 859 glycerol 828 paraphenylene diamine 876 heart transplantation glycoaldehyde gossypol 202 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625

966 INDEX

chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 637 mitomycin therapy 522 herpes viruses tacrolimus nephrotox. 646, 649 tacrolimus nephrotox. 646 acyclovir 384 heat stock proteins 115 valacyclovir 385 allopurinol therapy 471 heavy metals hemolytic anemia cidofovir 385 chelation therapy 257 ACE inhibitors 482 penciclovir 385 hematoxylin-eosin staining gemcitabine therapy 521 hiccups animal model of ischemic injury 179 immune response 138 star fruit intoxication 902 hematuria hemoperfusion high-molecular weight proteinuria acyclovir 384 copper sulphate 866 urinary biomarkers 103–105 amphetamine 608 methotrexate therapy 521 histamine aristolochic acid nephropathy 760 mushroom nephrotoxicity 764 organic cation transport 58 beta-lactams 296 paraquat 866 histidine 310 D-penicillamine therapy 465 poisoning 254 histiocytes gold salt therapy 460 star fruit intoxication 906 indinavir 391 heroin abuse 598 Hemophilus influenzae 297, 298 histocompatibility immune response 138 hemopoiesis proton pump inhibitors 572 NSAIDs 431 knockout mouse model 176 histology pentamidine 363 hemorrhagic cystitis animal model, measurement of injury proton pump inhibitors 571, 573 ifosfamide therapy 518 181 sulfadiazine 355 Henle, loop HIV infection urinary tract tumors 406 amphotericin B therapy 327 amphotericin B therapy 324 heme oxidase lithium transport 727 heroin nephropathy 601–603 heroin abuse 604 henna 871 pentamidine 362 heme oxygenase Henoch-Schonlein purpura trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 cocaine abuse 606 HK-2 cell line 226, 229, 230, 231, 234, hemodiaflitration hepatic disorders 235, 237 copper sulphate 866 fialuridine 389 hormone responsiveness 225, 239 hemodialysis hepatic steatosis HSP 70 231 Balkan nephropathy 853 zidovudine 388 human papillomavirus (HPV) 226 gadolinium 715 hepatitis B virus hyalinosis mushroom nephrotoxicity 764 cell culture 236 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 630, poisoning 254 penciclovir 385 642 star fruit intoxication 905 hepatitis C virus heroin abuse 598 trace metal disturbances 885–886 amphetamines 608 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 vancomycin 284 cell culture 236 hyaluronic acid hemodynamic changes heroin abuse 597 oxalate 754 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619 ribavirin 391 hydralazine 139 hemoglobin hepatocyte growth factor hydration cell culture 237 aristolochic acid nephropathy 762 cisplatin therapy 514 hemoglobulinuria chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 hydrochlorothiazide 498, 499 sulfonamides 353 hepatorenal syndrome organic cation transport 61 hemolysis mushroom nephrotoxicity 763 hydrocortisone 227 sodium bromate 865 herbal therapies 757–762 hydrogen peroxide hemolytic-uremic syndrome Africa 859 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625, herbicides 836 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276 626 heroin nephropathy 598–604 hydronephrosis heroin abuse 596 clinical relevance 19 5-aminosalicylic acid 412

967 INDEX

animal models 187, 194 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619 pentamidine 366 aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 hyperpyrexia pesticides 836, 837 sulfadiazine 356 cocaine abuse 605, 606 phencyclidine abuse 607 hydroxybenzoate phencyclidine abuse 607 hypocalciuria tubular reabsorption 48 hypersensitivity lithium treatment 737 hydroxyl allopurinol therapy 469 hypoglycemia aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276 dapsone 367 pentamidine 366 hydroxynalidixic acid 368 immune response 132 hypoglycemic agents hypercalcemia organic solvents 831 dosing in renal failure 932 aminoglycosides 269 proton pump inhibitors 572 hypokalemia foscarnet 387 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 357 alcohol abuse 609 phencyclidine abuse 607 hypertension aminoglycosides 269, 280 hypercalciuria amphetamine 608 amphotericin B therapy 326 lithium treatment 741 bevacizumab therapy 524 didanosine 387, 389 hypercellularity cocaine abuse 605, 606 diuretics 500 amphotericin B therapy 327 heroin abuse 598, 600 diuretics:chronic 501 hypercoagulable state lead nephropathy 773, 778 lithium treatment 733, 737 gadolinium 712 NSAID effect 435, 437 proton pump inhibitors 570 hyperechoic foci phencyclidine abuse 607 hypomagnesemia sulfadiazine 356 renovascular 481 aminoglycosides 269, 280 hyperfiltration systemic 481 amphotericin B therapy 326, 343 diuretics 498 treatment by ACE inhibitors 481–494 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 hyperkalemia hypertonic saline cisplatin therapy 514 lithium treatment 737 cisplatin therapy 515 foscarnet 387 NSAIDs 427 hyperuricemia pentamidine 366 pentamidine 365 allopurinol therapy 469 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 pyrimethamine 367 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 hyponatremia tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 didanosine 388 amphetamines 867 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 361 diuretics 499 cadmium-induced renal effects 792 hyperlipidemic agents phencyclidine abuse 607 proton pump inhibitors 569 dosing in renal failure 932–933 radiocontrast agents 701 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 hypernatremia tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 hypophosphatemia lithium treatment 742 hyperuricosuria cidofovir 386 hyperoxalemia 751 allopurinol nephropathy 471 didanosine 389 hyperoxaluria 750–751 hyperviscosity syndrome foscarnet 387 enteric 751 D-penicillamine therapy 465 paraquat 866 primary 751 hypnotics 609 hypoproteinemia hyperparathyroidism hypoalbuminemia glomerular filtration 46 lithium treatment 737 glomerular filtration 46 hypoprothrombinemia hyperphosphatemia heroin abuse 600 cephalosporins 297, 300 acute phosphate nephropathy 580 sulfadiazine 355 hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism cadmium-induced renal effects 792 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 359 NSAIDs 427 foscarnet 387 hypocalcemia trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 361 lanthanum treatment 887 cadmium-induced renal effects 792 hypotension pesticides 836, 837 didanosine 387 amantadine 391 phencyclidine abuse 607 foscarnet 387 amphetamine 608 hyperplasia heroin abuse 604 cocaine abuse 605, 606

968 INDEX

heroin abuse 604 imipenem 295, 298, 301, 304 infiltrating cells neonatal imipramine chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 ACE inhibitors 488 organic cation transport 57 inflammation radiocontrast agents 701 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 animal model of ischemic injury 179 hypothrombinemia immune response 132–154 inflammatory bowel disease cephamycins 298 mechanisms 134–138 5-aminosalicylic acid 409 hypothyroidism nephropathies 138–139 knockout mouse model 176 lithium treatment 737, 741 immune system disregulation urinary biomarkers 114 hypouricemia proton pump inhibitors 572 infliximab 692 didanosine 389 immunocompromised patients influenza virus hypovolemia amphotericin B therapy 324 amantadine and rimatadine 391 heroin abuse 604 immunofluorescence 229, 237 ribavirin 391 indinavir 390 congeners of gentamicin 280 insecticides 828, 836 hypoxia immunogenic proteins insulin 5-aminosalicylic acid 411 proton pump inhibitors 572 cell culture 227, 233 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 immunoglobulins 133 endocytosis 48 cell culture 227, 232 IgE hydronephrotic kidney 189 cellular mechanisms 157 proton pump inhibitors 572 insulin-like growth factor I models of ischemia 199 intravenous acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 radiocontrast agents 702 immunomodulators 693 amphotericin B therapy 329 urinary biomarkers 113–114 models of ischemia 200 I immunomodulators 683–698 integrins ibandronate 548 anti-thymocyte globulin 693 urinary biomarkers 113 clinical toxicity 557 interferons 688–691 intensive care 29–42 pharmacokinetics 549 interleukins 686–688 intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ibuprofen 422, 434, 438 intravenous immunoglobulin 693 cell culture 225 tubular secretion 62 monoclonal antibodies 691–693 knockout mouse model 177 ICAM: See intercellular adhesion pathogenesis 685–686 paraphenylene diamine 873 molecule-1 recombinant cytokines 686–691 urinary biomarkers 113 Ice immunosuppressive therapy interferons amphetamines 866 cell culture 230 IFN-alpha 391 idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis D-penicillamine nephropathy 466 anticancer drugs 512, 523–524 organic solvents 829 gadolinium 712 immunomodulators 688–690 IFN: See interferons immunotherapy 523–524 IFN-beta ifosfamide 512, 517–518 impila 863 immunomodulators 690 and beta-lactams 313 inclusion bodies IFN-gamma IgA nephropathy mercury exposure 814 immune response 132, 133 organic solvents 829 indapamide 497, 498 immunomodulators 690–691 silicon containing compounds 832 indinavir 361, 390 pegylated IFN 690 urinary biomarkers 115 organic cation transport 57 type I IL: See interleukins pharmacological aspects 75 cell culture 236–237 illicit drug abuse 595–616 indomethacin 205, 422, 426, 427, 430, urinary biomarkers 110 iloprost 438 interleukins acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 and lithium 740 IL-12 imaging agents 699–724 beta-lactams 306 knockout mouse model 177 imidazole immunomodulators 687 IL-18 tubular secretion 63 radiocontrast agents 702 animal model, measurement of

969 INDEX

injury 183 allopurinol therapy 470 ACE inhibitors 485 IL-2 aristolochic acid nephropathy 758, acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626 anticancer therapy 512, 523 762 aminoglycoside transport 272 immunomodulators 686–688 beta-lactams 296 analgesic nephropathy 404 IL-4 chronic 731, 733 animal models 178, 198 knockout mouse model 177 D-penicillamine therapy 467 cellular mechanisms 157 IL-6 diuretics 498–499 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631, knockout mouse model 177 foscarnet 386 636 IL-6:tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 gold salt therapy 461 NSAIDs 424 IL-8 immune response 138 radiocontrast agents 702, 706 urinary biomarkers 111 in acute kidney injury 8 rapamycin inhibitors 650 immune response 132–133 lead nephropathy 773 ischemic myopathy interleukin-1 receptor NSAIDs 424, 431 analgesic nephropathy 406 knockout mouse model 177 organic solvents 830 animal models 176 proton pump inhibitors 572 silicon containing compounds 833 isepamicin 267 urinary biomarkers 110–112 intractable hiccups isethionate interstitial fibrosis star fruit intoxication 902 pentamidine 363 analgesic nephropathy 404 intranuclear inclusion bodies isocaloric diet 438 aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 lead nephropathy 775 isoflurane 539 Balkan nephropathy 848, 849, 851 intravital two-photon microscopy isolated perfused mouse kidney cell culture 230, 231 microcirculation model 193 animal models 194 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 630 inulin clearance isolated perfused rat kidney drug abuse 867 animal model, measurement of injury animal models 194, 205 gold salt therapy 461 182 drug transport studies 45 tacrolimus nephrotox. 650 GFR measurement 436 isolated renal microvessels zidovudine 388 pyrimethamine 367 microcirculation model 190 interstitial granulomas trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 361 isoniazid 539 ACE inhibitors 482 in vitro models 224–250 isopropanol 502 interstitial inflammation juxtamedullary nephron 186, 194 isopropyl alcohol 502 cell culture 229 inyanga 860 isoproterenol HIV nephropathy 602 iodohippurate drug metabolism studies 63 interstitial nephritis renal artery stenosis 485 itai-itai disease 5-aminosalicylic acid 409 iohexol and Balkan nephropathy 847 abacavir 389 monitoring of renal function 12 cadmium-induced renal effects 790 acute 431, 606, 608 iothalamate ACE inhibitors 481 GFR measurement 436 J diuretics 498 monitoring of renal function 12 Jeyes fluid 862 granulomas 9 renal artery stenosis 485 juxtaglomerular apparatus interleukin-2 therapy 523 iron arterioles piromidic acid 370 chelation therapy 257 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. sulfadiazine 356 gadolinium 714 632 sulfonamides 353 in renal failure 889 microcirculation model 193 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole irregular gout 358, 359 lead nephropathy 778 K acute kidney injury 32 irritation kallikrein-kinin system acyclovir 384 mercury exposure 815 ACE inhibitors 483 allergic 431 ischemia acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623

970 INDEX

cadmium-induced renal effects 801 lazaroids 190 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 ketoconazole acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 and amphotericin B 329 LDH release 229, 230, 232, 233, 236 lipopolysaccharide ketones 828 lead encephalopathy 774 knockout mouse model 176 ketorolac 426 lead nephropathy 773–784 lipoproteins khat leaf 868 acute 775 amphotericin B formulations 336 kidney dysfunction Asian folk remedies 776 liposomal clodronate 179 gadolinium 709 Australia 776 lipoxygenase 420 kidney injury molecule 183 biomarkers of lead absorption lisinopril 438, 488 kidney injury molecule-1 774–775 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 urinary biomarkers 114 causality and environmental exposure lithium 725–748 kidney specific gene targeting 779–780 and ACE inhibitors 487 knockout mouse model 177 chelation therapy 775, 780 aquaporin 729–731 kininase II chronic 775–777 clearance angiotensin converting enzyme 483 clinical relevance 15 urinary biomarkers 101 kininogen D-penicillamine therapy 465 clinical side-effects 741 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 Fanconi syndrome 775 distal nephron acidification 734 Klebsiella pneumoniae 297 gout 777–778 drug interactions 739–740 Kosovo hypertension 778 effect on water transport 728–731 Balkan nephropathy 844–846 lead workers 775, 778 histological findings 731–732 low level exposure 778–779 management of intoxication 742–743 L moonshine drinkers 775, 776 overdose 742 L-NAME plumbism 776 poisoning 258 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 statistical analysis 779 polyuria 732–734 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 treatment 780–781 transport along the nephron 726–728 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 lead poisoning 773 liver disorders lactate Balkan nephropathy 847, 848 NSAIDs 424 organic anion transport 52 symptomatic 773, 775, 776, 778, 780 zidovudine 388 lactate dehydrogenase 108 leishmaniasis liver transplantation beta-lactams 302 pentamidine 362 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626 mercury exposure 816 leucine aminopeptidase chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 639 lactic acidosis mercury exposure 816 tacrolimus nephrotox. 646, 649 fialuridine 389 organic solvents 829 LLC-PK1 cell line 225–239 zidovudine 388 leukemia lomefloxacin 371 lactose 597 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 269 lomustine 519 lamivudine 387 leukocytosis Looser’s zones in bone lansoprazole 567 phencyclidine abuse 607 cadmium-induced renal effects 790 lanthanum leukotrienes 432 lopinavir 390 in renal failure 887 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 loracarbef 295, 298 Lareb levofloxacin losartan Netherlands Pharmacovigilance organic cation transport 58 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619 Centre 88 Lindane 836, 837 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631, latamoxef 295, 298, 304, 314 linezolid 284 646 Lawasonia alba (henna) 871 lipid peroxidation lovastatin 190 laxatives cell culture 229, 237 low-molecular weight proteinuria aloe capensis 864 lipocalins 105 Balkan nephropathy 850 phosphate nephropathy 580 lipoic acid urinary biomarkers 105–107

971 INDEX

low molecular weight proteins depletion vancomycin 284 aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 amphotericin B therapy 326 mental confusion lung/heart transplantation Magnolia officinalis 758 star fruit intoxication 903 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 639 malaria meperidine 596 tacrolimus nephrotox. 646 Balkan nephropathy 845 pharmacokinetics in uremia 916 lung cancer malondialdehyde 309, 873 meprin-1-alpha inhibitor cadmium-induced renal effects 788 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 animal model of septic injury 182 lupus-like syndrome mammalian cells 226, 233 mercury 811–826 D-penicillamine therapy 465 manic-depressive disorders adverse renal effects 818–819 lupus erythematosus lithium treatment 725 animal models 204 D-penicillamine therapy 467 mannitol 202, 497 autoimmunity 140–143 paraphenylene diamine 876 and amphotericin B 332 biomarkers 816 silicon containing compounds 832 beta-lactams 310 brain toxicity 815 lupus nephritis cisplatin therapy 515 cell culture 235 NSAIDs 427 heroin abuse 604 cellular mechanisms 157 urinary biomarkers 115 radiocontrast agents 704 D-penicillamine therapy 465 lycopene marijuana abuse 609 dietary exposure 812 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 mast cell activation 141 exposure 812–813 lymphocyte-depleting agents matrix composition general human toxicity 816–817 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 636 history of human use 811 lymphotoxin 132 matrix degrading proteins immune response 135 lysosomes tacrolimus nephrotox. 650 immunotoxicity 817–818 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 273 MDCK cell line 226–240 inorganic mercury 812, 814, 817, 818 aminoglycoside transport 272 MDR transporters 60–61 mercury vapor toxicity 814, 816, 818 cadmium uptake 787 medicinal herbs 757 mines 813 cell culture 233 medulla nephrotoxicity 818–821 endocytosis 48 interstitial cells 422 ointments 812 proteins mefenamic acid 434 organic mercury 812, 814, 817, 819 cadmium-induced renal effects 790 megalin physical and chemical properties 811 aminoglycoside transport 271 poisoning 817, 820 M knockout mouse model 178 Africa 865 macrolides melatonin Kenya 864 dosing in renal failure 921–922 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 production 812 macrophages aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 toxicokinetics 813–814 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, membranoproliferative glomerulo- treatment 821 621 nephritis urinary enzymes 816 animal model of ischemic injury 179 heroin abuse 596, 597 meropenem 295, 299, 301 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632, urinary biomarkers 115 mesangial cells 633 membranous glomerulonephritis acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, proton pump inhibitors 572 ACE inhibitors 481 621, 624 silicon containing compounds 835 auranofin therapy 464 cell culture 225, 230–233 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 D-penicillamine therapy 465 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 macula densa gold salt therapy 460 mesangial proliferative glomerulo- NSAIDs 422 heroin abuse 596 nephritis magnesium mercury exposure 817, 819 D-penicillamine therapy 465 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 NSAIDs 432 gold salt therapy 460 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 meningitis heroin abuse 596, 602

972 INDEX

organic solvents 831 allopurinol nephropathy 471 cellular mechanisms 157, 158–159 mesna metolazone 497, 499 cisplatin therapy 514 cyclophosphamide therapy 517 mezlocillin 296, 307, 313 myopathy 388 ifosfamide therapy 518 microalbuminuria pharmacological aspects 75 mesylate smoking 896 mitogen-activated protein kinase pentamidine 364 urinary biomarkers 94, 103 animal models, tubular injury 184 metabolic acidosis microdensitometry cellular mechanisms 162 alcohol ingestion 502 bone density measurement 792 models of ischemia 201 hypokalemia 389 microglobulin mitomycin 512, 522–523 lithium treatment 736 alpha1 104 mofetil mycophenolate metabolic agents cadmium-induced renal effects 790 and cyclosporine 625, 629 dosing in renal failure 932 urinary biomarkers 105 and tacrolimus 648 metabolic alkalosis alpha2 105 mofetil mycophenylate diuretics 501 beta2 831 proton pump inhibitors 574 metabolomics 229 Balkan nephropathy 850 molecular parameters metalloproteinase cadmium-induced renal effects 790 animal model, measurement of injury chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 mercury exposure 815, 821 183 tacrolimus nephrotox. 650 microperfusions monobactams 295, 299 metallothionein drug transport studies 49 monoclonal antibodies cadmium uptake 786 microporous supports immunomodulators 691 cell culture 234 cell culture 227 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 metamphetamine 866–867 microproteinuria (MCP-1) clinical relevance 19 cadmium-induced renal effects 797, chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 methacholine 202 801 monocytes methadone 596, 603 micropuncture acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 drug transport studies 45, 49 animal model of ischemic injury 179 methamphetamine 608 lithium transport 726, 739 immune response 138 methanol microscopic pattern recognition silicon containing compounds 835 poisoning 259, 503 urinary biomarkers 97 mononuclear cells methemoglobinemia microvessels chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 paraphenylene diamine 873 models of renal microcirculation 190 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 methicillin 296 mills moonshine drinkers proton pump inhibitors 573 lead poisoning 847 lead nephropathy 775 resistant Staphylococcus aureus mineral wool Morocco vancomycin 281 silicon containing compounds 834 paraphenylene diamine 871 methimazole 314 miners 832 morphine 596, 597 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 minimal change glomerulonephritis drug metabolism studies 63 methotrexate 512, 520 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 organic cation transport 56 organic anion transport 54 D-penicillamine therapy 465 pharmacokinetics in uremia 916 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 gold salt therapy 460 tubular reabsorption 48 methoxyflurane 538 heroin abuse 596, 602 mouse kidney methylene blue 202 NSAIDs 431 animal models 197 methylenedioxymethamphetamine 608 minoxidil 485, 487 moxalactam 295, 298 methylnicotinamide (N1) misoprostol moxifloxacin 369 drug metabolism studies 63 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 MRP transporters 59–60 organic cation transport 55–59 mitochondrial disorders MRSA methylprednisolone aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274 vancomycin 281

973 INDEX

MTT assay 229, 230, 235 myosin necrotizing arteritis mucocutaneous reactions cell culture 225 sulfonamides 353 D-penicillamine therapy 467 necrotizing vasculitis mucoproteins N amphetamines 867 cadmium-induced renal effects 791 N-acetyl-benzo-quinoneimine 434 cocaine abuse 606 multidrug resistance transporters N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase nelfinavir 361, 390 59–60 amphotericin B therapy 338 organic cation transport 57 in acute kidney injury 7 anesthetic agents 540 neomycin 267 multidrug transporters 60–61 beta-lactams 304 neonates beta-lactams 305 lead nephropathy 777 anesthetic agents 542 multiple myeloma mercury exposure 820, 821 nephrocalcinosis 579–594, 752–754 NSAIDs 427 organic solvents 829 amphotericin B therapy 327 paraphenylene diamine 876 silicon containing compounds 829, calcium phosphate deposition 582 radiocontrast agents 701 835 diuretics 499–500 muscle actin 225, 231 urinary biomarkers 108–109 resolution 500 mushroom nephrotoxicity 763–765 N-acetylcysteine nephrogenic systemic fibrosis mutation acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 gadolinium 709 aristolochic acid nephropathy 761 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 nephrolithiasis 752–754 myalgia Na+-dependent glucose transporter diuretics 499–500 amphetamine 608 233 uric acid 499 heroin abuse 604 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger indinavir 390 myasthenia gravis knockout mouse model 177 nelfinavir 391 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) nephrotic syndrome D-penicillamine therapy 465 117 ACE inhibitors 481, 490 mycosis infection 324 Na+/Li+ countertransporter (SLC) 726 acute kidney injury 32 mycotoxins Na+K+2Cl- cotransporter inhibitors autoimmunity 144 Balkan nephropathy 847, 848 190 glomerular filtration 46 cell culture 235 Na-K-ATPase gold salt therapy 460 myeloid bodies animal model of ischemic injury 179 heroin abuse 596 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274 beta-lactams 311 HIV nephropathy 601 myeloid differentiation factor 88 cellular mechanisms 159 immune response 138 animal model of septic injury 182 fluoride toxicity 541 mercury exposure 817, 819 myeloperoxidase inhibition by aloe capensis 864 NSAIDs 424, 427 animal model of ischemic injury 179 organic anion transport 50 urinary biomarkers 104 silicon containing compounds 835 organic cation transport 56 zidovudine 388 myocardial infarction 439 nalidixic acid 368 netilmicin 267 cocaine abuse 605 naproxen 422, 436, 438 neurologic agents myoclonic twitching narcotic antagonists dosing in renal failure 934–935 lithium treatment 741 dosing in renal failure 926 neuropathy myoglobinuria narcotics lithium treatment 741 amphetamines 867 dosing in renal failure 926 peripheral 388 cell culture 237 necrosis neurotoxicity heroin abuse 604 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 274 star fruit 902–904, 907–910 pentamidine 363 animal model of ischemic injury 178 neurotransmitters phencyclidine abuse 608 cell culture 225, 230, 232 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 myopathy cellular mechanisms 156 neutral endopeptidase zidovudine 388 proximal convoluted tubules 411 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623

974 INDEX

enzymuria nitrosoureas 518–520 clinical relevance 17 aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 nocturia neutron activation analysis lithium treatment 732 O mercury determination 816 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma obstructive nephropathy neutrophils paraphenylene diamine 876 and Balkan nephropathy 853 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs obstructive uropathy animal model of ischemic injury 179 419 methotrexate therapy 521 proton pump inhibitors 572 acute kidney injury 30–31 occupational exposure silicon containing compounds 835 and ACE inhibitors 488 Balkan nephropathy 848 nevirapine 389 and adefovir 388 cadmium-induced renal effects 786, New Zealand and ciprofloxacin 370 797 proton pump inhibitors 571 and cyclosporine 626, 627 lead nephropathy 773 NF-kappaB and lithium 740 mercury 813, 818, 820 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 animal models 175 silicon containing compounds 832 NGAL 183 clinical relevance 11 ochratoxin NHANES survey COX-2 inhibitors aristolochic acid nephropathy 760 lead nephropathy 778 diuretics 496 Balkan nephropathy 846, 847 nicotinate COX-2 inhibitors, renal effects 435, ochratoxin A tubular reabsorption 48 436 cell culture 235 nifedipine cyclooxygenase isoforms 422 ocular lesions acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 dosing in renal failure 937–938 allopurinol therapy 469 and amphotericin B 332 drug metabolism studies 63 off-label 89 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 646 immune response 138 ofloxacin 370, 371 tubular secretion 62 immunomodulators 687 OK cell line 225–226, 231–239 Nigella sativa mechanism of action 422 OKT3 nephrotoxicity acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 microcirculation model 185 immunomodulators 685, 691 nitric oxide 430 organic anion transport 54 oligohydramnios acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, prostaglandin analogs 444 ACE inhibitors 488 623 prostaglandins and renal function oliguria animal models 204 420, 421 amphetamine 608 cell culture 232 renal syndromes 423, 424, 428, 430, ciprofloxacin 370 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 431, 432 heroin abuse 604 diuretics 496 tubular secretion 62 NSAIDs 431 hydronephrotic kidney 189 nonnarcotics sulfadiazine 355 inhibitors 199 dosing in renal failure 926 sulfonamides 353 isolated perfused rat kidney 198 noradrenaline omega-3 fatty acids tacrolimus nephrotox. 647 and lithium 740 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 627 nitric oxide synthase norepinephrine omeprazole 567 endothelial acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 oncosis eNOS deficient mice 182 animal model of ischemic injury 178 pharmacological aspects 77 knockout mouse model 177 norfloxacin 369, 370 opioids 596–605 inducible NRK-52E 231 amyloidosis associated with heroin animal model of septic injury 182 NSAIDs: See non-steroidal anti-inflam- abuse 599–601 knockout mouse model 177 matory drugs heroin nephropathy 598–604 nitrofurantoin nuclear respiratory factors HIV in heroin nephropathy 601–603 pharmacokinetics in uremia 916 cellular mechanisms 158 rhabdomyolysis 603–605 nitroprusside 485 nutritional state oral sodium phosphate 579–594

975 INDEX

orellanine 764 cadmium-induced renal effects 790, models of ischemia 198 organic acids 792 oxypurinol 470 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 275 osteopenia organic anion transport 50–55 cadmium-induced renal effects 792, P apical transporters 53 793 p21 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor beta-lactams 305 osteopontin 1A 229, 231, 238 cell culture 233, 235, 238 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632, p53 tumor antigen cephalosporin nephrotoxicity 312 633 aristolochic acid nephropathy 761 in acute kidney injury 7 knockout mouse model 177 cell culture 226, 229, 230, 232 molecular biology 52 oxalate 753, 754 cellular mechanisms 161 non-PAH transporters 54 osteoporosis p66shc adaptor protein 163 substrate requirements 52 cadmium-induced renal effects 790, paint organic cation transport 55–59 792 removers 828 apical transporters 58 ototoxicity paints basolateral transporter 57 aminoglycosides 267 organic solvents 829 beta-lactams 305 sodium bromate 865 palmitate 313 glycoprotein 60 vancomycin 283 pamidronate 548 in acute kidney injury 7 ouabain clinical toxicity 555 protein binding effects 61 and amphotericin B 332 histopathology 558 organic lead absorption 775 and beta-lactams 305 pharmacokinetics 551 organic solvents 828–831 overlap syndrome preclinical toxicity 553 aliphatic hydrocarbons 828, 829 silicon containing compounds 832 pancreas transplantation aromatic hydrocarbons 828 ox-eye daisy 863 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 640 epidemiology 829–830 oxacillin 296 pancreatitis experimental studies 831 oxalate 749–756 zidovudine 388 exposure 828–829 5-aminosalicylic acid 412 panipenem 295, 299 halogenated hydrocarbons 828, 829 calcium phosphate deposition 581 panthotenate inhalation 828 cellular production 750 tubular reabsorption 48 mechanisms 830–831 end-product of metabolism 750 pantoprazole 567 mouth contact 828 ethylene glycol 867 para-aminohippurate (PAH) oxygenated hydrocarbons 828, 829 in diet 750 beta-lactams 296 pathology 830–831 nephrocalcinosis 752–754 cephalosporins 298 skin exposure 828 nephrolithiasis 752–754 organic anion transport 50–55 orosomucoid oxalate/sulphate exchanger uptake in brush border membrane mercury exposure 821 tubular secretion 49, 52 vesicles 311 osmolality star fruit intoxication 906 paranitroanaline 872 alcohol ingestion 502 toxicity 752 paraphenylene diamine 871–880 urinary biomarkers 100 oxalic acid 749–756 acute systemic toxicity 875 Osmoprep 581 oxazaphosphorines 517–518 cardiovascular system 876 osmotic nephrosis oxidative stress characteristics 872 acute kidney injury 33 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 clinical presentation 873–875 in acute kidney injury 10 oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate 307 dermatological manifestations 875 osteoarthritis oxygen diagnosis 876 NSAIDs 437 cell culture 224, 227, 239 experimental 873 osteocalcin consumption in organs 44 hepatotoxicity 876 cadmium-induced renal effects 793 pericellular 228, 238 nephrotoxicity 875 osteomalacia oxygen free radicals neurotoxicity 876

976 INDEX

ophthalmic effects 876 Peptococcus 296 phenmetrazine 608 pharmaco-toxicology 872–873 perchloroethylene phenobarbital 539 respiratory system 876 urinary biomarkers and cephalosporins 303 treatment 877 perfusion pressure pH-dependent reabsorption 47 paraquat 307, 308, 309, 866 hydronephrotic kidney 189 phenols 862 parathyroid hormone perilymph phenothiazines cadmium-induced renal effects 794 aminoglycosides 270 drug dosing in renal failure 941 heroin abuse 604 peripheral neuropathy phenylbutazone 434 lithium treatment 737 lead poisoning 774 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 pars recta, proximal tubule peritoneal dialysis phenylmercuric nitrate 812 mercury exposure 818 poisoning 257 phenytoin 539 passive reabsorption star fruit intoxication 905 pH-dependent reabsorption 48 renal handling 46–48 trace metal disturbances 886 pharmacokinetics in uremia 915 pauci-ummune glomerulonephritis peroxidation, lipids phorbol myristate acetate 310 D-penicillamine therapy 466 carbapenems 299 phosphate 579–594 pediatric patients peroxisomes cadmium-induced renal effects 794 anesthetic agents 542 cellular mechanisms 157 calcium phosphorus product 588 pefloxacin 369, 370 knockout mouse model 178 cotransporters PEG: See polyethylene glycol pertussis SLC34 gene family 580 peginterferon 690 lithium treatment 729 sodium-dependent 580 pemphigus vulgaris 460 pesticides 836–837 in the human body 579 penicillamide pethidine 877 phosphatidylinositol chelation therapy in copper sulphate pH aminoglycosides 271 toxicity 866 fluoride elimination 541 endocytosis 48 penicillin 294, 306 urinary biomarkers 100–101 phosphatidylserine 230 and ciprofloxacin 369 phagocytic 225 phosphaturia and trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole pharmacoepidemiology 88 heroin abuse 600 358 pharmacogenetics 89 lithium treatment 738 dosing in renal failure 922 pharmacokinetics Phospho-soda 580 glomerular filtration 46 in uremia 914, 915 phosphodiesterase 182, 728 immune response 139 pharmacologic-interaction concept inhibitors pH-dependent reabsorption 47 proton pump inhibitors 572 dosing in renal failure 931 pentamidine 359, 362–366 pharmacological aspects 73–84 phosphokinase and aminoglycosides 364 cellular injury 77–78 cocaine abuse 605, 606 and amphotericin 364 distal nephron 76–77 phencyclidine abuse 607 and cyclosporine 364 glomerulus 74–75 phospholipase and foscarnet 366 proximal tubule 75–76 animal model of ischemic injury 179 antimonial salt 364 regeneration 78–79 prostaglandins 421 isethionate 363 renal repair 78 phospholipids mesylate 364 pharmacovigilance 85–90 aminoglycosides 270, 275 pentane 309 methodology 87–89 photographic developers pentazocine 596, 597, 600 phenacetin paraphenylene diamine 872 pentoxiphylline analgesic nephropathy 404, 408 piddosome 161 and amphotericin B 330, 332 drug metabolism studies 63 pilocarpine animal model of septic injury 182 urinary tract tumors 406 tubular secretion 63 peptide transporters phencyclidine abuse 607–608 Pink disease (acrodynia) 816, 820 in acute kidney injury 7 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 pinocytosis

977 INDEX

cadmium uptake 787 252 allopurinol nephropathy 470, 471 endocytosis 48 dialytic therapies 251–264 and abacavir 388 pioglitazone ethylene glycol 260 and cyclosporine 635 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 exchange blood transfusion 256 D-penicillamine nephropathy 467 piperacillin 313, 314 hemodialysis 254 pregnancy and aminoglycosides 269 hemoperfusion 254 lithium treatment 741 pirfenidone peritoneal dialysis 257 premature ageing chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 plasmapheresis 256 analgesic nephropathy 406 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 prepared mind piromidic acid 370 knockout mouse model 177 pharmacovigilance 89 piroxicam 424, 426, 428 polyamines prerenal azotemia planar cell surface area 230, 232 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 sulfonamides 497 plasma exchange: See plasmapheresis polyangitis prescription event monitoring plasmapheresis silicon containing compounds 835 pharmacovigilance 88 D-penicillamine therapy 466 polyarteritis nodosa primary cell culture 225, 228, 238 mitomycin therapy 523 amphetamine 608 drug transport studies 45 mushroom nephrotoxicity 764 polycarbonate 227 primary renal disease poisoning 256 polychondritis chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes 295 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 pro-fibrotic changes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 polyclonal activation of B-cells 137 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 polyene antibiotics proapoptotic protein platelet-endothelial cell adhesion amphotericin B 324 knockout mouse model 177 molecule 1 polyene macrolide 233 probenecid 305, 310, 367 cell culture 225 polyethylene glycol and adefovir 388 platelet activating factor purgatives 580 and cephalosporins 297 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 polymyositis and cidofovir 386 platelets D-penicillamine therapy 465 organic anion transport 52 thromboxane synthesis 435 polyphenol organic cation transport 61 platinum acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 pH-dependent reabsorption 48 tubular secretion 62 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 probucol pleurisy polyuria aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 D-penicillamine therapy 467 lithium treatment 728, 733 procainamide 139 Pneumocystis carinii 356 porphyrin 307 organic cation transport 55, 56, 57 pneumonia lead nephropathy 774 tubular secretion 62 pentamidine 362 mercury exposure 819 prokaryotic ribosomes trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358, post-antibiotic effect aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 276 359 aminoglycosides 268, 278 proliferation pneumonitis post-mortem kidneys pharmacological aspects 78 allopurinol therapy 470 models of ischemia 200 propanol 502 gold salt therapy 460 potassium propofenone mercury exposure 812, 816 depletion 326 tubular secretion 62 podocalyxin 225 NSAIDs 427, 428 prostacyclin 435 podocytes 134, 143 potassium-sparing diuretics 498 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 experimental morphine injections 597 pottery workers 832 prostaglandins 420, 423 poisoning predictomics 229 2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF1alpha 435 chelation therapy 257 prednisone 6-keto-PGF1alpha 427, 429, 436 criteria for extracorporeal removal after ACE inhibitors 482 tacrolimus nephrotox. 647

978 INDEX

acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 immune response 138 mercury-containing treatment 812 analgesic nephropathy 404 interferon therapy 524 psychiatric manifestations animal models 204 mercury exposure 815, 818, 819 analgesic nephropathy 406 inhibition of synthesis 199 NSAIDs 431 psychiatric symptoms vasoconstriction 488 organic solvents 830 mercury exposure 812, 816 misoprostal 444 proton pump inhibitors 571 psychosis PGE2 427, 429, 430, 436 rapamycin inhibitors 650 lithium treatment 725 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 smoking 896 psychosomatic complaints hydronephrotic kidney 189 T-cell dependent 134 Africa 860 PGI2 430 urinary biomarkers 101–107 psychotropic drugs 734 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 proteoglycans 404 and analgesics 406 synthetase proteomics 229 Psylocybe genus 764 aristolochic acid nephropathy 761 Proteus mirabilis 297 pulmonary fibrosis vasodilation 483 prothrombotic state 435 paraquat 866 prostanoid receptors 420 proton pump inhibitors 567–578 purgatives 580–586 prostate cancer acute interstitial nephritis 571–575 OsmoPrep 581 cadmium-induced renal effects 788 bioavailability 568 Phospho-soda 580 prosthetic devices hyponatremia 569–570 Visicol 581 amphotericin B therapy 324 immune response 138 purinoceptor agonists proteinase 3 implications for transplantation microcirculation model 187 silicon containing compounds 835 570–571 pyelography 406 protein binding mechanism of action 568 pyelonephritis organic cation transport 61 pharmacogenetics 569 5-aminosalicylic acid 412 protein kinase C 190, 310 pharmacokinetics 568 and Balkan nephropathy 853 immune response 142 protooncogen pyrazinamide proteinuria aristolochic acid nephropathy 761 tubular reabsorption 48 5-aminosalicylic acid 411 provinol pyrazolone ACE inhibitors 482, 488, 490 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 analgesic nephropathy 403, 409 acyclovir 384 proximal tubule pyrexia amphetamine 608 aminoglycosides 270 amphotericin B therapy 339 anesthetic agents 540 animal model of ischemic injury 178 pyridoxine aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 tubular reabsorption 48 autoimmunity 144 cell culture 226, 230, 235 pyrimethamine 354, 356, 366 Balkan nephropathy 850, 852 cisplatin therapy 516 pyrimidine 366 beta-lactams 296 lithium transport 726 pyrogens 296 bevacizumab therapy 525 mercury exposure 818 pyrolizidine alkaloids 860 cadmium-induced renal effects 788 pharmacological aspects 75–76 pyrrolidin-2-one 314 cephalosporins 297 suspensions pyuria cidofovir 386 drug transport studies 45 acyclovir 384 cocaine abuse 607 pruritus heroin abuse 598 D-penicillamine therapy 465 gadolinium 709 immune response 138 didanosine 389 Pseudomona aeruginosa 295 indinavir 390 diuretics 498 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum NSAIDs 431 foscarnet 386 MRP transporters 60 proton pump inhibitors 573 gold salt therapy 460 psoriasis heroin abuse 598, 600 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 641 Q HIV nephropathy 601, 602 fish oil supplementation 627 Queensland nephritis

979 INDEX

lead nephropathy 776 low osmolar 703 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 quercetin magnetic resonance 703 relaxin acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 meta-analysis 703 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 quinapril microcirculation model 185 renal artery clamping tubular reabsorption 48 NO-blockade 703 animal model of ischemic injury 178 quinidine oliguric form 701 renal artery stenosis organic cation transport 57, 58, 62 pathogenesis 701 ACE inhibitors 485 quinine 597 preexisting renal impairment 701 renal blood flow organic cation transport 57 prevention/treatment 703 urinary biomarkers 100 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 renal blood flow 701 renal calcification quinolones 368–371 risk factors 701 analgesic nephropathy 404, 408 dosing in renal failure 922–923 sodium depletion 702 renal calculi immune response 138 vasoactive substances 702 saquinavir 391 quinondimine 873 volume depletion 701 renal enzyme processes quinoneimine 404 Randalls plaques 753 mechanisms of acute kidney injury 7 ranitidine renal excretion R organic cation transport 62, 63 gadolinium 712 rabeprazole 567 RANTES renal handling of drugs and xenobiot- radiation nephritis 526–527 immune response 139 ics 43–71 radical formation 237 rapamycin inhibitors 650 ABC transporter family 59–61 radical scavengers rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis endocytosis 48–49 beta-lactams 310 silicon containing compounds 832 glomerular filtration 46 radiocontrast agents 700–708 rash interactions anion-cation transport adenosine antagonists 706 ACE inhibitors 482 62–63 and aminoglycosides 269 beta-lactams 296 interactions of drugs 61–63 and anesthetic agents 537 D-penicillamine therapy 465, 467 metabolism 63 and cyclosporine 626, 627 gold salt therapy 460 organic anion transport 50–55 animal models 203 proton pump inhibitors 572 organic cation transport 55–59 antioxidant agent 706 rave parties passive reabsorption 46–48 atherosclerosis 701 amphetamines 866 reabsorption by facilitated mecha- carbon dioxide 704 reactive oxygen species (ROS) nisms 48 clinical findings 700 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 tubular reabsorption 46–49 clinical maneuvers 708 cell culture 231, 232, 234, 238 tubular secretion 49–63 clinical relevance 11 cephaloridine nephrotoxicity 309 renal histology definition 700 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625 diuretics 705 receptor-associated protein renal imaging endothelin antagonists 707 aminoglycoside transport 271 analgesic nephropathy 407–408 experimental 703 REDOX 229 renal nerve stimulation fluid administration 704 reduction hydronephrotic kidney 189 heart failure 701 anesthetic agents 538 renal papillary antigen hemodialysis 707 regeneration urinary biomarkers 110 high osmolar 703 pharmacological aspects 78–79 renal papillary necrosis histopathology 700 regulatory action 5-aminosalicylic acid 411 hydration 704 pharmacovigilance 88 analgesic nephropathy 400, 404 hypertension 701 regulatory decision-making NSAIDs 424, 433 incidence 700 pharmacovigilance 89 renal parenchyma iodinated 700 relapsing nephrotic syndrome ACE inhibitors 490

980 INDEX

renal syndromes 423 drug abuse 867 analgesic nephropathy 403 renal transplantation heroin abuse 603–605 beta-lactams 306 Balkan nephropathy 853 in acute kidney injury 10 drug metabolism studies 63 cell culture 230 mushroom nephrotoxicity 764 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 cellular mechanisms 157 paraphenylene diamine 873 poisoning 258 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 636 pesticides 836, 837 tubular secretion 62 methanol intoxication 503 phencyclidine abuse 607 violet tree poisoning 868 smoking 898 rheumatoid arthritis Salmonella 296 tacrolimus nephrotox. 646 analgesic nephropathy 403 salt trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 358 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 642 loading 430, 740 renal transport systems 310 D-penicillamine therapy 465, 466 sandblasters 832 renin-angiotensin system 483–485 gold salt therapy 460 sangoma 859 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619, NSAIDs 437 saquinavir 390 626 silicon containing compounds 836 organic cation transport 57 aristolochic acid nephropathy 761 rheumatologic agents saralasin chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631 dosing in renal failure 937–938 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619 lithium treatment 740 rho kinase inhibitor 190 saturnine gout prostaglandins 421 ribavirin 391 lead nephropathy 777 tacrolimus nephrotox. 647, 649 riboflavin scleroderma replicative senescence 225, 226, 238 and antiretroviral agents 389 cocaine abuse 606 reserpine rickets seafood acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 ifosfamide therapy 518 mercury exposure 812, 817 resident cells rifampicin 138 seal oil chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 immune response 138 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 reticulocytosis risedronate 548 secular trend cadmium-induced renal effects 797 pharmacokinetics 549 Balkan nephropathy 845 retinitis in cytomegalovirus inf. risk management sedatives 609 cidofovir 385 pharmacovigilance 85 dosing in renal failure 939–940 retinol binding protein ritonavir 390 seizures cadmium-induced renal effects 790 organic cation transport 57 star fruit intoxication 902 mercury exposure 820 rituximab 691 selectins organic solvents 831 RNA polymerase sP-selectin 630 silicon containing compounds 834 foscarnet 386 urinary biomarkers 112–113 urinary biomarkers 94 rofecoxib 422, 424, 428, 435, 437 selenite 227 retrograde transport Romania selenium aminoglycosides 272 Balkan nephropathy 844–846 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 retroviruses Round-up 837 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 antiretroviral agents 387 rubber manufacturing Balkan nephropathy 847 ribavirin 391 and paraphenylene diamine 872 cephalosporins 297 reverse transcriptase in renal failure 888 antiretroviral agents 387 S mercury exposure 814 retroviral 386 S3 segment, proximal tubule semustine 519 rhabdomyolysis mercury exposure 818 senecio 864 acute kidney injury 37 oxygen consumption 44 senescence 226, 231 amphetamine 608 sacroplasmic reticulum sepsis antiretroviral agents 389 paraphenylene diamine 873 animal models 180 cocaine abuse 605 salicylate Serbia

981 INDEX

Balkan nephropathy 844–846, 847 silicon containing compounds 832 transport 541 serotonin skin-popping sodium bromate tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 drug injection 599, 600 hair waving 865 serum creatinine skin biopsy sodium thiosulfate acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 625 gadolinium 711 cisplatin therapy 515 animal model, measurement of injury skin induration solvent exposure 181 gadolinium 709 clinical relevance 15 mercury exposure 821 skin lightning creams sorafenib 525 monitoring of renal function 12 mercury exposure 820 soybean lipid nutrition proton pump inhibitors 574 mercury poisoning in Kenya 864 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 624 urinary biomarkers 97–98 SLC34 gene family Spanish fly 862 sevoflurane 539 phosphate cotransporters 580 specific gravity sexual stimulants slimming urinary biomarkers 100 cantharidin 862 aristolochic acid nephropathy 757, speech disturbance sheaves of wheat 758, 761 lithium treatment 741 sulfadiazine 354 SMAD 3 231 speed Shigella 296, 297 SMAD 7 231 amphetamines 866 shock smoking 895 sphingomyelin NSAIDs 427 and analgesic abuse 406 amphotericin B therapy 329 shrunken kidneys cadmium-induced renal effects 786 spironolactone 498 Balkan nephropathy 852 chronic kidney disease 897 and lithium 740 signal detection diabetes mellitus 897 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632 pharmacovigilance 87 endothelin 896, 897 tubular secretion 62 silicon containing compounds 832–836 glomerulosclerosis 897 spirulina Balkan nephropathy 847 microalbuminuria 896 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 chemistry 832 proteinuria 896 spontaneous reports epidemiology 832–835 renal transplantation 898 pharmacovigilance 87 exposure 832 sympathetic overactivity 895 Staphylococci in renal failure 887–888 smooth muscle actin (alpha-) beta-lactams 295, 314 mechanisms 835–836 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 644 vancomycin 281 occupational exposure 832 soda lime star fruit 901–912 pathology 835–836 CO2 absorption 540 intoxication 903–910 silica 832 sodium levels 903 silicates 832 balance juice 909 silicon dioxide 832 renal artery stenosis 485 nephrotoxicity 906–907 silicones 832 depletion neurotoxicity 902–904, 907–910 silicosis 832 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619 biochemistry 907–908 Simian virus 40 (SV40) 226 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. mechanisms 907–910 simvastatin 631, 632 molecular aspects 907–908 animal model of septic injury 182 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 neurobiological aspects 908–910 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 635 dicarboxylate transport system outcome 904–905 sirolimus 650 tubular secretion 49, 52 toxin 910 and cyclosporine 629, 630 excretion 836 treatment 904–905 and tacrolimus 648 restriction STAT3 MDR-glycoprotein transport 61 renin-angiotensin system 483 cellular mechanisms 164 Sjögren’s syndrome retention 428, 435 status epilepticus chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 angiotensin II 483 star fruit intoxication 903, 908

982 INDEX

staurosporine 190 succinate survival stavudine 387 organic anion transport 52 aminoglycoside dosing 277 Stephania tetrandra 758 Sudan chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 637 steroids paraphenylene diamine 871, 873 sympathetic system allopurinol nephropathy 471 suicide attempt acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622, aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 acute kidney injury 609 623 D-penicillamine nephropathy 466 paraphenylene diamine 873 cocaine abuse 605 steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome sulbactam 295 smoking 895 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. sulfadiazine 354–356 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 643 prevention of nephrotoxicity 356 sympathomimetic activity tubular secretion 49 risk factors of nephrotoxicity 355 cocaine abuse 605 Stevens-Johnson syndrome treatment of nephrotoxicity 356 synapsin allopurinol therapy 469, 471 urinary solubility 354 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 stoma sulfamathoxazole 356 synaptosomes 5-aminosalicylic acid 411 concentration 356 star fruit intoxication 908 stone formation sulfapyridine 367 syncytial virus bronchiolitis 5-aminosalicylic acid 412 sulfasalazine 400 ribavirin 391 stop-flow sulfhydryl groups syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic drug transport studies 45, 49 mercury exposure 818 hormone strain differences moiety: captopril 482 proton pump inhibitors 569 knockout mouse model 176 sulfobromoftalein synergism Straws tubular secretion 49 aminoglycosides with other antibiot- amphetamines 866 sulfonamides 353–356 ics 268 Streptococci immune response 138 syphilis Streptococcus pneumoniae 295 pH-dependent reabsorption 47 mercury-containing treatment 812 Streptomyces cattleya 295 sulfone 367 systemic inflammation streptomycin 267 sulindac 424, 428, 430, 431 gadolinium 712 streptozotocin 512, 518, 539 sulphated polysaccharides systemic sclerosis stress activated protein kinases 163 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 643 stress proteins sulphisoxazole D-penicillamine therapy 465, 466 cadmium-induced renal effects 789 drug metabolism studies 63 stress response glomerular filtration 46 T cellular mechanisms 162 sulphoxidation T-cells striped fibrosis gold salt nephropathy 464 activation by drugs 135 tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 sunitib 525 animal model of septic injury stroke 439 superoxide dismutase 182 CD28 deficient mice 182 strontium aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 autoreactive 136, 142 in renal failure 884, 887 animal model, measurement of injury drug-specific 138 strychnine 183 immunomodulators violet tree poisoning 868 beta-lactams 308, 310 CD20+ cells 691 stupor silicon containing compounds 835 CD3+ cells 691 drugs overdose 609 superoxide radicals CD52+ cells 692 heroin abuse 604 radiocontrast agents 701 knockout mouse model sublethal injury suppurative skin infections CD4+ cells 177 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 heroin abuse 599, 600 CD8+ cells 177 succimer supra-bulbar symptoms NSAIDs 431, 432 lead nephropathy 774 lithium treatment 741 proton pump inhibitors 572

983 INDEX

regulatory 133, 134, 138 and lithium 733, 737, 739 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 633 subsets 132–133 thick ascending limb TNF-alpha: See tumor necrosis factor- Th1 and Th2 cells 132–134 amphotericin B therapy 327 alpha T-reg cells 133, 134, 138 lithium transport 727 tobramycin 267 tachycardia thienamycin 295 and beta-lactams 314 phencyclidine abuse 607 thienyl 314 toluene 828 tacrolimus 646–650 thimerosal 812 torsemide acute kidney injury 31 thiourea 310 and lithium 739 acute nephrotoxicity 646–649 thrombocytopenia toxic metabolites cell culture 230 cocaine abuse 606 ethylene glycol 503 chronic nephrotoxicity 649–650 D-penicillamine therapy 465 toxoplasmosis experimental model 649 gold salt therapy 460 pyrimethamine 367 microcirculation model 185 valacyclovir 385 toxoplasmic encephalitis proton pump inhibitors 570 thrombomodulin sulfadiazine 354, 355 Takaout beldia 871 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 trace metal disturbances in renal fail- Tamaris Orientalis 871 thrombopenia ure 883–894 Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein 107 immune response 138 accumulation 886–889 taurine thromboplastin 606 hemodialysis 885–886 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 thrombotic microangiopathy mechanisms 883–886 tazobactam 295 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 626 metal-metal interactions 889 tea acute kidney injury 32 peritoneal dialysis 886 Balkan nephropathy 847 immunomodulators 685 sources 883–886 teicoplanin 284 valacyclovir 385 toxicity 886–889 telomerase 226, 239 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura tracheostomy temafloxacin 371 cocaine abuse 606 paraphenylene diamine 877 tenofovir 387 valacyclovir 385 transcription factors tenoposide 59 thromboxane 435 cellular mechanisms 157 test strip screening acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 transcriptomics 229 urinary biomarkers 96 animal model of septic injury 182 transepithelial electrical resistance tetracycline receptor antagonists (TEER) 238 pharmacokinetics in uremia 915 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 622 transferrin tetraethylammonium thymic factor FTS 309 cadmium-induced renal effects 797 beta-lactams 296 thymidine kinase cell culture 227 cephalosporins 297 acyclovir 384 mercury exposure 820 organic cation transport 55–59 thymoglobulin 693 silicon containing compounds 835 tetrandrine 760 thyroxine urinary biomarkers 104 theophylline 204 lithium treatment 741 transforming growth factor beta and amphotericin B 331, 332 ticarcillin anti-TGF-beta-antibodies hemoperfusion 256 and amphotericin B 333, 342 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. radiocontrast agents 703, 706 tienilic acid 498 632 Therapeutic Goods Administration tigecycline 285 aristolochic acid nephropathy 762 proton pump inhibitors 571 Tik cell culture 230, 231 thermometer factories 813 amphetamines 866 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 632, thiamine tiludronate 634 and antiretroviral agents 389 clinical toxicity 554 gene h3 thiazides 496, 498, 499, 500 tircarcillin 296 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. allopurinol therapy 470 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 645

984 INDEX

models of ischemia 200 rapamycin inhibitors 650 ulcers tacrolimus nephrotox. 649 toxicity in acute kidney injury 8 analgesic nephropathy 406 transfusion tubulitis heroin abuse 599, 600 poisoning 256 proton pump inhibitors 574 ultrasonography transmetallation urinary biomarkers 100–101 bone density measurement 793 gadolinium 714 tubular dilatation indinavir 390 trehalase HIV nephropathy 602 uninephrectomy cadmium-induced renal effects 791 lithium treatment 731 animal model of ischemic injury 178 tremor tubular dysgenesis, fetal United States Renal Data System lithium treatment 741 ACE inhibitors 488 (USRDS) mercury exposure 812, 815, 816 tubular necrosis risk factors for progressive renal Treponema 296 aristolochic acid nephropathy 758 failure 13 triamterene 427, 498 immunomodulators 685 uranium and lithium 740 tubular reabsorption Balkan nephropathy 847 triazolam 139 renal handling 46 urea clearance trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 837 tubular secretion urinary biomarkers 97 Tricholoma equestre 763 drug transport 49 ureidopenicillins 313 trifluoroacetic acid 539 tubulo-glomerular feedback uric acid trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 354, amphotericin B therapy 330 organic anion transport 52 356–362 diuretics 496 uricosuria and aminoglycosides 358, 360 models of ischemia 201 probenecid 61 and amphotericin B 360 tubulo-interstitial nephritis urinary biomarkers 91–130 and cyclosporine 358 aristolochic acid nephropathy 868 amount of drug 93 and penicillin 358 tubulointerstitium biologically effective dose 93 multisystemic reactions 358 proton pump inhibitors 573 biomarkers of effect 93–95 tripelennamine 597, 600 tumor necrosis factor-alpha biomarkers of exposure 93 trypanosomiasis animal model of septic injury 182 biomarkers of susceptibility 95–96 pentamidine 362 cell culture 232 blood levels 93 tryptophan 310 experimental morphine injections 597 blood urea nitrogen 97 tuberculosis immunomodulators 685, 688, 692 categories 92–96 Balkan nephropathy 845 TUNEL staining cell adhesion molecules 112–114 tubocurarine animal models 175 creatinine clearance 98 organic cation transport 57 models of ischemia 200 cytokines 110–112 tubular acidosis Tunisia definitions 92 cisplatin therapy 514 paraphenylene diamine 871 enzymuria 107–109 heroin abuse 600 two-photon microscopy glomerular filtration rate 98–100 tacrolimus nephrotox. 648 microcirculation model 193 individual health assessment 92 tubular atrophy tyrosinase prediction 94 Balkan nephropathy 848, 849, 851, 852 paraphenylene diamine 873 presence of clinical disease 94 lithium treatment 731 tyrosine kinase proteinuria 101–107 zidovudine 388 anti-VEGF therapy 524 renal blood flow 100 tubular basement membrane safety of drugs 92 proton pump inhibitors 572 U serum creatinine 97–98 tubular cells Ukrainians test strip screening 96 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, Balkan nephropathy 845 tissue levels 93 621, 624 ulcerative colitis tubular function 100–101 mercury exposure 819 organic solvents 830 types 92–96

985 INDEX

underlying disease 95 prevention of nephrotoxicity 284 endothelin 115 urea clearance 97 renal transport 282 in acute kidney injury 8 urinalysis 96–97 resistant Enterococci 281 mercury 204 urine microscopy 96–97 therapeutic drug monitoring 283–284 prostaglandin synthesis inhibition urinary tract cancer varicella-zoster virus 488 analgesic nephropathy 406 acyclovir 384 radiocontrast agents 701, 704, 705 urinary tract infections cidofovir 385 vasodilation quinolones 368 varnishes ACE inhibitors 483, 485, 487, 488 trimethoprim-sulfamathoxazole 356, organic solvents 828 radiocontrast agents 703, 705 357 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 vasodilators urinary tract obstruction urinary biomarkers 114 drug dosing in renal failure 931 sulfadiazine 355 vascular endothelial growth factor vasopressin urine microscopy anti-VEGF agents 524 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 urinary biomarkers 96 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 634 cell culture 226, 227 urothelium vascular leak diuretics 501 aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 interleukin-2 therapy 523 vecuronium Balkan nephropathy 846 vascular nephrosclerosis organic cation transport 57 urticaria Balkan nephropathy 848 verapamil proton pump inhibitors 572 vascular resistance cell culture 230 uveitis prostaglandins 421 organic cation transport 57, 58, 61, 62 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 628 vascular smooth muscle cells pentamidine 364 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 641 amphotericin B therapy 330 very late activation antigen-4 vascular surgery urinary biomarkers 114 V gadolinium 712 vesicles vacuolization vascular tone drug transport studies 45 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 273 microcirculation model 185 video-EEG amphotericin B therapy 327 vasculitis star fruit intoxication 908 valacyclovir 384 allopurinol therapy 470 vimentin tubular reabsorption 48 amphetamines 867 cell culture 225 valproate analgesic nephropathy 406 vinblastine and beta-lactams 306 D-penicillamine therapy 465, 467, 468 MDR-glycoprotein transport 60 valsartan diuretics 499 vincristine 59 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 621 paraphenylene diamine 875 MDR-glycoprotein transport 60 chronic cyclosporine nephrotox. 631 small vessel 835 violet tree 868 valvular heart diseases vasoactive hormones viruses aristolochic acid nephropathy 759 prostaglandins 420 Balkan nephropathy 846 vancomycin 281–285 vasoconstriction Visicol 581 absorption 281 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 619 vitamin C alternative antibiotics 284–285 acyclovir 384 aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 and aminoglycosides 269 amphotericin B therapy 328, 330 oxalate 750 and beta-lactams 313 angiotensin II 483 vancomycin nephrotoxicity 284 and cyclosporine 627 animal model of nephrotoxic injury vitamin D distribution 281 180 cadmium-induced renal effects 794 elimination 282 animal model of septic injury 181 heroin abuse 604 epidemiology 282–283 animal models 176 trace metal disturbances in renal nephrotoxicity 283 cell culture 225, 237 failure 884 pharmacokinetics 281–282 cocaine abuse 606 vitamin E

986 INDEX

acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 623 X aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity 279 x-ray fluorescence beta-lactams 310 lead nephropathy 774 cephalosporin nephrotoxicity 310 mercury determination 816 vancomycin nephrotoxicity 284 xanthine oxidase 469 vitamin K deficiency xanthine stone formation beta-lactams 300 allopurinol therapy 469 volatile anesthetics 539 xantochromia volume contraction Balkan nephropathy 850 acyclovir 384 xenobiotics NSAIDs 427 urinary biomarkers 93 pesticides 836 xylene 828 volume depletion beta-lactams 313 Y cocaine abuse 606 yams 868 diuretics 497 phencyclidine abuse 607 Z vomiting zerealenone star fruit intoxication 903 Balkan nephropathy 847 von Kossa stain zidovudine 387 calcium phosphate deposition 581 MRP transporters 59 von Willebrand factor tubular secretion 63 acute cyclosporine nephrotox. 620, zinc 630 gadolinium 715 cell culture 225 in renal failure 888 voriconazole 339 refinery 796 vulnerability of the kidney 44 smelters cadmium-induced renal effects 786 W zoledronic acid 548 warfarin clinical toxicity 555 glomerular filtration 46 pharmacokinetics 549 pH-dependent reabsorption 48 zwitterions water retention 428 beta-lactams 312 Wegener’s granulomatosis cephalosporins 298 silicon containing compounds 835 organic cation transport 58, 62 whiskey lead nephropathy 775 WHO Drug Monitoring Centre proton pump inhibitors 571 Wild Wisteria 868 Wilson’s disease copper sulphate 866 D-penicillamine therapy 466 World Health Organization mercury-containing products 813

987