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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85226-5 - Mars: An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere Nadine Barlow Index More information

Index

2001: A Space Odyssey 13 Aram Chaos 83 Archimedes’ principle 58 aa flows 122, 123 Ares Vallis 12, 83, 87, 151 absolute ages (see absolute chronology) Argyre 41, 118, 157, 159, 162, 164 absolute chronology 104, 109 Arsia Mons 126, 127 accretion 28–9, 36, 185, 189 Ascraeus Mons 126, 127, 135 accretionary heating 31, 42 ash 124, 130, 131 Acidalia 82, 139 aspect ratio 123, 127 adiabatic lapse rate 167, 168, 170, 176, 177, 183 asteroids 26–7, 30, 108, 189, 193 Aeolis 141 asthenosphere 64, 71, 133 aerocentric latitude 52, 53 atmosphere 3, 8, 116, 162, 163–86, 187, 193, 194, aerographic latitude 52, 53 203, 216, 218 Airy-0 53 circulation 178, 181–3 Airy isostacy 58, 59 composition 164 Alba Patera 60, 129, 130, 134, 135, 192 evolution 185–6 albedo 26, 72–3, 74, 98, 156, 157 lower 171, 172, 182 bond 22, 72, 97 middle 171, 172 geometric 22, 73 structure 171–3 Albor Tholus 125, 126 upper 171, 172–3, 218 ALH84001 35, 85, 87, 207–8 Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Meteorology alluvial fans 151, 153, 193 Package (ASI/MET) 12 Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) 14, 81, atmospheric surface pressure 8, 16, 163, 172, 180, 198 88, 92 atomic mass unit 165 Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) 12, 88 AUGUST 17 Amazonian Period 110, 111, 120, 126, 127, 135, 138, aureole 129 150, 158, 161, 163, 188, 190, 192, 195, 202 aurora 18 Amazonis Planitia 110, 130, 131, 135, 164 Avogadro’s number 168 Ampe`re’s law 67 Amphitrites Patera 126 backward contamination 212 Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms barchan dunes 144, 145 (ASPERA) 18 barometric equation 165 Anderson, E.M. 4 basalt 83, 88, 89, 91, 93, 122, 126, 130 Anderson’s Theory of Faulting 134 Basaltic Achondrite Best Initial (BABI) 34 andesite 83, 88, 89, 93 Basin and Range 134 angle of repose 124, 140 Beagle 2 18, 209, 210 angular momentum 181 Beer, Wilhelm 3, 53 Antarctica 212 Beer’s law 170 Antoniadi, E.M. 3 Biblis Patera 130 aphelion 20 blueberries 91 Apollinaris Patera 126 body waves 63–4 Apollo 10, 30, 48, 109, 215, 219 bolide ratio 110 aquifer 195, 200 Boltzmann’s constant 165 Arabia 85, 130, 148, 164, 194, 202 Bouguer, Pierre 58

257

258 Index

Bouguer anomaly 58, 60 convection 40–1, 44, 64, 65–6, 166–9, 170, 172, Bouguer correction 58 177, 183, 184 Brahe, Tycho 2 coordinate systems 52–4 bulk composition 37–9, 219 Copernicus, Nicholaus 1 bulk modulus 63 Coprates Chasma 19, 138 Coracis Fossae 66 caldera 112, 122, 124, 127, 129 core 44, 57, 66, 71 canals 3–5, 203, 216 core formation 37, 39, 42 canali 3 Coriolis force 155, 178, 181, 182 Candor Chasma 138 crater (see impact craters) carbon dioxide (CO2) 8, 15, 151, 153, 154, 157, 163, crater density 47, 104, 156 190–1, 201 crater size–frequency distributions 104–6 carbonate 70, 83, 84, 87, 93, 207, 208 crater statistics 104–10 Cassini, Giovanni 2 creep 141, 156 Centauri Montes 214 crust 70, 71, 95 center of figure (COF) 52, 56 crustal dichotomy (see hemispheric dichotomy) center of mass (COM) 51, 56 crustal thickness 41, 44, 60, 63, 71 central peak 115, 118, 119 cryosphere 200, 201 central pit 118, 119, 200, 202 cryptic region 157 centrifugal potential 57 crystallization age 33–4, 109 Ceraunius Patera 130 cumulative size–frequency distribution 48, 105 Cerberus 131, 199, 200 Curie temperature 68 chalcophile elements 31 channel 3, 9, 147–50, 152, 190, 204, 216 D/H ratio 189–90, 193 Channeled Scablands 150 Dawes, William 3 chaotic terrain 135, 148, 150 debris aprons 158 Chasma Australe 155 Deep Space 2 (DS2) 7, 13 Chasma Boreale 144, 155 Deimos 3, 8, 25–6, 26–7, 197 chassignites 35 deltas 151 chemical remnant magnetization (CRM) 68 dendritic channels 149 chemical weathering 94 density 22, 23, 98, 165 Chryse Planitia 10, 12, 87 density scale height 166 Cimmeria 44, 68, 69, 70 deuterium 185, 189 cinder cones 121, 124 Deuteronilus Mensae 195 cirques 158 dichotomy (see hemispheric dichotomy) Claritas 135 differentiation 31, 36, 64, 185, 193 Clausius-Clapeyron equation 176 diffusion term 67 clathrates 190, 191, 195 dikes 41, 70, 127, 138 climate 183–4, 194, 218 discharge 149, 150 climate change 164, 186, 197–9, 216 distributary fans 151, 152, 193 climate cycles 144, 155, 156 domes (see tholii) clouds 173–7 drill 211, 218 condensate 157, 181 duricrust 95, 100 dust 2 dust 16, 35, 87, 88, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100–1, 130, 141, orographic 175, 176, 184 144, 156, 157, 166, 172, 184 white 2, 175, 176 dust cycle 76, 83, 90, 180 color 73, 75, 94 dust devils 100, 101, 146, 173, 174, 183, 184 Columbia Hills 14, 89, 90, 219 dust storms 8, 9, 15, 88, 93, 100, 126, 157, 164, Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) 212, 173–5, 184 213, 214 Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Eagle Crater 14, 91, 92, 93 Mars (CRISM) 80, 217 Early Heavy Bombardment Period 30 complex craters 114, 115, 118, 119 Eberswalde Crater 152 composite volcano (see stratovolcano) eccentricity (see orbital eccentricity) composition 76–93 EETA 79001 53 compressional faults (see thrust faults) ejecta blanket 114, 115–16, 161 compressional stress 134, 139, 140 continuous 115, 116 condensation flow (see seasonal cycles) discontinuous 115, 116 cones 131 layered 116, 117, 200, 202 contact/compression stage 112 elastic lithosphere 66 conduction 64, 65, 166 elastic material 132

Index 259

electrical conductivity 67 glacial activity 158–61, 190, 195, 196, 198, 199, electrostatic charging 101 213, 216 elemental abundances 85 glacier (see glacial activity) Elysium 60, 63, 66, 85, 110, 124, 125, 126, 135, 161, Gould, M. 3 164, 193, 202 graben 129, 130, 134, 135, 139 Elysium Mons 125, 126, 127 Grand Canyon 104 emission coefficient 169 gravitational potential 54–5 emmissivity 98, 157 gravity 22, 54–60, 140, 149 Endurance Crater 93 gravity anomalies 57–60, 61 eolian processes 120, 141–7 Great Escape, The (TGE) 218 Erebus Crater 110 Green, Nathaniel 3 erg 144 greenhouse gases 185, 198 erosion 107, 108, 110, 120, 149, 154, 192 greenhouse warming 98, 163, 164, 172, 185, 195 escape velocity 22, 173 ground ice 150, 202 eskers 158, 159 groundwater 149, 150, 158, 216 equilibrium condensation 29 gullies 151, 153, 158, 190, 191, 199, 213, 214, 216 excavation stage 113–18 Gusev Crater 14, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 101, 174, 219 exhumation 193 exobase 173, 186 Hadley cell circulation 178–9, 181, 183, 184 ExoMars 211–12, 218, 256 Hadriaca Patera 126 extensional faults (see normal faults) Hale-Bopp 189 extensional stress 134, 139 half-life 33 extinction coefficient 169 Hall, Asaph 3, 23 extreme ultraviolet 166, 172 Hall, Chloe Angeline Stickney 23 Halley 189 Faraday’s law of inductance 67 haze 173, 174, 176, 183 faults 63, 70, 134, 149 heat flow 41, 64–6, 185, 195, 201, 219 þ ferric iron (Fe3 ) 82, 88 heat flux (see heat flow) ferromagnetism 68 heavy bombardment period 30, 162 þ ferrous iron (Fe2 ) 82 Hecates Tholus 125, 127 first law of thermodynamics 167 Hellas 41, 60, 62, 73, 75, 99, 118, 146, 157, 158, 159, Flammarion, Nicolas 3 162, 164 flattening 22, 23, 51, 57 hematite 83, 91, 126 Flaugergues, Honore´ 2 hemispheric dichotomy 41, 44, 60, 69, 139, 148, 160, flood basalts 121, 122, 124, 127, 140, 193 195, 202 fluvial processes 110, 147–51, 162, 190, 193 Herschel, William 2 fog 173, 174, 183 Hesperia Planum 110 folding 133 Hesperian period 43, 84, 110, 111, 120, 126, 127, 130, forward contamination 212 135, 138, 140, 150, 158, 161, 163, 190, 192, 193, Fourier’s law 65, 166 194, 195, 202 fractional crystallization 43 High-Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) 79, 201 free air anomaly 58 High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment fretted channels 149, 160 (HiRISE) 156, 217 fretted terrain 148, 160 High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) 18, 19, 24, friction speed 143 123, 127, 131, 159, 198, 217 frost outlier 157 Holden Crater 152 Hooke’s law 132 Galileo 2, 110 horst 134 Galle Crater 152 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 5, 76, 82, 153, Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) 13, 79–81, 85, 86, 175, 184 158, 164, 187, 191, 201, 210 Hugoniot equations 112, 113 Ganges Chasma 83, 138 human missions 219 Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Huygens, Christiaan 2 206, 211 Hyakutake 189 gas constant 168 hydraulic radius 149 Gas Exchange (GEx) experiment 205, 206 hydrologic cycle 195 geochronology 32–4, 104 hydrostatic equilibrium, equation of 165 geoid 57, 60, 165 hydrothermal activity 41, 150, 204, 209, 214 geologic history 161–3 Geophysics / Environment Package (GEP) 212, 218 ice (see water) geothermal flux 200, 219 ice stability 202

260 Index

ideal gas law 165 Lunar Crater Chronology (LCC) 48, 109 igneous rocks 102, 103 Lunar Receiving Laboratory 215 ignimbrites 124 Lyot Crater 119, 160 Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) 12 impact craters 60, 110–20, 139, 150, 161, 185, 192, Ma’adim Valles 89 193, 202, 204, 214 maars 120 impact creep 141, 143, 149 magma ocean 42–3, 64 impact erosion 186, 193 magnetic field 8, 16, 41–2, 66–70, 185, 203 inclination (see orbital inclination) magnetic diffusivity 67 induction equation 67 magnetic permeability 67 infrared 78, 86, 166, 172 magnetic properties 95–7, 101 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) 80 Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer (MAG / ER) infrared sounding 171 12, 41, 67, 68, 69 infrared spectrometer 211 Manning equation 149 Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) 11, 80, 97 Manning roughness coefficient 149 intercrater plains 124, 161 mantle 37, 38, 40, 71, 189 International Astronomical Union (IAU) 53 mantle plumes 41, 45, 66, 127 interior structure 70–1, 219 mantling deposits 199, 213 ionosphere 16, 67, 172 maps 3 Isidis 18, 41, 209, 210 Maraldi, Giacomo 2 isochron line 34, 52 Mariner 3 6, 8 isochron plots 107, 110 Mariner 4 6, 8, 9, 163, 204 isostacy 58–60 Mariner 6 6, 8, 80, 163, 204 isostacy equation 58 Mariner 7 6, 8, 80, 163, 204 isostatic compensation 58 Mariner 8 6, 8 Mariner 9 6, 8–10, 53, 80, 126, 147, 182, 187, 191, jarosite 91 204, 216 Jeans’ escape 186 Mars 1 6, 15 Johnson Space Center 215 Mars 2 6, 8, 15–16 joints 134, 149 Mars 3 6, 8, 15–16 Jovis Tholus 130 Mars 4 6, 16 Mars 5 6, 16 katabatic winds 155 Mars 6 6, 16–17 Kepler, Johannes 2, 20 Mars 7 6, 16–17 Kilauea Volcano 123 Mars 96 7, 17, 64, 256 Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Labeled Release (LR) experiment 206 Sounding (MARSIS) 18, 19, 41, 43, 76, 78, laminar flow 142, 146, 149 202, 217 landslides 138, 140, 190 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Laplace’s equation 54 218 Late Heavy Bombardment 30, 47, 108, 186, 193 Mars Atmospheric Water Detector (MAWD) 10 lava channels 122, 123, 127 Mars Climate Imager (MARCI) 218 lava dome 124 Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO) 7, 12–13 lava fountain 124 Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) 218 lava tubes 122, 123 Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) 7, 13–15, 101, 171, layered deposits 138, 150, 152 191, 211, 216, 218, 219, 256 Legendre polynomials 55 Spirit 7, 13–14, 81, 87, 88–91, 97, 101, 174, life 3, 4, 10, 203–15, 216 216, 219 lineated terrain 159 Opportunity 7, 13, 18, 38, 87, 91–2, 93, 96, 97, 145, lineated valley fill 161 151, 193, 194, 204, 216, 217 lithophile elements 31, 38, 39 Mars Express (MEx) 7, 18, 80, 162, 187, lithosphere 44, 66, 71, 130, 133, 193 216, 256 loess 144 Mars Global Circulation Models (MGCMs) log-incremental size–frequency distribution 106 182–3, 218 longitude of Sun (LS) 21 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) 7, 11–12, 54, 56, 66, longitudinal dunes 144, 145 80, 129, 144, 162, 187, 193, 213, 216, 255 Lowell, Percival 4–5, 203, 216 Mars Observer 7, 11, 13 Lowell Observatory 4 Mars Odyssey (MO) 7, 13, 80, 129, 162, 187, 193, Luna 30, 109 216, 256 Lunae Planum 121, 140 Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) 11, 54, 75, 129, 150, lunar cataclysm 30 174, 175, 184, 196, 197, 198, 217

Index 261

Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) 5, 11, 41, 43, Nili Patera 83, 84, 126 51, 53, 60, 62, 63, 76, 77, 122, 128, 129, 130, Nilosyrtis Mensae 148 131, 138, 139, 140, 144, 195, 196, 217 Noachian period 84, 110, 111, 120, 126, 127, 135, Mars Organics and Oxidants Detector 211 138, 150, 151, 161, 162, 185, 187, 188, 191–3 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) 7, 12, 56, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, Noachis 110 100, 101, 171, 172, 174, 177, 219, 255 noble gases 35, 40, 193 Mars Polar Lander (MPL) 7, 13 Noctis Labyrinthus 135 Mars Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) 18 normal faults 134, 135, 139 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) 7, 15, 80, 187 Nozomi 7, 19, 256 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) 15, 211, 218 Mars Scout 218 obliquity 2, 3, 20, 21, 156, 158, 162, 164, 186, Martian Chronicles, The 4 197–9, 216 martian meteorites 31, 35–6, 37–9, 54, 59, 85–7, 88, Observatoire pour la Mine´ralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces, 189, 190, 216, 219 et l’Activite´ (OMEGA) 18, 38, 80, 83, 84, 162, Martian Radiation Experiment (MARIE) 13–15, 203 191, 193, 216 Marwth Vallis 84 occultation spectrometer (see AUGUST) mass 22, 23, 55 ocean 190, 194–7 mass movement 140–1 Oceanus Borealis 195, 196, 197 Mauna Loa 121 Ohm’s law 67 Maxwell distribution function 173 olivine 71, 83, 93, 196 Maxwell’s equations 67 Olympia Planitia 144, 157 Medusae Fossae Formation 76, 130, 131, 146 Olympus Mons 60, 62, 122, 125, 126, 129, 147, Meroe Patera 126 197, 199 Meridiani 14, 53, 83, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 130, 145, 151, Opportunity (see Mars Exploration Rovers) 193, 194, 204 opposition 21, 22 mesoscale models 182, 218 optical depth 166, 169 mesosphere (see atmosphere, middle) orbital distance 19, 20 metamorphic rocks 103 orbital eccentricity 19, 20, 164, 183, 197, 198 Meteor Crater 112 orbital inclination 19, 20, 197 meteorological package 211, 218 orbital period 20 Meterological Station (MET) 218 orbital properties 20 20 21 methane (CH4) 18, 151, 190, 208–9 orbital velocity , Microscopic Imager (MI) 14, 88, 91, 92 Orientale Basin 107 Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity outflow channels 10, 135, 148, 149, 150, 158, 162, Analyzer (MECA) 218 190, 191, 195, 200, 214 Milankovitch cycles 197 outgassing 38, 187, 209 mineral 102 oxygen isotopes 35, 38–59 Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer ozone 16, 172, 204 (Mini-TES) 14, 88, 97 model age 34 pahoehoe flows 122, 123 modification stage 118 paleolake 88, 150, 193 moments of inertia 44, 51, 52, 56–7 paleomagnetic poles 70 moraines 158, 159 Palomar Observatory 5 Mo¨ssbauer spectrometer 15, 81, 88, 97, 101, 211 Panoramic Camera (Pancam) 14, 97 Mountains of Mitchell 157 paramagnetism 68 Mt. St. Helens 121 Pasteur 211, 218 multi-ring basins 118 paterae 124, 126, 161, 185 Pavonis Mons 123, 126, 127 nakhlites 35 peak ring 118, 119 name 1 pedestal craters 120 nanobacteria 208 perihelion 20, 175, 184, 197 Navier–Stokes equation 65 permafrost 158, 195, 200, 202 Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer permittivity of free space 67 (NICMOS) 78 phase integral 73 Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (ISM) 17, 80 Phobos 3, 8, 17, 24–5, 26–7, 197 Neutron Spectrometer (NS) 79, 201, 218 Phobos 1 7, 17 neutrons 85, 201–2 Phobos 2 7, 17, 80, 82 epithermal 80, 201–2 Phoenix 15, 210–11, 218 fast 80, 201 phosphates 38 thermal 80, 201 phyllosian period 84, 162, 193 Newtonian fluid 132 phyllosilicates 84, 93, 162, 185, 193

262 Index

physical properties 22 rock abundance 76, 100 physical weathering 94 rock cycle 103 pingos 158 rock fall 140 planetary boundary layer 182 rockslide 140 planetary embryos 29 Rossby wave 181 Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) 18, 80, 208, 217 rotation axis tilt (see obliquity) planetary protection 212–15 rotation period 2, 3, 21, 22 planetesimals 28, 187 roughness 75–6, 77, 196 plate tectonics 41, 43–5, 70, 135 polar caps 2, 3, 15, 75, 76, 78, 144, 151–5, 156–7, salt 89, 90, 91, 92, 164, 212 164, 180, 181, 184, 187, 199, 200 saltation 141, 143, 146, 149 polar hood 157, 173 sample return 212, 214 polar layered deposits 76, 78, 130, 144, 146, 151, sand 95, 142, 144 155–6, 199, 200 sand dunes 96, 144, 145 polar regions 151–8 sapping 149, 150, 191, 200 polar wander 70 saturation 107 polygonal terrain 139, 158, 160 scale height 165, 178, 183 Pratt isostacy 58, 59 Schiaparelli, Giovanni 3, 73 precession constant 56 seasonal cycles 172, 180, 181, 183 precession rate 22, 23, 56 CO2 180 primary (P) waves 63–4 H2O 180–1 prime meridian 53 seasons 3, 21 principal axes 52 secondary craters 108–9, 115, 116 Proctor, Richard 3 secondary (S) waves 63–4 production populations 108 sectoral harmonics 55 pseudocraters 158 sedimentary rocks 103 pyroclastic deposits 124, 126, 127, 129, 130 sediments 150, 193, 195 Pyrolytic Release (PR) experiment 205–6 seismic 60–4, 112, 135, 219 semimajor axis (see orbital distance) R-plot (see relative size–frequency distribution) Shallow Radar (SHARAD) 76, 78, radar 5, 75–6, 211 202, 217 radioactive age dating (see geochronology) shape 51–2 radioactive elements 31, 185 shear modulus 63 radiation 169–71, 203–4, 211 shear stress 143 radiative equilibrium 171 shergottites 35, 53, 85, 89 radiative transfer equation 170 shield volcanoes 121, 122, 125, 126, 130 radio occultation 171, 182 shorelines 195, 196, 197 Radio Science Experiment 12, 60 sidereal orbital period 1, 20 radius 22, 23, 51 siderikian period 84, 163 rainfall 110, 120, 150, 162, 185, 191, 192, 195 siderophile elements 31, 37, 39 Raman spectrometer 211 simple craters 114, 115, 118 rarefaction wave 112–14 simple-to-complex transition diameter 114 Ravi Vallis 148 Sinai Planum 135 Rayleigh number 65 Sirenum 44, 68, 69, 70 reflection spectroscopy 76, 82 slope 140, 149 refractory elements 29 slope streaks 141, 213 regolith 25, 94–7, 181, 190, 204 SNC meteorites (see martian meteorites) relative chronology 104 snow 149, 150, 157, 162, 196 relative humidity 176 soil properties 96 relative size–frequency distribution 105–6 Sojourner 12, 101, 147 remnant magnetism 44, 46, 68–70, 203 sol 22 retrograde motion 1–2 solar heating (see solar insolation) Reynolds’ number 142 solar insolation 164, 166, 177, 178, 180, 197, 198, Richardson Crater 145 201, 202 ridged plains 73, 107, 110, 124, 140, 161, 193 solar wind 185, 189, 218 Ries Crater 112 solar wind erosion 193 ripples 144, 145 solid state convection 64 Robotic Arm Camera (RAC) 218 Solis Planum 135 robotic missions 219 source function 170 rock 88, 93, 98, 102, 146 special region 213–14 Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) 14, 88, 97 specific heat 65, 98, 167, 176

Index 263

Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) 12, 35, 74, 79, the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) 18, 80, 217 80, 82–3, 89, 91, 97, 99, 157, 182, 191, 216, 217 spherical harmonics 55 thermal evolution 39–42, 219 spherules 91 thermal expansion coefficient 65 spiral scarps 155 thermal gradient 65, 170 spiral troughs 144, 155 thermal heat capacity 167 Spirit (see Mars Exploration Rovers) thermal inertia 11, 15, 16, 97–100, 144, 146, 156, 157, stagnant lid 44–5 198, 202 Stealth region 76 thermal infrared radiometer (KRFM) 17, 80 Stefan–Boltzmann constant 97 thermal models 42–5 Stefan–Boltzmann law 97 thermal remnant magnetization (TRM) 68 Steno, Nicolaus 103 thermal skin depth 98 Stickney 23, 24, 25 thermal tides 172, 179, 183 Stokes’ drag equation 142 thermal wind equation 178 storm systems 175, 184 thermokarst 158, 160 strain 132 thermosphere (see atmosphere, upper) static threshold friction speed 143 tholii 126 stratigraphy 103, 111, 138 threshold velocity 142–4 stratosphere 172 thrust faults 134, 135, 139 stratovolcanoes 121, 124 thumbprint terrain 158, 159 stress 132, 134 topography 41, 60, 62, 157, 183, 201 strike-slip faults 134, 135 traction 141, 143, 149 sublimation 120, 154, 155, 157, 163, 197 transection 103, 135 sulfate 83, 84, 89, 91, 93, 194 transient crater 114, 118 sulfur 39, 84, 92, 144, 163, 194, 212 transverse dunes 144, 145 Sunset Crater 121, 123 Trojan asteroids 27 superadiabatic conditions 170 turbulence 142, 145, 146, 149 superposition 103, 104 Tyrrhena Patera 125, 126 surface gravity (see gravity) surface pressure (see atmospheric surface pressure) ultraviolet 166, 172, 176, 204 Surface Stereo Imager (SSI) 218 Ulysses Patera 130 suspension 141, 143, 149 Uranius Patera 130 synodic orbital period 1, 20 Uranius Tholus 130 Syria Planum 135, 138 US Naval Observatory 23 Syrtis Major 2, 73, 75, 82, 84, 85, 126 Utopia 10, 41, 82, 87, 139, 160 Uzboi Valles 152 tectonism 132–40, 160, 161 Tempe Terra 135 Valles Marineris 9, 19, 40, 61, 83, 99, 130, 135–9, temperature 15, 22, 163, 203, 213 141, 150, 161, 173, 175, 195 brightness 98 valley networks 147, 148, 149, 150, 162, 185, 191, condensation 180 192, 200 effective 98, 185 vapor partial pressure 176, 199 equilibrium 97–8, 163 Vastitas Borealis 140 potential 178 ventifacts 146 temperature inversion 172, 183 vernal equinox 21 TERMOSKAN 17, 80 Victoria Crater 217 Terra Meridiani (see Meridiani) Viking 1 6, 10, 25 terrain softening 133 Viking 2 6, 10 tesseral harmonics 55 Viking 1 lander 10, 87, 100, 171, 172, 177, 180 Tharsis 40–1, 43, 45, 51, 52, 60, 61, 66, 70, 73, 85, 99, Viking 2 lander 87, 100, 171, 172 107, 110, 124, 126, 127–30, 131, 134, 135, 136, Viking biology experiments 11, 204–7 138, 158, 161, 175, 176, 185, 193, 195, 202 Viking landers 11, 56, 64, 81, 95, 204, 205, Tharsis Tholus 130 213, 216 theiikian period 84, 163, 194 Viking orbiters 10–11, 47, 53, 54, 80, 130, 182, 187, Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) 211, 218 191, 255 thermal conductivity 65, 98 viscoelastic material 132 thermal continents 164, 182, 183 viscoelastic relaxation time 132 thermal diffusion equation 65, 166 viscosity 65, 120, 121, 123, 132, 149 thermal diffusivity 65 viscous material 132 Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) 13, 35, Vision for Space Exploration 219 79, 80, 83, 97, 129, 191, 198, 216, 217 volatile elements 29

264 Index

volcanism 35, 40–1, 120–32, 161, 185, 193, 204, 209, condensation flow 179 214, 216 easterlies 178 von Ma¨dler, Johan 3, 53 meridional 178, 180, 181, 183 vugs 91, 92, 94 trade 184 westerlies 178, 183 wall terraces 118, 119, 140 zonal 178, 181, 183 War of the Worlds 4 wind direction 177, 184 Warrego Valles 148 wind streaks 145–6, 184 water (H2O) 38–9, 85, 86, 91, 138, 147–51, 153, 157, wrinkle ridges 66, 134, 135, 139, 140 158, 162, 163, 185, 187–202, 203, 213, 216 water activity 213 X-ray diffractometer 211 wave X-ray fluorescence 81, 87 atmospheric 172, 181 gravity 183 yardangs 146, 147 stationary 181, 183 Yellowstone 121 traveling planetary 182, 183 Young’s modulus 132 wave of darkening 3–4 wave number of planetary wave 183 zenith angle 170 wavenumber 78 zonal harmonics 55 weather 182, 183, 218 Zond 2 6, 15 whole rock age 34 Zond 3 15 wind 141, 173, 177–81 Zunil 109