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Applied Psychology: the Legacy of Functionalism

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Applied Psychology: the Legacy of Functionalism PSYC 4600 1st Edition Exam#3 Study Guide: Chapters 8-11 Chapter 8 Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism Applied Psychology represented a shift to a practical psychology--Not “what is the mind?” but rather “what does it do?” Economic Influences on Applied Psychology o Number of PhDs growing; needed new job options Three major areas of applied psychology: Psychological Testing, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, & Clinical Psychology THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING MOVEMENT James McKeenCattell (1860-1944) Coined term mental test Work was similar to (and inspired by) Galton Alfred Binet (1857–1911) Disagreed with Galton and Cattell’s approach; higher-level cognitive functions more appropriate measure of intelligence Came up with concept of Mental age Developed the first intelligence test Lewis M. Terman (1877-1956) Developed the Stanford-Binet (now standard version of Binet’s test) Formalized the concept of Intelligence quotient (IQ) Henry Goddard (1866-1957) Original translator of Binet test to English Proponent of using psychological testing to screen immigrants to United States Impact of World Wars on Psychological Testing Army Alpha and Army Beta – concept of group testing Psychological testing gained public acceptance Public education system in U.S. reorganized around IQ Many psychologists found gainful employment developing and applying psychological tests THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY MOVEMENT Pioneer: LightnerWitmer (1867-1956) o Began the field of clinical psychology Different from modern clinical psychology: focused on assessing and treating learning and behavioral problems in schoolchildren Major impact on clinical psychology: WWII o VA established training programs for hundreds of clinical psychologists to treat military personnel o Shift from child to adult population THE INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL MOVEMENT Pioneer: Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955) o First to apply psychology to personnel selection, management, and advertising The Impact of the World Wars o World War I: Monumental increase in the scope, popularity, and growth of industrial- organizational psychology o World War II: Brought psychologists into war work for testing, screening, and classifying recruits The Hawthorne Studies o Social/psychological workplace more important than physical conditions Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878–1972) First PhD in I/O Psychology Expertise: efficiency; applied ideas to workplace and home environment Discriminated against in business and in publishing Worked together with husband, construction business owner -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916) Münsterberg Hand-picked by William James to head lab at Harvard University First denounced applied psychology but eventually became the public face of the field Many different interests: Forensic, psychotherapy, I/O Factors that fostered the rise of applied psychology: Darwin’s notion of adaptation and function Galton’s measurement of individual differences The American intellectual focus on the practical and the useful The shift within academic research laboratories from content to function brought about by James, Angell, and Woodworth Economic and social factors and the forces of war Chapter 9 Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences Philosophical underpinnings of Behaviorism British empiricists Mechanism – trace from Descartes Positivism – trace from Comte Animal/Comparative Psychology a major antecedent of Watson’s Behaviorism Built on pioneering work of Romanes and Morgan Attempts to demonstrate existence of mind in lower organisms and continuity between animal and human minds Methodology was becoming more objective Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) German physiologist and zoologist; faculty at Univ. of Chicago (where Watson met him) Tropism Associative memory A small but busy field Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949).
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