DOCSLIB.ORG

Special Feature

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Special Feature special feature ur world is becoming increasingly violent. Social and political initiatives everywhere are seeking to counteract escalating trends of suicide, aggres- sion, crime, destruction of the environment and ultimately, war. Groundbreaking research has uncovered the source of why we as a species are either brutal and fearful, or peaceful and loving. This research produced the term SomatoSensory Affectional Deprivation Syndrome (SSADS), which describes a complex pattern of depression, violence, and fear created within the brain from the lack of affectional bonding between infant and mother and deprivation of bodily pleasure. Prams, cots, bottlefeeding, circumcision, medicalised births, early day care and sexual repression are just a few of the cul- turally supported facets of separation that contribute to vary- ing degrees of failed bonding, leading ultimately to the explod- ing rates of depression, violence, suicide and sexual abuse in Western countries today. Until the source is acknowledged, initiatives towards peace and justice are rendered fruitless, as world history affirms. The Origins of Love Featuring How Culture Shapes the Developing Brain and the Future of Humanity By James W. Prescott, Ph.D. Institute of Humanistic Science And Bonding: the Origin of Love by Merryn Callander Photo by Gabrielle Gawne-Kelnar special feature How Culture Shapes the Developing Brain and the Future of Humanity By James W. Prescott, Ph.D. Institute of Humanistic Science The greatest terror a child can have is that he is not loved, and rejection is the hell he fears. I think everyone in the world to a large or small extent has felt rejection. And with rejection comes anger, and with anger some kind of crime in revenge for the rejection, and with the crime guilt — and there is the story of mankind. John Steinbeck—East of Eden, 1952 ithout embodied love, share 99% of our genes, is the most mutilation, the violence of homicide and peace is not possible. peaceful primate on the planet? For too suicide and parental violence against Without integrative bodily long the false genetic mechanism for offspring. pleasure, moral behaviours determining and controlling behaviour The Time-Life documentary, Rock- Wof peace, harmony and human equality has been pursued. a Bye Baby, documented some of the are not possible. Depression replaces scientific breakthroughs that were made joy and drugs are sought to drown the Our peaceful ancestors possible through research supported by depression, the anger and rage that As De Waal and Lanting (1997) note: the National Institute of Child Health escalates into the violence of homicide, Had bonobos been known earlier, and Human Development (NICHD), and suicide. Steinbeck recognised these reconstruction of human evolution might National Institute of Health (NIH) in facts, which science has now abun- have emphasized sexual relations, equality the 1960’s and 1970’s. This documentary dantly documented. The biobehavioural between males and females, and the origin film was premiered at the 1970 White research supporting these relationships, of the family, instead of war, hunting, tool House Conference on Children. It is as however, has been ignored by the technology, and other masculine fortes. relevant today, as it was over 30 years bureaucratic biomedical scientists and Bonobo society seems ruled by the ‘Make ago. (http://www.violence.de/tv/ the political-religious stewards of soci- Love, Not War’ slogan of the 1960s rather rockabye.html) ety. Biomedicine has wrongly assumed than the myth of a bloodthirsty killer ape Research by Drs. William Mason that genes and not life experience has the that has dominated textbooks for at least and Gershon Berkson demonstrated primary role in shaping the developing three decades. that introducing infant monkeys to brain for peaceful or violent behaviours, According to Hrdy in her book Mother artificial body movement provided which has misdirected research on this Nature, great ape mothers carry their by a ‘swinging’ mother surrogate subject for the past half century that has infants wherever they go. Fathers, by could prevent the adult emotional/ prevented health programs for true pre- comparison, are rarely in direct contact social/sexual and violent behavioural vention. Drug ‘therapy’ is treatment not with babies. And ‘It was the mother who pathologies that developed in stationary prevention. continuously carried the infant in skin- mother surrogate reared infant monkeys. Genetic engineering and medical to-skin contact — stomach to stomach, These findings led to my development drugs, unfortunately, dominate the chest to breast. Soothed by her heartbeat, of the brain-behavioural theory of the political-social-monetary landscape for nestled in the heat of her body, rocked by ‘maternal-social deprivation’ syndrome changing and controlling individual her movements, the infant’s entire world that I called SomatoSensory Affectional behaviour rather than changing our was its mother. No wild monkey or ape Deprivation (SSAD) that placed the society and culture for changing and mother has ever been observed to deliberately cerebellum in a central role in the liberating human behaviour from the harm her own baby.’ (p. 179). regulation and integration of emotional, chains of our self-destruction. The What happened along the evolution- social and sexual behaviours. religious chains of tyranny and violence ary trail where infanticide and injury have bound humanity throughout to the young suddenly appeared in the Bonded children, bonded societies history, which has placed man at war great ape Homo sapiens? Why is sex- These laboratory findings of depression with himself; between man and woman; ual abuse of the pre-pubertal young and violence, due to failed bonding between parent and child; and with unknown in the primate evolutionary in the mother-infant/child relationship, nature itself. The most violent primate record but is common in Homo sapiens? were confirmed by my cross-cultural on this planet against the female of What genetic or cultural factors could studies on tribal cultures. Through these its species and her offspring is Homo possibly account for this difference? studies, it was possible to predict with sapiens. No species can survive with Extensive scientific research in ani- 80% accuracy the peaceful or homi- this magnitude of violence against the mals and humans has documented, with- cidal violence of 49 tribal cultures from female and her offspring. How did this out question, that mother/infant/child a single measure of mother-infant/child happen? separations (loss of bonding/mother bonding, as demonstrated by continu- How did the human primate become love) induces a variety of developmental ous baby carrying on the body of mother the most violent primate on the planet brain disorders that mediate depression, or a close relative acting as a mother, when our closest genetic relative, the impulse dyscontrol, chronic stimulus- throughout the day for the first year bonobo chimpanzee, with whom we seeking behaviours that includes self- of life. 18 The peaceful or violent nature of the remaining ten Somatic (bodily) cultures could be predict- ed from whether adoles- pleasure is the cent sexual expression was supported or punished. In glue of short, these two measures affectional of affectional bonding: a) mother-infant/child rela- bonding. tionship and b) adoles- cent sexual relationships could predict with 100% accuracy the peaceful or violent nature of these 49 tribal cultures distributed throughout the world. My subsequent stud- ies on 26 tribal cultures, whose weaning age was 2.5 years or greater, found Photo by Katrina Folkwell that 77% of these cultures were rated low or absent sexual affectional relationships where ment, studies that the NIH has yet to in suicide. Suicide ratings were signifi- 82% of cultures with weaning age of 2.5 conduct. WHO and UNICEF recom- cantly different between cultures with years or greater also supported youth mend breastfeeding for ‘two years of weaning age of two years or less versus sexual relationships and were rated low age or beyond’. 2.5 years or greater. It appears that a or absent in suicide. vulnerable period in brain development These critical findings need to be Transmitting joy through breast- exists at this time to explain this differ- replicated on modern human cultures feeding ence. Affectional bonding in the mother- that utilise modern technologies of In America, only 6.8% of mothers are infant/child relationship influences later brain-behavioural development assess- breastfeeding at 12 months; 2.7% at 24 1 SomatoSensory Affectational months; and 1% at 30 months. Deprivation (SSAD)- altering the part of the brain that unfolds early in development — not hardwiring and software of the developing the neocortical rational/cognitive brain that results from brain later brain development. A more complete and detailed illustration and description of SSAD can be found at SSAD (SomatoSensory Affectional Deprivation) is the http://violence.de/prescott/afb/paper.pdf and http://www. process of impaired or failed mother-infant bonding violence.de/prescott/mp/article.html and on The Origins that results from a deficiency in the infant’s sensory of Love and Violence CDROM available at www.byronchild. stimulation via touch, body movement, smell and taste and com breastfeeding. Virtually all infant mammals are vulnerable Somatic (bodily) pleasure is the glue of affectional to the emotional-behavioural disorders that are induced bonding. The
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Newborn Care 2 Table of Contents
    Newborn Care 2 Table of Contents Your Newborn ............................................ 4 Baby Basics ............................................... 16 Preparing for Your Baby ................................. 4 Stools ................................................................. 16 What to Expect in the Hospital ....................... 4 Wet Diapers ..................................................... 16 Your Newborn ................................................... 5 Diapering .......................................................... 16 Bathing .............................................................. 17 Comfort and Bonding ............................ 7 Skin Care .......................................................... 17 Handling Your Baby ......................................... 7 Fingernail Care ................................................ 17 Interacting with Your Baby ............................. 7 Umbilical Cord Care ....................................... 17 Crying and Comfort ......................................... 7 Circumcision Care .......................................... 17 Bonding with Baby ............................................ 9 Infant Development ........................................ 10 Health and Safety ................................. 18 Baby Wearing .................................................. 11 Sleep Safety ....................................................... 18 SUID and SIDS ................................................ 18 Sleep..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Sleep Slings, Baby Carriers and Backpacks
    Information Statement Safe Sleep Slings, Baby Carriers and Backpacks Red Nose recommends six key steps to reduce the risk of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI) including SIDS and fatal sleeping accidents: • Always place baby on their back to sleep, not on • Sleep baby in their own safe cot in the same the tummy or side room as their parent/adult caregiver for the • Keep baby’s face and head uncovered first 6-12 months • Keep baby smoke free before birth and after • Breastfeed baby • Provide a safe sleeping environment night and day Introduction including: infant hip dysplasia (15), falls, and infant death related to suffocation 1, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Baby slings, carriers and backpacks are products that allow a caregiver to ‘wear’ a baby. Babywearing has been practised • Babies younger than four months, born premature or for centuries around the world. In industrialised societies, low birth weight, or who have breathing difficulties are carrying a baby in a baby sling or carrier has increased in at a higher risk of injury and/or adverse outcomes when 1, 16, 21 popularity in recent decades with growing evidence of in a baby sling or carrier if not used correctly . the benefits of close mother-baby interaction which are • Framed baby carriers are not recommended for babies 1-5 associated with optimal infant development . less than four-months old due to their limited head Caregivers should follow the T.I.C.K.S. Principles for the control which may impair their ability to protect their 1,16. safe use of baby slings and carriers at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • Arnot Health Pregnancy Guide
    ARNOT HEALTH PREGNANCY GUIDE REV. 11/2020 ArnotHealth --- It's what we do Table of Contents Welcome! ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Obstetrics Team ............................................................. ... ................................................. .............................................. 6 Resource List. ............................................................... ..................................................................................................... 7 Reading List. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Welcome to the Fi rst Trimester .................................................................................................................................. 9 Taking Care of Yourself While You Are Pregnant... ............................................................................................ 12 Healthy Eating During Pregnancy ...........................................................................................................................13 Medications During Pregnancy ................................................................................................ ........ ........................ 27 Avoiding Keepsake lmages ........................ ..... ...........................................................................................................31
    [Show full text]
  • Popularization of Attachment Theory, Attachment Parenting & Privilege
    ~ 1 ~ ‘Natural Mothering’ Deconstructed: Popularization of Attachment Theory, Attachment Parenting & Privilege Julia Fuller-Kling September 2010 – May 2011 Division III Project ~ 2 ~ Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Our First Relationship Context of the Mother-Infant Relationship 3 Attachment Theory Mother-Infant Attachment Relationship Qualities and their Consequences on Adulthood Secure Attachment Insecure Avoidant Attachment Insecure Ambivalent Attachment 4 Attachment Theory Popularized Attachment Theory Popularized: Parenting Advice for Secure Mother-Infant Attachment Breastfeeding Babywearing Co-Sleeping (‘The Family Bed’) 5 Attachment Parenting and Privilege 6 Criticism of Attachment Parenting 7 Conclusion 8 Appendix 9 References ~ 3 ~ 1 Introduction The purpose of this analysis is to examine the importance of the quality of relationship between mother and baby, and the parenting advice that it is offered to mothers about how to foster a secure attachment relationship with their baby. I chose this topic for analysis for personal reasons. For the past four years, I have immersed myself in studying child psychology, parenting, and the mother-infant relationship, and cared for babies and young children as a nanny, and in childcare centers and parent-child classes. As a nanny, I cared for a 6-month-old baby whose mother was struggling with post- partum depression, social isolation, lack of emotional and practical support, a childhood history of abuse, and a fear that her baby didn‘t love her and wasn‘t ‗attached‘ to her. As a nanny I also cared for three young children of a mother who practiced attachment parenting – it was the first time that I had encountered Babywearing, co-sleeping, and extended on-demand breastfeeding, and I was intrigued.
    [Show full text]
  • British Anti-Smallpox Vaccination and the Development of Multifaceted Anti-Vaccine Rhetoric on Internet Parenting Forums Marta B
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Scripps Senior Theses Scripps Student Scholarship 2014 Shots, Everybody? : British Anti-smallpox Vaccination and the Development of Multifaceted Anti-vaccine Rhetoric on Internet Parenting Forums Marta B. Bean Scripps College Recommended Citation Bean, Marta B., "Shots, Everybody? : British Anti-smallpox Vaccination and the Development of Multifaceted Anti-vaccine Rhetoric on Internet Parenting Forums" (2014). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 390. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/390 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Scripps Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scripps Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHOTS, EVERYBODY? : BRITISH ANTI-SMALLPOX VACCINATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIFACETED ANTI-VACCINE RHETORIC ON INTERNET PARENTING FORUMS by MARTA B. BEAN SUBMITTED TO SCRIPPS COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS PROFESSOR VIVIEN HAMILTON PROFESSOR JACQUELINE WERNIMONT APRIL 25, 2014 Introduction The Internet serves much of the population as an easy way to learn about almost any topic, including health information. Approximately eighty percent of Internet users search for health information online, and surveys indicate that the Internet now rivals physicians as the most common source of health advice. 1 The Internet is also a place where information can be spread quickly and easily. Information is available in many venues, including user-generated Internet forums. Parenting forums are good places for information to spread quickly because of highly dedicated readership and personal connections made on the forums between parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Beachfront Baby Wraps Instructions Guide
    prior, Reserved. without Rights All LLC. duplicated be Baby, may permission. written Beachfront document 2015 this of part Copyright No Beachfront Baby Wraps www.BeachfrontBabyWraps.com ® Instructions Guide prior, Reserved. without Rights All LLC. duplicated be Baby, Thank you formay purchasing permission. a Beachfront Baby Wrap! This wrap carrier is made with 100% polyester jersey fabric. Sewn by work-at-home- moms in the San Antonio, Texas area, much love and attention to detail has gone into creating this wrap. Beachfront Baby Wrapswritten hold babies and toddlers from 8lbs to 30lbs in 2 positions. This instructionBeachfront booklet will show you how. document Before you begin: • Inspect your2015 wrap to ensure there are no rips or tears. DO THIS BEFORE YOU USE YOUR WRAPthis EACH TIME. If you notice any problems that need repair, DO NOT use your wrap. of • Make sure your baby is changed, fed & content when you begin using your wrap, especially the first few times. A content baby is a lot more likely to allow you some wiggle roompart in getting a good and comfortable fit. Copyright No 2 prior, Reserved. without Rights All LLC. duplicated be Baby, IMPORTANT WATER SAFETYmay INFORMATIONpermission. When entering any water environment with your baby, please keep these safety rules in mind: • When holding or wearing your baby, never attempt to enter water with a strong current, steep slope, slippery bottom or where you cannot see the bottom. written Beachfront • Always keep baby’s face visible and kissable when being worn in a baby carrier, but especially in a water carrier.document You will be better able to judge if baby is enjoying the water as well as how much water is in his face or near his mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Baby Guide
    THE 2019 Baby Guide PDX Baby pdxparent.com | May 2019 1 Let’s Be Blunt Some new and expecting moms perceiv for pregnancy and postpartum ailments. But science doesn’t back that up. Since the 2014 legalization of recreational cannabis in Oregon, pot has become a commonplace part of Portland’s landscape (on sunny days, it can feel like its’ scent permeates the entire city’s air). Yelp lists more marijuana dispensaries than brewpubs in the metro area, and that’s not counting the coffee shops offering shots of CBD in your chai latte. So yes, those cannabis products are everywhere, accompanied by claims that they’ll alleviate many of the maladies familiar to pregnant and postpartum women, like nausea, anxiety and insomnia. But is it safe to use when you’re growing a new person in your uterus, or breastfeeding one? The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine all strongly discourage cannabis use in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, citing worrisome data about effects on fetal growth and brain development. Yet, local mothers are surrounded with conflicting information about this topic. Blogs and social media groups promote the benefits of cannabis in pregnancy, even advertising meetups for Portland mothers who want to learn more. Dispensaries may also be encouraging its use; a 2018 study from Colorado found 69 percent of contacted dispensaries recommended cannabis products to treat morning sickness. Nationally, studies show that more women are using cannabis in pregnancy as more states legalize it. Shauna O’Neal, certified nurse midwife and family nurse practitioner at Women’s Healthcare Associates in Tualatin, said that people may perceive cannabis as safe for a variety of reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Sling Women's Conf Online 1
    Babywearing 101 An educational handout for health care professionals, childcare providers and parents What is babywearing? methods and can be used to carry your baby on Babywearing is carrying your hips, front and back. Wraparounds with your baby using a baby stretch (knit fabric) are generally used as front carrier. Babies are born carriers. Woven (no stretch) wraparounds can with the need for touch be used for all carries. and closeness and using baby carriers allows Babywearing Safety parents and care givers Babywearing can be as safe as carrying baby in to provide that nurturing arms. Here are some guidelines for carrying touch, but with the your baby safely in a baby carrier. convenience of being hands-free. • Avoid placing baby in a C-like What are the benefits of babywearing? position, as this can push his chin • Carried babies cry less to his chest and • Helps to calm colicky babies constrict the • Provides baby with comforting touch oxygen intake. • More comfortable than carrying in arms • Airway should be for long periods clear and open. • Gives you more mobility when traveling • The safest with baby in your daily life position for a • Care for siblings more easily young baby is • Convenient – be hands free! tummy-to-tummy and upright. This What are the different baby carrier types? can be Ring slings - slings made of a long, wide piece accomplished in of fabric that is attached to a pair of sturdy rings. wraparounds, ring slings, pouches and Ring slings are adjustable to fit around you and mei tais and soft structured carriers.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Responsibility
    Sustainability Statement PO Box 382 | Berwick, ME 03901 (207) 358-WRAP “Peace at home; peace in the world.” Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Wrapsody, LLC was born from a love for my own children and of the closeness we found when I carried them. I try to approach business as I approach mothering: With fairness, compassion, and a loving touch. Social responsibility has always been central to the way I run Wrapsody. We are a small company, and the work we do is small work. Yet, we strive do our part to ensure that our business is the business of spreading joy -- through attention to doing business in the most ethical ways we can manage at each step of the way. We are continually listening to the babywearing community about the ways we can improve, and we work to implement changes as we learn more about our social and environmental responsibility. Environmental responsibility Our building Our office was designed to be ecologically sound. We started renovating our turn-of-century carriage house by insulating it with blown-in cellulose made from recycled newpapers in order to maximize energy efficiency. We finished by reclaiming the battered barn floor, and we have furnished our office primarily with reclaimed furniture. Our office Our office supplies from paper to labels are recycled whenever possible with a focus on high post- consumer content. Each workstation has a recycling center. We reuse our recycled-content cardboard boxes in-house several times before eventually recycling them, sometimes as mulch layers for friends. At each step, we seek to reduce our paper use and to reduce our biological footprint as a company.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Attachment, Temperament and Parenting on Human Development
    Review article http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.12.449 Korean J Pediatr 2012;55(12):449-454 eISSN 1738-1061 • pISSN 2092-7258 Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development Yoo Rha Hong, MD, Jae Sun Park, MD The purpose of this review is to present the basic concepts of attachment theory and temperament traits and to discuss the Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of integration of these concepts into parenting practices. Attachment is Medicine, Busan, Korea a basic human need for a close and intimate relationship between infants and their caregivers. Responsive and contingent parenting produces securely attached children who show more curiosity, self- reliance, and independence. Securely attached children also tend to become more resilient and competent adults. In contrast, those who do not experience a secure attachment with their caregivers may have difficulty getting along with others and be unable to develop a sense of confidence or trust in others. Children who are slow to adjust or are shy or irritable are likely to experience conflict with their parents and are likely to receive less parental acceptance or encouragement, which can make the children feel inadequate or unworthy. However, Received: 8 August, 2012, Accepted: 25 October, 2012 the influence of children’s temperament or other attributes may be Corresponding author: Jae Sun Park, MD mitigated if parents adjust their caregiving behaviors to better fit the Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of needs of the particular child. Reflecting on these arguments and our Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-702, Korea childhood relationships with our own parents can help us develop the Tel: +82-51-990-6230, Fax: +82-51-990-3005 skills needed to provide effective guidance and nurturance.
    [Show full text]
  • Your+Guide+To+Breastfeeding+ODH.Pdf
    your guide to BREASTFEEDING LEARNING TO BREASTFEED: FIND OUT THE BEST BREASTFEEDING HOLD FOR NEWBORNS AND HOW IT WORKS. Page 12 COMMON QUESTIONS: CAN I TAKE MEDICINE WHILE BREASTFEEDING? DO I NEED BIRTH CONTROL? FIND OUT THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS AND MORE. Page 30 BREASTFEEDING IN PUBLIC: FIND TIPS FOR MAKING LEARN ABOUT IT WORK. Page 38 THE HEALTH BENEFITS COMMON CHALLENGES: LEARN TIPS FOR SAYING FOR MOM AND BABY! FAREWELL TO SORE Page 4 NIPPLES! Page 22 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health (OWH) is raising awareness of the importance of breastfeeding to help mothers give their babies the best start possible in life. In addition to this guide, OWH offers online content at www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding and www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural. OWH also runs the National Breastfeeding Helpline at 800-994-9662 . Through its Supporting Nursing Moms at Work: Employer Solutions site, OWH helps businesses support nursing mothers with cost-effective tips and time and space solutions, listed by industry. Learn more at www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/ employer-solutions. OWH also partners with the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau to educate employers about the needs of breastfeeding mothers via The Business Case for Breastfeeding. The Affordable Care Act helps pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers get the medical care and support they and their children need. Learn more at www.HealthCare.gov. There are so many reasons to breastfeed • The joyful closeness and bonding with your baby • The specific nutrition only you can provide • The cost savings • Health benefits for mother and baby KEEP IN MIND THAT FEEDING YOUR BABY IS A LEARNED SKILL.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture, Carrying, and Communication: Beliefs and Behavior Associated with Babywearing
    In press, Infant Behavior and Development Culture, carrying, and communication: Beliefs and behavior associated with babywearing Emily E. Little The University of Texas at Austin Cristine H. Legare The University of Texas at Austin Leslie J. Carver University of California, San Diego 1 Abstract Ethnographic research suggests mother-infant physical contact predicts high levels of maternal responsiveness to infant cues, yet it is unclear whether this responsiveness is driven by the act of physical contact or by underlying beliefs about responsiveness. We examine beliefs and behavior associated with infant carrying (i.e., babywearing) among U.S. mothers and experimentally test the effect of mother-infant physical contact on maternal responsiveness. In Study 1 (N = 23 dyads), babywearing mothers were more likely to interact contingently in response to infant cues than non-babywearing mothers during an in-lab play session. In Study 2 (N = 492 mothers), babywearing predicted maternal beliefs emphasizing responsiveness to infant cues. In Study 3 (N = 20 dyads), we experimentally manipulated mother-infant physical contact in the lab using a within-subjects design and found that babywearing increased maternal tactile interaction, decreased maternal and infant object contact, and increased maternal responsiveness to infant vocalizations. Our results motivate further research examining how culturally-mediated infant carrying practices shape the infant’s early social environment and subsequent development. Keywords: mother-infant interaction; babywearing; maternal responsiveness; physical contact; touch 2 Culture, carrying, and communication: Beliefs and behavior associated with babywearing Human infants are born in an altricial state of dependence that is unique among primates, making how mothers – and others – respond to cues critical for neonatal survival (Hrdy, 2011).
    [Show full text]