DePauw University Department of Political Science International Terrorism

POLS 390A Sunil K. Sahu [email protected] Spring 2017 Asbury 108A TTh 10:00-11:30 Hours: M 2:00-4:00, TTh 4:00-5:00 and by appointment Asbury 117 Web site: http://fs6.depauw.edu:50080/~sahus/ SYLLABUS

A Short Description:

President Trump’s January 29, 2017 controversial Executive Order to temporarily ban Muslims from seven majority-Muslim nations (Syria, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen) from entering the United States is part of the new administration’s pledge to wage a more aggressive campaign against terrorist groups worldwide. Terrorism has been a major security concern for the United States and NATO allies for more than fifteen years. While the U.S. fought two wars (Afghanistan and Iraq) following the 9/11 attacks, killed Osama Bin Laden (in 2011), and significantly degraded al Qaeda, a new terrorist group, ISIS, more violent and brutal than al Qaeda, proclaimed a worldwide caliphate in June 2014 and now controls parts of Syria and Iraq. This course is designed to understand the phenomenon of contemporary terrorism, its cause, consequence, and the security challenge it poses to Western democracies, especially the United States. I have multiple objectives in this course. First, we will examine various definitions of terrorism and distinguish between political suicide, religious fanaticism, fighting for political freedom, and state-sponsored terrorism.

Second, we will study the difference between state-sponsored terrorism during and after the Cold War. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union employed terrorism as a form of low-intensity warfare to advance its interests at the expense of the United States and other Western democracies. After the end of the Cold War, state sponsors of terrorism (Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria) have backed terrorist acts intended to drive the United States out of strategically important regions, humiliate its military forces, and undermine governments and political movements friendly to the United States.

Third, we will analyze the motivations behind the terrorist attacks against the United States in the last twenty-five years–World Trade Center in 1993, embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, USS Cole in Yemen in October 2000, and the World Trade Center and Pentagon in 2001. In particular, we will analyze the factors that led to the tragic attack of 9/11 and enquire whether such an attack could have been prevented and explain why the Arab world, home to five percent of the world’s population, is responsible for 45 % of global terrorist attacks.

Fourth, we will examine the reasons why, in the last quarter of a century, anti-American feelings have intensified in the developing world, especially in the Islamic world, and the connections, if any, between United States foreign policy and globalization and growing terrorism.

Fifth, we will study the motivations, objectives, and strategies of selected terrorist organizations such as the Islamic State (ISIS), Taliban (Afghanistan/Pakistan), Al-Qaeda (Osama bin Laden’s son Hamza is now on the U.S. government list of “Specially Designated Global Terrorists”), Abu Nidal Organization (AN), HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement), Hezbollah (Party of God), Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers), Abu Sayyaf (Philippines), Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), Boko Haram (Nigeria), Jaish-e- Muhammad, and al Shabab (Somalia).

Sixth, we will evaluate America’s antiterrorism policy since 9/11, specifically the Bush and Obama administrations’ offensive and defensive measures, especially in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Middle East. We will decipher the Trump administration’s approach to fighting ISIS and other terrorist groups. International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 2 Spring 2017 ______

Finally, we will explore the phenomenon of modern terrorism within the framework of international relations theory on war and peace. We will also examine the impact of the Arab spring/uprising on the future of terrorist organizations such as ISIS, Taliban, al Qaeda, Hamas and al Shabab.

Learning Objectives

1. To think critically about important issues in terrorism; 2. To realistically assess threats of terrorism; 3. To recognize present and future security threats posed by terrorist groups to the U.S. and its allies; 4. To learn about different responses to terrorism and approaches to counterterrorism; 5. To evaluate the effectiveness of America’s response to Islamic terrorism since 9/11; 6. To understand the non-military dimensions of counterterrorism; and 7. To recognize that winning the “war on terror” would look very different from winning a conventional war involving nation states.

Required Books and Other Readings: 1. John Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam, Oxford University Press, 2002. 2. Sumit Ganguly, Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947, Columbia University Press, 2002. 3. Robert A. Pape and James K. Feldman, Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop It, University of Chicago Press, 2010. 4. Jonathan R. White, Terrorism and Homeland Security, Ninth Edition, Cengage Learning, 2017. 5. Other required readings will be available on Moodle. 6. You are expected to keep informed about current affairs, especially developments related to the United States’ effort to counter Islamic terrorism. I will therefore be assigning articles from the New York Times regularly, and you are required to take a Monday and Friday subscription. (The student subscription through the Bloomington News will cost $21.00 for the semester.) You will also benefit from watching television or CNN evening news programs and from listening to National Public Radio's "Morning Edition" and "All Things Considered" (Daily on 103.7 FM, at 7 a.m. and 5 p.m., respectively).

COURSE REQUIREMENTS Exams (45%): There will be two exams––a mid-term on March 14 and a final on May 17. The mid-term exam will account for 20% of your final grade; the final exam will account for 25% of your final grade. Both exams will consist of essay, short answer, and definition questions; they will test your knowledge and understanding of the lectures, required readings, current affairs, and other material discussed in class. Research Paper and Outline (25%): You will write an 8-page research paper in which you are expected to explore and analyze a topic related to the course. You will select the topic in consultation with me and submit a 2-page outline by March 7; the outline will include an annotated bibliography of six sources and is worth 5%. The paper, worth 20%, is due in class on April 25.

The paper will be judged by its organization, clarity, logic, and sense of evidence, as well as imagination and original thinking. It will require extensive library and Internet research. Instructions for writing the paper are also available at http://www.sfu.ca/politics/essays.html.

You should pay close attention to the selection of topic and construction of a research paper sections. This Web site also provides a useful link to Guide to Citations of Electronic Source Materials. The DePauw University Libraries research guide website contains helpful information about finding sources, style guides, fact sources, etc. The URL is: http://acad.depauw.edu/~reflib/political.htm

International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 3 Spring 2017 ______Presentation (10%), Class Participation (10%) , Group Project (Poster Presentation, 10%) You are expected to participate in the debate and in assigned individual and group activities. In the presentation, you will (1) provide a summary and critical analysis of the assigned readings and (2) lead class discussion on the topic of the day. More details about the group project will be provided in the organizational meeting.

ADA Compliance. In compliance with the American Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which prohibit discrimination based on disability, DePauw University is committed to providing equal access to academic programs and university-administered activities and reasonable modifications to students with disabilities. Questions regarding the University’s policy for students with disabilities, documentation of the disability and requests for modifications should be directed to the Coordinator of Student Disabilities Services, 302 Harrison Hall (765-658-6267). Academic Integrity. I will follow the university policy on academic integrity and plagiarism, as stated in The Student Handbook.

Academic integrity refers to the ethical standards and policies that govern how people work and interact in the academic enterprise at a college or university. These standards and policies attempt to do more than define and condemn what is wrong or unethical; they also attempt to provide a foundation for the mutual trust and individual responsibility necessary in a healthy academic community.

Both faculty members and students have the responsibility of upholding the principles of academic integrity. Faculty and staff members should create an environment in which honesty is encouraged, dishonesty discouraged and integrity is openly discussed.

Plagiarism

Using the words or ideas of another writer without attribution, so that they seem as if they are your own. Plagiarism ranges from copying someone else’s work word for word, to rewriting someone else’s work with only minor word changes (mosaic plagiarism), to summarizing work without acknowledging the source.

Technology Policy. Please switch off your cell phone once you are in class. The use of a laptop computer will be limited to note taking and performing assigned tasks. You will be penalized for visiting sites such as Facebook and Youtube. Other Rules. Failure to appear for an exam or to turn in a paper on or before the due date will result in a zero for the assignment. The only exceptions to this rule will be documented legitimate excuses such as family, legal, and medical emergencies.

Grading Policy Grades will be given solely on the basis of performance, not according to a "curve" or any predetermined distribution. In principle, all students can receive A's or any other grade. The grading scale is as follows:

PERCENTAGE LETTER GRADE EXPLANATION 92-100 A Exceptional and outstanding work. 90-91 A- Excellent work of an unusually strong quality. 87-89 B+ Excellent performance. 84-86 B Very good work 80-83 B- Good work International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 4 Spring 2017 ______77-79 C+ Slightly better than average work. 74-76 C Average work 70-73 C- Worse than average 67-69 D+ Poor work 64-66 D Very poor work 60-63 D- Very close to failing 59 or below F Failing

Important Dates: March 14: Midterm Exam March 7: Paper Topic Approval Deadline March 30: Group Project Topic Approval Deadline April 18 and 20: Poster Presentation April 25: paper due in class May 17: Final Exam

Course Outline January 31: Organizational Meeting Stephen Walt, “ISIS as a Revolutionary State,” Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec 2015. February 2

1. Terrorism Today: 9/11 and the U.S. Response While modern terrorism has been around for four decades, terrorism after the Cold War was mainly in response to the Persian Gulf War and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Why have America and American interests been the preferred target of terrorist attacks since the late 1960s? Why did terrorism against America increase after the Cold War? Is the war against terrorism winnable? These and many other questions will be addressed in this introduction to the course. Required Readings:

Robert Fisk, ISIS in a Worldless World. Michael Scott Doran, “Somebody Else’s Civil War,” Foreign Affairs, January/Feb. 2002. Stephen E. Flynn, “America the Vulnerable,” Foreign Affairs, January/Feb. 2002.

Video: Waging War Against the New Terrorism (HV6431.W35 2002) Articles on the Internet: Joseph S. Nye, “The Limits of Change,” Financial Times, September 14, 2001 http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/opeds/nye_us_attack_091401.htm Joseph Nye, “Why Military Power Is No Longer Enough,” http://www.observer.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,676169,00.html Joseph S. Nye, “America Represents Global Capitalism,” Boston Globe, September 16, 2001 http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/opeds/nye_global_capitalism_bg_091601.htm The New War Against Terror: An Evening with Noam Chomsky International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 5 Spring 2017 ______http://www.zmag.org/GlobalWatch/chomskymit.htm CNN Debate on Terrorism Chomsky v Bennett http://www.counterpunch.org/chomsky0530.html Professor Mearsheimer on Terrorism http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Mearsheimer/mearsheimer-con5.html

Recommended Readings: Grenville Byford, “The Wrong War,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2002. Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, Ch. 1 Bernard Lewis, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror, The Modern Library, 2003, “Introduction.” Walter Laqueur, No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, Continuum Pub Group, 2003. Lawrence F. Kaplan and William Kristol, The War Over Iraq: Saddam’s Tyranny and America’s Mission, Encounter Books, 2003. Kenneth M. Pollack, The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq, Random House, 2002. Tony Judt, “The Way We Live Now,” The New York Review of Books, March 27, 2003. Bob Woodwords, Bush at War, Simon & Schuster, 2002. Regnery Publishing, 2002. Bill Sammon, Fighting Back: The War on Terrorism from Inside the Bush White House, Eqbal Ahmad and David Barsamian, Terrorism: Theirs and Ours, Seven Stories Press, 2001. Jeffrey D. Simon, Terrorist Trap, Indiana University Press. 2001 Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy, Brookings Institution Press. 2001 Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic SocietyThe MIT Press,1998. Annamarie Oliverio et al, The State of Terror, State University of New York Press, 1998. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press. 1998 Martha Crenshaw (ed.), Terrorism in Context, Penn State University Press, 1995. Rose, Gideon and James F. Hoge Jr. (Eds.), How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War, Public Affairs, 2001. Thomas M. Franck, “Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 59, Issue 4, Oct. 2001, pp. 839-843. David Halberstam, War in a Time of Peace, Scribner, 2001. Chris Dishman, “Trends in Modern Terrorism,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 22, No. 4, Nov. 1999. Christopher C. Harmon, Terrorism Today, Frank Cass, 2000. Paul Kennedy, “Terror Hits Home: The Colossus With an Achilles Heel,” New Perspectives Quarterly, Fall 2001. 9/11 Report

Part I. Terrorism in Perspective While it is easy to recognize an act of terrorism, it is difficult to provide a precise definition of the concept because one person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter. In order to win a war on terrorism, we first need to understand the cause of the terrorism. In this unit of the course we will examine some of the common definitions of the concept of terrorism used in the literature and then analyze the context in which modern terrorism has developed since the late 1960s. Finally, we will examine the motives and ideological orientations of the terrorists, especially the proposition that terrorism against the U.S. is a strategic reaction to American power in the context of globalized civil war. February 7 and 9 2. Defining Terrorism Required Readings: Jonathan White, Terrorism and Homeland Security, Ch. 1 International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 6 Spring 2017 ______Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, Ch. 2 Lessons of Anwar al-Awlaki

Recommended Readings: Michael Howard, “What’s in a Name?: How to Fight Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2002. Ahmad Omar Sayed Sheikh, “Diary of a Terrorist,” From the thirty-five-page handwritten prison diary of Ahmad Omar Sayed Sheikh, the main suspect in the abduction of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl http://www.harpers.org/online/diary_of_a_terrorist/ Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism, 79-104 Reich, Walter and Walter Laqueur (eds.), Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998. David Veness, “Terrorism and Counterterrorism: An International Perspective,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 24, Number 5/September 1, 2001, pp. 407- 416 Omar Malik, Enough of the Definition of Terrorism, A Royal Institute of International Affairs bookBrookings Institution Press, 2001. Martha Crenshaw, “Counterterrorism Policy and the Political Process,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 24, Number 5/September 1, 2001, pp. 329-337. Brian Michael Jenkins, “Terrorism and Beyond: a 21st Century Perspective,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 24, Number 5/September 1, 2001, pp. 321-327. Michel Wieviorka, The Making of Terrorism, University of Chicago Press. 1993. Christopher Harmon, Terrorism Today, Frank Cass, 2000. Video: Trail of a Terrorist: The Ominous Lesson of Ahmed Rassam (HV6432.T73 2002)

February 14 and 16 3. Origins of Modern Terrorism

Required Readings: White, Terrorism: An Introduction, Ch. 5 Martin Walker, “A Brief History of Terrorism,” in Terrorism and 9/11: A Reader Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism, pp. 8-48 Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, Ch. 5 Video: International Terrorism (HV6431.I584 1995) “This video describes the origins, growth and effects of the major players in international terrorism: the Palestinians and the Shiite fundamentalists. It explains the motivations of individuals like Mahmud Khaled, who killed passengers and wounded 80 others in an orgy of violence at the Rome airport. It also examines the moral dilemmas posed by such acts to governments that respect human rights: Is it justifiable to sacrifice the lives of hostages to deter future terrorism? Is it permissible to use violence as a deterrent to terrorism when innocent people might be killed?” (52 minutes) Recommended Readings: Walter Reich (ed.), Origins of Terrorism, New foreword by Walter Laqueur, The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998. Ian O. Lesser, Bruce Hoffman, John Arquilla, David F.Ronfeldt, Michele Zanini, Brian Michael Jenkins, Countering the New Terrorism, RAND, 1999. Benjamin Netanyahu, Fighting Terrorism: How Democracies Can Defeat Domestic and International Terrorists, International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 7 Spring 2017 ______Noonday Press, 2001. Bruce Hoffman, Re-thinking Terrorism in Light of a War on Terrorism, Rand, 2001. ------. Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, 1999. Walter Laqueur, History of Terrorism, Transaction Pub., 2001. Miller, Marc and Jason File, Terrorism Factbook: Our Nation at War! 2001. Mylroie, Laurie, The War Against America: Saddam Hussein and the World Trade Center Attacks: A Study of Revenge, Harper Collins, 2001. New York Magazine, September 11, 2001, New York Attacked : A Record of Tragedy Heroism, and Hope, 2001. Reuters, The Staff of. September 11: A Testimony. Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2001. Gawdat Bahgat, “Iran and Terrorism: The Transatlantic Responses,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 22, No. 2, May 1999. Part II. “Holy Terror”

While international terrorism was more secular a generation ago, it is now closely associated with religious fanaticism. In recent years, Islamic fundamentalists have launched a sustained attack against the West, especially the U.S. In this unit of the course we will first examine the connection between religions and terrorism in general. We will then debate the provocative thesis of Samuel Huntington that the global conflict in the future will not be ideological but rather civilizational, i.e., between Islam and the West. Finally, we will analyze the rise of the Taliban to power in Afghanistan, the role of Al Qaeda and ISIS in promoting international terrorism.

February 21 and 23 3. The Logic of Religion and Terrorism

Required Readings: White, Terrorism: An Introduction, Ch. 4 Laqueur, The New Terrorism, pp.127-155 Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, 1993. Fouad Ajami, “The Summoning: 'But They Said, We Will Not Hearken',” Foreign Affairs, 1994.

Video: Islam and the West (BP 173.5.I83 1996) “Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, turmoil in the Islamic world has continually generated foreign policy challenges for the West. Will the conflict between the Islamic world and the West replace the Cold War as the fundamental political problem of our time? Is the Islamic world a monolith, or will Islamic nations increasingly act in their own self-interest? Can the Islamic revolution spread to more countries or will Western-style democracies take hold? Eminent scholars, including Milton Viorst of the Middle East Institute, and Fouad Ajami of Johns Hopkins University, discuss these issues with Ben Wattenberg.” (27minutes)

Recommended Readings: Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God, Ballantine Books, 2001. Shireen T. Hunter, The Future of Islam and the West: Clash of Civilization or Peaceful Coexistence? Praeger, 1998. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence Updated Edition with a New Preface (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society), University of California Press, 2001. Labeviere, Richard. Dollars for Terror : The Us and Islam, Lightning Source, 2000. John Esposito (ed.), Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? Lynne Reinner, 1997. M. J. Akbar, The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity, Routledge, 2003. Video: Islam (BP161.3.1789)

February 28 and March 2

4. Radical Islam and Terrorism

International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 8 Spring 2017 ______Required Readings: Esposito, “Jihad and the Struggle for Islam,” in Unholy War, Ch. 2 Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” in Terrorism and 9/11: A Reader. Simon Reeve, “Militant Islam,” in The New Jackals: Ramji Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism, Chapter 11, Northeastern University Press, 1999. Edward Said, “Impossible History,” Harpers Magazine,

Video: The Islamic Wave (BP 173.7.B855 2000) “Rising above the myth and misinformation surrounding Islam, one fact is clear: the Muslim religion is growing as never before. The program surveys the sociopolitical landscape of Islamic hotspots in the Middle East, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sudan, and elsewhere. Featuring commentary by General Parvez Musharraf, Qazi Hussain Ahmad, Dr. Hasan al-Turabi, and other key figures, the balanced documentary provides background on the world’s second-largest religion, examines Islam’s increasing popularity, and considers the use of violence by Muslim extremists to attain their goals.” (50 minutes)

Recommended Readings: Paul Berman, “The Philosopher of Islamic Terror,” New York Times Magazine, March 22, 2003. Zachary Abuza, Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. Akbar S. Ahmed, Islam Under Siege: Living Dangerously in a Post-Honour World (Themes for the 21st Century), Polity Press, 2003. Robin Wright, The Wrath of Militant Islam, Simon and Schuster, 2001. Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History, Modern Library, 2000.Don Belt, The World of Islam, National Geographic Society, 2001. Abdel Salam Sidahmed and Anoushiravan Ehteshami (eds.) Islamic Fundamentalism, Westview Press, 1996. Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of Islam: Political Islam and the New World Disorder, University of California Press, 1998. Clifford Geertz, “Which Way to Mecca?,” The New York Review of Books, June 12, 2003.

March 7 and 9

5. Al Qaeda, Taliban and ISIS

Required Readings: Ahmed Rashid, “Osama bin Laden: How the U.S. Helped Midwife a Terrorist,” in Terrorism and 9/11: A Reader. “Osama bin Laden: An Interview,” in Terrorism and 9/11: A Reader. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam, Ch. 1 Ahmed Rashid, “Challenging Islam: The New Style Fundamentalism of the Taliban,” “A Vanished Gender: Women, Children and Taliban Culture,” and “Global Jihad: The Arab Afghans and Osama bin Laden,” in Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, Chapters 6, 8, and 10, Yale University Press, 2001. Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs, Nov./Dec. 2001. Rohan Gunaratna, “The Al Qaeda Threat and the International Response,” in Inside Al-Qaeda: Network of Global Terror, Columbia University Press, May 2002 Jessica Stern, “The Protean Enemy,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2003. (The article argues that despite the setback al Qaeda has suffered over the last two years, it is far from finished, as its recent bomb attacks testify.) Jason Burke, “Al Qaeda,” Foreign Policy, May/June 2004.

Video: Al Qaeda 2.0 or What Do They Want? Terrorists Taking Aim at America

Recommended Readings: Alexander, Yohan and Michael S. Swetnam, Usama bin Laden's al-Qaida: Profile of a Terrorist Network, Transnational Publications, 2001. Peter Bergen, “The Bin Laden Trial: What Did We Learn?” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 24, Number 6/November 1, 2001 Pages: 429 - 434 Roland Jacquard, In the Name of Osama bin Laden, Duke University Press. February 2002 International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 9 Spring 2017 ______John K. Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism , Stylus Pub., 2000. Larry P. Goodson, Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban, University of Washington Press, 2001. Robert D. Kaplan, Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Vintage Books, 2001. Peter Marsden, The Taliban: War Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan, Zed Books, 1999. William Manley (ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban, New York University Press, 1998. Ryan Hendrickson, “American War Powers and Terrorists: The Case of Usama Bin Laden,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 2000. Daniel Bergner, “Where the Enemy Is Everywhere and Nowhere,” The New York Times Magazine, July 20, 2003 Barry Bearak, “Warlordistan,” The New York Times Magazine, June 1, 2003. Robert Baer, “The Fall of the House of Saud,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 2003. George Crile, Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History, Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003.

March 14: Midterm Exam

Part III. “Secular Terror”: Nationalist Terrorism Nationalistic inspiration has driven certain groups to extreme fanaticism and acts of terror. The Tamil minority in Sri Lanka has been fighting for a Tamil homeland; in the process they have killed thousands of Sinhala civilians in the last two decades. The fighting continues, albeit with periodic calm. In India, on the other hand, Hindus, who constitute over 80% of the population, have committed acts of violence and terror against the Muslim (12%)–and more recently Sikh (2%)–minority for over half a century. In this unit of the course we will gain a thorough understanding of the differences between Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka and Hindu nationalism in India and then examine the factors responsible for Hindu fanaticism and periodic violence against Muslims in India.

March 16 6. Nationalistic and Ethnic Terrorism: The Tamil Tigers Required Readings: White, Terrorism: An Introduction, Ch 12 Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism, pp. 184-209 David J. Whittaker (ed.), The Terrorist Reader, Chapter 6, Routledge, 2001. International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 10 Spring 2017 ______Web Sites The Tamil people of the island of Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka) constitute a distinct nation. They form a social entity, with their own history, traditions, culture, language and traditional homeland. The Tamil people call their nation 'Tamil Eelam'. Tamil Eelam Homepage http://www.eelam.com EelamWeb provides literature regarding the Tamil freedom struggle that has been published over the years by various Tamil scholars. It also provides information relating to the tradition and culture of the Tamil people. http://eelamweb.com

Part IV. Issues in Modern Terrorism Terrorism is rampant in the Middle East and South Asia, the two most dangerous regions in the world. Longstanding territorial disputes between neighboring states, disputes which remain unresolved, have contributed to the recent increase in the incidence of violence and terrorism in the two regions. Terrorist acts against the West (America) have also been growing because of the perception in many developing, especially Islamic, societies that the global spread of Western culture–music, video, movies, etc–will wipe out their religious values and their faith. Why are South Asia and the Middle East the two most dangerous regions in the world today? What is the future of the Palestinian conflict? Is it possible to resolve the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians in the near future? Why have India and Pakistan been fighting for over half a century? Will the next war between India and Pakistan involve the use of nuclear weapons? What role can the U.S. play in resolving conflicts in the Middle East and South Asia? Is globalization responsible for the recent wave of terrorist attacks against American interests? If so, what can be done to reverse the trend?

March 21 and 23 7. Terrorism and the Question of Palestine Required Readings: White, Terrorism: An Introduction, Chapters 7, 9 and 10 Gal Luft, The Palestinian H-Bomb: Terror’s Winning Strategy,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2002. Eric Rouleau, “Trouble in the Kingdom,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2002 Fouad Ajami, “America and the Arabs,” Foreign Affairs, Nov./Dec. 2001.

Recommended Readings: Michele Zanini, “Middle Eastern Terrorism and Netwar,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 22, Number 3/August 1, 1999, pp. 247- 256. Richard J. Chasdi, Serenade of Suffering: A Portrait of Middle East Terrorism 1968-1993, Lexington Books, 1999. Khaled Hroub, Hamas: Political Thought and Practice, Institute for Palestine Studies, 2000. Shaul Mishal and Avraham Sela, The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence, Columbia University Press, 2000. Martin Indyk, “Trusteeship for Palestine?,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2003.

Week of March 27: Spring Recess

April 4 and 6 8. Terrorism and the Kashmir Issue Required Readings:

Sumit Ganguly, Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947, Columbia University Press, 2002, Chapters 1, 2, 5 and 6. Salman Rushdie, “The Most Dangerous Place in the World,” The New York Times, May 30, 2002. International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 11 Spring 2017 ______Anatol Lieven, “The Pressure on Pakistan,” Foreign Affairs, January/Feb. 2002. Arun R. Swamy, “Deja vu all over again? Why Dialogue Won’t Solve the Kashmir Dispute,” Analysis From the East- West Center, Nov. 2001. Dennis Kux, “India’s Fine Balance,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2002.

Recommended Readings: K. Shankar Bajpai, “Untangling India and Pakistan,” Foreign Affairs, May/June, 2003.

April 11 and 13 9. Globalization and Terrorism Required Readings: Stanley Hoffmann, “The Clash of Globalizations,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2002. Benjamin Barber, “Jihad vs McWorld,” in Terrorism and 9/11: A Reader. Jagdish Bhagwati, “Coping with Antiglobalization: A Trilogy of Discontents,” Foreign Affairs, January/Feb. 2002. Graham Allison, “Could Worse Be Yet to Come?, The Economist, November 3, 2001. Recommended Readings: Thomas W. Simons Jr., Islam in a Globalizing World, Stanford University Press, 2003.

April 18 and 20: Poster Presentation

Part V. The Future of Terrorism

The acquisition of the weapons of mass destruction by rogue states such as Iraq, Iran and North Korea has been a cause of serious concern to the U.S. in recent years. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, there is a heightened fear of possible use of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons in future attacks on the U.S. What can be done to prevent such attacks? Should the U.S. engage in preemptive military strikes against rogue states suspected of developing and stockpiling weapons of mass destruction? How should America go about confronting secret terrorist organizations all across the globe? Can America end terror everywhere? Is the growing Islamic militancy in the five Asian republics a potential threat to American interests in that region? These and many other concerns will be analyzed and debated in this unit of the course.

April 25 and 27 and May 2 and 4 10. Technological Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Required Readings: White, Terrorism: An Introduction, Ch. 15 Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism, pp. 49-78, 226-253. Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, Ch. 6. Raymond A. Zilinskas, “Rethinking Bioterrorism,” Current History, December 2001 (in AE, WP). Bill Keller, “Nuclear Nightmares,” The New York Times Magazine, May 26, 2002. Recommended Readings: Horowitz, Leonard. Death in the Air: Globalism, Terrorism & Toxic Warfare, 2001. Parachini, John. Combating Terrorism: Assessing the Threat of Biological Terrorism, Rand, 2001. Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg, and William J. Broad. Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, Simon and Schuster, 2001. William Rosenau, “Aum Shinrikyo's Biological Weapons Program: Why Did it Fail?” Studies in Conflict and International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 12 Spring 2017 ______Terrorism, Volume 24, Number 4/July 1, 2001, pp. 289 - 301 Chris Dishman, “Understanding Perspectives on WMD and Why They Are Important,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 24, Number 4/July 1, 2001, pp. 303 - 313 Angus M. Muir, “Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Case of Aum Shinrikyo,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 22, Number 1/February 1, 1999, pp. 79 - 91. Jonathan B. Tucker (ed.), Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, The MIT Press, 2000. Richard A. Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman, and Bradley A. Thayer, America's Achilles' Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack, The MIT Press. 1998 Nadine Gurr and Benjamin Cole, The New Face of Terrorism: Threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction, I. B. Tauris, 2000. John Parachini, Combating Terrorism: Assessing the Threat of Biological Terrorism, Rand, 2001. Alex P. Schmid, “Terrorism and the Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction: From Where the Risk?,” in The Future of Terrorism, edited by Max Taylor and John Horgan, Frank Cass, 2000. Bill Keller, “The Second Nuclear Age,” The New York Times Magazine, May 4, 2003.

May 9 and 11

11. The Future of Terrorism

Required Readings: Esposito, Unholy War, Ch. 4 Ahmed Rashid, “They’re Only Sleeping,” in Terrorism and 9/11: A Reader. Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, Ch. 8. Graham Fuller, “The Future of Political Islam,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2002. Kenneth Pollack, "Next Stop Baghdad?," Foreign Affairs, March/April 2002. Thomas Homer-Dixon, “The Rise of Complex Terrorism,” Foreign Policy, January/February, 2002.

Recommended Readings: Rashid, Ahmed. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, Yale University Press, 2002. Rahul Mahajan, The New Crusade: America’s War on Terrorism, Monthly Review Press, 2002. Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman, Confronting Iraq: U. S. Policy and the Use of Force Since the Gulf War, Rand, 2000. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime and Militancy, RAND, 2001. Kurt M. Campbell and Michele A. Flournoy. To Prevail: An American Strategy for the Campaign Against Terrorism, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2001. Max Taylor and John Hogan (eds.), The Future of Terrorism, Frank Cass, 2002. James W. Cortada and Edward Wakin, Betting on America: Why the U.S. Can Be Stronger After September 11, Prentice Hall, 2002.

May 11: Review for the Final Exam

May 17: Final Exam at 1:00 P.M.

International Terrorism (POLS 390A) 13 Spring 2017 ______Presentation Schedule

Date Name 1.February 7 2.February 9 3.February 14 Eric Speer 4.February 16 Adam Hartman 5.February 21 Joe Gallagher 6.February 23 Evan Hendershot

7.March 7 8.March 9 Bobby Connor 9.March 16 Ashley Silvers 10.March 21 Pat Farrell 11.March 23 Carolyn Rowe 12.April 4 Laura Hawes 13.April 6 Jackson Mihevc 14.April 11 Ty Barrett 15.April 25 Stuart Alvey 16.April 27 Harold martin

17. May 2 Andrew Derringer

18. May 4