MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN Analyses Octobre 2007

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MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN Analyses Octobre 2007 Mission économique de Pékin Chine sous la direction de Jean-Patrick Yanitch, Conseiller financier Alexander Riveros Adrien Guillemin François Challan-Belval Steven Sherman André Tan Axel Leroy-Deval Les marchés financiers Panorama 1 la réforme en cours MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN analyses octobre 2007 LES MARCHES FINANCIERS CHINOIS Les marchés financiers chinois 1 MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN LES MARCHES FINANCIERS CHINOIS Liste des encadrés Organisation institutionnelle de la CSRC 26 Des Chinese walls encore très perméables 28 L’exemple de Sany Heavy Industry 65 La procédure de réforme des titres non échangeables 66 Exemple de recours en justice 71 L’affaire Delong 72 Circuit de corruption du fonds de pension de Shanghai (d’après Caijing) 74 Les variations de droit de timbre ont-elles eu une incidence par le passé ? 93 Liste des graphiques Comparaisons internationales - Capitalisation/ PIB 21 Evolution de la capitalisation des principales bourses mondiales 21 Capitalisations des bourses mondiales à la mi-juin 2007 22 Capitalisations de Shanghai et Shenzhen 22 Capitalisations et nombre d’entreprises cotées 22 Gains 2006 enregistrés par les bourses 23 Croissance 2006 des gains enregistrés par les bourses nationales 23 PER moyen des places asiatiques en 2006 23 Rendement des places asiatiques en 2006 23 10 premières capitalisations mondiales 23 Le rôle croissant des gestionnaires étrangers 35 Comparaison de la performance des principaux indices mondiaux en 2006 53 Corrélation du Shanghai Composite et du Shanghai 180 53 Evolution des indices Shanghai A et B 54 L’évolution du Shenzhen Composite 55 Comparaison entre les indices Shenzhen A et B 56 Part des actions chinoises dans l’indice Hang Seng 60 Performance des indices Hang Seng en 2006 60 Capitalisation des actions H et des red chips 61 Progression des indices de Hong Kong 61 Corrélation entre le HSI et le HSCEI 61 Les indices liés à la Chine continentale 61 Progression des indices S&P/CITIC 300 et FTSE/Xinhua 25 62 Les titres non échangeables entre les mains de l’Etat en 2005 64 Evolution des PER sectoriels à Shanghai 88 Part des titres gelés par secteur 89 Dépôts des ménages chinois : une fuite vers la bourse ? 90 4 MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN LES MARCHES FINANCIERS CHINOIS Dépôts bancaires des ménages / M2 90 Volume des transactions boursières / M2 91 Capitalisation / PIB 91 Incidence des variations de droits de timbre sur l’indice composite de Shanghai 93 Structure des marchés financiers chinois : 68 % de titres gelés 96 Marché des titres échangeables : 70 % de particuliers 96 Répartition de l’actif des ménages chinois 97 Fonds levés à Hong Kong par les sociétés chinoises 104 Comparaison historique des volatilités lissées sur 10 jours 122 Progression comparée du titre ICBC à Shanghai et à Hong Kong depuis l’introduction 123 Evolution du cours de l’action Tianjin Capital à Shanghai et à Hong Kong 124 Hang Seng China AH Premium Index 125 Le Hang Seng China AH Premium Index pendant la crise des subprimes 125 Liste des tableaux Les sociétés de bourse établies en joint-venture 33 Frais de gestion pratiqués par les gestionnaires de fonds 34 Gestionnaires de fonds locaux et étrangers en Chine 36 Evolution des canaux de distribution des fonds 37 Principaux titres détenus par les fonds de Chine continentale 38 Etat des différents partenariats en gestion d’actifs à octobre 2007 39 Les participations du FNSS dans les sociétés chinoises cotées 41 Les différents types de placement du FNSS 42 Ventilation des actifs détenus par les assureurs 42 Performance des fonds QFII à fin juillet 2007 46 Liste des QFII en Chine 47 Estimation de la taille des quotas QDII à la mi-2007 49 Liste des QDII en Chine 51 Les 10 plus importantes capitalisations du SSE Composite par capitalisation totale 52 Les 10 plus importantes capitalisations du SSE Composite par capitalisation échangeable 52 Progression des principaux indices en 2006 53 Les 5 capitalisations les plus importantes de Shenzhen 55 Evolution des principaux indices chinois en 2006 55 Les 10 plus importantes capitalisations des sociétés H 57 Les plus importantes capitalisations Red chips 58 Les plus importantes capitalisations du HSI 58 Les plus importantes capitalisations du HSCEI 59 Quelques exemples d’IPO chinoises à l’étranger 62 Principales réglementations en vigueur 76 Règlementations spécifiques à certains acteurs 77 5 MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN LES MARCHES FINANCIERS CHINOIS Synthèse des saisonnalités sur les marchés financiers chinois 84 Evolution des droits de timbre 93 Les IPOs de grande Chine 103 Fonds levés par les sociétés chinoises cotées à Hong Kong 104 Classement des sociétés de bourse en 2006 158 6 MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN LES MARCHES FINANCIERS CHINOIS Comment la bourse chinoise est devenue un enjeu politique national. La bourse devrait être, par nature, un objet marginal dans une économie socialiste, fut-elle « de marché ». De fait, en 2005, la capitalisation échangeable sur les places chinoises ne représentait encore que 9% du PIB, très loin des standards tant régionaux qu’internationaux. Vivotant sur les décombres du krach de 2001, les places de Shanghai et de Shenzhen ont longtemps connu une évolution atone, seulement animées par quelques scandales financiers récurrents. Elles enregistraient ainsi régulièrement les plus mauvaises performances d’Asie, voire mondiales, contrastant en cela avec les records de croissance de l’économie réelle. La plupart des investisseurs particuliers s’étaient retirés. Hong Kong assurait seule le rôle de place financière -offshore - chinoise. Par méfiance idéologique, par souci de conserver un contrôle direct sur l’allocation du capital, mais aussi échaudées par l’épisode spéculatif des années 90, les autorités étaient réticentes à réveiller les marchés financiers continentaux. Le développement des bourses locales constituent pourtant une voie de diversification pour une économie surbancarisée, et une opportunité de meilleurs rendements pour une épargne chinoise pléthorique et sous-rémunérée. Il s’agit aussi d’un bon moyen de valoriser et rentabiliser les actifs publics. Mais, là ne sont pas les priorités premières des autorités chinoises. La priorité centrale du gouvernement chinois demeure la stabilité sociale . Nombre d’observateurs estiment que le risque de crise sociale, dans un pays continent et où les inégalités vont toujours croissantes, constitue l’une des principales hypothèques pesant sur la croissance. Les autorités ont cessé de recenser officiellement les « incidents » sociaux (dénombrés à 85 000 en 2005). Jusqu’à présent, les causes des soulèvements, certes nombreux, sont essentiellement d’ordre local : conflits et accidents du travail, corruption et expropriations abusives, catastrophes environnementales. Elles affectent le plus souvent les catégories les plus modestes de la population, c’est-à-dire les travailleurs migrants et les ruraux. La nature locale des incidents, ainsi que l’organisation politique chinoise, rendent peu probables la fédération et la diffusion de ces mécontentements à l’échelle nationale. Il est aisé pour les autorités d’apaiser la population, les problèmes étant limités et gérables au cas par cas. On considère ainsi communément que, si le risque social chinois est élevé à l’échelle locale, le risque national demeure très contenu. Pourtant, le réveil boursier infléchit ce diagnostic. Inattendue par son ampleur, la flambée boursière est devenue en quelques mois une cause d’inquiétude nationale pour les autorités . La reprise des cours a peu à peu attiré les petits porteurs. Leur retour en bourse, tout d’abord modeste, a tourné au raz-de-marée à partir du début de l’année 2007. Les autorités se trouvent aujourd’hui prises au piège du succès de la réforme boursière, dont elles n’avaient sans doute pas anticipé l’ampleur. Elles ont su rétablir la confiance, au-delà de toutes leurs espérances. La capitalisation totale atteint maintenant 114% du PIB (comparable aux standards des pays développés), et la part échangeable dépasse le tiers du PIB. Au cours du printemps 2007, 380 000 comptes titres ont été ouverts chaque jour. On estime désormais la part des particuliers à 70% du marché échangeable (que ce soit en gestion directe ou via des fonds d’investissement). D’objet marginal, la bourse entre désormais au cœur des préoccupations chinoises. Si l’exposition des ménages chinois, pris dans leur ensemble, à une éventuelle crise boursière 7 MISSION ECONOMIQUE DE PEKIN LES MARCHES FINANCIERS CHINOIS paraît encore contenue 1, elle est en fait concentrée au sein de la classe moyenne. On estime aujourd’hui les petits porteurs à 60 millions d’individus (un doublement depuis le printemps). S’ils comptent pour moins de 5% des ménages, il s’agit de la frange la plus active de la population, disposant des leviers les plus forts pour faire connaître son mécontentement. Une erreur de communication du Ministère des finances, à l’occasion de la hausse légère des droits de timbre à la fin mai 2007, a montré la réactivité de ces petits porteurs, rapidement fédérés au niveau national pour demander sur internet rien moins que la démission du Ministre, fait exceptionnel en Chine 2. L’incident reste à l’esprit de tous à l’approche du 17 e Congrès du PCC. Ainsi, pour la première fois depuis plusieurs années, un risque 3 apparaît pouvant affecter potentiellement la stabilité sociale à l’échelle nationale : une crise boursière aurait la capacité de fédérer le mécontentement d’une large classe sociale sur l’ensemble du territoire. Les épargnants parient sur cette crainte gouvernementale . Certes, « la bourse chinoise est un casino »4 ; mais, pour l’instant, il s’agit d’un pari perçu comme à sens unique, en raison précisément de l’enjeu que représente désormais la bourse pour le gouvernement. Peu importent les niveaux de valorisation excessifs, les carences de la gouvernance des entreprises cotées, les épargnants sont convaincus que les autorités centrales ne peuvent se permettre un krach boursier dans cette période politique critique du 17 e Congrès du PCC (le renouvellement quinquennal des équipes dirigeantes) et des Jeux Olympiques de Pékin.
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