Nordisk Museologi 2001 • 1–2, s. 193–203

Sources of the 193 National of

Zygintas Bucys

”Not all yet understand the true meaning of the Museum, thinking that it is something like Valhala, where morality and genius must be exalted. Not all yet understand that Archæology, trying to avoid empty inducements, today’s passions, is not obliged to flatter a nation’s pride. By collecting monuments of all that was alive and interesting in the past, history is given the right to evaluate, praise or condemn. In the faces of ancestors it is not looking for beauty, but likeness”.1 The first museum in Lithuania – the Museum of Antiquities – was established almost a hundred and fifty years ago (1855) according to this statement of belief by of one of the most famous researchers of Lithuanian culture in mid-19th century, Adam Kirkor.

Despite the difficult circumstances during the museum was named the National Museum occupation by Czarist Russia, the museum of Lithuania. was established as a national museum, and In 1855 when the Museum of Antiquities throughout its history it had to endure vari- was established the independent Lithuanian ous calamities: the removal of a major part of state was already only an episode from the its collections to Russia, the abolition of the past inscribed in the cultural memory. How- museum and the dissipation of its collections. ever it had not been completely deleted, rather Only in 1952 through the efforts of the fa- it was being continuously restored in prepa- mous historian of Lithuanian culture, Vincas ration for the realisation of the historical fact Zilenas, was the structure of the Museum of in a political life that was at least minimally Antiquities recreated on the basis of a part of independent. The exposition of the museum, the original collection and of collections from which contributed to keep historical con- the scientific communities of Vilinus. This sciousness and cultural identity alive, tried to restored collection reflected the history of the restore Lithuanian patriotism. The idea of es- Lithuanian state and the national culture. In tablishing a museum had matured long befo- this way the work begun by the mid-19th cen- re it became a fact, therefore I will look at the tury intelligentsia was continued. In 1992 the beginning of the historical collections in Lit- Zygintas Bucys

194 huania and the growth of an awareness of self balanced on the edge of temporality, amal- antiquities as representing historical and cul- gamating with others, passing from hand to tural values. hand or disappearing from the cultural hori- zon just at the time it had acquired some con- Madness for things tours and definition. The wave of collecting things that arose in ”This is really a madness for things” – said Kon- the first half of the 19th century was figurati- stanty Tyszkiewicz, a witness of these days and vely described by A.Kirkor in a letter to Józef an active participant, describing the outburst Ignacy Kraszewski, where he mentions a sil- of antiquities collecting in the first half of 19th ver statuette, owned by ”some small nobleman century.2 This was the reaction of a scientist Czechowicz, an ignorant person, but very fond and culture researcher to the random, chao- of antique things, who kept it under the key and tic collecting of objects, not defined by scien- didn’t show it even to his wife. This strange man tific categories or systems. Generally, it was dug into many barrows. Poor man, but ready to the attitude to a certain section of society risk everything in order to get antiquities. Peo- which did not value cultural heritage and did ple say, that he has coffers full of them.”3 not apprehend its meaning. K.Tyszkiewicz met many local collectors on A hitherto inexperienced passion for col- his scientific journeys on the Neris river. lecting things pierced the hearts of various P.Ordynec – collector of antiquities and old layers within society: beginning with the duke legends in Milcia.4 Priest Debinski who had and count but also affecting the small pro- a few finds he had himself dug out of sur- vincial nobleman. Of course, this desire to rounding barrows.5 In Kernavele manor he collect did not appear overnight; collecting saw an art collection comprising mostly of was known even earlier. However, if in the the works of Kanuty Rusiecki. The owner of 18th century only aristocrats like Radziwill, this collection was ”a real brother of our pain- , Oginski, Chreptowicz, Tyzenhauz ter”.6 In Paparciai in the company of the pain- and other dignitaries could take pride in their ter Antoni Zaleski he visited a ”beautiful gal- collections, in the 19th century collecting lery of old paintings from the Italian school” be- became a universal phenomenon. Often a longing to the painter’s uncle and he was sur- private collection reflected fashion, pride or prised by his ”very rich collection of old Saxo- some sort of self-establishment in society; and nian porcelain unique in Lithuania.”7 In Mika- for the majority the contents had no impor- liskis Tyszkiewicz met with Doctor Minkow- tance: antiquities, archæological finds, numis- ski, who ”had a small collection of rarities – a matics or art works – all were equally desira- few items of old Saxonian porcelain, especially ble. Everything depended on the nobleman interesting was a cup with top. It had a bust of himself: his taste, inclination and of course Stanislaw August in the form of medallion pain- his fortune. It was rare for anyone to engage ted inside the cup, and written around it was: in purposeful, systematic collecting. There ”Stanislaus Augustus Rex”. On the bottom of were all kind of things in the private collec- the plate was an open book and the symbol of tions: family relics, objects from exotic righteousness with lifted finger, laurel crown and countries, local rarities, and the collection it- all attributes of the memorable event of 1791. Sources of the National Museum of Lithuania

Today this cup is quite a rare antiquity, signify- 195 ing the country’s majestic act. (…) Minkowski selected a corresponding silver spoon for this cup, which I saw for the first time here. There was an embossed portrait of Duke Józef Poniatow- ski.”8 The scope of archeological research and collecting in Lithuania is also described in the writings and correspondence of the historian , where we can find out about the collectors of that time: Józef Pomarnacki, Karol Kozakowski, Adam Zagiello, Jerzy Pla- ter, Franciszek Wilczynski, Oskierka, Marcin Ciepliniski, Józef Jaroszewicz.9 Narbutt him- self had quite a big collection of Lithuanian antiquities. L.Jucevicius in his work ”Mokyti zemaiciai” (Educated Samogitians) also mentioned Michal Chlewinski, Jan Chry- zostom Gintyllo, Leopold and his son Albert Gorski, Dionizas Poska, Jan Prekier, Antony Rönne, Leon Uwojn and Edward Wolmer, as ”having rather big libraries”, ”rooms of numis- matics”, ”collecting antiquities” that were ”de- dicated to Lithuanian antiquity”10 Count (1814–1873), These were not all the collectors in Lithua- archæologist, collector, researcher in Lithuanian history nia at that time, since Narbutt and Jucevicius and culture. He was the founder of the first Lithuanian museum, The Museum of Antiquities in Vilnius, which first mentioned those collections that were opened in 1856. important for their own research and scienti- fic interests. There were many such amateur antique collectors, such as the above mentio- net or library, expensive crockery, porcelain, ned Czechowicz – who collected in secret and furniture, a splendid collection of arms, and kept it quiet. Others sought evidence of their art work in the manors of most noblemen.11 noble origin by collecting family relics, and But in many cases the fact that these things adding various local rarities. This was not in- were not collected from the neighbourhood, teresting for historians of the time. that they were used for everyday purposes and It has to be remembered that the habit of were not understood as being of cultural va- collecting local antiquities as representatives lue prevents us from calling them collections. of cultural heritage was not yet properly estab- Even among collectors of that time antiqui- lished or clearly defined. As inventory books ties were sometimes apprehended in this way. from the end of the 18th and the beginning ”Priest Grosmani, one of the antique collectors of the19th centuries show, there was a cabi- of that time, had a few stone hammers in his Zygintas Bucys

196

The Museum of Antiquities. An exhibition in the P.Smuglevièius Hall of the University. In the period 1860–1865.

scientific collection which consisted of various Peasants had a much more pragmatic view utensils arrayed in tasteful disorder, and laugh- of local antiques. ”1811 three brass statuettes ing with satisfaction (which showed his poor were found on the bottom of a drained lake in worldview) he demonstrated to everyone, how the Druja area. (…) Villagers sold them to Jews he cleverly found a purpose for this thing: he put in Druja.”14 ”In Svëksna in the garden of the candles into its hole and it served as candlehol- parsonage a servant took the treasure which he der.”12 found while replanting roses – it is supposed to At the same time there was a diametrically have been a few pounds of golden coins. This opposite appreciation of things – as being of man went abroad and the valuable finds disap- cultural value, as testimonies of various his- peared.”15 Only at the end of 19th century do torical periods. Narbutt demonstrated such we meet the first collector among the pea- an understanding: to him a wooden stick with sants.16 unreadable writings was an ”antique of anti- The clearest and most important feature ques of ancient ” – ”sceptre of Ge- of collecting in the first half of 19th century diminas”.13 The absence of collecting tradi- was the nobility’s turning toward the past tions, the undefined concept of collections culture of their own country, trying to un- and the newly born inclusion of local anti- derstand it with the help of local antiquities. ques into the sphere of cultural expression Classical cosmopolitan nature cabinets of gave rise to such a dual attitude toward them. numismatics, natural science, art and antiques What was of value to one person, could be which dominated in 18th century were up- completely insignificant to another. dated with new energy. Local antiques were Sources of the National Museum of Lithuania

added as reminders not only of the times of with Adam Zagiello, Siesicki and Franciszek 197 Stanislaw August or , but also of Potocki. This was not an exception. Enthusi- gods and relics of pagan Lithuania or as wit- asts for antiquities did not keep information nesses of Lithuanian battles with crusaders: to themselves, but actively communicated and arrows, swords, armour. knew about each others’ collections through Archæological finds that were reminders of personal correspondence, newspapers or Lithuania’s past which had not hitherto been through visiting each other. Periodicals of that considered objects worth collecting now time had plenty of news about finds, collec- found their place in the collections of the tions, and as there was no clear understan- aristocracy. In the art gallery of Tyzenhauz Pas- ding of the purpose of some objects the peri- toviai manor apart from 16th–17th century odicals attempted to explain them scientifi- art works by Italian, Dutch, French, Spanish cally. T.Narbutt, A.Kirkor and E.Tyszkiewicz and other artists one could also see Lithuani- were especially renowned as trustworthy ex- an antiquities found in burial mounds in the perts. Pastoviai area: bracelets, beads etc.17 There was Thus before the Vilnius Museum of Anti- a ”glass ball with tears inside found in a Lit- quities was established, we can discern two huanian grave; the brass statuette of a man, some ways of gathering collections. Firstly the col- god a few inches tall” in a famous collection of lecting of some universal, heterogeneous but arms and art works belonging to Count Józef distinctive things predominated in the Lit- .18 The brothers Counts Eustachy huanian society of that time. It was motivated and Konstanty Tyszkiewicz, and Count Jerzy by a desire to express one’s own world view, a Plater were widely known for their Lithuani- realization of one’s domestic heritage through an collections and archæological research. collecting antiquities, and considering their Those of the Lithuanian aristocracy who were application in shaping reality. This view dic- not so interested in science were not however tated the selection of antiques – rare, interes- indifferent to local antiquities. ”Duke Cezary ting objects or those which were somehow Giedroyc, (…) said that in his domain on a high meaningful or beautiful to the collector him- mountain in the woods there is a gully about self. On the other hand some of the Lithua- which many legends exist. They say that there nian intelligentsia formed a new generation were old graves there, and that one can dig and of collectors, who pursued a conscientious find interesting things, especially stone beads and search for a Lithuanian cultural heritage, from big pieces of amber. Duke Giedroyc promised to prehistorical stone axes to the events of 1812, excavate a few such old graves and send me the which they sought to purposefully collect and finds together with a topographical map of the systematize, propagate and keep as a heritage mountain, with written legends.” 19 for future generations. Their interest in monu- The modern Lithuanian intelligentsia sti- ments that reflected Lithuanian history was mulated by patriotic feelings entered the also stimulated by a ”love for the nation”, not search for local antiquities. Karol Kozakow- just scientific curiosity. The museum was the ski who excavated the Obeliai burial mound institution that could preserve these monu- near Ukmerge called it a ”Lithuanian Pom- ments and inspire society to undetake this cul- peii” 20, and generously shared his findings tural-patriotic action. Zygintas Bucys

198 Legalization of things G.Forster and the noblemen M.Oginski, J.Wichert, M.Walicki granted it their nature In many European countries the first muse- collections.26 There were more such gifts. ums were established by giving form and They were mostly motivated by a trust of the structure to already existing private collec- university not only as educational institution, tions: defining their social status, legalizing but as an institution able to preserve a cul- their public role, outlining further collecting tural heritage for future generations. On the principles. These matters were now signifi- basis of these collections the university had cant not to a single collector but to the whole established cabinets of numismatics, minera- of society. The Vilnius Museum of Antiqui- logy, zoology. It also kept local archæological ties was no exception, it was founded on the finds which had not yet formed a separate col- collections of Count E.Tyszkiewicz. The pos- lection cabinet. sibility to create a museum in Lithuania al- K.Tyszkiewicz mentioned, that ”in its col- ready existed at the beginning of the 19th lections the University has not only highly ap- century. However it remained only a possibi- preciated Roman and similar monuments, but lity. In 1775 the ”Musaeum Polonicum” pro- it also had in its storage silver diadems, bronze ject (similar to the British Museum in its necklaces, found in graves and memorials of the structure) was discussed in the Parli- era before the birth of Christ. There were a few ament, but it never came to fruition.21 Had sacrificial stone hammers. However nobody there been a positive resolution to this pro- would even glance at these things”.27 A.Kirkor ject and knowing the ambitions of the Lit- also had a similar opinion: ”university profes- huanian nobility it is reasonable to assume sors looked at the finds with such contempt that that its existence would have received atten- they did not even find a proper place to keep tion in Lithuania. Moreover, the Chreptowicz them and they were stored in the loft where they Szczorse manor collection was known and were found in 1855”.28 Yet, if antiquities were visited by the intelligentsia and scientists and found in the university, they must have been was called the ”Lithuanian Pulawy”.22 It was interesting to somebody, otherwise how considered to be equivalent to the most fa- would have they got there? Most probably mous collection at that time, the professors and researchers at the beginning Pulawy collection, founded in accordance of the 19th century had a different view of with the motto ”the past for the future”.23 local antiquities. Jan Gwalbert Rudomina had several realistic read a report about antiquities at the univer- chances to establish the museum, since it was sity meeting in 1817 and presented the re- the only institution in Lithuania at that time mains of antique arms found in the Labuna- which organized cultural life and it had a va- va manor, which testifies to the interest in riety of collection cabinets. In 1803 its nu- local monuments.29 mismatics cabinet consisted of 268 medals No doubt these University collections were and 195 coins.24 In 1814 the university ac- still very far from constituting a proper mu- quired Symonowicz’ mineralogy cabinet con- seum. Attached to different faculties the ca- sisting of 20,000 items, one of the largest in binets served educational needs but were not Europe.25 The university lecturers J.E.Gilibert, considered to be elements of cultural herita- Sources of the National Museum of Lithuania

199

A bird’s-eye view of the National Museum of Lithuania, Vilnius.

ge. Unfavorable historical circumstances (the and unofficial museum however could not university was closed in 1832 by the Czarist embrace the wide scientific and cultural aspi- Russia administration) precluded these col- rations of Tyszkiewicz and like-minded peo- lections from becoming a museum. ple, so in 1848 he addressed the Vilnius go- It was Count Eustachy Tyszkiewicz (1814– vernor-general with a proposal to establish a 1873) who initiated the founding of the mu- Provincial Museum in Vilnius. However this seum. He was a cultural historian, a national project was delayed by the Czarist adminis- patriot and a man of wide scientific interests. tration and only a few years later, on May 11, According to his own words, as he was spen- 1855 did the Czar finally sign the order to ding his summer holidays of 1837 in his na- establish the Vilnius Board of Archæology and tive land, and being interested in local bar- the Museum of Antiquities. Understandably, rows, he conducted excavations and publish- under the circumstances it was impossible to ed the results in the press. The historian Teo- call this museum the ”Lithuanian Museum” dor Narbutt replied to his article and mentio- as E.Tyszkiewicz wanted. ned that the newly found antiquities could The museum opened on April 29, 1856 in form the beginnings of a Lithuanian muse- the premises of the closed Vilnius University. um. This idea inspired by T.Narbutt remain- It was the first public museum in the history ed with Tyszkiewicz. In 1846 at his home in of Lithuania, as it was open at set hours to Vilnius he opened an antique cabinet there everyone who was interested. The museum, for anybody who wanted to see it. A private despite of Czarist administrative control, was Zygintas Bucys

200 in fact public, like the majority of European to return to Lithuania valuable cultural ob- at the time. The basis of its exhibi- jects taken to Russia. For this purpose the tions was antiquities from E.Tyszkiewicz’ pri- board undertook a wide search and printed vate collection which had been granted to the the results. In 1859 A.Kirkor visited libraries museum. Libraries, scripts, documents from and museums in St.Petersburg making notes closed Catholic monasteries and churches, on Lithuanian antiquities, at the same time together with the remnants of the Vilnius another member of the board – D.Soncov – University cabinets, were included. The worked in on the same mission.31 further growth of the museum collections was E.Tyszkiewicz himself visited high-ranking based on gifts from private individuals and officials in the Czarist administration for this organizations. The most significant exhibits reason. As a result quite a few copies of histo- were given to the museum by noblemen, land- rical documents were made, some of the du- owner families with old historical and cultural plicates in the Nieswiez library 32 were retur- traditions. In this way the museum acquired ned, in Kiev University copies were made of an ornithological collection of more than Runic calendars that belonged to Vilnius 1000 items collected by the father of Count University.33 But the major part of the exhi- R.Tyzenhauz; part of a famous collection of bits came to the museum from the territory arms donated by Count F.Kossakowski; a col- of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, lection of Lithuanian antiquities gathered by from the Vilnius, , and A.Kirkor; single gifts from Dukes Oginski and provinces of that time. Radziwill and Counts Plater, Tyszkiewicz and Apart from the board members themsel- other noblemen. These exhibits were there- ves, ordinary citizens, state officials and stu- fore also significant as sources of Lithuanian dents actively joined in collecting. Perhaps the history. The passing of big collections from establishment of the museum gave rise to a landowners to the museum did not take pla- sort of ethnographical revival. There were 195 ce on a large scale. Most of them kept their donators to the museum in 1858, and this splendid private collections, offering the mu- number grew to 323 people in 1862, and they seum only one or a few exhibits. It is possible donated 6,595 exhibits. that things which were related more to Lit- Since the museum was a public organiza- huanian history than to the private life of in- tion, its work mostly depended on the initia- dividual noble families were selected for the tive of the members themselves. Even though museum. At least such selection criteria were sections of the museum were formed depen- expressed by the museum organizer, ding on the nature of the collections, they E.Tyszkiewicz, himself.30 were not structurally organized like today’s The collections grew rapidly thanks to the museum divisions with clearly defined col- members of the board and the local intelli- lections and depositories, and with a set num- gentsia who actively participated in the search ber of employees. One member of the board for objects not only in the territory of former was assigned to each section and it was his Grand Duchy of Lithuania but also abroad: responsibility to make a catalogue of the ob- in Prague, Krakow and other places. Efforts jects in this section. At the start the museum were made, on the initiative of E.Tyszkiewicz, had the following sections: archæology, ma- Sources of the National Museum of Lithuania

naged by A.Kirkor; numismatics (coins and nus in Vilnius Cathedral. It was said in the 201 medals) by L.Rossyljon; archeography (docu- above mentioned report that our ”society calls ments, scripts, autographs) by M.Herburt; art on the generosity of Lithuanians, on their inna- (paintings, graphics, etching tables) by te love of the nation, to help build a monument J.Wilczynski; memorabilia by P.Kukolnik; to Barbara in Vilnius Cathedral financed by natural science by A.Adamowicz; library by voluntary donations”.37 Love of the nation (ci- M.Malinowski.34 During the history of the vic consciousness) was considered the purpo- museum the sections changed: memorabilia se of the cultural activity. Love of the nation disappeared, part of its exhibits went to the by preserving its memories, meant not only archæology section, and the remainder for- honoring the nation’s past but was also contri- med a sphragistic section; in 1862 a new eth- buting to ensuring the nation’s life in the fu- nography section was added; in 1863 a col- ture. And of course, involving society in this lection of fortification models was obtained cultural action was a form of cultural and but it was not assigned to any specific sec- patriotic education. Similarly E.Tyszkiewicz tion.35 Since the inventory books were not was glad not only that the antiquities collec- kept according to separate sections, new ob- ted in the museum were protected against loss, jects used to be registered in a common in- but also that people’s attitude toward old ar- ventory book. Catalogues were made for the tifacts in their homes had changed. They were exhibits of archæology, art, ornithology, mi- dragged out into the daylight dusted down neralogy, natural science, fortification models and seen as important symbols of historical and for the library.36 memory.38 The population however set the highest value on the historical lessons which Cultural functions of the museum offered them. the museum and its significance The Vilnius Museum of Antiquities suc- ceeded in becoming one of the centers of cul- The Vilnius Museum of Antiquities, and the tural and political consolidation of Lithuani- Archæology Board that worked with it, was an society. Such prominent Lithuanian pu- the only science center in Lithuania. The col- blic figures as M.Valancius, M.Akelaitis, lections were important for scientific research. J.Ciulda and others were members of the Ar- At the same time it was a significant cultural chæology Board of the museum. The first institution, shaping certain social trends. The exhibits of Lithuanian folk culture appeared cultural influence of the museum was effecti- in the museum. These were texts of folk songs, ve since it was so popular. The number of vi- collected by K.Tyszkiewicz and given to the sitors fluctuated between 3 and 10 thousand museum.39 M.Gusev, member of the Archæo- a year. The report of the Board of Archæolo- logy board, established relations with the re- gy given in 1862 proposing a memorial for searcher into Lithuanian folk culture from Barbara Radziwill in Vilnius Cathedral shows Mazoji Lietuva (Small Lithuania), E. how the directors of the museum understood Gisevijus.40 the cultural mission of their institution. Even The activity of the museum as an institu- earlier, in 1853, E.Tyszkiewicz funded the re- tion for unifying different and manifold ele- building of the monument to Vytautas Mag- ments of Lithuanian culture, for fostering love Zygintas Bucys

202 of the country, was halted by the Russifica- cultural identity in the future. However the tion policy, carried out especially after the re- destiny of the museum was much too depen- bellion in 1863. In 1865 most of the exhibits dent on the policy of the Russian government. from the Museum of Antiquities (primarily For this reason, not only the museum but the the most valuable ones) were selected and whole of Lithuanian society suffered great transported to Russia where they remain un- losses. til this day. The rest of the exhibits were gi- ven to the Vilnius public library which was References established by the government.41 We can judge the significance and perspec- 1. A.H. Kirkor. Znaczenie i postep archeologii w tives of the museum by comparing it with the naszych czasach, in: Pamiatniki kommissji archeo- history of similar museums in other countries. logicznej Wilneskiej. p. 37–38. The possible synthesis of folk and nobility cul- 2. K.Tiskevicius. Neris ir jos krantai. Vilnius, 1992, tures, mediated by the Vilnius Museum of p. 32. Antiquities, reveals significant differences 3. Quot. according to: M.Stolzman. Nigdy od ciebe from the history of the Riga museum, estab- miasto… Olsztyn, 1987. s. 54. lished in 1834 on the initiative of Baltic Ger- 4. K.Tiskevicius. Op. cit. p. 43–44. man intellectuals. In the regulations of the 5. Ibid. p. 241. History and Antiquities Association, which 6. Ibid. p. 252. founded the museum, it was emphasized that 7. Ibid. p. 272. in the Archæology section antiquities related 8. Ibid. p. 159–160. to church and state life should be exhibited.42 9. According to: T.Narbutt. Pomniejsze pisma These antiquities had nothing in common historyczne szeglnie do historyi Litwy odnoszece with Latvian folk culture. The above mentio- sie. Wilno, 1856. s. 4–5, 222–223, 226.; S. ned association tried to completely ignore the Daukantas. Laiskai Teodorui Narbutui: epistoli- pagan aspects of this culture. Even much la- nis dialogas. Vilnius, 1996. p. 303–304, 520– ter, in 1882, preparing an exhibition of the 521. Baltic cultural history monuments, it was 10. According to: L.Jucevicius. Mokyti zemaiciai. decided not to include archæological objects.43 Vilnius, 1975. p. 41–42, 68–69, 70–71, 116– A few Latvian books were exhibited in this 119, 121, 171, 186. exhibition but almost all of them were Chris- 11. Feodaliniu zemës valdu inventoriu aprasymas tian religious texts.44 Meanwhile in the Vilni- (Sudarë V.Abramavicius). Vilnius, 1963. p. 308, us Museum of Antiquities the first of ten sec- 351, 365–366, 389, 391, 395, 414–415. tions of the exhibition was one devoted to 12. K. Tiskevicius. Op. cit. p. 32. mythology. Very important exhibits in this 13. List T. Narbutta do d-ra A. Reniera 1844 04 22, section were the so-called statuettes of Lit- in: Kronika rodzinna. 1888. t. 15. s. 358. huanian pagan gods.45 These Lithuanian my- 14. T. Narbutas. Lietuviu tautos istorija. Vilnius, thological antiquities (even those that were 1992. p. 78. not authentic), since they were common ob- 15. Ibid. p. 169. jects to ordinary people, as well as the elite, 16. V. Zilënas. Lietuvos kolekcininkai ir muziejinin- were able to become the basis of a common kai. 3. Antanas Sutinas, in: Kulturos barai. 1983. Sources of the National Museum of Lithuania

Nr. 2. p. 62–63. metov, nachodiascichsia v Vilenskom muzee 203 17. Katalog wystawy starozytnosci i predmiotw drevnostei. Vilno, 1865. s. 20. sztuki. Warszawa, 1856. s. 25–26, 29. 37. Kuryer Wilenski. 1862. N. 39. s. 312. 18. List T. Narbutta do d-ra A. Reniera 1842 12 20, 38. Ibid. N. 55. s. 442. in: Kronika rodzinna. 1888. t. 15. s. 331. 39. Kuryer Wilenski. 1857. N. 51. s. 437. 19. K Tiskevicius. Op. cit. p. 266. 40. Ibid. 1860. N. 16. s. 162–163. 20. T. Narbutt. Op. cit. p. 222 41. E. Aleksandravicius, Kulturinis sajudis Lietuvoje 21. Z.Zygulski Jun. Muzea na swiecie. Warszava, 1831–1863 m. Vilnius, 1989. p. 47. 1982, s. 52–53. 42. Ustav obscestva istorii i drevnostei ostzeiskich 22. S.S. Komornicki. Muzeum ksiazat Czartoryskich gubernij. Riga, 1834. s. 8. w Krakowie. Krakow, 1929. s. V. 43. Katalog der Rigaschen culturhistorischen Aus- 23. C. Jankowski. Powiat oszmianski. Petersburg, stellung. Riga, 1883. p. III. 1896. t. I. s. 298. 44. Ibid. p. 36. 24. A. Riszard. Szkola numizmatyczna, in: Wiado- 45. A. H. Kirkoras. Op. cit. p. 234. mosci numizmatyczno-archeologiczne. 1892. Nr. 4. s. 366. Zygintas Bucys is historian and Vice Director of the 25. M. Balinski. Pamietniki o Janie Sniadeckim. National Museum of Lithuania. Wilno, 1856. t. I. s. 720–722. Adr: Arsenalo str. 26. Vilniaus universiteto istorija: 1579–1803. Vilni- LT-2001 Vilnius us, 1976. t. I. p. 246–247. E-mail: [email protected] 27. K. Tiskevicius. Op. cit. p. 31. 28. A. H. Kirkoras. Lietuva nuo seniausiu laiku iki 1882 metu. Vilnius,1995. p. 106. 29. Posiedzenia akademickie i publiczne uniwersyte- tu imperatorskiego Wilenskiego w roku 1816 i 1817, in: Dziennik Wilenski. t. VI. N. 36. s. 659. 30. Pamietniki kommissji archologicznej Wilenskiej. Wilno, 1856. s. 22–23. 31. Archeologijos komisijos posëdziu protokolai. VUB. F. 13. B. 234. 32. W. Dobaczewska. Dzieje kultury Wilenskiej pomiædzy dwoma powstaniami. Wilno, 1937. s. 32. 33. Kuryer Wileski. 1857. N. 47. s. 404–405. 34. Pamiætniki kommissji archeologicznej Wileskiej. s. 10. 35. Archeologijos komisijos posëdziu protokolai. VUB. F. 13. B. 234. 36. Dnevnik zasedanij kommissii dlia razbora, prive- denija v izvestnost i nadlezascij poriadok pred-