A Periodisation of Globalisation According to the Mauritian Integration Into the International Sugar Commodity Chain (1825-2005)1
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Policy Brief Policy Brief October 2018, PB-18/33
OCP Policy Center Policy Brief Policy Brief October 2018, PB-18/33 Employment Creation in Non-Agricultural Sectors As agriculture becomes more productive, it must shed labor, which unless absorbed in non-farm jobs that pay at least as well as agriculture, would simply constitute exporting farm poverty to other sectors. By Isabelle Tsakok Summary Adequate employment creation is a concern of every government. However, for agriculture-dependent countries whose agricultures are being transformed, the need to generate non-farm employment is particularly urgent as higher productivity agriculture will shed labor that must find productive employment in the non-farm economy. How have governments in developing countries, burdened with extensive underemployment, particularly of youth, effectively addressed this stiff challenge? This policy brief is about how the governments of Rwanda, Vietnam, and Mauritius have effectively addressed this problem. Though the specific measures taken were different, their experiences were similar in three key respects: • They focused on raising agricultural productivity growth and on diversifying agriculture; • They went beyond agriculture to create a supportive macro and trade framework; and • The employment challenge, even if successfully addressed for a period, never really diminishes. They have to continue to address new threats and opportunities as these emerge. The central message is to solve the problem of adequately creating non-farm employment, in economies where agriculture is still important (AG/GDP is 10 percent or more), sustained agricultural productivity growth is necessary but not sufficient. Too many developing countries striving to reduce extensive poverty and underemployment have found out that, first, they cannot bypass sustained growth in agricultural productivity;1 and second, that sustained agricultural productivity growth is, however, not sufficient. -
Plantation Slavery and Economic Development in the Antebellum Southern United States
Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 3Plantation No. 3, July 2003, Slavery pp. 289–332. and Economic Development 289 Plantation Slavery and Economic Development in the Antebellum Southern United States CHARLES POST The relationship of plantation slavery in the Americas to economic and social development in the regions it was dominant has long been a subject of scholarly debate. The existing literature is divided into two broad interpretive models – ‘planter capitalism’ (Fogel and Engerman, Fleisig) and the ‘pre-bourgeois civilization’ (Genovese, Moreno-Fraginals). While each grasps aspects of plantation slavery’s dynamics, neither provides a consistent and coherent his- torical or theoretical account of slavery’s impact on economic development because they focus on the subjective motivations of economic actors (planters or slaves) independent of their social context. Borrowing Robert Brenner’s concept of ‘social property relations’, the article presents an alternative analysis of the dynamics of plantation slavery and their relation to economic develop- ment in the regions it dominated. Keywords: plantation slavery, capitalism, USA, world market, agrarian class structure INTRODUCTION From the moment that plantation slavery came under widespread challenge in Europe and the Americas in the late eighteenth century, its economic impact has been hotly debated. Both critics and defenders linked the political and moral aspects of slavery with its social and economic effects on the plantation regions Charles Post, Sociology Department, Sarah Lawrence College, 1 Mead Way, Bronxville, NY 10708- 5999, USA. e-mail: [email protected] (until 30 August 2003). Department of Social Science, Borough of Manhattan Community College-CUNY, 199 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10007, USA. -
A Season in Town: Plantation Women and the Urban South, 1790-1877
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-23-2011 12:00 AM A Season in Town: Plantation Women and the Urban South, 1790-1877 Marise Bachand University of Western Ontario Supervisor Margaret M.R. Kellow The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Marise Bachand 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Bachand, Marise, "A Season in Town: Plantation Women and the Urban South, 1790-1877" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 249. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/249 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SEASON IN TOWN: PLANTATION WOMEN AND THE URBAN SOUTH, 1790-1877 Spine title: A Season in Town: Plantation Women and the Urban South Thesis format: Monograph by Marise Bachand Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Marise Bachand 2011 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners ____________________ ____________________ Dr. Margaret M.R. Kellow Dr. Charlene Boyer Lewis ____________________ Dr. Monda Halpern ____________________ Dr. Robert MacDougall ____________________ Dr. -
1: Manumission and Freedom in Early British Mauritius, 1811–1839
4 ‘Fit for Freedom’1: Manumission and Freedom in Early British Mauritius, 1811–1839 Satyendra Peerthum …it was often possible for the slave [and apprentice], by great perseverance and labour to purchase his own freedom and, this being accomplished the freedom of those dear to him.2 The slaves, however, were not prepared to wait for freedom to come to them as a dispensation from above….They were fully impressed with the belief that they were entitled to their freedom and that the cause they had embraced was just and in vindication of their own rights.3 Introduction The objective of this chapter is to explore the experience of slaves during the Slave Amelioration Period and of apprentices during the Apprenticeship era in Mauritius. It focuses on slaves’ and apprentices’ attempts to free themselves through manumission, their motives and the methods used to achieve this between 1829 and 1839. The aim is to show that slaves did not wait for the official abolition of slavery by the British government to attempt to change their servile status and instead used innovative attempts to improve their lives. As stated by Saunders for South Africa: Historians of slavery…may lay too great a stress on the great day of freedom…or the more important day four years later. Freedom had come to many individuals long before either of those dates … Individually and collectively they moved from effective slavery to ‘freedom’ before emancipation day dawned for the slaves.4 The slaves’ and apprentices’ attempts at manumission were interpreted in a number of ways by colonial officials and local colonists, and thus this chapter will 70 Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius also seek to extract all available information from sources to try to understand the world view of the slaves as this is rarely seen or stated explicitly in the sources. -
Outlines of a Model of Pure Plantation Economr By
III. THE MECHANISM OF PLANTATION-TYPE ECONOMIES Outlines of a Model of Pure Plantation Economr By LLOYD BEST I. A PARTIAL TYPOLOGY OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS The larger studyl of which this outline essay forms a part is concerned with the comparative study of economic systems. Following Myrdal2 and Seers3, we have taken the view that economic theory in the underdeveloped regions at any rate, can profit by relaxing its unwitting pre-occupation with the special case of the North Atlantic countries, and by proceeding to a typ- ology of structures4 each having characteristic laws of motion. s Plantation Economy, the type which we have selected for intensive study, falls within the general class of externally-propelled economies.5 Specifically, we isolate Hinterland Economy which can be further distinguished, for ex- ample, from Metropolitan Economy. In the latter, too, the adjustment pro- cess centres on foreign trade and payments but the locus of discretion and choice is at home and it is by this variable that we differentiate. Hinterland economy, indeed, is what is at the discretion of metropolitan economy. The re- lationship between the two may be described, summarily at this point, as mercantilist. In this designation inheres certain specifications regarding what may be called the general institutional framework of collaboration betweeen the two. It will suffice here to note the five major rules of the game, as it were. First, there is the most general provision which defines exclusive spheres of influence of a metropolis and the limitations on external intercourse for the hinterland. In the real world there have been, and still are, many ex- amples of this: the Inter-American System, the British Commonwealth, the French Community, the centrally-planned economies, and so on. -
Africa: Progress and Pitfalls Factsheet
Africa: Progress and pitfalls Factsheet In many ways, this is Africa 1's moment. With GDP growth averaging 5%, the continent is the focus of global business as entrepreneurs – domestic and foreign - seize opportunities to meet the demands of a rapidly emerging middle class. Given its “resilience to regional and global headwinds,” Africa will receive its highest flow of foreign investment this year, according to the “African Economic Outlook” produced annually by the African Development Bank, the United Nations and the OECD. “Sub-Saharan Africa is clearly taking off,” adds the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Certainly, the figures are impressive. More than two-thirds of African countries have enjoyed ten or more years of uninterrupted growth. Education rates are rising and there have been significant declines in infant mortality. Africa is now a growing investment destination for both advanced and emerging economies—with a record $80 billion inflow expected this year. And yet, as IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde pointed out recently, the tide of growth has not lifted all boats. Poverty remains stuck at unacceptably high levels—still afflicting about 45% of the region’s households. Inequality remains high. And some countries, still facing recurring internal conflict, are struggling to exit from fragility. African countries also face the challenge of becoming more effective participants in regional and global value chains - the range of activities in different countries that bring a product from conception to delivery to the consumer – to ensure more economic diversification, domestic resource mobilisation and investments in critical infrastructure. Regional integration efforts need to be stepped up to increase the size of economies and of markets, attract more investments, generate jobs and ensure inclusive development. -
Marshall Plan Against Poverty Volume 1: Action Plan
MARSHALL PLAN AGAINST POVERTY VOLUME 1: ACTION PLAN 31 March 2016 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Marshall Plan Approach ............................................................................................................................... 6 Marshall Plan Estimated Costs (per year) ................................................................................................... 7 Marshall Plan Proposals ................................................................................................................................ 9 1. Social protection for social inclusion: non-contributory social transfers and programmes targeted at the poor ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Proposal 1.1 – Establish a Rs. 1.3 bn Marshall Plan Social Contract Scheme to alleviate poverty and promote empowerment ....................................................................................................................... 9 Proposal 1.2 – Progressively replace Social Aid with a new Marshall Plan Social Contract (except for specific categories) .............................................................................................................................. 11 Proposal 1.3 - Integrate other existing empowerment programmes into the SRM ........................... 13 Proposal -
Social Democracy in Mauritius
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository Development with Social Justice? Social Democracy in Mauritius Letuku Elias Phaahla 15814432 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Studies) at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Professor Janis van der Westhuizen March 2010 ii Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature:……………………….. Date:…………………………….. iii To God be the glory My dearly beloved late sisters, Pabalelo and Kholofelo Phaahla The late Leah Maphankgane The late Letumile Saboshego I know you are looking down with utmost pride iv Abstract Since the advent of independence in 1968, Mauritius’ economic trajectory evolved from the one of a monocrop sugar economy, with the latter noticeably being the backbone of the country’s economy, to one that progressed into being the custodian of a dynamic and sophisticated garment-dominated manufacturing industry. Condemned with the misfortune of not being endowed with natural resources, relative to her mainland African counterparts, Mauritius, nonetheless, was able to break the shackles of limited economic options and one of being the ‘basket-case’ to gradually evolving into being the upper-middle-income country - thus depicting it to be one of the most encouraging economies within the developing world. -
World Bank Document
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 2 © 2017 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2021. Mauritius Country Economic Memorandum: Through the Eye of a Perfect Storm.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Country Economic Memorandum was produced by a team of World Bank staff and external experts led by Erik von Uexkull (Senior Economist) under the guidance of Mathew Verghis (Practice Manager), Mark Lundell (Country Director for Mauritius until July 2020) and Idah Pswarayi-Riddihough (current Country Director). -
Republic of Mauritius Minamata Initial Assessment
REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS MINAMATA INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 2018 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Table of Contents Section Description Page Table of Contents i List of Tables iv List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms vii Executive Summary I Results of the level 2 mercury inventory 1 II Policy, regulatory and institutional assessment 4 III The national implementation plan for mercury 5 IV Data gaps and recommendations 7 Introduction Chapter I: Country Profile 9 1.1 Geography and population 12 1.2 Political, legal and economic profile 12 1.3 Profiles of economic sectors 13 1.3.1 Tourism industry 13 1.3.2 ICT sector 13 1.3.3 Seafood industry 14 1.3.4 Industrial sector 14 1.4 Environmental overview 14 1.4.1 Policy and strategy 14 1.4.2 Waste management 15 Chapter II: Mercury Inventory and Identification of Emissions and Resources 2.1 Summary of mercury releases, stockpiles, and supply and trade 17 2.1.1 Mercury release source types present 17 2.1.2 Summary of mercury inputs to society 19 2.1.3 Summary of mercury releases 22 2.1.4 Summary of mercury stockpiles, and supply and trade 27 2.2 Data and inventory on energy consumption and fuel production 28 2.2.1 Coal combustion in power plants 28 2.2.2 Coal combustion in coal fired industrial boilers and other coal use 31 2.2.3 Mineral oils – extraction, refining and use 32 2.2.4 Natural gas – extraction, refining and use 35 2.2.5 Other fossil fuels – extraction and use 35 2.2.6 Biomass fired power and heat production 36 2.2.6.1 Bagasse combustion -
The Factory V. the Plantation: Northern and Southern Economies on the Eve of the Civil War
The Factory v. the Plantation: Northern and Southern Economies on the Eve of the Civil War An Online Professional Development Seminar Peter Coclanis Director of the Global Research Institute Albert R. Newsome Professor UNC at Chapel Hill National Humanities Center Fellow We will begin promptly on the hour. The silence you hear is normal. If you do not hear anything when the images change, e-mail Caryn Koplik [email protected] for assistance. The Factory v. the Plantation GOALS To deepen understanding of the economic differences between the North and the South that contributed to the Civil War To provide fresh primary resources and instructional approaches for use with students americainclass.org 2 The Factory v. the Plantation FROM THE FORUM Challenges, Issues, Questions How did slave labor compare with free labor in terms of cost of production, profitability, and working conditions? Did ―good‖ treatment increase the productivity of slave labor? Did ―bad‖ treatment lessen it? How did families fare under slavery and under conditions of free labor? See ―How Slavery Affected African American Families‖ by Heather Williams in Freedom’s Story from the National Humanities Center To what extent did Northern factories depend on Southern plantations for their economic success and stability? americainclass.org 3 The Factory v. the Plantation FROM THE FORUM Challenges, Issues, Questions Why did the North permit slavery to continue in the South as long as it did? Would slavery have survived had the country managed to avoid the Civil War? How did the plantation economy work? How did economic issues influence the coming of the Civil War? How did economics influence Northern attitudes toward the South and slavery? americainclass.org 4 The Factory v. -
43 Exploitative Systems Slavery, Commerce, and Industry Richard B
43 Exploitative Systems Slavery, Commerce, and Industry Richard B. Sheridan Scholarship in Caribbean history in recent decades has been concentrated heavily upon the exploitation of the region. The last quarter century has seen the production of a number of important monographs, new method- ological approaches, impressive quantitative studies, general syntheses, and growing interest in scholarly interpretation. Issues and debates have focused attention on the nature and profitability of the slave trade and slavery, the rise and fall of the planter class, the changing structure and methods of trade, shipping, and finance, the role of the West Indies in the growth of metropolitan economies, the relative importance of economic and humanitarian factors in slave abolition and emancipation, and labor and other problems in the transition from slavery to freedom. Reasons for the heightened interest in Caribbean economic history include the need to understand the background of the gap between rich and poor nations, the need for a new consciousness of the region's history and culture in an age of national independence, and the growing ability to meet these needs on the part of universities, libraries, archives, and local history societies in the region. Notwithstanding the substantial body of scholarly publication, rich fields of research materials have been overlooked o'r underutilized, and much scope remains for synthesis and interpretation. Eric Williams' seminal study, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill, 1944), has had a continuing influence on West Indian historiography. Wil- liams attacks the notion that the abolition o( the slave trade and slavery had been due to the humanitarian agitation and propaganda of the British abolitionists.