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Republic of Mauritius Minamata Initial Assessment

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Republic of Mauritius Minamata Initial Assessment REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS MINAMATA INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 2018 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Table of Contents Section Description Page Table of Contents i List of Tables iv List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms vii Executive Summary I Results of the level 2 mercury inventory 1 II Policy, regulatory and institutional assessment 4 III The national implementation plan for mercury 5 IV Data gaps and recommendations 7 Introduction Chapter I: Country Profile 9 1.1 Geography and population 12 1.2 Political, legal and economic profile 12 1.3 Profiles of economic sectors 13 1.3.1 Tourism industry 13 1.3.2 ICT sector 13 1.3.3 Seafood industry 14 1.3.4 Industrial sector 14 1.4 Environmental overview 14 1.4.1 Policy and strategy 14 1.4.2 Waste management 15 Chapter II: Mercury Inventory and Identification of Emissions and Resources 2.1 Summary of mercury releases, stockpiles, and supply and trade 17 2.1.1 Mercury release source types present 17 2.1.2 Summary of mercury inputs to society 19 2.1.3 Summary of mercury releases 22 2.1.4 Summary of mercury stockpiles, and supply and trade 27 2.2 Data and inventory on energy consumption and fuel production 28 2.2.1 Coal combustion in power plants 28 2.2.2 Coal combustion in coal fired industrial boilers and other coal use 31 2.2.3 Mineral oils – extraction, refining and use 32 2.2.4 Natural gas – extraction, refining and use 35 2.2.5 Other fossil fuels – extraction and use 35 2.2.6 Biomass fired power and heat production 36 2.2.6.1 Bagasse combustion 36 2.2.6.2 Fuel wood combustion 37 2.2.6.3 Overall input and output estimates for the biomass fired power and heat 38 production 2.2.7 Geothermal power production 39 2.2.8 Overall input and output for energy consumption and fuel production 39 2.3 Data and inventory on domestic production of metals and raw materials 40 2.3.1 Production of recycled ferrous metals (iron and steel) 40 2.3.2 Cement production 41 2.3.3 Pulp and paper production 42 2.3.4 Production of lime and light weight aggregates 42 i 2.4 Data and inventory on domestic production and processing with 43 intentional mercury use 2.5 Data and inventory on waste handling and recycling 43 2.5.1 Controlled landfills/deposits 43 2.5.2 Diffuse deposition under some control 46 2.5.3 Informal local disposal of industrial production waste 47 2.5.4 Informal dumping of general waste 47 2.5.5 Incineration of municipal/general waste 48 2.5.6 Incineration of hazardous waste 48 2.5.7 Incineration of medical waste 49 2.5.8 Sewage sludge incineration 51 2.5.9 Informal waste burning 51 2.5.10 Waste water system/treatment 52 2.5.11 Test of waste and waste water default factors 56 2.6 Data and inventory on general consumption of mercury in products, as 57 metal mercury and as mercury containing substances 2.6.1 Thermometers with mercury 57 2.6.2 Electrical switches and relays with mercury 61 2.6.3 Light sources with mercury 63 2.6.4 Batteries with mercury 68 2.6.5 Polyurethane with mercury catalysts 73 2.6.6 Biocides and pesticides 74 2.6.7 Paints 75 2.6.8 Pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary uses 75 2.6.9 Cosmetics and related products 75 2.6.10 Dental mercury-amalgam fillings 76 2.6.11 Manometers and gauges 79 2.6.12 Laboratory chemicals and equipment 82 2.6.13 Mercury metal use in religious rituals and folklore medicine 85 2.6.14 Mercury metal use in the jewellery sector 85 2.6.15 Fish and fish products 87 2.7 Data and inventory on crematoria and cemeteries 89 2.7.1 Crematoria 89 2.7.2 Cemeteries 90 2.7.3 Overall input and output for crematoria and cemeteries 91 2.8 Stocks of mercury and/or mercury compounds, and storage conditions 92 2.9 Contaminated sites 92 2.10 Impacts of mercury in human health and the environment 92 Chapter III: Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework Assessment 3.1 Policy and regulatory assessment 94 3.2 Institutional assessment 105 Chapter IV: Identification of Populations at Risks and Gender Dimensions 4.1 Preliminary review of potential populations at risk and potential health 118 risks 4.2 Assessment of potential gender dimensions related to the management of 121 mercury 4.2.1 Occupational exposure 122 4.2.2 Mercury in fish 124 4.2.3 Mercury in household 124 ii 4.2.4 Mercury in cosmetics 125 4.2.5 Conclusions 125 Chapter V: Awareness/Understanding of Workers and the Public; 126 and Existing Training and Education Opportunities of Target Groups and Professionals Chapter VI: Implementation Plan & Priorities for Action 128 Chapter VII: Mainstreaming of Mercury Priorities 136 References 137 Annex 1: Stakeholder Engagement Process 140 Annex 2: UNEP Toolkit Calculation Spreadsheet 142 iii List of Tables Table Description Page E.1 Summary of mercury inventory results 2 E.2 National implementation plan for mercury 6 1.1 List of some major Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which 15 Mauritius is Party to 2.1 Identification of mercury release sources in the Republic of Mauritius 17 2.2 Summary of mercury inputs to society 19 2.3 Estimates of mercury inputs from level 1 (2012) and level 2 (2014) 21 inventory 2.4 Summary of mercury releases 22 2.5 Estimates of mercury releases for level 1 (2012) and level 2 inventory 26 (2014) 2.6 Plant capacities of the IPPs and type of fuel used 28 2.7 Mercury levels (mg/kg) of the coal consignments 29 2.8 Input and output estimates for coal combustion in the IPPs 30 2.9 Input and output estimates for coal use in sectors other than IPPs 31 2.10 Input and output estimates for coal combustion 32 2.11 Amount of oil products consumed in 2014 and their sector use 33 2.12 Input and output estimates for combustion of heavy (fuel) oil 34 2.13 Input and output estimates for use of petrol/gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene 34 and LPG 2.14 Input and output estimates for use of mineral oils 35 2.15 Input and output estimates for bagasse combustion 37 2.16 Input and output estimates for fuel wood combustion 38 2.17 Input and output estimates for the biomass fired power and heat production 38 2.18 Summary of inputs and outputs for energy consumption and fuel production 39 2.19 Input and output estimates for production of recycled ferrous metals 41 2.20 Input and output estimates for the production of lime 43 2.21 Amount of wastes landfilled at Mare Chicose and its sources 44 2.22 Input and output estimates for controlled landfills/deposits 46 2.23 Input and output estimates for informal dumping of general waste 47 2.24 Amount of sludge incinerated yearly by CEB 48 2.25 Input and output estimates from incineration of medical waste 50 2.26 Input and output estimates from informal waste burning 52 2.27 Mercury content at the wastewater treatment plants (May – Dec 2016) 53 2.28 Mercury levels in sludge from waste water treatment at St Martin 53 2.29 Input and output estimates for waste water system/treatment 54 2.30 Input and output estimates for waste water system/treatment (tertiary) 55 2.31 Input and output estimates for waste water system/treatment (mechanical 55 only) 2.32 Imports of thermometers (units) in 2012 – 2015 58 2.33 Mercury content in thermometers by type 58 2.34 Amount of mercury thermometers in use and stock in 2016 60 2.35 Input and output estimates for mercury thermometers 60 2.36 Input and output estimates for mercury switches and relays 62 2.37 Amount of light sources imported in 2009 and 2012 – 2015 64 2.38 Mercury content in light sources 65 2.39 Mercury input estimates for light sources 66 iv 2.40 Input and output estimates for light sources 67 2.41 Amount of batteries imported in 2012 – 2015 69 2.42 Mercury content in batteries 70 2.43 Estimated mercury inputs for the different battery types in 2014 71 2.44 Input and output estimates for batteries 72 2.45 Input and output estimates for mercury containing polyurethanes 74 2.46 Number of dental fillings in 2012 – 2015 in government dental clinics 77 2.47 Input and output estimates for mercury dental amalgam 78 2.48 Amount of manometers and related equipment imported in 2014 79 2.49 Input and output estimates for medical blood pressure gauges 80 2.50 Amount of manometers and related equipment in use and stock in 2016 81 2.51 Input and output estimates for other manometers and gauges 82 2.52 Amount of mercury and mercury compounds in use and stock in 2016 83 2.53 Input and output estimates for laboratory chemicals 84 2.54 Input and output estimates for laboratory equipment 84 2.55 Input and output estimates for the jewellery sector 87 2.56 Hg levels in local fish and fish products 88 2.57 Number of cremations in Mauritius and Rodrigues (2013 – 2015) 89 2.58 Input and output estimates for crematoria 90 2.59 Number of burials in Mauritius and Rodrigues (2013 – 2015) 90 2.60 Input and output estimates for cemeteries 91 2.61 Summary of inputs and outputs for crematoria and cemeteries 91 3.1 Policy and regulatory measures in place and remaining gaps 97 3.2 Existing national institutional capacity and remaining gaps 106 4.1 Health reference standards for mercury and mercury compounds 119 v List of Figures Figure Description Page E.1 Amount and % of mercury emissions and releases to each output category 2 E.2 % contribution of source category to air emissions 3 E.3 % contribution of source category to releases to water 3 2.1 Estimated mercury releases to air 23 2.2 Estimated mercury releases to water 24 2.3 Estimated mercury releases to land 24 2.4 Estimated mercury releases to general waste 25 2.5 Estimated mercury releases to sector specific waste/disposal 25 2.6 Composition of municipal solid waste in Mauritius 45 2.7 Import of light
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