Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 10, Issue, 08(H), pp. 34527-34531, August, 2019 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Review Article

“A STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS AND ALLELE FREQUENCY IN MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS OF DARJEELING AND KURSEONG HILLS GIVES AN INSIGHT INTO THE ETHNO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF NEPALI/GORKHA SUB-COMMUNITIES”.

*Yuvraj Gurung

Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College Darjeeling -734 101, West Bengal, India

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2019.1008.3914

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

This review article explores ethno-demographic profile (customs, culture, dialects, migration Article History: patterns, Historical background) of the Nepali/Gorkha Hill communities and tries to bring out its th Received 13 May, 2019 correlation with ABO blood group and allele frequency distribution conducted in an population th Received in revised form 11 June, 2019 sample taken from Darjeeling and Kurseong Hills of the state of West Bengal.(Gurung.Y., 2019). th Accepted 8 July, 2019 The variation in the genotypic and allele frequencies of the ABO blood group system, in various Hill th Published online 28 August, 2019 sub-communities reflects the genetic diversity which has come about with gradual migration. Here, it is to noted that the similarity in the genotypic and allele frequencies of some of the sub- communities suggest that these groups may have come from a common stock and likewise Key Words: differences in the genotypic and allele frequencies suggest that these groups may have come from

Darjeeling, Kurseong, Blood group types, different ancestral stocks. The genetic closeness of the different sub-communities is also reflected in Allele frequency, Ethnic groups, the affinity it shares with regards to morphological features, customs, language and geographical distribution. population.

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INTRODUCTION genetic variation among human populations throughout the world.This review article explores ethno-demographic profile An ethnographic survey was made to study and analyze the (customs, culture, dialects, migration patterns, Historical ethno-demographic profile of the Hill sub-communities of background) of the Nepali/Gorkha Hill communities and tries Darjeeling and Kurseong. (Gurung.Y., 2019). The multi-ethnic, to bring out its correlation with ABO blood group and allele multi-cultural and multi-lingual composition of the hill frequency distribution conducted in an population sample taken population provides us with an interesting insight into the from Darjeeling and Kurseong Hills of the state of West prospect to delve into research problems such as ancestry, Bengal. population migration and evolutionary changes that may have taken place in the course of long association of different ethnic MATERIALS AND METHODS groups. In addition to the importance of these ABO blood Subjects group analyses in blood transfusion, their usefulness in population genetics studies, population migration patterns, This study was carried out on 9030 individuals, out of which forensics and disputed paternity cases is well 7124 from Darjeeling Hill region and 1906 individuals from established.(Pennap, et al 2011; Mondal et al., 2012).These Kurseong Hill region of the state of West Bengal. The sample findings emphasizes on the hypothesis that individuals of included belonging to three major ethnic groups like different blood types have considerable physiological Nepali/Gorkha, Lepcha and Bhutia . The Nepali/Gorkha differences.(Miller, et al.,1979) community has been further divided into 17 sub-communities like Rai, Subba,Newar, (Mangar), Gurung, Tamang, Population genetics has made extensive use of the blood Sherpa,Thami, Sharma(Bhahun), , Sunwar,, groups, the influence of selective drift and gene flow has been , , , Lama, Mukhia. (Gurung.Y., 2019). studied using these groups. Blood groups also illustrate the difficulties in distinguishing close linkage and allelism in man Collection of Blood Group data (Mckusick, 1978).The practical implication of population The collection of ABO Blood group data was collected from genetics is to design studies, to sample, preserve and record Blood donation camps organized by Red Cross Society,

*Corresponding author: Yuvraj Gurung Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College Darjeeling -734 101, West Bengal, India Yuvraj Gurung., “A Study on Distribution of Abo Blood Groups and Allele Frequency in Major Ethnic Groups of Darjeeling and Kurseong Hills Gives an Insight Into the Ethno-Demographic Profile of Nepali/Gorkha Sub-Communities”.

Darjeeling and collection of data was also done from the  A and B are co-dominant and both are dominant over O. recorded data of District Hospital, Darjeeling and Primary  This gene is in accordance to Hardy-Weinberg Health care units in Darjeeling rural areas. Similarly collection frequencies in the population. of Blood group data was collected from Sub-Divisional  The data were a random sample from the population. Hospital, Kurseong and from the Blood donation camps  Static allele frequencies in a population across organized by Red Cross Society, Kurseong. Further, blood generations assume: No mutation (the alleles don’t group data of individuals were also collected from diagnostic change), no migration or emigration (no exchange of laboratories. alleles between populations), infinite population size and

Statistical Analysis no selective pressure for or against any genotypes.

The blood group frequency and percentage of each group Chi-square test for goodness of fit of observed and expected A,B.AB,O from Darjeeling and Kurseong was calculated. The (using estimated values) phenotype numbers was also allele frequencies of blood group were calculated by using calculated.

Hardy-Weinberg model. Allele frequency (p,q,r) from the data RESULTS collected from Darjeeling and Kurseong were calculated under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. DISCUSSION Table 1 Hardy-Weinberg model for ABO blood group An ethnographical survey was made to study and analyze the

Phenotype ethno-demographic profile from different geographical, ethnic Phenotypic Genotypic Expected (Blood Genotype and socio-economical groups of the Hill communities residing Frequency Frequency Frequency group) in the hilly region of Darjeeling and Kurseong of the state of 2 A AA+AO nA nAA + nAO p + 2pr West Bengal. The hill population under study comprises of B BB+BO nB nBB + nBO q2 + 2qr O AB nAB nAB 2pq multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi-cultural composition and AB OO nO nOO r 2 provides us with an interesting insight into research problems such as ancestry, population migration and evolutionary Allelic frequencies changes that may have taken place in the course of long Allelic frequencies were calculated under the standard association of different ethnic groups. assumption of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium with Ceppilini Ethno-demographic Profile correction. This iterative method yields maximum likelihood estimates. It was assumed that: The ABO system is determined (Distribution, Customs, Culture, Dialects/language, Migration by three alleles of a single gene, call them A, B and O. pattern and historical back ground)

Table 1 Distribution of ABO Blood group and calculation of Allele frequency estimate of sub-communities of hill population of Darjeeling and Kurseong, West Bengal. (Gurung.Y., 2019).

Total Phenotypic Sub-Commumity Blood Group Allelic Frequency Indiv. Frequency Types (N) (A) (B) (AB) (O) (p) (q) (r) Lepcha 206 89 45 09 63 0.306 0.142 0.552 A>O>B>AB Bhutia 160 40 49 13 58 0.181 0.217 0.602 O>B>A>AB Nepali/ Total Phenotypic Gorkha Blood Group Allelic Frequency Indiv. Frequency (Sub-Comm.) 122 45 30 09 38 0.267 0.176 0.557 A>O>B>AB Chhetri 1030 359 249 107 315 0.256 0.192 0.552 A>O>B>AB Damai 194 46 65 20 63 0.179 0.252 0.569 B>O>A>AB Gurung 645 170 171 67 237 0.189 0.206 0.605 O>A>B>AB Kami 354 105 100 27 122 0.214 0.200 0.586 O>A>B>AB Lama 297 74 57 43 123 0.171 0.186 0.643 O>A>B>AB Mukhia 202 102 21 36 43 0.386 0.154 0.460 A>O>AB>B Tamang 1311 409 298 112 492 0.216 0.172 0.612 O>A>B>AB Thakuri 32 15 05 04 08 0.347 0.153 0.500 A>O>B>AB 644 261 159 69 155 0.314 0.197 0.489 A>B>O>AB Rai 1958 969 346 174 469 0.368 0.144 0.488 A>O>B>AB Thapa 536 195 137 50 154 0.271 0.194 0.535 A>O>B>AB Sarki 44 08 18 04 14 0.144 0.293 0.563 B>O>A>AB Sharma 251 83 54 24 90 0.232 0.170 0.598 O>A>B>AB Thami 59 30 07 02 20 0.331 0.088 0.581 A>O>B>AB Subba 587 282 102 56 147 0.355 0.145 0.500 A>O>B>AB Sherpa 398 90 134 42 132 0.171 0.254 0.575 O>B>A>AB Data collected 2747 1568 696 2113 7124 38.5% Darjeeling 22.0% 9.76% 29.66% Data collected 625 479 172 630 1906 Kurseong 32.8% 25.1% 9.02% 33.05% A>O>B>AB Total Sample 9030 3372 2047 868 2743 0.272 0.178 0.550

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Kirat (Rai and Limbu) of Tibeto-Mongol origin (Whelpton, J.,2005). The hill Khas tribe are in large part associated with the Gorkhali warriors.(Whelpton, J.,2005). “Kirat”- includes the two major sub-communities of Gorkha In the present study the sub-types of the Khas community like population, namely Rai And Limbu and. The Rai is also known the Chhetri, (Sharma), Thapa (Chhetri), Thakuri showed as Kirant/Kirantis are traditionally found in the hilly regions of a striking similarly in ABO blood types, allelic frequency and Kirant Pradesh of , which is called Manjh Kirat and phenotypic frequency.(Table 3) It is suggestive that the Khas Walla Kirat and in region of Darjeeling and Sikkim. The population in the Darjeeling regions still maintains its gene Limbu word is derived from ‘Li’ and ‘Abu’ meaning Bow and pool to a larger extent and inter caste/community marriage is shooter. Thus Limbu means Bow Shooter. They also call not popular in Khas community. themselves Yakthumba, meaning Yak herders and found in the eastern region of Nepal (Limbu-wan) and in the region of Table 3 Allelic and phenotypic frequency of Khas community Sikkim and Darjeeling.(, K.S.,1993). Both Rai and (Bahun and Chhetri) Limbu shows close similarly regarding their attire, customs, (Sub- Total Phenotypic Blood Group Allelic Frequency dialects and follow ancient pagan religion. The similarly in Comm.) Indiv. Frequency distribution, culture, dialect etc between the two sub- Types (N) (A) (B) (AB) (O) (p) (q) (r) community is also strongly reflected in the study of Phenotypic Chhetri 1030 359 249 107 315 0.256 0.192 0.552 A>O>B>AB and Allelic frequency of ABO blood types (Table 2).It is Thapa(C) 536 195 137 50 154 0.271 0.194 0.535 A>O>B>AB Thakuri 32 15 05 04 08 0.347 0.153 0.500 A>O>B>AB important to note here that striking similarity in the distribution Sharma 251 83 54 24 90 0.232 0.170 0.598 O>A>B>AB of ABO blood group and allelic frequency strongly suggest the genetic closeness of the two sub-communities and further Khas (Kami, Damai, Sarki)

historically the groups may have shared a common ancestral Further, in the population study of other Indo- sub- stock. The genetic closeness of these sub-communities is also communities like Damai, Kami, Sarki, showed a strong affinity reflected in the affinity it shares with regards to morphological with regards to its ABO blood types, Phenotypic frequency and features, culture, language, customs and geographical Allelic frequency (Table 4). It is interesting to note that the distribution. allelic and phenotypic frequency study revealed closeness

Table 2 Comparative chart of allelic and phenotypic frequency between the Khas (commonly called as Khas Bahun), of Kirats Khas (commonly called as Khas Chhetri) and Khas Dalit.(Dami, Sarki,Kami),(Table 3&4). The similarly in (Sub- Total Phenotypic Blood Group Allelic Frequency distribution, customs, culture, dialect, historical background etc Comm.) Indiv. Frequency Types (N) (A) (B) (AB) (O) (p) (q) (r) between the sub-types of Khas community is also strongly Subba 587 282 102 56 147 0.355 0.145 0.500 A>O>B>AB reflected in the study of Phenotypic and Allelic frequency of Rai 1958 969 346 174 469 0.368 0.144 0.488 A>O>B>AB ABO blood types.(Table 3).

Indo-Aryan Table 4 Allelic and phenotypic frequency of Khas Dalit (Kami, Damai, Sarki). Khas ( and /)

(Sub- Total Phenotypic Khas people also called Khas Arya are Indo-Aryan (Toni H.; Blood Group Allelic Frequency Comm.) Indiv. Frequency D.Thapa (1998), they are ethno-linguistic group native to South Types (N) (A) (B) (AB) (O) (p) (q) (r) Asia, what is now present-day Nepal as well Sarki 44 08 18 04 14 0.144 0.293 0.563 B>O>A>AB as Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal regions of North India, Damai 194 46 65 20 63 0.179 0.252 0.569 B>O>A>AB Kami 354 105 100 27 122 0.214 0.200 0.586 O>A>B>AB Sikkim and Darjeeling Hills. The Khas people speak the Khas language. They are also known as Parbatiyas, Parbates and The Tibeto Burmans or the Tibeto-Nepalese of Tibeto- Paharis/Pahades. Mongol origin

Traditionally, the Khas were divided into "Khas Brahmins" People of the Tibeto-Burman race came to Nepal and adjoining (also called ) and "Khas Rajputs" (also called Chhetris). Sikkim- Drajeeling , in different periods from Modern-day Khas people are referred to as Khas Brahmin Mongolia and Tibet. An extraordinarily complex terrain also (commonly called as Khas Bahun), Khas Rajput (commonly affected the geographic distribution and interaction among called as Khas Chhetri) and Khas Dalit.(John T. H., various ethnic groups. Within the general latitudinal sorting of (1978).Historian Balkrishna Pokhrel writes the communities or Indo-Aryan, (Indo-Nepalese) (lower hills) and Tibeto-Nepalese caste in Khas group were Brahman, Chhetri, Gharti, Damai, (higher hills and mountains) groups, there was a lateral Kami, Sarki, Hudka, Tamote, Gaine, Badi, etc. (Pokharel, (longitudinal) pattern, in which various ethnic populations were B.1973). concentrated in specific geographic pockets. The deeply cut valleys and high ridges tended to divide ethnic groups into The tribal designation Khas refers to in some contexts only to many small, relatively isolated, and more or less self- contained the upper-class Khas group, i.e. Bahun and Chhetri, but in other communities. This pattern was especially prominent among the contexts may also include the low status (generally Tibeto-Nepalese population. For example, historically the untouchable) occupational Khas groups such as Kāmi Bhote group (Bhutias) was found in the far north, trans- (blacksmiths), Damāi (tailors), and Sārki (shoemakers and Himalayan section of the Mountain Region, close to the leather workers). (Whelpton, J.,2005). Khas people are Tibetan border. Bhutia community the most frequent blood addressed with the term Khayan or Parbatiya (Pokharel, B. group was O and in the order of O>B>A>AB. (Gurung.Y., 1973) or Partyā, Parbaté meaning hill-dweller by Newars. 2019).The Sherpas, a sub-group within the Bhote, were

34529 | P a g e Yuvraj Gurung., “A Study on Distribution of Abo Blood Groups and Allele Frequency in Major Ethnic Groups of Darjeeling and Kurseong Hills Gives an Insight Into the Ethno-Demographic Profile of Nepali/Gorkha Sub-Communities”.

concentrated in the northeast, around the Mount Everest area. closeness in distribution pattern are also reflect in survey under To the south of their areas were other Tibeto- Nepalese ethnic study of the Phenotypic and Allelic frequency of ABO blood groups--the Gurung in the west-central hills and the Tamang types from the sample population taken in Darjeeling and Rai in the east-central hills--particularly close to and east region.(Table 6). of the Kathmandu Valley. The Magar group, found largely in Table 6 Allelic and phenotypic frequency of Indo- the central hills, was much more widely distributed than the Aryan/Tibeto-Mongol origin Gurung, Tamang, and Rai. (Andrea M. S., 1991) (Sub- Total Blood Group Allelic Frequency Phenotypic Most of the Tibeto-Nepalese groups traditionally could be Comm.) Indiv. Frequency considered agro-pastoralists. Because their physical Types (N) (A) (B) (AB) (O) (p) (q) (r) environment offered only limited land and agricultural Pradhan 644 261 159 69 155 0.314 0.197 0.489 A>B>O>AB possibilities, the Tibeto-Nepalese groups who occupied the Bhujel 122 45 30 09 38 0.267 0.176 0.557 A>O>B>AB Mukhia 202 102 21 36 43 0.386 0.154 0.460 A>O>AB>B high mountainous areas, such as the Bhote (Bhutias) and Lepcha 206 89 45 09 63 0.306 0.142 0.552 A>O>B>AB particularly the Sherpa, were almost forced to rely more on Lepcha “Lap-che” (Frontier People) of Tibeto-Mongol origin/ herding and pastoral activities than on crop farming. (Andrea aborigines of Sikkim-Darjeeling Himalayas. Lepcha another M. S., 1991). The proximity to geographical distributions are sub-community share a common distribution as they occupied also reflected in the Phenotypic and Allelic frequency of ABO an area east of the land of kirat’s in Nepal and a considerably blood types from the sample population taken in this study larger population are found in Sikkim and Darjeeling. Lepcha from Darjeeling Himalayan Region.(Table 5.) has come from the word Lap-che meaning “border” or “frontier However, those peoples inhabiting the medium and low hills people”. According to a lepcha tradition, it records the south of the high mountains-- particularly the Gurung, Magar, migration that took place in ancient times, where wave of Tamang, Rai, and Limbu (Kirat) groups-- depended on farming migrants in different groups explored towards the east and in and herding in relatively equal amounts because their doing so Lepcha’s reached the land of Sikkim which later environment was relatively more suitable for agriculture. became their homeland and another group branched out further Historically the sub-communities like the Gurung, Tamang, east and reached Burma, these people became ancestors of Lama, Magar similarly in distribution, customs, culture, dialect, Kanchins. Another group instead of moving towards east historical background etc between the sub-types is evidently decided to move towards the north and became the Rai and reflected in the striking similarity in the distribution of ABO Limbu (Kirats). Yet another group from the same stock headed blood group and allelic frequency, which strongly suggest the towards the south and settled in the plains and from them genetic closeness of these sub-communities and further descended the Kocth, Mech, Tharu and Danwar tribes. historically the groups may have shared a common ancestral (Singh, K.S.,1993). The migration records clearly states that stock. (Table 5). genetic closeness between Lepcha’s and the Kirat’s (Rai and Limbu) and it is also reflected in ABO blood group and allelic Table 5 Allelic and phenotypic frequency of the Tibeto- frequency (Table 2 & 6). Among Lepcha community the most Burmans or the Tibeto-Nepalese community frequent blood group was A and in the order of (Sub- Total Phenotypic Blood Group Allelic Frequency A>O>B>AB.(Gurung.Y., 2019). Comm.) Indiv. Frequency Types (N) (A) (B) (AB) (O) (p) (q) (r) CONCLUSION Gurung 645 170 171 67 237 0.189 0.206 0.605 O>A>B>AB Tamang 1311 409 298 112 492 0.216 0.172 0.612 O>A>B>AB The ethnographic study provided an insight into the distribution Lama 297 74 57 43 123 0.171 0.186 0.643 O>A>B>AB pattern of ABO blood group and allele frequencies in major Sherpa 398 90 134 42 132 0.171 0.254 0.575 O>B>A>AB Bhutia 160 40 49 13 58 0.181 0.217 0.602 O>B>A>AB ethnic groups of Darjeeling and Kurseong Hills of West Bengal, India. Moreover the present data may also be useful in The other sub-communities of Indo-Aryan/Tibeto-Mongol population genetics studies, population migration patterns, origin forensics and genetic studies and genetic counseling.It is seen

Newar () Newa or Nepami, are the historical that in the present study in Darjeeling Hill population, the inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas blood group A is most prevalent followed by Blood group O in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and and B. The frequency was in the order A>O>B>AB. The blood civilisation. (von Furer-Haimendorf, Christoph.,1956). group AB is the least prevalent blood group.(Table 1).Among the Nepali/Gorkha sub-community it was seen that O blood Newars form a linguistic and cultural community of group was most in Gurung, Tamang, Lama, Kami, Sherpa and primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities Sharma. The Tamang, Gurung and Lama has frequency in following and with Nepal Bhasa as their order O>A>B>A. Blood group A was most frequently found common language. (Levy, Robert I.,1991). Newars have in Subba, Rai, Thapa, Chhetri, Thakuri, Bhujel and has the continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride phenotypic frequency in the order A>O>B>AB.(Table 3) themselves as the true custodians of the religion, culture and Further, B type of blood group was found mostly in Damai and civilisation of Nepal and India. For centuries, Newar merchants Sarki (B>O>A>AB)(Table 4) have handled trade between Tibet and India Besides exporting locally manufactured products to Tibet. The variation in the genotypic and allele frequencies of the ABO blood group system, in various Hill sub-communities The ethnic groups such as Bhujel, Mukhias, Sunuwars are reflects the genetic diversity which has come about with smaller groups of Tibeto-Burman of Tibeto-Mongolian, the gradual migration. Here, it is to noted that the similarity in the 34530 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 10, Issue, 08(H), pp. 34527-34531, August, 2019 genotypic and allele frequencies of some of the sub- 4. Mckusick, V.A. (1978) Human Genetics (2e) Prentice communities suggest that these groups may have come from a Hall of India, New Delhi. common stock and likewise differences in the genotypic and 5. Miller JZ, Grim CE, Conneally P and Weinberger MH. allele frequencies suggest that these groups may have come Association of Blood groups with essential and from different ancestral stocks. The genetic closeness of the secondary hypertension. A possible association of the different sub-communities is also reflected in the affinity it MNS system. Hypertension 1979;1(5):493-497 shares with regards to morphological features, customs, 6. Mondal B, Maiti S, Biswas BK, Ghosh D and Paul S. language and geographical distribution. Prevelence of hemoglobinopathy, ABO and rhesus blood groups in rural areas of West Bengal, India. The similarities in the allele frequencies between the sub- Journal of Research in Medical Sciences communities like Chhetri, Sharma, Thakuri (Chhetri and Bahun 2012;17(8):772-776. Khas) and Kami, Damai and Sarki (Dalit Khas) suggest that 7. Pennap G, Envoh E and Igbawua I, Frequency they may have common from same ancestral stock. With Distribution of Hemoglobin Variants, ABO and Rhesus reference to their close affinities with each other and in general Blood groups among Students of African Descent. to the people of Northern parts of India, these sub-communities British Microbiology Research Journal 2011; 1 (2):33- are also referred to as Indo-Aryan race. This fact has been 40.Anstee D.J, The relationship between blood groups strongly supported by the study of historical background and and disease. Blood 2010; 115(23):4635-4643. migration of these races from North Western parts of India. 8. Pokharel, Balkrishna (December 1, 1973) (Pradhan, 1991). [1962], "Ancient Khas Culture" (PDF), Regmi The study of the distribution pattern of ABO blood group and Research Series, 5 (12): 229–236. allele frequencies among population of varied ethnics would be 9. Pradhan, K. (1991) The Gorkha Conquests, Oxlord a valuable approach to plan better health care facility, provide University Press. genetic counseling and medical diagnosis of the targeted 10. Singh, K.S.(1993) People of India Sikkim, Volume population. The present study and the findings may provide the XXXIX, Anthropological Survey of India. Seagull primary insight into the indigenous Hill population of Books, Calcutta. Darjeeling and Kurseong, (Table 1.) for further investigation. 11. Toni Hagen; Deepak Thapa (1998). Toni Hagen's Nepal: The Kingdom in the Himalaya. Himal Books. Reference 12. von Furer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1956). "Elements of

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How to cite this article:

Yuvraj Gurung.2019, “A Study on Distribution of Abo Blood Groups and Allele Frequency in Major Ethnic Groups of Darjeeling and Kurseong Hills Gives an Insight Into the Ethno-Demographic Profile of Nepali/Gorkha Sub-Communities”.. Int J Recent Sci Res. 10(08), pp. 34527-34531. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2019.1008.3914

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