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Carboniferous), Adarouch Area, Central Morocco ISSN (print): 1698-6180. ISSN (online): 1886-7995 www.ucm.es/info/estratig/journal.htm Journal of Iberian Geology 36 (1) 2010: 7-19 Environmental parameters of a coral assemblage from the Akerchi Formation (Carboniferous), Adarouch Area, central Morocco Parámetros ambientales de una asociación de corales de la Formación Akerchi (Carbonífero), Área de Adarouch, Marruecos central I. Said1, S. Rodríguez1*, M. Berkhli2*, P. Cózar1, A. Gómez-Herguedas1 1Departamento y U.E.I. de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas e Instituto de Geología Económica (CSIC-UCM), Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [email protected] 2Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Géologie, UFR analyse et prospection des bassins sédimentaires B.P. 4010, 5000 Meknès, Morocco [email protected] *Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 25/05/09 / Accepted: 15/10/09 Abstract Rich assemblages of rugose corals occur in the Tizra, Akerchi and Idmarrach formations (Mississippian) near El-Hajeb City. The Akerchi Formation, approximately 140 m thick, is divided into two members. The upper part of the lower member contains a bios- trome 2 to 5 m thick, composed mainly of rugose corals and gigantoproductid brachiopods embedded in marly limestone. Its local thickness increases from southwest to northeast in an outcrop extending for more than one kilometre. The Akerchi biostrome is mostly composed of rugose corals. Brachiopods, bryozoans, porifera (chaetetids, sponges), and mol- luscs are conspicuous elements of the biostrome, but none of them constitutes a significant component. Other common fossil taxa in thin sections are foraminifers, algae and cyanobacteria, ostracods, trilobites and echinoderms. The coral assemblage in the biostrome is regarded as a paleocommunity, because the biostrome is not composed of distinct coral bearing beds in different time slices, but rather, it is a mass of corals which in many instances show their original relationships and continuous colonial growth. The assem- blage is diverse, including 12 genera and 20 species. Micro- and macrofacies analyses of corals and surrounding rock allowed some environmental inferences: a high level of energy is suggested by the degree of fragmentation of branches in fasciculate colonies and other features of the rocks. However, the energy was not high enough to destroy the colonies, and the presence of abundant micrite indicates that the energy level was discontinu- ous. Other environmental factors inferred from paleoecological and taphonomical evidences are shallow water with normal marine Libro 36_1.indb 7 04/03/2010 22:14:48 8 Said et al. / Journal of Iberian Geology 36 (1) 2010: 7-19 salinity and a hard substrate provided by quick cementation of oolite bar and by abundant bioclasts. Massive coral colonies and gigantoproductids are attached directly to the oolite bar which in turn provided a hard susbstrate for attachment of fasciculate corals that are dominant in the biostrome. Keywords: Carboniferous, Viséan, corals, palaeoecology, biostrome, Morocco. Resumen Las formaciones Tizra, Akerchi e Idmarrach (Mississippiense) que afloran cerca de El-Hajeb City en Marruecos central han propor- cionado diversas y abundantes asociaciones de corales rugosos. La Formación Akerchi, de unos 140 metros de espesor se divide en dos miembros. Los últimos metros del miembro inferior están constituidos por un biostromo de 2 a 5 metros de espesor compuesto princi- palmente por corales rugosos y braquiópodos gigantoprodúctidos englobados en caliza margosa, que se extiende más de 1 kilómetro. Además de los rugosos y braquiópodos, otros componentes notables son briozoos, poríferos (esponjas y chaetétidos) y moluscos, pero ninguno de ellos representa porcentajes importantes. Otros componentes fósiles frecuentes en lámina delgada son foraminíferos, algas y cianobacterias, ostrácodos, trilobites y equinodermos. La asociación del biostromo puede considerarse como una paleocomunidad, porque el biostromo no está compuesto por capas bien diferenciadas, sino que se trata de una masa de corales que en muchos casos muestran sus relaciones originales de crecimiento. La asociación de corales es diversa e incluye 12 géneros y 20 especies. Análisis macro y microfaciales de los corales y de las rocas que los rodean permiten algunas interpretaciones ambientales: un alto nivel de energía es sugerido por el grado de fragmentación de las ramas en corales fasciculados y otras características de las rocas. Sin embargo, la energía no era suficiente para fragmentar las colonias y la abundancia de micrita indica que el alto nivel de energía no era constante, permitiendo la decantación. Otros factores ambientales que se deducen de evidencias paleoecológicas y taxonómicas son profundidad escasa, salinidad normal y substrato duro provisto por una rápida cementación y por abundantes bioclastos. Colonias de corales masivos colonizaron una barra oolítica y proporcionaron el substrato duro necesario para la fijación de corales fasciculados que dominan en el biostromo. Palabras clave: Carbonífero, Viseense, corales, paleoecología, biostromo, Marruecos.. 1. Introduction Rich assemblages of rugose corals occur in the Tizra, Akerchi and Idmarrach formations (Said et al., 2007; The present study is focused on the Adarouch Area Said, 2005). The objective of this paper is to analyse the (Figure 1), located in the northeastern part of the Varis- palaeoecological parameters of a complex assemblage can Massif of central Morocco which has experienced with an exceptional exposure characterized by its high complex tectonic deformation, notably thrusting. The diversity and situated in the lower part of the Akerchi Paleozoic rocks from Adarouch form part of the zone of Formation. The analyses of this assemblage include: 1) transition between the Western and the Eastern Mese- a palaeoecologic study, following the protocol proposed tas (Berkhli, 1999) named “Azrou-Khenifra Region” by by Vuillemin (1990) and Somerville and Rodríguez Piqué (1979). Mississippian rocks from the Adarouch (2007). 2) a thaphonomical study of rugose corals (Ro- Area (northeast central Morocco) crop out along a vast dríguez, 2004). They will be combined with an analysis area south of the El-Hajeb City (Fig. 1). Palaeozoic rocks of microfacies for the identification of the environmen- in that region show a NE-SW orientation and they are tal factors that affected the development of the rugose bound by Mesozoic rocks (Triassic and Jurassic). The corals following methodologies proposed by Bosence Palaeozoic outcrops comprise Ordovician, Devonian, and Allison (1995) and Flügel (2004). We assume that Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks. The Mississip- taphonomical processes begin before corals are bur- pian rocks have been subdivided in four lithostratigrahic ied or died and so, the boundary between taphonomy units (Fig. 2): from the base to the top, they are the Oued and palaeoecology is not clear. It is specially marked Amhares Formation, the Tizra Formation, the Mouarhaz in reefal environments. Because of this reason we will Formation and the Akerchi Formation (Berkhli 1999). include most observations in a unique chapter of palae- To the East, an additional unit crops out, the Idmarrach oecologic analysis. Formation. These formations include Viséan and Ser- pukhovian rocks, dated using foraminifers and calcare- 2. The Akerchi Formation ous algae (Berkhli, 1999; Berkhli and Vachard, 2001; Berkhli et al., 2001). The micropaleontological data The Akerchi Formation is approximately 140 m thick suggest that the Serpukhovian is only present in the up- and is subdivided into two members (AK1 and AK2, per part of the Akerchi and Idmarrach formations. Berkhli 1999, Berkhli and Vachard, 2001) of a readily Libro 36_1.indb 8 04/03/2010 22:14:49 Said et al. / Journal of Iberian Geology 36 (1) 2010: 7-19 9 The lower member is only 16 meters thick (Ak1; Fig. 2b). The lower beds are composed of channelyzed poly- genic conglomerates, and bioclastic limestones. The bio- clastic limestones pass progressively to oolitic limestones that are well bedded at the base, but massive at the top (Figs. 2, 3b). Above, a biostrome 2 to 5 meters thick is recognized, composed of masses of rugose corals and gigantoproductid brachiopods embedded in marly lime- stones (Fig. 2). The upper member (AK2) starts with 22 metres of cal- careous sandstones with cross stratification followed by a succession of 100 metres of thin-bedded laminated lime- stones alternated with sandstone beds is located over the sandstones (Fig. 3c). This AK2 member has been attrib- uted to the Serpukhovian by Berkhli and Vachard (2001); however, the precise dating of this member needs further studies, because the coral assemblage at the base is typi- cally Brigantian, which highlights that at least part of the member might be Viséan in age. A precise biostratigra- phy of foraminifers and algae from Akerchi Formation is shown in Cózar et al. (2008). 3. The Akerchi biostrome The Akerchi biostrome is located in the transitional beds between the lower and upper members (AK1/AK2) by Berkhli and Vachard (2001), but is here considered as the top of the lower member. It is 2 to 5 m thick (3 m in average). Its local thickness increases from the Southwest to the Northeast and it can be followed for more than a kilometre. The biostrome is mostly composed of rugose cor- als (about 50% of the rock), but many other phyla oc- cur there. Brachiopods, bryozoans, porifera (chaetetids, sponges),
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