Chemical Compatibility Guide
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Photocatalytic Performance of Cuxo/Tio2 Deposited by Hipims on Polyester Under Visible Light Leds: Oxidants, Ions Effect, and Reactive Oxygen Species Investigation
materials Article Photocatalytic Performance of CuxO/TiO2 Deposited by HiPIMS on Polyester under Visible Light LEDs: Oxidants, Ions Effect, and Reactive Oxygen Species Investigation Hichem Zeghioud 1 , Aymen Amine Assadi 2,*, Nabila Khellaf 3, Hayet Djelal 4, Abdeltif Amrane 2 and Sami Rtimi 5,* 1 Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria; [email protected] 2 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226, Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes CEDEX 7, France; [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Organic Synthesis-Modeling and Optimization of Chemical Processes, Badji Mokhtar University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria; [email protected] 4 Ecole des Métiers de l’Environnement, Campus de Ker Lann, 35170 Bruz, France; [email protected] 5 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-LTP, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.A.A.); sami.rtimi@epfl.ch (S.R.) Received: 29 December 2018; Accepted: 22 January 2019; Published: 29 January 2019 Abstract: In the present study, we propose a new photocatalytic interface prepared by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), and investigated for the degradation of Reactive Green 12 (RG12) as target contaminant under visible light light-emitting diodes (LEDs) illumination. The CuxO/TiO2 nanoparticulate photocatalyst was sequentially sputtered on polyester (PES). The photocatalyst formulation was optimized by investigating the effect of different parameters such as the sputtering time of CuxO, the applied current, and the deposition mode (direct current magnetron sputtering, DCMS or HiPIMS). -
Working with Hazardous Chemicals
A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices. In some articles in Organic Syntheses, chemical-specific hazards are highlighted in red “Caution Notes” within a procedure. It is important to recognize that the absence of a caution note does not imply that no significant hazards are associated with the chemicals involved in that procedure. Prior to performing a reaction, a thorough risk assessment should be carried out that includes a review of the potential hazards associated with each chemical and experimental operation on the scale that is planned for the procedure. Guidelines for carrying out a risk assessment and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in Chapter 4 of Prudent Practices. The procedures described in Organic Syntheses are provided as published and are conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein. -
Sodium Chromate 10 Percent Section 1
Conforms to US OSHA Hazard Communication 29CFR1910.1200 SAFETY DATA SHEET Sodium Chromate 10 percent Section 1. Identification 1.1 Product identifier Product name : Sodium Chromate 10 percent Part no. : AR176, AR376 Validation date : 6/24/2020 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Material uses : Laboratory use Container type: Dispenser Pack AR176 // Sodium Chromate 10 percent // Artisan Grocott's Methenamine Silver Stain Kit // 65 mL and 115 mL AR376 // Sodium Chromate 10 percent // Artisan Grocott's Methenamine Silver Eosin Stain Kit // 65 mL and 115 mL Reference number: SDS056 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier/Manufacturer : Agilent Technologies, Inc. 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA Tel: +1 800 227 9770 Agilent Technologies Singapore (International) Pte Ltd. No. 1 Yishun Avenue 7 Singapore, 768923 Tel. (65) 6276 2622 Agilent Technologies Denmark ApS Produktionsvej 42 2600 Glostrup, Denmark Tel. +45 44 85 95 00 www.Agilent.com e-mail address of person : [email protected] responsible for this SDS 1.4 Emergency telephone number In case of emergency : CHEMTREC®: 1-800-424-9300 Section 2. Hazards identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the substance or mixture Date of issue : 06/24/2020 1/15 Sodium Chromate 10 percent Section 2. Hazards identification H302 ACUTE TOXICITY (oral) - Category 4 H311 -
1.1 10 Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes
1.1 10 Oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes By the end of this spread, you should be able to … 1Describe the oxidation of primary alcohols to form aldehydes and carboxylic acids. 1Describe the oxidation of secondary alcohols to form ketones. 1Describe the oxidation of aldehydes to form carboxylic acids. Key definition Oxidation of alcohols You will recall from your AS chemistry studies that primary and secondary alcohols can A redox reaction is one in which both reduction and oxidation take place. be oxidised using an oxidising agent. s !SUITABLEOXIDISINGAGENTISASOLUTIONCONTAININGACIDIlEDDICHROMATEIONS + 2− H /Cr2O7 . s 4HEOXIDISINGMIXTURECANBEMADEFROMPOTASSIUMDICHROMATE +2Cr2O7, and sulfuric acid, H2SO. During the reaction, the acidified potassium dichromate changes from orange to green. Remember that tertiary alcohols are not oxidised by acidified dichromate ions. Primary alcohols Primary alcohols can be oxidised to aldehydes and to carboxylic acids (see AS Chemistry spread 2.2.3). H H H O H O Oxidation Oxidation H CCOH H CC H CC H H H H H OH Primary alcohol Aldehyde Carboxylic acid Figure 1 Ethanol oxidised to ethanal, and finally to ethanoic acid The equation for the oxidation of ethanol to the aldehyde ethanal is shown below. Note that the oxidising agent is shown as [O] – this simplifies the equation. CH3CH2OH + [O] }m CH3CHO + H2O When preparing aldehydes in the laboratory, you will need to distil the aldehyde from the reaction mixture as it is formed. This prevents the aldehyde from being oxidised further to a carboxylic acid. Key definition When making the carboxylic acid, the reaction mixture is usually heated under reflux before distilling the product off. -
Safety Data Sheet
SAFETY DATA SHEET Preparation Date: 06/23/2015 Revision Date: 10/27/2015 Revision Number: G2 1. IDENTIFICATION Product identifier Product code: P1282 Product Name: POTASSIUM DICHROMATE, CRYSTAL, REAGENT, ACS Other means of identification Synonyms: Bichromate of potash Chromium potassium oxide (K2Cr2O7) Dichromic acid dipotassium salt Dipotassium bichromate Dipotassium dichromate Dipotassium dichromium heptaoxide Iopezite Kaliumdichromat [German] Potassium bichromate Potassium chromate (K2Cr2O7) Potassium dichromate Potassium dichromate (K2(Cr2O7)) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) Potassium dichromate(VI) SRM 935a CAS #: 7778-50-9 RTECS # HX7680000 CI#: Not available Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended use: Analytical reagent. In tanning, printing, painting, electroplating and pyrotechnics. Uses advised against No information available Supplier: Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp 14422 South San Pedro St. Gardena, CA 90248 (310) 516-8000 Order Online At: https://www.spectrumchemical.com Emergency telephone number Chemtrec 1-800-424-9300 Contact Person: Martin LaBenz (West Coast) Contact Person: Ibad Tirmiz (East Coast) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification This chemical is considered hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Product code: P1282 Product name: POTASSIUM 1 / 16 DICHROMATE, CRYSTAL, REAGENT, ACS Acute toxicity - Oral Category 2 Acute toxicity - Dermal Category 1 Acute toxicity - Inhalation (Gases) Category 2 Acute toxicity - Inhalation (Dusts/Mists) Category 2 Skin -
Chemical Resistance Chart
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CHART CHEMICAL RESISTANCE DATA These recommendations are based upon information from material suppliers and careful examination of available published information and are believed to be accurate. However, since the resistance of metals, plastics and elastomers can be affected by concentration, temperature, presence of other chemicals and other factors. This information should be considered as a general guide rather than an unqualified guarantee. Ultimately, the customer must determine the suitability of the pump used in various solutions. All recommendations assume ambient temperatures unless otherwise noted. RATINGS — CHEMICAL EFFECT FOOTNOTES A — No effect—Excellent 1. P.V.C. — Satisfactory to 72 °F B — Minor effect—Good 2. Polypropylene — Satisfactory to 72 °F C — Moderate effect—Fair 3. Polypropylene — Satisfactory to 120 °F D — Severe effect—Not recommended 4. Nitrile — Satisfactory for “O” Rings 5. Polyacetal — Satisfactory to 72 °F 6. Ceramag — Satisfactory to 72 °F The ratings for these materials are based upon the chemical resistance only. Added consideration must be given to pump selections when the chemical is abrasive, viscous in nature, or has a Specific Gravity greater than 1.1. NOTE: The materials shown below in BOLDFACE TYPE are used in the construction of Little Giant chemical pumps. ” 302 Stainless Steel 304 Stainless Steel 316 Stainless Steel 440 Stainless Steel Aluminum TITANIUM C276 NICKEL ALLOY Cast Bronze Brass Cast Iron Carbon Steel 1) PVC (Type (E-3606) Tygon PTFE Polyacetal Nylon ABS Thermoplastic -
Manufacturing of Potassium Permanganate Kmno4 This Is the Most Important and Well Known Salt of Permanganic Acid
Manufacturing of Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 This is the most important and well known salt of permanganic acid. It is prepared from the pyrolusite ore. It is prepared by fusing pyrolusite ore either with KOH or K2CO3 in presence of atmospheric oxygen or any other oxidising agent such as KNO3. The mass turns green with the formation of potassium manganate, K2MnO4. 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4 + 2H2O 2MnO2 + 2K2CO3 + O2 →2K2MnO4 + 2CO2 The fused mass is extracted with water. The solution is now treated with a current of chlorine or ozone or carbon dioxide to convert manganate into permanganate. 2K2MnO4 + Cl2 → 2KMnO4 + 2KCl 2K2MnO4 + H2O + O3 → 2KMnO4 + 2KOH + O2 3K2MnO4 + 2CO2 → 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2K2CO3 Now-a-days, the conversion is done electrolytically. It is electrolysed between iron cathode and nickel anode. Dilute alkali solution is taken in the cathodic compartment and potassium manganate solution is taken in the anodic compartment. Both the compartments are separated by a diaphragm. On passing current, the oxygen evolved at anode oxidises manganate into permanganate. At anode: 2K2MnO4 + H2O + O → 2KMnO4 + 2KOH 2- - - MnO4 → MnO4 + e + - At cathode: 2H + 2e → H2 Properties: It is purple coloured crystalline compound. It is fairly soluble in water. When heated alone or with an alkali, it decomposes evolving oxygen. 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 4KMnO4 + 4KOH → 4K2MnO4 + 2H2O + O2 On treatment with conc. H2SO4, it forms manganese heptoxide via permanganyl sulphate which decomposes explosively on heating. 2KMnO4+3H2SO4 → 2KHSO4 + (MnO3)2SO4 + 2H2O (MnO3)2SO4 + H2O → Mn2O7 + H2SO4 Mn2O7 → 2MnO2 + 3/2O2 Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidising agent. A mixture of sulphur, charcoal and KMnO4 forms an explosive powder. -
Perkin's Mauve: the History of the Chemistry
REFLECTIONS Perkin’s Mauve: The History of the Chemistry Andrew Filarowski Those of us who owe our living in part to the global dyestuff and chemical industry should pause today and remember the beginnings of this giant industry which started 150 years ago today with William Perkins’ discovery of mauveine whilst working in his home laboratory during the Easter holiday on April 28, 1856. Prior to this discovery, all textiles were dyed with natural dyestuffs and pigments. What did Perkin’s Reaction Entail? William Henry Perkin carried out his experiments at his home laboratory in the Easter break of 1856. He was trying to produce quinine (C20H24N2O2). This formula was known but not the structural formula. Because chemistry was in such an early stage of development Perkin thought that by simply balancing the masses (simple additive and subtractive chemistry) in an equation he would obtain the required compound. He therefore believed that if he took two allyltoluidine molecules, C10H13N, and oxidised them with three oxygen atoms (using potassium dichromate) he would get quinine (C20H24N2O2) and water. 2 (C10H13N) + 3O C20H24N2O2 + H2O It is unsurprising to us now but Perkin reported “that no quinine was formed, but only a dirty reddish brown precipitate.” However, he continued in his trials and decided to use aniline (C6H5NH2) and its sulphate, and to oxidise them using potassium dichromate. This produced a black precipitate that Perkin at first took to be a failed experiment, but he noticed on cleaning his equipment with alcohol that a coloured solution was obtained. Perkin’s Patent W H Perkin filed his patent on the 26th August 1856 for “Producing a new colouring matter for the dyeing with a lilac or purple color stuffs of silk, cotton, wool, or other materials.” (sic) Patent No. -
Na2cr04 from Domestic Chromite Concentrates by an Alkali-Fusion Method
R I 1916 T Nor REMOVE FRCl1 r~·ReS~:r~~ n~:nter . ~ E. 315 Montgomery Ave. Spokane, WA 99207 Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations/1988 LI BRARY Na2Cr04 From Domestic Chromite Concentrates by an Alkali-Fusion Method By Gary L. Hundley, R. E. Mussier, R. A. Holmes, and R. S. Olsen UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR .. Report of Investigations 9167 Na2Cr04 From Domestic Chromite Concentrates by an Alkali-Fusion Method By Gary L. Hundley, R. E. Mussier, R. A. Holmes, and R. S. Olsen UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES T S Ary, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Na2Cr04 from domestic chromite concentrates. (Bureau of Mines report of investigations : 9161) Bibliography: p. 12. Supt. of Does. no.: I 28.23:9167. 1. Chl'omium--Metallurgy. 2. Sodium chromate. 3. Chromite. 4. Sodium hydroxide. 5. Fused salts. 6. Leaching. 1. Hundley, Gary L. II. Title: Alkali-fusion method. III. Series: Report of investigations (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 9167. TN23.U43 [TN799.C5] 62 s [669'.734] 88-600002 gas CONTENTS Abstract ......•...•..••......•..•....................•..... 1 Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• · .............. 2 Raw materials ..••••.••••.•.••.•.•...•••.. 4 Countercurrent leaching •••••••••••••••••• .................... 5 Equipment and procedures ••••••••••••••• 5 Results and discussion ••••••••••••••••••• 6 Solution purification •••••••••••••••••••• 7 Crystallization •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·. .. .. .. ............. 9 Equipment and procedures -
Reactions of Alcohols & Ethers 1
REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS & ETHERS 1. Combustion (Extreme Oxidation) alcohol + oxygen carbon dioxide + water 2 CH3CH2OH + 6 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O 2. Elimination (Dehydration) ° alcohol H 2 S O 4/ 1 0 0 C alkene + water H2SO4/100 ° C CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH=CH2 + H2O 3. Condensation ° excess alcohol H 2 S O 4 / 1 4 0 C ether + water H2SO4/140 ° C 2 CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O 4. Substitution Lucas Reagent alcohol + hydrogen halide Z n C l2 alkyl halide + water ZnCl2 CH3CH2OH + HCl CH3CH2Cl + H2O • This reaction with the Lucas Reagent (ZnCl2) is a qualitative test for the different types of alcohols because the rate of the reaction differs greatly for a primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol. • The difference in rates is due to the solubility of the resulting alkyl halides • Tertiary Alcohol→ turns cloudy immediately (the alkyl halide is not soluble in water and precipitates out) • Secondary Alcohol → turns cloudy after 5 minutes • Primary Alcohol → takes much longer than 5 minutes to turn cloudy 5. Oxidation • Uses an oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). • This reaction can also be used as a qualitative test for the different types of alcohols because there is a distinct colour change. dichromate → chromium 3+ (orange) → (green) permanganate → manganese (IV) oxide (purple) → (brown) Tertiary Alcohol not oxidized under normal conditions CH3 KMnO4 H3C C OH NO REACTION K2Cr2O7 CH3 tertbutyl alcohol Secondary Alcohol ketone + hydrogen ions H O KMnO4 H3C C CH3 + K2Cr2O7 C + 2 H H3C CH3 OH propanone 2-propanol Primary Alcohol aldehyde + water carboxylic acid + hydrogen ions O KMnO4 O H H KMnO H H 4 + CH3CH2CH2OH C C C H C C C H + 2 H K2Cr2O7 + H2O K Cr O H H H 2 2 7 HO H H 1-propanol propanal propanoic acid 6. -
Sodium Dichromate Listing Background Document for the Inorganic Chemical Listing Determination
SODIUM DICHROMATE LISTING BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR THE INORGANIC CHEMICAL LISTING DETERMINATION This Document Does Not Contain Confidential Business Information August 2000 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ARIEL RIOS BUILDING 1200 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SECTOR OVERVIEW ....................................................1 1.1 SECTOR DEFINITION, FACILITY NAMES AND LOCATIONS .....1 1.2 PRODUCTS, PRODUCT USAGE, AND MARKETS ....................1 1.3 PRODUCTION CAPACITY .........................................4 1.4 PRODUCTION, PRODUCT AND PROCESS TRENDS ...................4 2. ELEMENTIS CHROMIUM ................................................5 2.1 PRODUCTION PROCESS DESCRIPTION .............................5 2.2 PRODUCTION TRENDS, CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS ............7 2.3 RESIDUAL GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT ......................7 2.3.1 Spent Post-Neutralization Ore Residue .............................7 2.3.2 Caustic Filter Sludge ..........................................9 2.3.3 Sodium Dichromate Evaporation Unit Wastewater ...................10 2.3.4 Sodium Chromate Evaporation Unit Wastewater ....................10 2.3.5 Reduced Chromium Treatment Residues from Spent Ore Residue Treatment Unit .....................................................11 2.3.6 Reduced Chromium Treatment Residues from Wastewater Treatment Unit .........................................................12 2.3.7 Commingled Treated Wastewaters ...............................13 2.3.8 Process Filters, Membranes, -
United States Patent Office Patented Nov
as 2,695,215 United States Patent Office Patented Nov. 23, 1954 1. 2 slurry of sulfur in sodium hydroxide, or to a solution of sodium sulfide or polysulfide, or to an aqueous mass 2,695,215 containing a mixture of such reagents. Although the PRODUCTION OF CHROMUM OXDE chromium compound used may be either the chromate, the dichromate or mixtures of the same, superior re William A. Pollock, Allentown, Pa., assignor to C. K. sults are obtained when a mixture of about 14 to 18 per Williams & Co., East St. Louis, Ill., a corporation of cent of the former with about 82 to 86 per cent of the Delaware latter are used. The reaction is ordinarily carried out at elevated temperatures up to those at which the re No Drawing. Application May 16, 1950, O action mass boils. Serial No. 162,397 In accordance with a special feature of the invention, the alkalinity of the chromium hydroxide-sodium thio 5 Claims. (Cl. 23-145) sulfate reaction mass is reduced to a level approaching neutrality. It has been ascertained that the shade of the This invention relates to the production of chromium 5 chromium oxide ultimately obtained is lightened by this oxide and more particularly to the manufacture of chro adjustment and pigments in greater commercial demand mium oxide pigments by the reduction of sodium chro will result. This step, which also increases yields, can mate or dichromate and calcination of the reduced be accomplished simply by the addition of sulfuric acid product. or other suitable acid. If the alkalinity is not changed a It has heretofore been proposed that chromium oxide 20 shade of green is obtained of limited commercial value.