Visualisation During Large-Scale Events
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Blekinge Institute of Technology School of Engineering Department of Interaction & Systems Design Master thesis June 2004 VISUALISATION DURING LARGE-SCALE EVENTS - TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR VOLUNTEERS MASTER THESIS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE & HUMAN WORK SCIENCE AUTHORS: Veronica Carlsson Jessica Sjölander SUPERVISORS: Bo Helgeson Olle Lindeberg Visualisation During Large-Scale Events -Technical Support for Volunteers ABSTRACT Our work, which this master thesis is based upon, has been committed to analysing the settings of large-scale events, proposing, and designing an IT-artefact that can be adapted to different contexts depending on the event. In order to give examples of the contexts of which the IT-artefact could be used, it was developed tailored to two temporary large-scale events. Throughout the thesis we have been struggling with the question of how it is possible to facilitate the co-ordination during large-scale events through visualising tasks and resources. Our aim has been that the design proposal shall support the sharing of tasks and resources to facilitate the cooperation among volunteers during the realisation of temporary large-scale events. We conclude that our design proposal of the IT-artefact should be investigated further in the settings presented in this thesis and others, as we see prospects to develop and adapt the design proposal to various large-scale events in the nearby future. KEYWORDS Visualisation, Transparency, CSCW, PD, Ubiquitous Computing, Ethnography, Ethnomethodology, Interaction Design, Large-Scale Event, Tasks, Resources, The Bank of Tasks, The Interactive Map, The Vasaloppet, The Hultsfredsfestival, The Festivalkompis, The WHAT-project. Veronica Carlsson & Jessica Sjölander i Visualisation During Large-Scale Events -Technical Support for Volunteers ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the School of Engineering, Department of Interaction & Systems Design at Blekinge Institute of Technology many fine scientists have been an inspiration to this work. A special thanks is addressed to Isa Hardemo, for the amount of time she spent exchanging ideas and to her providence of much input to this thesis. We want to thank the Work Practice Laboratory, WPL, for their participation brainstorming our design proposal during a research seminar. Our supervisors’ Bo Helgeson and Olle Lindeberg deserve much credit for many precise comments on the drafts for this thesis and for the discussions we have had on the subjects. Especially we want to thank Klas Hallqvist for his support of our ideas and his effort of making our field studies realised. He made it possible for us doing our observations to better grasp the user domain at the Vasaloppet. We want to address thanks to the WHAT-project for good collaboration and sharing of information. A big thanks goes to our collaboration partners at the Hultsfredsfestival and the Vasaloppet, for their kind treatment, their inspiring ideas and their dedicated time to our work. Finally we want to address a special thanks to Olav Berthelsen and Nils Bundgaard at the university of Aarhus, Denmark, for the valuable insights in their work concerning the Roskilde festival. Veronica Carlsson & Jessica Sjölander ii Visualisation During Large-Scale Events -Technical Support for Volunteers PREFACE We are students at Blekinge Institute of Technology and the course, MDA (Human, Computer Technology, Working life). The MDA-course is interdisciplinary, which integrates Computer Science with Human Work Science. It aims at develop software with a special focus on the user. After obtained degree we are qualified in both subjects. Throughout our university education we have been doing projects within both the industry and the government sector. During our project, we perform field studies, analyse the results, and propose new ideas, which we finally design and implement. Bear in mind that we within this work process cooperate with the expected user. The reason behind carrying out field studies is to understand the context in which the user is situated, to mange to integrate the software in a satisfying way for the parties involved. Furthermore, our MDA-course has taught us to perceive the learning and adapting of new technology as an important role within an organisation’s developmental process. We would like to point out that our work has implied collaboration with other university educational backgrounds such as the software engineering course. Hence this is reflected in our work. It is with this previous knowledge and along with these catchwords we have performed our master’s degree. Ronneby 2004-05-31 Veronica Carlsson Jessica Sjölander Veronica Carlsson & Jessica Sjölander iii Visualisation During Large-Scale Events -Technical Support for Volunteers TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND........................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1. A SKETCH OF A COMPLEX CASE 1 ................................................................. 1 1.1.2. A SKETCH OF A COMPLEX CASE 2 ................................................................. 3 1.2. FRAMING OF A QUESTION ............................................................................... 5 1.3. OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................. 5 1.4. DELIMITATIONS .................................................................................................... 6 1.5. WORK PROCESS .................................................................................................... 6 1.6. VISION ....................................................................................................................... 7 2. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 10 2.1. INTERACTION DESIGN...................................................................................... 11 2.2. ETHNOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1. ETHNOMETHODOLOGY..................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. ETHNOGRAPHIC METHODS.............................................................................. 12 2.3. COMPUTER SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK................................... 13 2.4. PARTICIPATORY DESIGN ................................................................................ 14 2.5. UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING .............................................................................. 16 3. VOICES FROM THE FIELD ........................................................................... 17 4. ANALYSIS................................................................................................................... 19 4.1 DISPATCHING OF DOERS ................................................................................. 19 4.1.1 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TASKS ............................................................................ 20 4.1.2 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RESOURCES .................................................................. 21 4.2 VISUALISATION .................................................................................................... 25 4.2.1 HOW TO MAKE TASKS AND RESOURCES VISIBLE...................................... 25 4.2.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF MAKING TASKS VISIBLE........................................... 26 4.2.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF MAKING RESOURCES VISIBLE ................................. 27 4.2.4 THE SPECIFICS OF TASKS AND RESOURCES................................................. 27 4.3 THE MAP & THE LOGBOOK............................................................................ 28 4.3.1 EXAMPLES OF OCCURRENCES DURING THE VASALOPPET ....................... 28 4.3.1.1 WHERE IS THE PHYSICIAN?............................................................................... 29 4.3.1.2. AN INJURED BACK............................................................................................ 29 4.4 A VISUALISING IT-ARTEFACT....................................................................... 31 5. DESIGN PROPOSAL............................................................................................. 33 5.1 THE BANK OF TASKS ........................................................................................ 33 5.1.1 A STORYBOARD OF THE BANK OF TASKS ...................................................... 33 Veronica Carlsson & Jessica Sjölander iv Visualisation During Large-Scale Events -Technical Support for Volunteers 5.2 THE INTERACTIVE MAP.................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 A STORYBOARD OF THE INTERACTIVE MAP.................................................. 40 5.3 THE POSSIBLE SCREENS TO USE ................................................................. 42 5.4 IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF OUR DESIGN PROPOSAL.................................. 43 5.4.1 DESIRABLE FUNCTIONALITY OF THE PDA................................................... 44 6. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................... 45 6.1 MANAGING TASKS THROUGH THE BANK OF TASKS......................... 45 6.2 MANAGING RESOURCES THROUGH THE INTERACTIVE MAP..... 46 6.3 WHO SHOULD DISPATCH? .............................................................................. 47 6.4 THE INFLUENCES BY AN IT-ARTEFACT ..................................................