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Directorate of Distance Education UNIVERSITY of JAMMU JAMMU Directorate of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU STUDY MATERIAL FOR M.A. SOCIOLOGY Semester - IIIrd Title : SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION COURSE NO. SOC-C-305 LESSON NO. : 1–16 Course Co-ordinator Teacher Incharge Prof. Abha Chauhan Dr. Neha Vij H.O.D., Deptt. of Sociology P.G. Sociology University of Jammu D.D.E. Univerisity of Jammu All copyright privileges of the material are reserved by the Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, JAMMU-180 006 1 COURSE CODE SOC-C-305 EXPERTS INVOLVED IN SCRIPT WRITING Prof. J. R. Panda Prof. B. K. Nagla Prof. Abha Chauhan Prof. Ashish Saxena Prof. Vishav Raksha FOR ANY QUERY Dr. Neha Vij Teacher Incharge P.G. Sociology (DDE) © Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE, University of Jammu. The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson/script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsibility Printed at :- DTP Print-o-Pack/2020 2 Syllabus of Sociology M.A. 4th Semester for the Examination to be held in the year Dec. 2019, 2020 & 2021 (Non-BCS) Course No. SOC-C-305 Title : Sociology of Religion Credits : 6 Maximum Marks : 100 Duration of examination 21/2 hrs a) Semester (External) Examination : 80 b) Sessional (Internal) Assessment : 20 Objectives : To familarize the students with religious practices and beliefs in the various human cultures, to consider the main sociological theories of religion and analyze the various types of religious organizations in different socieities. The course also intends to introduce students with religions of India and their main components. Unit - I Religion : Definition; Composition and Features of Religion; Beliefs and Rituals; Magic, Religion and Science; Sacred & Profane; Church; Cult and Sect; Priests, Shamans and Prophets. Unit - II Sociological Interpretations of Religion : Origin of Religion (Evolutionary); Durkheim & Sociological Functionalism; Weber & Phenomenology; Marx and Dialectical Materialism, Indian Perspective - Gandhi, Ambedkar and Vivekananda. Unit - III Religions of India & their Components : Hinduism; Islam; Buddhism; Christianity; Sikhism; Jainism; Saints/ Sants, Sadhus and Shrines. Unit - IV Contestation over Religion in India : Socio-religious Movement; Religious Pluralism, Fundamentalism; Communalism; Secularism; Religion and Globalization. 3 NOTE FOR PAPER SETTING : The question paper will consist of three sections A, B & C. Section A will consist of eight long answer type questions, two from each unit with intrenal choice. Each question carries 12 marks. The candidate is required to answer any four questions selecting one from each unit. Total weightage will be of 12 x 4 = 48 marks. Section B will consist of eight short answer type questions - two from each unit with internal choice. Each question carries 6 marks. The candidate is required to answer any four questions selecting one from each unit. Total weightage will be of 6 x 4 = 24 marks. Section C will consist of eight objective type questions - one mark each. The candidate to answer the entire eight questions. Total weightage will be of 1 x 8 = 8 marks is required. PRSECRIBED READINGS : 1. Ayyar, P.V. Jagadisa, 1920. South Indian Shrines, Madras : The Madras Times. 2. Babb, Lawrence A. 1996 Absent Lord : Ascetic and Kings in Jain Ritual Culture. Berkeley : University of California Press. 3. Babb, Lawrence A. 2003. ‘Sets and Indian Religions’ in Veen Das (ed.) The Oxford India Companion to Sociology and Social Anthropology. New Delhi, Oxford University Press : 802-826 (also see Veena Das (ed.) 2004.Handbook of Indian Sociology, New Delhi : Oxford University Press : 223-256. 4. Baird, R. D. (ed.) 2001 Religion in Modern India, New Delhi : Manohar Publishers. 5. Bayly, Susan, 1989. Saints, Goddesses and Kings. Muslims and Christians in South India, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 6. Census of Indi, 1995. Census of India, India Paper 1 of 1995. Religion, New Delhi : Government of India. 4 7. Chatterjee, Margaret, 1983. Gandhi’s Religious Thought, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press. 8. Copley. A. 1999. Religion in Conflict, New Delhi : Oxford university Press. 9. D’Souza. L. 2005. The Sociology of Religion: A Historical Review, Jaipur : Rawat Publications. 10. Debiprasad, Bhattacharya, 1969. Indian Atheism : A Marxist Approach, New Delhi : People’s Publishing House. 11. Dube, S. C. and V. N. Basilov (eds.) 1983. Secularization in Multi Religious Societies, New Delhi : Concept. 12. Dundas, Paul, 1992. The Jains, London : Routledge. 13. Eliade, Mirca, 1961. The Sacred and the Profane, New York : Harper and Row. 14. Erndl, Kathleen M. 1993.Vicktory to the Mother : The Hindu Goddess of NorthWest India in Myth, Ritual and Symbol, New York : Oxford University Press. 15. Folld, Gavin, 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 16. Fuller, C. J. 1992. The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press. 17. Gerth, H.H. and C.W. mills (eds.). 1948. From Max Weber : Essays in Sociology, London : Routeledge and Kegan Paul. 18. Ghurye, G.S. 1964 (2nd edn.). Indian Sadhus, Bombay : Popular Prakashan. 19. Gold, Daniel, 1987. The Lord as Guru : Hidni Sants and North Indian Tradition, Oxford : Oxford University Press. 20. Gore, M.S. 1991. Secularism in India, Allahabad Indian Academy of Social Science. 21. Grewal, J.S. 1990. The sikhs of the Punja, Cambridge University Press. 5 22. Gross, Robert 1992. The Sadhus of India : A study of Hindu Ascetism, Jaipur and New Delhi : Rawat Publications. 23. Haralombhus, M. 1980. Sociology - Themes and Perspectives, New Delhi : Oxford University Press. 24. Hardiman, David. 1987. The Coming of the Devi : Adivasi Assertion in Western India, Delhi : Oxford University Press. 25. Harvey, Peter. 1990. An Introduction to Buddhism : Teaching, History and Practices, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 6 CONTENTS UNIT - I RELIGION PAGE No. Lesson-1 Definition of Religion 8 Lesson-2 Magic, Religion and Science 17 Lesson-3 Sacred, Profane, Church, Cult & Sect, Priest, 32 Shaman’s & Prophets UNIT-II SOCIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF RELIGION Lesson-4 Origin of Religion (Evolutionary) 57 Lesson-5 Durkheim and Sociological Functionalism 60 Lesson-6 Weber and Phenomenology 65 Lesson-7 Karl Marx and dialectical materialism 76 Lession - 8 Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda & Ambedkar 87 UNIT-III RELIGION OF INDIA Lesson-9 Hinduism and Islam 97 Lesson-10 Budhism and Sikhism 113 Lesson-11 Christianity 130 Lesson - 12 Jainism 143 Lesson - 13 Sect, Saints/Sants, Sadhus and Shrines 148 UNIT-IV CONTESTATION OVER RELIGION IN INDIA Lesson-14 Fundamentalism, Communalism and Secularism 166 Lesson-15 Socio religious movements & Social change 182 Lesson - 16 Globalization & Religion 199 7 UNIT-I LESSON No. 1 Sociology of Religion : Meaning and Definition Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning of Religion 1.3 Sociology of Religion 1.4 Theories of Religion 1.5 Further Readings 1.0 Objective The main objective of this lesson is to equip you with : – The meaning of Religion – Sociology of Religion. – Theorectical Perspective of Religion. 1.1 Introduction It is difficult to define religion. The difficulty is because of the fact that there are several religions and there is no single definition on which there is agreement. However, religion is a set of beliefs, symbols, and practices and such as rituals which is based on the ideas of the sacred, and which unites believers into a socio-religious community. The sacred is contrasted with the profane because it involves feelings of awe. Sociologists have defined religion by reference to the sacred rather than to a belief in a God or Gods, because it makes social comparison possible. For example, some versions of 8 Buddhism do not involved a belief in God. Religion is also contracted with magic because the latter is thought to be individualistic. Connected to religion are invisible religion, new religion and secularization. Majumdar and Madan (1963) have defined religion in Indian context. They write : Then there is religion; it is the human response to the apprehension of some thing or power, which is supernatural and supersensory. It is the expression of the manner or type of adjustment, effected by a people with their conception of the supernatural. Actually religion had been regarded as product of civilization until Tylor gave convincing proof that primitive societies have their own versions of religious activity, not very different from that of civilized societies. Ever since Tylor’s views were published, no ethnographer has ever reported any primitive society without religious beliefs and practices. 1.2 Meaning of Religion From the etymological point of view, Bouquet has shown, religion is derived from the Latin word rel (l) igio, which itself is derived from either the root leg-, which means ‘to gather, count of observe’, or from the root lig- which means ‘to bind’. In the former sense the implication is belief in, and observation of, signs of Divine Com- munication. In the latter sense the implication is the performance of necessary actions, which may bind together man and the supernatural powers that be. Both the implica- tions are relevant in view of the fact that beliefs and rituals have been found to be the main component parts of religions everywhere. Beliefs and Rituals. As already stated, all religions consist of a mental attitude regarding the supernatural. The most widespread manifestation of ‘this attitude is in the shape of beliefs and rituals, the former often wrongly called myths. What we call myths are believed in by the people to whom they belong, and are therefore better designed as religious belief or beliefs. All religions, primitive and modern, have this base of belief and ritual. Ritual consists in the observance, according to a prescribed manner, of certain actions designed to establish liaison between the performing individual and the supernatural power, or powers.
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