Tfhe 'Commoner R"

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tfhe 'Commoner R UmaBKHWpmBW HCBWlMWip J mum Jw'" " ;- - "Fmfrnffw. C'f'i??T1i5rrfjf'3wpjpTO' "rv,7V TT n 'J SEPTEIViSlSR, 1921 tfhe 'Commoner r" mon Whose' lift was sacrificed to his cruel senti- t . ment. At his 'funeral attended by a large and J City influential gathering of the citizens of Rich- '. - and Country Population mond, the minister pointing down to the casket a which enclosed the victim's remains solemnly said "There lies the body of John Hampden , , --i Pleasants.", And then looking up into the faces of the great audience the preacher dramatical- ly exclaimed, "And ye are his murderers." And bo of Christian citizens, it may bo said that their indifference to their public duty stifles and of-ti- me kills the patriotism of our public men, for they can but remember the political death of bo many of their contemporaries who had earn- estly taken, up the cause of f;he people against upecial Interests only to be forgotten by the peo- ple jon election day and left to be, slain on the field of battle., f CONCLUSION ' And now , 4n" conclusion, summing, up the thoughts which I desire to leave with you con- 7 f cerning 'the vtal importance of our political duties and ideals which should actuate lis in their performance, let me ask: Are children anywhere in this .country per- mitted to grow up in ignorance and vice? Are women permitted in to be overworked mm factory arid shop?( . t ' JSni! Are employees compelled to give up their one day rest in seven? Are railroads an'd factories permitted .to' run without the most efficient safety devices for "the protection of life and limb? Are preventable contagious diseases allowed to spread throughout the community laying ' low our children and otfr young men and woineri?' Are lawyer allowed to defeat or delay justice by interposing technical pleas .hayihg nothing to do with the merits of the controversy? Are- - sorife portions of our citizenship over- burdened with'ttrices while others are, allowed to go comparatively "fre'e? Are' powerful interests allowed 'sjecial favors or exemptions fr'om the government? Are'profiiteerlng combinations allowed to wring exorbitant pricks for the necessities of lffe frpm the podkets'bf'tji'e' poor? v If so, it meani that somehow and' somewhere the' government is'' failing' in the performance of its proper functions; In fact7 there are few which is not more human wrongs' fbr the law ' or less responsible. And if this" be true, how : can 'the patriotic citizen escape- - the duty of con- AjHHflttg WMMm2 :, tributing his just share to the correction of these evils, by giving his thought and his, time -- to the political affairs of his community, his ""XT''- state and his nation. One hundred years ago the population of the Today the, city population is greatly in excest, A great preacher has recently said "The two U. S. was two-thir- ds farming and one-thir- d city of the country population. most powerful weapons for righteousness today population. Copyright: 1921: by The Chicago Tribune. are the ballot and' the Bible. The ballot, the Bible. Citizenship, Christianity. Politics, Patriotism. We must get the ballot UP to the flows in one's veins but by the nobility of the who includes the mechanic, tho inventor,., .the Bible, Citizenship UP to Christianity, Politics ; impluses, wliich direct the heart, the head and merchant, and manufacturer, would not be an ' UP to Patriotism." If we make these ,our ideals the hand, the heart throbbing with love 'for . Existence which tlie modern farmer would wel- our country, will endure to bless us and, to lead our fellow man; the head thinking just and gen- come. , the world to the reign of right. erous thoughts; the hands doing deeds of kind- -' city. is aq ruling to be American ideal The essential to life on a civilized Other nations of the world have their ness'. This I conceive tho plane as the farmer Is to mere physical exis- classes, their aristocracy, with inherited titles of public sorvice. tence. --Without the city population the "farm- V, passed down from father to son. But not so er would be plowing with a stick. He would with us. yet sometimes in my fancy I have set FARMED AND CITY MAN not have the chilled steel plaw, the reaper, and up a now American aristocracy, merited not tho thrasher, to say nothing of the tractor, inherited'; which every loyal .American Two men who know a lot about the folks and the one of. in a automobile, the telephone, the trolley, the rail-ro"a- d, may "become a member. It is not the aristoc- how they feel about things collaborated - cartoon in yesterday's Tribune. The the gramaphone, books, store clothes, the racy money. is not the aristocracy striking , of It men were John T. McCutcheon and William Jen- movie, the newspaper, or any of those amelior-- of blood. It is not the aristocracy of learning. ations of the mere animal existence which he service. nings Bryan. Tlie cartoon was in two parts, the ,. ' But it is the aristocracy of public Let depicting "Farming Population" enjoys In civilzed countries. us have ho" ambition to belong to any exclusive left hand the to as a giant bearing the "City Population" in cos- Moreover, the farmer is not fundamental to set, but if our association is to be limited century ago on back; right mere existence. any one be with those noble men tume of a its the Before a farmer .appeared men class, let it hand depicting Farming Population much existed as huntsmen and fishecmen. He did not and women' who have caught the spirit of Him enormously be chief among shrunken and bowed under an till the soil, but took what nature produced of who said, "Whosoever would grown City Population. Lines under the cartoon her own initiative. Wo could gp tack to the you, let him be your servant." And, if on the years ago population cave whose company assert that a hundred tho and the pathless forest and steppe a class ds other hand, there be was two-thir- farming and we are permitted to shun, let it be those who of the United States We could, but we won't, unless we imitate "Today city popu,-latio- n -- my keep- one-thir- d city population. the the Russians and mistake reaction for progress. declare with' Cain, "I am not brother's greatly in excess of the country popu- er," and who. not only refuse to enter intp any is The city means civilization and progress, and . city movement to make this world a better place in lation." the man is far from riding the farmer with which to live, but who belittle the efforts and Now in all matters appealing to the cardiac a dead weight, as Mr. McCutoheon's and Mr. ' one we would fol- - . Bryan's striking- - picture argues. tho-motive- of no rather impugn s of who earnestly and region we Know He labors In those ' Mr. .Bryan, and sweat honestly strive to serve their day and genera- low that Mr. McCutcheon and the of brain xind sinew to produce those our first sensation upon looking at this eloquent useful and life enrlchfng devices which lthe tion. " remorse as a representative farmer covets, which mitigate ,nobility, I would pictorial appeal was his toil, and raise If I coUld bestow titles of of the cjtyy. him above the .level of the cavdman and brute. I have ' not bestow them upon the rich, for ' look Mr. Mc-- Yet Mr. known rich men,' to use their wealth, to oppress Then we took a second .at McCutcheon and Mr. Bryan are right them , Cutcheon's City Population. For one .thing he in so far as they regret a tendency to deplete rather, than, to lielp, J would not bestpw ' as happens the city popula-- the country shortsighted blue-bloode- was too large, for it at the profit of the upon d, because, I have, known the ' -- of the farming cities. Said wen disgrace family narne which they tipn is not 'greatly in..excess" the late Mr. Goldsmith: tto the ' only. Z per cent larger But wo will Avaivo upon the " but "111 to , fares land, bearT I would . not bestow ,them seriously erroneous in ,the. Mc-- the hastening ills a prey learned, because have, know,, many educated that. Wht, is Where wealth accumulates, and men decay" ' I CutcheonrBryan , cartoon is the presentment of - account. men to use- their knowledge to little Population as .a dead load Off the back If the American nation is truly - But 1 would bestow the titles on those noble 'the City, wise and far- a ;"ot the Vor$y farmer. We, of course. .concede seemg ife will in its collective wisdom establish they have - - 'men and wpmen who .recognize, that a'.1that production, is essential to life.,. .T.ho farm- - as. the- foundation of Its- system a policy ott&u- - duty ,tpv, perform to .the. community in , wnicu ,lat- " Ihercjty map, and. the - ,ter,Ing agriculture,. Which is, ' i ' ' - .1 narrnvm Va'r can, texist,twitbout we' fredly tfbueedes, '' i the-basis- , tuey ,anar wno. Dravmy Y.JA . 'A jiye. PWcFFn vl ' B,ut the . , . not. - -- tfnlv ..,., i ter could not .exist without the .farmer thouch the . r aRPntini t v.i 01 mo .v-- wv v.. - nauonai weuare. unicago Tribune, Che 'fcblood which existence i termined bv Jlil blileness of wv wttff V"" - ' .1 CH u &.& nl, Jtk' "JHfltfTn A-- "-;.
Recommended publications
  • JWOS Vol 10.Indd
    12 “To Free-Town, Our Common Judgement Place”: Commoners in Romeo and Juliet Barbara Mather Cobb Murray State University lthough the bulk of Shakespeare’s plays open with characters of the noble class on stage, fi ve open with commoners. A In each case, the commoner characters direct our gaze and focus our attention on the issue at hand. The device is used frequently throughout Shakespeare’s canon: the commoner character is presented matter-of-factly and sympathetically, with little affect and sometimes with little development, and thus serves a similar role to that of the Chorus in a Sophocles play, leading a commoner audience member to recognize the nature of the confl ict in the play at hand. In Coriolanus we meet an angry crowd, Citizens who are starving and who blame Caius Martius, who will become Coriolanus, for their condition. Although some scholars argue for an ambivalent audience response to this protagonist, using evidence from points later in the play, a commoner audience member would be attuned to his fl aw, his culpability, his propensity toward ego and selfi shness because they identify with the commoners who describe him this way in this fi rst interaction with these characters. Timon of Athens and Julius Caesar both begin with tradesmen: in Timon, a Poet, Painter, Jeweler, and Mercer comment on Fortune and on those whom Fortune favors, like Timon, already precursing his fall as Fortune’s wheel turns; in Julius Caesar, a Carpenter and Cobbler celebrate Caesar, prepossessing the audience toward compassion for the leader besieged by other leaders envious of his power and popularity.
    [Show full text]
  • William Jennings Bryan and His Opposition to American Imperialism in the Commoner
    The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner by Dante Joseph Basista Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2019 The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner Dante Joseph Basista I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Dante Basista, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Donna DeBlasio, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT This is a study of the correspondence and published writings of three-time Democratic Presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan in relation to his role in the anti-imperialist movement that opposed the US acquisition of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico following the Spanish-American War. Historians have disagreed over whether Bryan was genuine in his opposition to an American empire in the 1900 presidential election and have overlooked the period following the election in which Bryan’s editorials opposing imperialism were a major part of his weekly newspaper, The Commoner. The argument is made that Bryan was authentic in his opposition to imperialism in the 1900 presidential election, as proven by his attention to the issue in the two years following his election loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Of" the Dutch Gentry, 1500-1650: Family, Faith, And
    Swarthmore College Works History Faculty Works History 1-1-1988 Review Of "The Dutch Gentry, 1500-1650: Family, Faith, And Fortune" By S. D. Marshall Robert S. DuPlessis Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-history Part of the History Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation Robert S. DuPlessis. (1988). "Review Of "The Dutch Gentry, 1500-1650: Family, Faith, And Fortune" By S. D. Marshall". American Journal Of Sociology. Volume 93, Issue 4. 993-995. DOI: 10.1086/228845 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-history/246 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Review Author(s): Robert S. DuPlessis Review by: Robert S. DuPlessis Source: American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 93, No. 4 (Jan., 1988), pp. 993-995 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2780624 Accessed: 11-06-2015 19:37 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Commoner Issue 13 Winter 2008-2009
    In the beginning there is the doing, the social flow of human interaction and creativity, and the doing is imprisoned by the deed, and the deed wants to dominate the doing and life, and the doing is turned into work, and people into things. Thus the world is crazy, and revolts are also practices of hope. This journal is about living in a world in which the doing is separated from the deed, in which this separation is extended in an increasing numbers of spheres of life, in which the revolt about this separation is ubiquitous. It is not easy to keep deed and doing separated. Struggles are everywhere, because everywhere is the realm of the commoner, and the commoners have just a simple idea in mind: end the enclosures, end the separation between the deeds and the doers, the means of existence must be free for all! The Commoner Issue 13 Winter 2008-2009 Editor: Kolya Abramsky and Massimo De Angelis Print Design: James Lindenschmidt Cover Design: [email protected] Web Design: [email protected] www.thecommoner.org visit the editor's blog: www.thecommoner.org/blog Table Of Contents Introduction: Energy Crisis (Among Others) Is In The Air 1 Kolya Abramsky and Massimo De Angelis Fossil Fuels, Capitalism, And Class Struggle 15 Tom Keefer Energy And Labor In The World-Economy 23 Kolya Abramsky Open Letter On Climate Change: “Save The Planet From 45 Capitalism” Evo Morales A Discourse On Prophetic Method: Oil Crises And Political 53 Economy, Past And Future George Caffentzis Iraqi Oil Workers Movements: Spaces Of Transformation 73 And Transition
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Rome Notes.Pptx.Pdf
    Ancient Rome Notes Geography ● Located on peninsula in southern Europe thus creating a sea-faring traders. ● Shaped like a high-heeled boot extending into the Mediterranean Sea. ● Two major mountain ranges, the Alps in the north and the Apennines in the south. Geography ● Hilly, rugged land with several volcanoes such as Mt. Vesuvius. ● Some fertile flatland can be found. ● Mild climate makes it excellent for farming grains, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits. ● Tiber River is one of several rivers that provided fresh water. Economy ● Surplus of crops such as grains and oils enabled growth of Rome. ● Sea traders traveled to Greece, Spain, northern Africa, and kingdoms of Asia. Economy ● Merchants sold meats, vegetables, cloth, sandals and pottery as well as books on Egyptian papyrus. Achievements ● Constructed roads of long lasting materials to withstand traffic and exposure to weather which connected large areas of the country. ● Created aqueducts or channels that carried fresh water from the mountains to the cities. ● Used concrete, a mixture of sand or gravel and cement as a building material. Achievements ● To support the roof they created a vault; a series of arches. ● Sought knowledge in order to improve their lives. ● The story of the Trojan War hero, Aeneas, tells how Ancient Rome was formed with a group of people called the Latins. Social classes ● Strong belief in such values as justice, honesty, valor, and loyalty. ● Society was divided into Rich Ancient Romans two groups: patricians, (wealthy leaders) and plebeians (the common people). Commoner Ancient Romans Social classes ● Slaves were common and those that were educated often held highly skilled professions such as teachers and doctors.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the TROUBLE with ARISTOCRACY Hans Van
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery 1 THE TROUBLE WITH ARISTOCRACY Hans van Wees and Nick Fisher ‘The history of aristocracies … is littered with self-serving myths which outsiders have been surprisingly willing to accept uncritically’, a recent study warns (Doyle 2010, xv). Our volume shows that ancient ‘aristocracies’ and their modern students are no exception. In antiquity, upper classes commonly claimed that they had inherited, or ought to have inherited, their status, privilege and power because their families excelled in personal virtues such as generosity, hospitality and military prowess while abstaining from ignoble ‘money-making’ pursuits such as commerce or manual labour. In modern scholarship, these claims are often translated into a belief that a hereditary ‘aristocratic’ class is identifiable at most times and places in the ancient world, whether or not it is in actually in power as an oligarchy, and that deep ideological divisions existed between ‘aristocratic values’ and the norms and ideals of lower or ‘middling’ classes. Such ancient claims and modern interpretations are pervasively questioned in this volume.1 We suggest that ‘aristocracy’ is only rarely a helpful concept for the analysis of political struggles and historical developments or of ideological divisions and contested discourses in literary and material cultures in the ancient world. Moreover, we argue that a serious study of these subjects requires close analysis of the nature of social inequality in any given time and place, rather than broad generalizations about aristocracies or indeed other elites and their putative ideologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate from the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty
    Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate From the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty By Jessica J. Stephens A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor David Potter, chair Professor Bruce W. Frier Professor Richard Janko Professor Nicola Terrenato [Type text] [Type text] © Jessica J. Stephens 2016 Dedication To those of us who do not hesitate to take the long and winding road, who are stars in someone else’s sky, and who walk the hillside in the sweet summer sun. ii [Type text] [Type text] Acknowledgements I owe my deep gratitude to many people whose intellectual, emotional, and financial support made my journey possible. Without Dr. T., Eric, Jay, and Maryanne, my academic career would have never begun and I will forever be grateful for the opportunities they gave me. At Michigan, guidance in negotiating the administrative side of the PhD given by Kathleen and Michelle has been invaluable, and I have treasured the conversations I have had with them and Terre, Diana, and Molly about gardening and travelling. The network of gardeners at Project Grow has provided me with hundreds of hours of joy and a respite from the stress of the academy. I owe many thanks to my fellow graduate students, not only for attending the brown bags and Three Field Talks I gave that helped shape this project, but also for their astute feedback, wonderful camaraderie, and constant support over our many years together. Due particular recognition for reading chapters, lengthy discussions, office friendships, and hours of good company are the following: Michael McOsker, Karen Acton, Beth Platte, Trevor Kilgore, Patrick Parker, Anna Whittington, Gene Cassedy, Ryan Hughes, Ananda Burra, Tim Hart, Matt Naglak, Garrett Ryan, and Ellen Cole Lee.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: the Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification System
    Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: The Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification System Eugene E. Ruyle Current Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 5. (Dec., 1973), pp. 603-63 1. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=OO1 1-3204%28 1973 12%29 14%3A5%3C603%3ASSASOT%3E2.O.CO%3B2-S Current Anthropology is currently published by The University of Chicago Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org/ SatJul22 17:49:41 2006 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Vol. 14, No. 5, December 1973 © 1973 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: The Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification Systeml by Eugene E.
    [Show full text]
  • How a Democracy Becomes an Aristocracy
    Academic rigour, journalistic flair What’s in a name? How a democracy becomes an aristocracy October 7, 2016 2.23pm AEDT What do you call a democracy that depends on the exclusion of whole groups from political participation? Gaia/Wikipedia Commons, CC BY-SA This article is part of the Democracy Futures series, a joint global initiative with the Author Sydney Democracy Network. The project aims to stimulate fresh thinking about the many challenges facing democracies in the 21st century. Sandra Field Assistant Professor of Humanities (Philosophy), Yale-NUS College Is there something about the deep logic of democracy that destines it to succeed in the world? Democ- racy, the form of politics that includes everyone as equals – does it perhaps suit human nature better than the alternatives? After all, surely any person who is excluded from the decision-making in a society will be more liable to rise up against it. From ancient thinkers like Seneca to contemporary thinkers like Francis Fukuyama, we can see some version of this line of thought. Seneca thought that tyrannies could never last long; Fukuyama famously argued that liberal democracy is the end of history. I want to focus instead on the person credited with giving the most direct and uncompromising state- ment of this thought: Benedict de Spinoza. For centuries, “democracy” was a term of abuse, understood as a dangerous form of mob rule. Spinoza was one of the first in the history of modern political thought to celebrate democracy. Living in the 17th-century Dutch Republic, amid political turmoil in his own country, and witnessing the disorders across the channel in England, Spinoza was intensely interested in the concrete, material basis for peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
    TROTSKY AND THE PROBLEM OF SOVIET BUREAUCRACY by Thomas Marshall Twiss B.A., Mount Union College, 1971 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1972 M.S., Drexel University, 1997 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Thomas Marshall Twiss It was defended on April 16, 2009 and approved by William Chase, Professor, Department of History Ronald H. Linden, Professor, Department of Political Science Ilya Prizel, Professor, Department of Political Science Dissertation Advisor: Jonathan Harris, Professor, Department of Political Science ii Copyright © by Thomas Marshall Twiss 2009 iii TROTSKY AND THE PROBLEM OF SOVIET BUREAUCRACY Thomas Marshall Twiss, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2009 In 1917 the Bolsheviks anticipated, on the basis of the Marxist classics, that the proletarian revolution would put an end to bureaucracy. However, soon after the revolution many within the Bolshevik Party, including Trotsky, were denouncing Soviet bureaucracy as a persistent problem. In fact, for Trotsky the problem of Soviet bureaucracy became the central political and theoretical issue that preoccupied him for the remainder of his life. This study examines the development of Leon Trotsky’s views on that subject from the first years after the Russian Revolution through the completion of his work The Revolution Betrayed in 1936. In his various writings over these years Trotsky expressed three main understandings of the nature of the problem: During the civil war and the first years of NEP he denounced inefficiency in the distribution of supplies to the Red Army and resources throughout the economy as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • The Intellectual Aristocracy of the German Nation
    Dueling Students: Conflict, Masculinity, and Politics in German Universities, 1890-1914 Lisa Fetheringill Zwicker The University of Michigan Press, 2011 http://press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=2665215 Chapter 1 Students: The Intellectual Aristocracy of the German Nation In Germany, the academically educated, as a body, constitute a kind of intellectual aristocracy. Those that belong include theologians and teachers, judges and civil servants, doctors and engineers, in short all who through their courses at the universities have received entry into the learned or the leading professions. On the whole, the members of these professions make up a homogenous social stratum and acknowl- edge each other as socially equal on the basis of their academic education. —Friedrich Paulsen, Professor of Philosophy, Berlin1 Young, colorfully costumed men marching in parades, long lines of schol- ars in libraries assimilating the works of Germany’s cultural heroes, dash- ing fraternity men defending their honor with swords—these are a few of the images that the word student would call up in the imagination of many nineteenth-century Germans. The pageantry of student fraternities and grand university ceremonies allowed them a role in dramatic public events rivaled only by military parades. The life of full freedom, thought essential to the student experience, was a special period without requirements or du- ties. Such a life without daily obligations was allowed to almost no other group within German society, even small children. The noble pursuit of Bildung, a concept with connections both to personal development and to national culture, allowed many Germans to see students as the embodi- ment of the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Labor Force and Employment, 1800-1960
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States after 1800 Volume Author/Editor: Dorothy S. Brady, ed. Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-870-14186-4 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/brad66-1 Publication Date: 1966 Chapter Title: Labor Force and Employment, 1800–1960 Chapter Author: Stanley Lebergott Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c1567 Chapter pages in book: (p. 117 - 204) Labor Force and Employment, 1800—1960 STANLEY LEBERGOTT WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY I Historical Comparison of U.S. and U.K. Employment The full meaning of the employment trends shown in Tables 1 and 2 for this lengthy period can be understood best by reviewing the entire span of American history. So laudable an enterprise must be left to others. Here we seek only to consider a few obvious implications. In this section we make some contrasts with the concurrent employment changes in the United Kingdom—that colonial power once dominating this country, our competitor in third country markets, and perhaps our closest ally (Table 3). To do so we telescope our history into five periods. 1840—60 From the late 1830's, with Jackson's frigid treatment of joyous entre- preneurial expectations in banking, down to the eve of the Civil War, the United States decisively expanded its home market, while the United Kingdom extended its outward markets even more than those at home. The 60 per cent rise in U.S. farm employment was twice the rate of gain for the U.K.
    [Show full text]