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Hybrid and Electric Vehicles International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive gains momentum March 2008 Progress towards sustainable transportation The IA-HEV, also known as the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IA-HEV do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. Cover photo: By charging their batteries with renewable electricity, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs, subject of new Annex XV) contribute to using renewable energy in transportation. PHEVs may also play a role as enablers for the introduction of intermittent renewable energy -such as wind power- into the electricity grid. (Photo © M. van Walwijk) International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Annual report of the Executive Committee and Annex I over 2007 Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive gains momentum Concept and editing: Martijn van Walwijk (IA-HEV secretary) Co-editing: Chris Saricks (Operating Agent Annex I) Contributing authors: James Barnes DOE USA Stéphane Biscaglia ADEME France Arie Brouwer SenterNovem The Netherlands Mario Conte ENEA Italy Andreas Dorda BMVIT Austria Bernhard Egger A3PS Austria Jørgen Horstmann Consultant Denmark Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Sigrid Kleindienst Muntwyler Energietechnik AG Switzerland B.J. Kumar on behalf of DOE USA Urs Muntwyler IA-HEV chairman Switzerland Eren Öszu TÜBITAK MRC Turkey Gerben Passier TNO The Netherlands Carrie Pottinger IEA France Dan Santini ANL USA Chris Saricks ANL USA Charles Thibodeau NRCan Canada Tom Turrentine UC Davis USA Hamdi Ucarol TÜBITAK MRC Turkey Martijn van Walwijk IA-HEV secretary France Frédéric Vergels AVERE Belgium Erik Verhaeven VITO Belgium Alan Walker AVL Powertrain UK Ltd United Kingdom Contents Page Contents II Report structure IV A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 2 The IEA and its Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 15 2.1 The International Energy Agency 15 2.2 The Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 20 2.3 Technology learning and deployment 30 3 IA-HEV clean vehicle awards 35 B: IA-HEV task forces 4 Information exchange (Annex I) 41 5 Hybrid vehicles (Annex VII) 45 6 Clean city vehicles (Annex IX) 53 7 Electrochemical systems (Annex X) 58 8 Electric cycles (Annex XI) 65 9 Heavy-duty hybrid vehicles (Annex XII) 71 10 Fuel cells for vehicles (Annex XIII) 76 11 Market deployment of hybrid and electric vehicles: Lessons learned (Annex XIV) 81 12 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (Annex XV) 84 C: H&EVs worldwide 13 Overview of hybrid and electric vehicles in 2007 87 13.1 Statistical information and fleets 87 13.2 Synopsis of governmental programmes in IA-HEV member countries 90 14 Austria 95 15 Belgium 106 16 Canada 118 17 Denmark 122 18 France 130 19 Italy 139 20 The Netherlands 152 II IA-HEV Annual report 2007 21 Sweden 162 22 Switzerland 171 23 Turkey 185 24 United States 199 25 Developments in selected IA-HEV non-member countries 218 25.1 Germany 218 25.2 Israel 220 25.3 Korea 220 25.4 New Zealand 221 25.5 Singapore 222 25.6 United Kingdom 222 D: Outlook 26 Outlook for hybrid and electric vehicles 227 E: Practical information IA-HEV publications 235 Vehicle categories 239 Conversion factors 240 Glossary 243 Abbreviations 261 IA-HEV contact information 269 IA-HEV Annual report 2007 III Report structure This report consists of five main parts. Part A ‘About IA-HEV’ describes the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Tech- nologies and Programmes (IA-HEV), its activities and its plans for the coming years. The Chairman’s message in chapter 1 can be read as a summary of this report. Chapter 2 shows the relationship between IA-HEV and the International Energy Agency (IEA) and it describes the IA-HEV history and strategy. This year it also includes some essentials of the IEA activities on technology learning and deployment. Chapter 3 presents the IA-HEV clean vehicle awards. Part B ‘IA-HEV task forces’ presents the results of the work that is performed by the task forces working under this Agreement. The work of each task force is organised in the form of an Annex. A general picture of hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs) around the globe is painted in part C ‘hybrid and electric vehicles worldwide’. The first chapter (13) in this section gives worldwide HEV statistical information and developments in 2007. It also includes a synopsis of governmental programmes in IA-HEV countries, which serves as a guide to quickly find in which IA-HEV member countries certain programmes are running. More detailed information can then be found in the IA-HEV member country chapters (14-24) that describe activities on hybrid and electric vehicles in each country. Chapter 25 highlights HEV issues in selected IA-HEV non-member countries. Part D is dedicated to an outlook for the future of hybrid and electric vehicles, by the IA-HEV Executive Committee. Part E gives practical information related to hybrid and electric vehicles and the Agreement: a list of IA-HEV publications, definitions of vehicle categories, conversion factors for HEV related units, a glossary of terms, abbreviations and contact information of the IA-HEV participants. IV IA-HEV Annual report 2007 A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 Chairman’s message Successful year of the Implementing Agreement Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, with another new Annex and the new member countries Canada, Denmark and Turkey - the electric drive takes off 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Good progress in 2007 After a successful 2006, we could hold this level in 2007 and we moved forward in different working fields that are also open for more member countries: - We started the Annex ‘Market deployment of hybrid and electric vehicles: Lessons learned’. The Operating Agent is the Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Davis (USA). - Already in 2006 Turkey announced its interest in membership, which could be settled in 2007. Turkey is represented by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, TÜBITAK Marmara Research Center. - Denmark rejoined the Implementing Agreement and the Danish Energy Authority is the Contracting Party. - Canada (through Natural Resources Canada) decided to return to our Implementing Agreement. Canada took the lead for the new plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) Annex that already started early in 2008. - The first results of the work on the ‘Outlook’ were presented at the EET-2007 conference in Brussels. - We started planning the preparation of the 4th phase of the Implementing Agreement, which is scheduled to run from 2009 to 2014. - Our specialists collaborated in several workshops organized by the Inter- national Energy Agency (IEA) headquarters in conjunction with the G8+5 initiative of the IEA. - We started a constructive collaboration with the AVERE organization. - At the electric vehicle symposium EVS-23 in Anaheim we could present the winners of the ‘IA-HEV clean vehicle awards 2007’ in three categories. The producers of hybrid vehicles had another year of strong demand for their car models. The total number of vehicles in use is now more than 1 million. The new plug-in hybrid vehicle concept will fill the consumers with enthusiasm. We expect that in 2008 the first hybrid vehicle model will exceed the one million sales figure. IA-HEV Annual report 2007 1 1 Chairman’s message A: About IA-HEV 1.1.2 The benefit for member countries Decision makers are highly dependent on the information they get before they decide. It is not only the independency but also the completeness and the global view that is crucial, but hard to attain. To put objective information on electric and hybrid vehicles and their effects on energy efficiency and the environment at disposal of governments, local and city authorities, fleet users and industries is one goal of our work. Participation in the Implementing Agreement for co- operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (IA- HEV) provides a unique access to insider information and task forces. This saves time, money and accelerates the process of technical transition towards sustainable mobility. The call for co-ordinated action is one thing. This makes information for decision makers and politicians a necessity. But there is a need of closer investigation of a lot of questions concerning the technologies, applications, markets and environmental issues that are also covered by this Implementing Agreement and elaborated by the various task forces, the so called Annexes. 1.1.3 Co-ordinated research- and development activities speed up the work Actually eleven countries actively participate in IA-HEV (Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States of America) and co-ordinate their research and pilot- and demonstrations efforts in the field of hybrid and electric vehicles. They have a better access to reliable information and therefore lower transaction costs. IA- HEV tries to expand these benefits to new member countries. Additionally, sponsors from industry (e.g. Tokyo R&D) and other organizations (e.g. AVERE) are involved in this Implementing Agreement and some of the task forces (Annexes). 1.1.4 Good opportunity to join our international working group In 2008-2009 we are preparing the work plan for the 4th phase (December 2009- November 2014) of this Implementing Agreement. This is a good opportunity for interested countries to share their experience and to join the group.
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