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BA Santainaria, Culture, Descent and the Social Exclusion of Italian-Australians

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BA Santainaria, Culture, Descent and the Social Exclusion of Italian-Australians To be or not to be an Italian: BA Santainaria, culture, descent and the social exclusion of Italian-Australians Anthony S. Cappello A thesis submitted to The Institute for Community, Ethnicity and Policy Alternatives (ICEPA), Victoria University In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University, Victoria, 2009 Supervisor: Dr Ilma Martinuzzi-O'Brien DECLARATION: "I, Anthony Cappello, declare that the PhD thesis entitled To be or not to be an Italian: BA Santamaria, culture, descent and the social exclusion of Italian-Australians is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work". Signature Date ABSTRACT B.A. Santamaria is perhaps Australia's best-known thinker who happens to be of an Italian descent and culture. While much has been written about this important thinker, very little of this writing has focused on his background and the Italian descent and culture from which he originated. This doctorate is an historical exploration into the person of B.A. Santamaria, with a strong focus on his Italian descent and culture. This thesis looks at the question of Social Exclusion that applied to Italians in general, and in particular to B.A. Santamaria. While mentioning the Australian Labor Party split of 1954-1955, this doctorate is more concerned with episodes pertaining to Santamaria's background: Italian migrants, the Aeolian Community, fascism, anti-fascism, the internment of Italian migrants, the land settlement schemes of the National Catholic Rural Movement and Santamaria's own admission later in life that his ideas were a product of his Italian background. When looking at the ideas and organizations in Australia started by B.A. Santamaria, this doctorate looks closely at this connection to his Italian background. Finally the question is asked if B.A. Santamaria was our Italian-Australian hero. Overall, this doctorate hopes to portray a more complete picture of B.A. Santamaria by including and emphasizing his Italian background and the problems he may have encountered in his work because of this background. It also highlights the social exclusion of Italians in Australia by focusing on B.A. Santamaria. 2 DEDICATION: To my wife, Brigid and my children- Liam, Clare and Michael. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: 6 Introduction: Methodology, outline of the thesis and the questions posed in this thesis. Chapter Two: 23 B.A. Santamaria: His life and times. Chapter Three: 39 What they have said about B.A. Santamaria- (Literature Review). Chapter Four: 55 B.A. Santamaria: a look at his life within an Italian-Australian historical framework from his birth until his marriage in 1939. Chapter Five: 124 B.A. Santamaria: his life and work as an Australian of an Italian descent and culture from 1939 until his death. Chapter Six: 193 What B.A. Santamaria said about his background. Chapter Seven: 226 The Italian Problem. Chapter Eight: 265 B.A. Santamaria and the Movements: The National Catholic Rural Movement, The Movement, The National Civic Council and Catholic Action. Chapter Nine: 298 Conclusion - Who was B.A. Santamaria? Bibliography 314 4 CHAPTER!: INTRODUCTION: METHODOLOGY, OUTLINE OF THE THESIS AND THE QUESTIONS POSED IN THIS THESIS. This chapter will endeavour to set out the methodology, the outline of the thesis as well as articulating clear questions that this thesis will attempt to answer. Overall this is a thesis about a person. The person is B.A. Santamaria. The question has often been asked: How would you define the life of B.A. Santamaria? He was a man involved in politics, but he never stood for a political party. He was a political commentator, but he did more than just comment. He commanded an army of zealous volunteers to work for his political ends. He was a Catholic layman, but when challenged by the Church, he opposed it by taking an independent position. Finally, he had an Italian background, but did that matter and did his Italian background assist or hinder the progress of his ideas? Were his ideas of Italian inspiration or origins? And for those of an Italian background in Australia was Santamaria the Italian-Australian hero? His Italian background poses further questions of how we view and interpret Santamaria primarily from the angle of his Italian background. This thesis will attempt to answer these questions. On February 25 1998, the papers reported on the passing of B.A. Santamaria, aged 82 years. For the next fortnight, much would be said about this so-called Catholic layman by many friends, critics and commentators of Santamaria, all grappling in trying to answer the same question: who was B.A. Santamaria? 5 By the end of the two week media frenzy, certain characteristics emerged as commentators reflected on the life ofB.A. Santamaria. John Stone, Former Senator (1987-1990), found Santamaria an "Australian" despite his "early life in Brunswick, with his Italian parents, his passionate attachment to the Church of Rome, and his generally Euro centric view of world affairs." Nonetheless, according to John Stone "none of this, however, made him less of an outstanding early product of that 'assimilation-style' Australian immigration policy.... " 1 Another National Party Senator, Ron Boswell, described Santamaria as a fighter who "took on the church, state and industrial muscle with vigour, audacity and skill."2 Geoffrey Barker of the Australian newspaper described him as "cold and precise, a Savonarola with a razor sharp mind and a powerful line of thumping oratory."3 Kenneth Davidson of the Melbourne Age, agreed with Santamaria's economics but argued that his "major blemish was his ambition to subordinate Australian society to his Catholic moral values,"4 while Peter Smark, of the Sydney Morning Herald found Santamaria a person who spent "his life espousing lost causes."5 Economist, John Edwards of the Hong Kong and Shanghai bank found that he had no "intellectual influence in economic policy'' because he did not "understand economics."6 Former Senator Clyde Cameron, on the other hand, disagreed and stated that "he was the only writer in the country whose regular articles in the Weekend Australian gave vent to the thoughts and hopes of Labor's true believers. I shared his opposition to the privatisation of our publicly owned assets."7 1 J. Stone, "Santamaria: an outstandingly right Australian", Australian Financial Review, March 4 1998, (Newspaper clipping). 2 Ron Boswell, "The man behind the movement", The Brisbane Courier, March 3 1998, (Newspaper clipping). 3 Geoffrey Barker, "Bob Santamaria: Not for reason alone", The Australian Financial Review, March 6 1998, p.4. 4 Kenneth Davidson, "Derided, out of Step - but Right", The Age, March 5 1998, (Newspaper clipping). s Peter Smark, "Memories of Santa, the man of 1000 feuds", Sydnry Morning Herald, February 28 1998, (Newspaper Clipping). 6 John Edwards, "B.A. Santamaria 1915-1998: Economy Legacy'', The Weekend Australian, March 1 1998, p.21. 7 Clyde Cameron, "True Believer'', The Weekend Australian, March 1 1998, p.21. 6 David Hirst writing in the Australian found that "Carlton [football team], communism and Catholicism, and a hatred of what Marx called the cash nexus, consumed his life."8 Frank Devine writing also in the Australian in his column argued, "some have tried maladroitly, to sum Santa up as 'a lay bishop."' But Devine, himself argued that Santamaria was a "Mediterranean Catholic [who] ... carried the practice of his religion with less angst than the Irish majority in Australia ..." 9 At the same time his son, Paul Santamaria claimed that his father's "background as a son of poor Italian immigrants to Australia meant that it was hardly surprising that his abiding position was for the common man."10 More and more of the papers began to acknowledge Santamaria's Italian background. One example was Les Carlyon who wrote: "He was an old-fashioned Australian nationalist - and quintessentially Italian." 11 Another example was Cardinal George Pell who noted at Santamaria's funeral that when Bob Santamaria himself had visited Salina he marvelled how those tiny islands could have bred families with their instinct for stability which he so prized. According to Pell it was his Aeolian background which gave him "his values; the sense of family, the necessity of religious belief, the importance of accumulating some modest life."12 In the South Australian parliament, Michael Atkinson, Member for Spence, believed that the opposition Santamaria received throughout his life and in particular during the Labor Party split was because he was the: "the first Australian of a non-English speaking background to be prominent in Australian . ,,13 poli tics. s David Hirst, "Red-baiter loved to be with Blues plebs", The Australian, March 3 1998, (Newspaper Clipping). 9 Frank Devine, "Remember him as an intellectual." The Australian, March 2 1998, (Newspaper Clipping). 10 Paul Santamaria, "Our Great Australian dad", The Dai/y Telegraph, March 2 1998, p.11 . 11 Les Carlyon, "Slayer of False gods joins his true one", News Week/y, March 21 1998, p.15. 12 George Pell, "A Great Australian: A Saintly Catholic", News Week(y, March 21 1998, p.1 1. 13 Michael Atkinson, Hansard: H1mse ofAssembfy, Thursdtfy February 16 1998, Adelaide, 1998, p.569. 7 The key characteristics that emerged from the press's assessment of B.A. Santamaria were: "Australian, Catholic" and surprisingly the third characteristic "Italian". One thing also can be certain about this: the reflections about B.A. Santamaria after his death indicate that he remains one of the most polemical contributors of ideas in Australia who happened to have an Italian descent and culture.
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