DOCSLIB.ORG

Poverty and Public Health During the Spanish Influenza Epidemic in Chile, 1918-1920

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poverty and Public Health During the Spanish Influenza Epidemic in Chile, 1918-1920 "LOS CULPABLES DE LA MISERIA": POVERTY AND PUBLIC HEALTH DURING THE SPANISH INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC IN CHILE, 1918-1920 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Hugo Alberto Maureira, M.A. Washington, D.C. March 26, 2012 Copyright 2012 by Hugo Alberto Maureira All Rights Reserved ii "LOS CULPABLES DE LA MISERIA": POVERTY AND PUBLIC HEALTH DURING THE SPANISH INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC IN CHILE, 1918-1920 Hugo Alberto Maureira, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Erick D. Langer, Ph.D. ABSTRACT During the Spanish influenza global pandemic, of 1918-1920, tens of thousands of people died in Chile. From the moment that the first cases appeared in Chile, in late September 1918, Chilean physicians argued over the nature and cause of the outbreak. Some argued that it was not Spanish influenza, but epidemic typhus. This study chronicles the events and impact of Spanish influenza on Chile. It also examines the country's public health response as it targeted the working-class and poor. In some cases the response was brutal. In Parral and Concepción, the Brigadas Sanitarias forcibly evicted thousands of people and burned down their homes. The historical record strongly suggests that Chile was struck by Spanish influenza, not a typhus epidemic. Yet, typhus served as a convenient diagnosis for physicians at the time. It fit a certain profile that Chileans had of their country. As a disease, typhus normally affects societies on the verge of collapse. By October 1918, the era of "Chilean exceptionalism," which had begun at the end of the War of the Pacific and the start of the Nitrate Boom, was coming to an end. Various social, economic, and political events made Chileans question the exceptionalism narrative and led them to proclaim “moral crisis,” “economic inferiority,” and national decline. When the mysterious symptoms of disease arrived in Chile, in 1918, it was easy for politicians and physicians to proclaim that it was typhus notwithstanding that, in the rest of the world, the disease was recognized to be Spanish influenza. For Chilean physicians and politicians, the country was in a state of decline. iii This misdiagnosis had a profound effect on Chile: it led to a stigmatization of working- class people for decades to come; it drew needed attention to the plight of the working-class and their abysmal living conditions; and it intensified calls for social reform which led to the election of Arturo Alessandri in 1920. iv Acknowledgements To my wife, Wendy, and our beautiful children, Yannick, Thaddeus and Archer: you endured a lot while I completed this work. Thank you for your sacrifice. This work is just as much yours as it is mine. To my parents, Hugo Maureira (Sr.) and María Tapia: I thank you for your physical effort and financial support in helping me achieve this milestone. Most of all, thank you for your unconditional love and for your unshakeable faith in my human potential. Words cannot express my gratitude to my in-laws, John and Marilyn Ekins, for their kindness and self-sacrifice in helping me complete my degree. To my grandparents, Irma Henríquez and Isidoro Tapia†: thank you for your love, patience, and hospitality while I completed my field research in Chile. Thank you to my sister, Pamela Ferguson, and my aunt, Georgina Maureira, for their love and moral support throughout this journey. Thank you to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Erick Langer, for his unflinching support, encouragement and wise insight. I am also grateful for the insight, flexibility and commitment of my committee members Dr. Bryan McCann and Dr. John McNeill. I completed this dissertation while working full-time to support my family. Part of my success in completing this program was having two employers that were accommodating of and amenable to my needs. Thank you to RBC Dexia, my current employer, and Aon Reed Stenhouse, my past employer. My program had to be extended several times to respond to the challenge of satisfying competing family, work, and study priorities. I am grateful to the staff and faculty of v Georgetown University's Graduate School and the Department of History for their patience and compassion. Thank you to the staff of Georgetown University’s interlibrary loan service for their help in locating many articles that were used in this dissertation. I wish to thank a number of people in Chile, particularly Mónica Muñoz León and Italo Henríquez Barcelo for their friendship, thoughtful insight and efforts in compiling and digitizing copious amounts of archival and source material, much of which was used in this dissertation. Although he may not share the arguments and conclusions presented in this dissertation, I am also grateful to Dr. Enrique Laval Roman for the time he took to talk with me about my research and for his gracious hospitality. Thank you also to the staff of the Cementerio Playa Ancha (Valparaíso), Cementerio General (Santiago) and Cementerio Católico de Santiago. Thank you, also, to the staff of Biblioteca Nacional, Biblioteca Eduardo Budge (Universidad Católica de Valparaíso), Museo Nacional de Medicina Enrique Laval, Archivo Nacional de la Administración, Biblioteca Histórica de la Armada - Museo Naval y Marítimo Valparaíso, Departamento de Historia Militar – Ejercito de Chile, and Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. Finally, thank you Lord for never abandoning me, even though I often deserved much less. vi To Wendy, Yannick, Thaddeus and Archer vii Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. xi List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................................xiii List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. "to slanderously doubt the Fatherland" ......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.1. Historiography of Disease in Latin America ...................................................................... 11 1.3. Contribution to the Literature ..................................................................................................... 20 1.4. Sources and Methods .................................................................................................................. 22 1.5. Structure ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2: Perceptions of National Decline and the Re-evaluation of Chilean Exceptionalism during the Early 20th Century ....................................................................................................................................... 28 2.1. The War of the Pacific (1879-1884): Roots of Chilean Exceptionalism .................................... 30 2.2. Post War Chilean Exceptionalism ............................................................................................... 32 2.2.1. The "Roto Chileno": The Ethnic/Racial Basis of Chilean Exceptionalism ......................... 34 2.3. The Decline of Chilean Exceptionalism and the Coming “Moral Crisis” .................................. 37 2.3.1. Social Malaise: "La crisis moral" ........................................................................................ 38 2.3.2. Economic Decline ............................................................................................................... 42 2.3.3. Monetary Policy – The "Orero-Papelero" Debate ............................................................... 45 2.3.4. Dependence on One Product ............................................................................................... 51 2.4. Political Dysfunction: Civil War and the Parliamentary Republic ............................................. 55 Chapter 3: Daily Life of the Marginalized .................................................................................................. 58 3.1. Demographics of Santiago .......................................................................................................... 60 3.2. Housing ....................................................................................................................................... 63 3.3. Living Conditions of Infants and Children ................................................................................. 67 3.4. Prisons ......................................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 4: The Pandemic at Chile’s Doorstep. Spanish Influenza Unfolds around the World .................. 72 4.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 72 4.2. Influenza Virus ............................................................................................................................ 73 4.2.1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Inserção De Arthur Bernardes Na Política Viçosense No Início Do Século Xx: Grupos Sociais, Disputas Políticas E Imprensa
    Núcleo de Pesquisa em História Programa de Pós-Graduação em História PPGHIS Dissertação A INSERÇÃO DE ARTHUR BERNARDES NA POLÍTICA VIÇOSENSE NO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XX: GRUPOS SOCIAIS, DISPUTAS POLÍTICAS E IMPRENSA Natália Fraga de Oliveira 2019 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE OURO PRETO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA Natália Fraga de Oliveira A INSERÇÃO DE ARTHUR BERNARDES NA POLÍTICA VIÇOSENSE NO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XX: GRUPOS SOCIAIS, DISPUTAS POLÍTICAS E IMPRENSA Ouro Preto 2019 NATÁLIA FRAGA DE OLIVEIRA A INSERÇÃO DE ARTHUR BERNARDES NA POLÍTICA VIÇOSENSE NO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XX: GRUPOS SOCIAIS, DISPUTAS POLÍTICAS E IMPRENSA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História do Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae. OURO PRETO MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2019 Ao meu querido vovô Zeno, que nos deixou há pouco tempo, mas fez tanto por mim ao longo da sua vidaSaudades eternas! Caminante, son tus huellas/ el camino y nada más; Caminante, no hay camino, se hace camino al andar. Al andar se hace el camino, y al volver la vista atrás se ve la senda que nunca se ha de volver a pisar. Caminante no hay camino sino estelas en la mar. (AntônioMachado) AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por ter me guiado até aqui, por ser a minha fortaleza e luz nos momentos cruciais da minha vida. Aos meus pais, pelo amor incondicional, pelo apoio e pela força de sempre. Aos meus amigos, sem os quais os dias não seriam tão leves. Ao meu orientador Jefferson José Queller, pelos ensinamentos, respeito e disponibilidade em ajudar a esclarecer dúvidas a respeito deste trabalho, sempre que necessário.
    [Show full text]
  • People, Plagues, and Prices in the Roman World: the Evidence from Egypt
    People, Plagues, and Prices in the Roman World: The Evidence from Egypt KYLE HARPER The papyri of Roman Egypt provide some of the most important quantifiable data from a first-millennium economy. This paper builds a new dataset of wheat prices, land prices, rents, and wages over the entire period of Roman control in Egypt. Movements in both nominal and real prices over these centuries suggest periods of intensive and extensive economic growth as well as contraction. Across a timeframe that covers several severe mortality shocks, demographic changes appear to be an important, but by no means the only, force behind changes in factor prices. his article creates and analyzes a time series of wheat and factor Tprices for Egypt from AD 1 to the Muslim conquest, ~AD 641. From the time the territory was annexed by Octavian in 30 BCE until it was permanently taken around AD 641, Egypt was an important part of the Roman Empire. Famously, it supplied grain for the populations of Rome and later Constantinople, but more broadly it was integrated into the culture, society, and economy of the Roman Mediterranean. While every province of the sprawling Roman Empire was distinctive, recent work stresses that Egypt was not peculiar (Bagnall 1993; Rathbone 2007). Neither its Pharaonic legacy, nor the geography of the Nile valley, make it unrepresentative of the Roman world. In one crucial sense, however, Roman Egypt is truly unique: the rich- ness of its surviving documentation. Because of the valley’s arid climate, tens of thousands of papyri, covering the entire spectrum of public and private documents, survive from the Roman period (Bagnall 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliographic Review on the Historical Memory of Previous
    REVISIONES Bibliographic review on the historical memory of previous pandemics in nursing reviews on COVID-19: a secularly documented reality Revisión bibliográfica sobre la memoria histórica de pandemias anteriores en revisiones de enfermería sobre COVID-19: una realidad secularmente documentada Joaquín León Molina1 M. Fuensanta Hellín Gil1 Eva Abad Corpa2 1 Nurse Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca de Murcia; Advanced Nursing Care Group of the Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Arrixaca. Murcia. Spain. 2 Associate nurse, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía de Murcia; Contracted Professor PhD linked University of Murcia. Advanced Nursing Care Group of the Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Arrixaca. Murcia. Spain. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.456511 Received: 17/11/2020 Accepted: 10/01/2021 ABSTRACT: Introduction: Reviews for COVID-19 should reflect historical antecedents from previous pandemics. Objective: We plan to map the content of recent reviews in the nursing area on COVID-19 to see if it refers to health crises due to epidemics and infectious diseases. Methodology: Descriptive narrative review. The Science Web, PubMed and Lilacs were consulted to identify the reviews; The content of the documents was consulted to detect the presence of descriptors and terms related to pandemics prior to the 21st century of humanity, taking into account the inclusion criteria and objectives of the study. Results: Relevant reviews were found only in 11 documents of the 192 identified. Conclusions: There may be reluctance to use documentation published more than a century ago; However, it would be advisable not to lose the historical memory of pandemic crises that humanity has suffered for millennia Key words: Pandemics; Epidemics; History; Ancient History.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Relaciones Durante El Período Pseudoparlamentario (1891-1924)'
    Revista ACTUALIDAD JURIDICA N° 11 - Enero 2005 Universidad del Desarrollo Las relaciones internacionales de Chile durante el período pseudoparlamentario (1891-1924)' Eduardo Andrades Rivas Profesor Titular de Historia del Derecho Historia Constitucional de Chile Universidad del Desarrollo, Sede Concepción INTRODUCCIÓN Uno de los aspectos menos estudiados del llamado periodo pseudoparla­ mentario de gobierno chileno o el Parlamentarismo a la Chilena, es el rela­ tivo a las relaciones internacionales. Muchas son las razones, entre las cuales no es la menor la situación de virtual aislamiento en la que los nuevos gobiernos parlamentarios se en­ contraron una vez asumido el poder supremo, tras la derrota balmacedista en 1891. Las potencias extranjeras habían observado con simpatía al gobierno de Balmaceda durante la guerra y era lógico que contemplaran con frialdad y hasta distancia y recelo a los nuevos gobiernos. En efecto, debe recordarse que el nuevo gobierno constitucional, con don Jorge Montt Alvarez a la cabeza, volcó sus esfuerzos a la normalización de la vida política interna del país. Pero las relaciones internacionales, en todo lo que no fuera el comercio del salitre, no fueron materia de prioridad para las administraciones congresistas, ni la de Montt ni las de los sucesivos presidentes parlamentarios. 1 E I presente trabajo forma parte de un estudio mayor desarrollado con e I auspicio de í® Vicerrectoría Académica de la Universidad del Desarrollo, Concurso de Desarrollo de Docencia, versión 2003, proyecto "Curso de Historia Constitucional de Chile". 181 Revista ACTUALIDAD JURIDICA N° 11 - Enero 2005 Universidad del Desarrollo Sin embargo, los acontecimientos internacionales no dependen de la vo­ luntad unilateral de los gobiernos, sino que de las de muchos otros, y así durante el periodo se producirían algunos de los episodios más definitorios para las relaciones internacionales de Chile en el siglo XX.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 5 Transport and Air Quality in Santiago, Chile
    CHAPTER 5 Transport and air quality in Santiago, Chile M. Osses1 & R. Fernández2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Chile, Chile. 2Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Chile. Abstract This chapter offers a review of the evolution of the transport system in Santiago de Chile during the period 2000–2010, and the implications of local transport policy on vehicle emissions and air quality. The chapter comprises five sections, starting with a general overview of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and its population, as well as a description of the current transport system. The relationship between transport and air quality is analysed for the period 1991– 2001, describing car ownership and modal split trends, the technological evolution of vehicles, pollutant emissions from transport, and air quality trends. Finally, a critical review of Santiago’s transport policy is made, using the main programs of the 2001–2010 Urban Transport Plan for Santiago as a case study. The new public transport plan is included in this critical analysis (Transantiago), as well as a set of short-term strategies, road investment and car-use regulations, and non-motorized transport plans for pedestrians and cyclists in the city. Transport trends, however, show that Santiago is following the well-known car- public transport vicious circle that developed countries have gone through. This may offset the environmental effects from vehicle and transport improvements within the city. 1 Urban characteristics of Santiago The Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, has a population of 6.1 million inhabitants, concentrating 40% of the whole population in the country. According to the latest census, the population of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago has grown by 15.3% during the last 10 years [1].
    [Show full text]
  • El Discurso Pedagógico De Pedro Aguirre Cerda. Ximena Recio
    SERIE MONOGRAFIAS HISTORICAS Nº 10 EL DISCURSO PEDAGÓGICO DE PEDRO AGUIRRE CERDA Ximena M. Recio Palma INSTITUTO DE HISTORIA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y EDUCACIÓN UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE VALPARAÍSO 1 2 Indice PROLOGO ................................................................................................................... I CAPITULO I PERFIL BIOGRÁFICO: EL POLÍTICO Y EL MAESTRO ANTES DE ASUMIR LA PRIMERA MAGISTRATURA......................................... 1 CAPITULO II LA EDUCACION EN EL IDEARIO DE AGUIRRE CERDA................................................................................................ 32 1. La Doctrina Radical como Paradigma de Base ................................................ 39 1.1 La crítica al Liberalismo ................................................................................... 41 1.2 El Positivismo Científico .................................................................................. 43 2. Educación y Democracia .................................................................................. 46 3. Educación y Economía ..................................................................................... 50 CAPITULO III LA «ESCUELA NUEVA» ........................................................................................... 57 1. El Magisterio ..................................................................................................... 60 1.1 Su elevación económico-social y la Libertad de Cátedra ................................ 60 1.2 Iniciativas de capacitación para
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnóstico Comunal Actualización Plan Regulador Comunal De Requinoa Abril 2020 Gina Solis Bugueño Arquitecto Camilo Escalant
    DIAGNÓSTICO COMUNAL ACTUALIZACIÓN PLAN REGULADOR COMUNAL DE REQUINOA ABRIL 2020 GINA SOLIS BUGUEÑO ARQUITECTO CAMILO ESCALANTE JIMÉNEZ ARQUITECTO ACTUALIZACIÓN PLAN REGULADOR COMUNAL DE REQUÍNOA PARTE I DIAGNÓSTICO COMUNAL Y ELABORACIÓN IMAGEN OBJETIVO INFORME ETAPA II “ANÁLISIS, ANTECEDENTES Y DIAGNÓSTICO” ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS 1. REVISIÓN Y DIAGNÓSTICO DEL EQUIPAMIENTO COMUNAL ................................................. 4 1.1. Antecedentes históricos: orígenes, forma de desarrollo, e hitos urbanos. ...................................... 4 1.1.1. Orígenes ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2. Forma de Desarrollo ................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.3. Hitos Urbanos ............................................................................................................................. 16 1.2. Conectividad ......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3. Sistema de Centros Poblados ............................................................................................................. 19 1.3.1. Distribución espacial de los asentamientos comunales .............................................................. 21 1.3.2. Características del espacio rural (modalidad e intensidad de ocupación y sus razones) ........... 23 1.3.3. Características
    [Show full text]
  • Cielito Lindo" Al General De La Esperanzal
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by VBN Aalborg Universitet Los movimientos nacional-populares en Chile. Del "Cielito Lindo" al General de la Esperanzal Cancino, Hugo Published in: XV Congreso Internacional de AHILA Publication date: 2009 Document Version Også kaldet Forlagets PDF Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Cancino, H. (2009). Los movimientos nacional-populares en Chile. Del "Cielito Lindo" al General de la Esperanzal. In XV Congreso Internacional de AHILA: 1808-2008 Crisis y Problemas en el Mundo Atlántico Leiden University. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. XV Congreso Internacional de AHILA Universiteit Leiden Leiden – Holanda 26 al 29 de agosto del 2008 SIMPOSIO 10: Los movimientos nacional-populares en América Latina, 1940-2 Los movimientos nacional-populares en Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty Of
    Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brad T. Eidahl December 2017 © 2017 Brad T. Eidahl. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile by BRAD T. EIDAHL has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick M. Barr-Melej Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT EIDAHL, BRAD T., Ph.D., December 2017, History Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile Director of Dissertation: Patrick M. Barr-Melej This dissertation examines the struggle between Chile’s opposition press and the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990). It argues that due to Chile’s tradition of a pluralistic press and other factors, and in bids to strengthen the regime’s legitimacy, Pinochet and his top officials periodically demonstrated considerable flexibility in terms of the opposition media’s ability to publish and distribute its products. However, the regime, when sensing that its grip on power was slipping, reverted to repressive measures in its dealings with opposition-media outlets. Meanwhile, opposition journalists challenged the very legitimacy Pinochet sought and further widened the scope of acceptable opposition under difficult circumstances. Ultimately, such resistance contributed to Pinochet’s defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, initiating the return of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Páginas Iniciais.Indd
    Sumário 3.11.1930 - 29.10.1945 Os Presidentes e a República Os Presidentes e a República Deodoro da Fonseca a Dilma Rousseff Deodoro da Fonseca Os Presidentes e a República Deodoro da Fonseca a Dilma Rousseff Rio de Janeiro - 2012 5ª edição Sumário 3.11.1930 - 29.10.1945 Os Presidentes e a República Getúlio Dornelles Vargas 3.11.1930 - 29.10.1945 Copyright © 2012 by Arquivo Nacional 1ª edição, 2001 - 2ª edição revista e ampliada, 2003 - 3ª edição revista, 2006 4ª edição revista e ampliada, 2009 - 5ª edição revista e ampliada, 2012 Praça da República, 173, 20211-350, Rio de Janeiro - RJ Telefone: (21) 2179-1253 Fotos da Capa: Palácio do Catete e Palácio do Planalto, 20 de abril de 1960. Arquivo Nacional Presidenta da República Dilma Rousseff Ministro da Justiça José Eduardo Cardozo Diretor-Geral do Arquivo Nacional Jaime Antunes da Silva Arquivo Nacional (Brasil) Os presidentes e a República: Deodoro da Fonseca a Dilma Rousseff / Arquivo Nacional. - 5ª ed. rev. e ampl. - Rio de Janeiro: O Arquivo, 2012. 248p. : il.;21cm. Inclui bibliografi a ISBN: 978-85-60207-38-1 (broch.) 1. Presidentes - Brasil - Biografi as. 2. Brasil - História - República, 1889. 3. Brasil - Política e Governo, 1889-2011. I.Título. CDD 923.1981 Sumário 3.11.1930 - 29.10.1945 Equipe Técnica do Arquivo Nacional Coordenadora-Geral de Acesso e Difusão Documental Maria Aparecida Silveira Torres Coordenadora de Pesquisa e Difusão do Acervo Maria Elizabeth Brêa Monteiro Redação de Textos e Pesquisa de Imagens Alba Gisele Gouget, Claudia Heynemann, Dilma Cabral e Vivien Ishaq Edição de Texto Alba Gisele Gouget, José Cláudio Mattar e Vivien Ishaq Revisão Alba Gisele Gouget e José Cláudio Mattar Projeto Gráfi co Giselle Teixeira Diagramação Tânia Bittencourt Para a elaboração do livro Os presidentes e a República, contamos com o apoio da Radiobrás na cessão das imagens relativas aos governos de Ernesto Geisel a Fernando Henrique Cardoso.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chilean Miracle
    Proefschrift DEF stramien 14-09-2005 09:35 Pagina 1 The Chilean miracle PATRIMONIALISM IN A MODERN FREE-MARKET DEMOCRACY Proefschrift DEF stramien 14-09-2005 09:35 Pagina 2 The Chilean miracle Promotor: PATRIMONIALISM IN A MODERN Prof. dr. P. Richards FREE-MARKET DEMOCRACY Hoogleraar Technologie en Agrarische Ontwikkeling Wageningen Universiteit Copromotor: Dr. C. Kay Associate Professor in Development Studies Institute of Social Studies, Den Haag LUCIAN PETER CHRISTOPH PEPPELENBOS Promotiecommissie: Prof. G. Mars Brunel University of London Proefschrift Prof. dr. S.W.F. Omta ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor Wageningen Universiteit op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. ir. J.D. van der Ploeg prof. dr. M. J. Kropff, Wageningen Universiteit in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 10 oktober 2005 Prof. dr. P. Silva des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula. Universiteit Leiden Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool CERES Proefschrift DEF stramien 14-09-2005 09:35 Pagina 4 Preface The work that follows is an attempt to blend together cultural anthropology with managerial sciences in a study of Chilean agribusiness and political economy. It also blends together theory and practice, in a new account of Chilean institutional culture validated through real-life consultancy experiences. This venture required significant cooperation from various angles. I thank all persons in Chile who contributed to the fieldwork for this study. Special Peppelenbos, Lucian thanks go to local managers and technicians of “Tomatio” - a pseudonym for the firm The Chilean miracle. Patrimonialism that cooperated extensively and became key subject of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Yellow Fever and Aedes Aegypti Eradication
    Al cannuct Peort ¡ of the director / / : a. ~11 · · . * a · =. *~~~· * * * a e -e. * PUBTICATIONS OF THE PAN AMEECAN SANITARY BUREAU OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS Nos. 19-21 Annual Report of the Director, 1956 N .19 Informe Anual del Director, 1956 Nº 19 Financial Report of the Director and External Auditor's Report, 1956 N - 20 Informe Financiero del Director e Informe del Auditor Externo, 1956 N9 20 Proposed Program and Budget Estimates, 1958-59 N 20 Proyectos de Programa y Presupuesto, 1958-59 No 20 t PAN AMERICAN SANITARY ORGANIZATION Official Documents May 1957 No. 19 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE AMERICAS OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 1956 PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU Regional Office of the World Health Organization 1501 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W. Washington 6, D.C. iii ,11165 /0 To the Member States of the Pan American Sanitary Organization I have the honor to transmit herewith the Annual Report of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organiza- tion, for the year 1956. This Report covers the work of the Washington Office as well as that of the Zone Offices. It describes projects implemented in collaboration with the governments of Member States and with other international organizations. The Financial Statement for the year, is submitted separately. Respectfully yours, Fred L. Soper Director iv ANNUAL REPORT O F THE DIRE CTOR 19 56 V ANNUAL REPORT of the DIRECTOR 1956 CONTENTS* Page Part I Introductory Review ......................... 1 Part II Activities in 1956 .......................... 21 Communicable Diseases ...................
    [Show full text]