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Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science

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Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science Content Invited Lectures l Jay G. Varshney and V. S. G. R. Naidu 1 Current status of quarantine weeds detected in imported wheat l N. P. Singh and Indu Singh Yadav 3 Herbicide tolerant genetically modified crops-retrospect and prospects in India l V. Pratap Singh 4 Current status of zero tillage in weed management l Kamta Prasad, Chandra Bhanu and B. Gangwar 6 Weed management in organic farming research l R. P. Dubey 7 Current status of herbicide use in vegetable crops l T. V. Ramachandra Prasad, C. T. Abraham, Sushilkumar, 8 M. T. Sanjay and Ramulu Current status of aquatic weeds–problems and their management in India l C. Chinnusamy, J. Bhuvaneswari, C. Nithya and P. Muthukrishnan 10 Weed shift in long-term cropping systems l C. T. Abraham, T. Girija and Nimmy Jose 13 Current status of weedy rice in India and strategies for its management l R. B. Patel and K. M. Durga Devi 14 Current status of herbicide residues in soil, water and commodities l S. S. Punia, Dharambir Yadav, Samunder Singh, Rupa Dhawan 15 and Ashok Yadav Present status of herbicide resistance to wheat herbicides in India l Sushilkumar 17 Utilization- a way of weed management l R. K. Ghosh 19 Weed management in transplanted and direct seeded rice in india (i) l N. N. Angiras and Suresh Kumar 21 Current weed problems of hill eco-system and their management l D. C. Uprety and V. S. G. R. Naidu 23 Rising atmospheric CO2 and crops: an Indian overview Oral Presentations 25-32 Poster Presentations 33-200 l Quarantine and invasive weeds 33-48 l HTGM crops 49-50 l Weed management in changing climate 51-52 l Rice and weedy rice 53-80 l Weed management in various crops 81-130 l Residue management 131-150 l Weed utilization 151-158 l Other aspects of weed science research 159-200 (ii) Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Recent Advances in Weed Science Research - 2010”, February 25-26, 2010, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) L - 1 Current status of quarantine weeds detected in imported wheat Jay G. Varshney and V. S. G. R. Naidu Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur (M.P.) e-mail : [email protected] Many regions of the country have flora that contain a high proportion of introduced species. Some of them become aggressive weeds in their new surroundings and succeed rapidly in invading particular habitat and replacing indigenous species. This can lead to loss of biodiversity. The weed problems will likely to increase due to increased emphasis on high input agriculture. Globalization may bring new weed problems while importing or exporting agricultural commodities as per the WTO agreement which may endanger the biodiversity. Alien invasive species as per Convention on Biological Diversity are biggest threat to biodiversity next only to human resettlement. These species seem to invade habitats that have been already altered by humans, such as agricultural fields, grazing lands, human settlements and roadways. In the past alien or non- native plant species were intentionally introduced for direct benefits without proper risk assessment regard- ing their becoming invasive under favourable conditions. On introduction, exotic weeds such as Lantana camara in the early 19th century from Central America, Parthenium hysterophorus from central and South America, and Phalaris minor from Mexico in mid 20th century into India turned into endemic sources of threat to our crop production and environment. These facts bring home strikingly the significance of plant quaran- tine in order to restrain or regulate the introduction of exotic plant species and other pests in new areas. Government of India through a Gazette notification listed the weeds of quarantine significance and placed a prohibition on the import of commodities contaminated with those weeds and/or alien species. To be classified as a quarantine weed, a weed species needs to be “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and (either) not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (FAO, 1993). Being under “official control” in this context is taken to mean that they are on a published list of Declared or Noxious Plants or Prohibited Plants and are subject to control by or under the legislated instruction of government. To prevent entry of exotic weeds GOI has notified 31 quarantine weeds in Schedule-VIII of Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order, 2003. The import of wheat in India for consumption purpose is regulated from phytosanitary point of view under Plant Quarantine (Regu- lation of import in India) order, 2003. Imported wheat should be free from quarantine weeds listed in schedule VIIIth of this order. To meet the food security in the country Govt. of India has permitted import of wheat with relaxed phytosanitory conditions. The Govt. of India has imported 6.2 million tons of wheat from different countries during the year 2006- 07. In the consignments, seeds of several exotic weeds, including five weeds notified as quarantine weeds in India, were intercepted. These weeds were identified as Cenchrus tribuloides, Solanum carolinense, Cynoglossum officinale, Ambrosia trifida and Viola arvensis. Based on the risk assessment reports some of these weeds are found to have high level of introduction, establishment and spread potentials and economic consequences. As the imported wheat has been distributed for public consumption in non-wheat growing areas, A National Invasive Weed Surveillance (NIWS) Programme is being implemented with the join efforts of Department of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (DPPQS) of Ministry of Agriculture, GOI and Direc- torate of Weed Science Research (DWSR) of ICAR. Implementation of this programme is necessitated be- cause the unrestricted distribution of wheat through public distribution system with multiple rural outlets may pose serious threat to the wheat growing areas; Import of wheat by private traders is not movement restrictive; understanding by the private traders on Phytosanitary issues related to spread of exotic pests is almost negligible and majority of quarantine weed seeds intercepted through imported wheat consignment (even within the permissible limit) have the capacity of germination in non wheat growing areas also and further spread to wheat growing areas through air, water, transport, planting materials, etc. This programme has been initiated during 2008 and is being carried out in ten states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Gujarath, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh involving extensive surveys (1) Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Recent Advances in Weed Science Research - 2010”, February 25-26, 2010, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and rigorous monitoring to detect the establishment of the intercepted quarantine weeds such as Cenchrus tribuloides, Solanum carolinense, Cynoglossum officinale, Ambrosia trifida and Viola arvensis besides giving emphasis to create awareness among the people about effects caused by the Invasive alien plant species. After the commencement of the programme the DWSR, the head quarter of the programme, organized trainings to the personnel working in the programme to educate them regarding the importance of the programme, details about the intercepted exotic weeds, methodologies and protocols of survey and awareness programmes. Within less than two years after the initiation of the programme, some of these five weeds were detected at certain locations. The detection and identification of Solanum carolinense was reported by TNAU, Coimbator, UAS, Bangalore and Vishwabharathi, Sriniketan and the identity of the species was confirmed by Botanical Survey of India. In addition detection of the species similar to Solanum carolinense, Cenchrus tribuloides, Cyanoglosum officinale, and Ambrosia trifida was also reported and these specimen need to be identified by BSI. The tough task of handling this mega project was taken up by DWSR with the confidence of having efficient team of scientists and associated personnel and the trusted team has delivered the output beyond the expectations. But, we have to be prepared to take up a great challenge of finding ways and strategies to contain the detected quarantine weeds. (2) Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science on “Recent Advances in Weed Science Research - 2010”, February 25-26, 2010, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) L - 2 Herbicide tolerant genetically modified crops-retrospect and prospects in India N. P. Singh and Indu Singh Yadav Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur (U.P.) e-mail : [email protected] A genetically modified (GM) crop is a plant used for agricultural purposes into which one or several genes coding for desirable traits have been inserted through the process of genetic engineering. The basic techniques of plant genetic engineering were developed in the early 1980s, and the first GM crops became commercially available in the mid-1990s. Since then, GM crop adoption has increased rapidly. In 2008, GM crops were being grown on 9% of the global arable land. The commercial application of GM crops began in the mid-1990s. Since then, the technology has spread rapidly around the world, both in industrialized and devel- oping countries. In 2008, GM crops were being grown on 125 million ha in 25 countries. The countries with the biggest share of the GM crop area were the United States (50%),
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