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Tourism Development Among the Shuswap People of the South-Central Intenor of British Columbia, Canada

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Tourism Development Among the Shuswap People of the South-Central Intenor of British Columbia, Canada WELCOME STRANGER: TOURISM DEVELOPbIEhT AMONG Ti 111 S! lUS WAP PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH-CENTRAL INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLljMBI~\. Owiusu A. Amoakohene B.A. (HONS),University -of Ghana, Legon. 1992. -THESIS SUBMITTED N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS i The Department of Sociology and Anthropology I O0u;usu A. Amoakohene 1 997 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY July 1997 r) 4 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part. by photocopy or other means. without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: WsuAsamoah Amoakohene Master of Arts Title of Thesis: Welcome stranger: Tourism Development Among the Shuswap People of the South-Central Intenor of British Columbia, Canada "7 Examin~ngCommittee: Chalr: Dr. Arlene McLaren Professor Robert WylIie Senior Supe~sor Professor of Sociolo~ Dr. Mananne Ignace Associate Professor of Anthropology Dr. Robert Anderson External Examiner Professor of Communi'cation Simon Fraser University Date Approved: 12 June 1997 National Library Biblioth&que nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographtques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON S< 1 A ON4 Ottawa ON. K 1 A ON4 Canada Canada Your hk Volre relerenca Our hle Nofre relerence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque -nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, lstribute or sell reproduire, prster, hstribuer ou copies of th~sthesis in microform, , vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reprbduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains oyhpof the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protkge cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celleki ne doivent itre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Tourism development has become an important source of economir: and socio- cultural development for many communities. ~o\vev&.mainstream'or conventional tourism as a developmental tool has been criticized for its negative effect 2 on the culture and environment of many destination regions. This thesis examines and&cxplainsthc > adoption of small-scale tourism development among the Shuswap Nation of the south- central interior of British Columbia, a destination region where tourism development is in its formative stage. Small-scale tourism development. mainly controlled and managed by i the community members, has been adopted. This is because small-seale touris& i~** * -.? as a way to overcome the many problems associated cb.~& mainstream or conventional al tourism and also to build community identity and involvement. As an exploratory study. this thesis presents the origin, nature and types of tourism events and the impact of tourism development on the Shuswap Nation. - P Using an inteniew suney of 110 informants. which was supplemented by participant observation, the thesis reflects and analyzes data on the major events. aspirations. motivations and expectations of tourism from the point of view of the following: Local First Nation residents (residents not necessarily involved with tourism development); Chiefs, Councils and tour guides (residents involved with tourism development); and visiting tourists. The frame\vork for analysis of this thesis is the "locally appropriate" tourism development scheme used by D'Amore (1983) and Butler u (1992). The thesis observes that although the scheme is useful for small-scale tourism development, what is most important is how residents perceive tourism development. The theoretical orientation taken in this thcsis is dcrivcd lion1 J;il;lri's ( It)8O) -'adaptacy platform" and informed by the ' ideas of lttxCannell ( 1973 ) on "staged authenticity." Van den Berghe ( 1954) on "recruted ethnicity." Cohen ( 1958) on '-emergent authenticity," and Greenwood (1977) on the "commoditization of culture." It is argued. that. although-the conceptualizations of Cohen and Van den Berghe are especially useful, these need to be located within the historical. political and socio- cultural context of the community being examined Finally, some recommendations are made concerning the future development of Shushvap tourism. and also for future research in this area. To Joanna for her love and support % The author is extremely gratekl for the support and guidancc of mq supervisors. Professor R. R'yllie. senior supenkor and Dr. hi. Ignacc. My sincere thanks goes to the whole Ignace family who made it possible for me to do my research in the summer of hian;. thanks also go to my wonderful friends who provided support in many ways-Marlyn. Kevin. Brookes, Tonio. Marlene just to mention a few. Finally. I want to thank myfamily for their encouragement and support. This would not have been possjble - ujthout their help. TABLE OF CONTEWS . Xppro~d 11 . .4bstrac t 11 1 Dedication v Acknowledgement ti Table of Contents vii Lists of Tables ix Chapter One Scope of the Thesis Introduction The Research Process Examination of Relevant Literature Theoretical Orientation and Interpretive Concepts Data Collection Chapter Ttvo Background History of the Shuswap Nation Introduction Traditional Shuswap Culture Contact with Europeans Effects of the Contact Cultural Reconstruction Chapter Three Anatomy of Shuswap Tourism - Introduction Y Tourists Activities/Facilities vii Development of Tourism facilities The Tourists - -5' - End Notes Chapter Four Tourism Impacts Introduction PhysicaIlEcolog~cal Economic Political w Socio-Cultural Chapter Fi\.e Locally-Appropriate Tourism'? Introduction Congruence Between Shuswap Tourism and Locally-Appropriate ~ounsmDevelopment Chapter Sis Summar). and Conclusions \ Introduction Research Questions Revisited Recommendations Concluding Remarks Appendix I Questionnaire Appendix I1 Map of Shuswap Nation Appendix 111 Pictures of Tourism Activities and Facilities Appendix IV '~iblio~ra~hy 1. Tourists by Gender 2. Tourists by Age Distribution I 3. Marital Status of Tourists 4. Educational Status of Tourists ' 5. Tourists by Country of Residence 6. Tourists Visits to SCES bluseum from May 1995-hlay 1996 CH 1 Scope of tl& thcsis 1 CHAPTER?, ONE SCOPE OF THE THESIS 8: INTRODUCTION Even txventy years ago. it would have been ~irtuallyinconceivable to speak of tourism development among the Aboriginal people>of Canada. However, the situation has changed substantially in recent years. Aboriginal people have adopted tourism to meet demands created by growth in world-\bide tra\-el. and also to gain from the economic and socio-cultural benetits that accompany ,its development. Also. communities are opening up. md a growing number of people are curious to find out more about Aboriginal peoples and their \bay of life. Aboriginal tourism has. in the process. become an important catal>.st for devclopment. especially among groups with limited economic options but attractive natural an&or cultural resources. Despite the potential benefits of tourism for Aboriginal communities. concerns ha~rebeen raised regarding the environmental and socio-cultural impacts that accompany the development of tourism. This has been the case with the Shuswop ati ion'. Uvith few economic options open to them. some Shuswap belie~xthat tourism can pro~ide economic opportunities as well as socio-cultural benetits. They therefore adopted - touiism in the early 1980s as a means of reviving thek culture and economy. The a 2 * D communities involved with taurism development ha\,e adopted a brand that is small- 4 scale, set within the context of their communities; and controlled by community I This refers to the Aboriginal peoples located in the south-central interior of Br~tishColumbia. The Shuswap Nation is made up of seventeen communities. These commun~tieswill sometimes be referred to as bands or reserves. d C'tl 1 Scope o f tlx thesis .2 L nicmbers. This approach is c\pectcd to ha\e a better chance ol' being accepted. supported and appreciated b! most commuhity members: more important. this approach is vie~kcd , as reducing the negative impacts that habc been obst.n.cd to accompan)i tourism - development. += Tourism. in this thesis. is defined differentl!! than it is by the International Lrnion ofOfficia1 Trn~elOrganizations (IC:OTO)' Although many tourism studies have definid tourism in terms of pleasure travel. the IL-OTO pla)s down the pleasure aspect. In its search for a comprehensi\.e definition. the ICOTO uses the concept "visitor". The IUOTO defines a "\.isitor as any person.visiting a country other than that in which he.'shr t has his usual place of residence. for any reason other than follow in^ an occupation remunerated from within the country visited" (The-Statistical Commission of the IL'OTO. 1965). It classifies a "tourist" as a "\.isitor" sta).ing in a destination area for more than t\venty-four hours; a "visitor" kvho stays for less timeais classitied as an "escursionist" The ILTOTO'sdrtinitiun is limited. in that it is too broad, subsuming t irtually all kinds of * The emphasis in this thesis is mainly on tourism for recreation, for esample. traveling to attend one or more of the activities orgmized by the Shuskiap people. Ho\i.ever. there is a difficulty, since most of the tourists \vho _go to the Shdswap area do not stay in the communities. and it is not meaninghl to use the tn.enty-four hour time limit. In studying Shuswap tourism, therefore. a "tourist" is defined as a "visitor" u-ho attends one or more of the',activities organized by the Shustvap people. ikhether heishe - The IL'OTO's defin~tionof tour~smis mainly to assist In the collect~onof internat~onaltourism statist~cs CH 1 Scope of the thesiSa 3 stays for twenty-four hours or not. This thesis. bvhich examines tourism in the Shuswap communities' in the south- central region of British Columbia (BC), is essentially an exploratory sun.ey of small- scale.
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