YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Dr. Cho Cho Thin Kyi Associate Professor,YTU 21 January 2020 Cho Cho Htun 1 Outlines 1. Introduction 2. Ayeyarwaddy River 3. Standard Compared 4. Water Quality measurements and WQI 5. Test Results and Discussion 6. Conclusions 7. Recommendation 2 Introduction Water quality is defined as the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a water body it can be determined by analyzing various physico-chemical parameters and biological parameters in order to check the quality status of water, whether it is suitable for drinking, irrigation or fishing practices. Rivers and lakes are the most important freshwater resources for human , ecosystem and environment. Unfortunately, river water are being polluted by indiscriminate disposal of sewerage, industrial waste and excess of human activities, which affects their physico-chemical characteristics and microbiological quality. Therefore, monitoring of River water quality is necessary on downstream of the confluence of the wastewater into river. 3 Source ; Pearson Benjamin Cummings 4 Ayeyarwaddy Length – 2,170 km drainage basin area -412,650 km2 Annual average discharge - 410 km3/year Navigable length – 1,534 km 5 Agricultural Industrial Bathing Domestic Fishing Transportation 6 Parameters and Frequency Physicochemical Parameters Frequency 1. pH 2. Temperature, 1st time in January, 2012 3. Turbidity 4. Total Hardness (TH) 5. Total Alkalinity (TA) 2nd time in February, 2013 6. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 7. Chloride (Cl) 8. Iron (Fe) 3rd time in February, 2015 9. Ammonia (NH3) 10. Nitrite (NO2-) 11. Fluoride (F-) The water samples were collected and tested during the low flow period of the year by Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR) 7 Sampling Locations Stations Description Bhamo,Sinkham,Shweku,Kat Middle ha,Htichaight, Ayeyarwaddy Takaung,Thabeikkyin, River Basin (north Kyaukmyaung,Mandalay,Sag to the confluence aing,Innwa,Myinmu (11) with the Chindwin) Myingyan, Pakokku, Lower Naungoo, Bagan, Chauk, Ayeyarwaddy Sinphyukyoon, Magway, River Basin Myinkon, Minhla, Aunglan, Thayet, Kamma, Pyay, Seikathar, Kyankhin (15) Myaungaung, Hinthada, Ayeyarwaddy Zalun, Dhanuphyu, Delta Naungdone, Maubin, Twante(7) The water sample stations also were chosen in the urban area, agricultural area and delta area along the Ayeyarwaddy River by DWIR. 8 Standard Compared Surface Water Quality Standard of Malaysia CLASS USES Conservation of natural environment. Class I Water Supply I – Practically no treatment necessary. Fishery I – Very sensitive aquatic species Water Supply II – Conventional treatment required. Class IIA Fishery II – Sensitive aquatic species. Class IIB Recreational use with body contact. Water Supply III - Extensive treatment required. Class III Fishery III - Common, of economic value and tolerant species; livestock drinking. Class IV Irrigation Class V None of the above. 9 Standards Recommending Parameters Standard Chloride (mg/l) 200 Iron (mg/l) 1 Ammonia (mg/l) 0.3 Hardness (mg/l) 250 Nitrite (mg/l) 0.4 Alkalinity (mg/l) - Fluoride (mg/l) 1.5 pH 6-9 DO (mg/l) 5-7 Turbidity (NTU) 50 10 Water Quality Index(WQI) Weighted Arithmetic Mean Method WQI = ∑ th ∑ Where, qn = Quality rating of n water quality parameter. th Wn= Unit weight of n water quality parameter. The quality rating (qn), qn = x 100 − Where, − th Vn = Observed value of n water quality parameter h Vid = Ideal value for nt parameter in pure water. (except pH = 7 and DO = 14.6 mg/l and 0 for all other parameters) th Sn = Standard permissible value of n water quality parameter. 11 Water Quality Index(WQI),. Contd Unit Weight (Wn) Wn = k = Constant of proportionality k = 1, ,…, 1 ∑=1 2 WQI and Corresponding Water Quality Status Sr.No WQI Status Possible usages 1 0 – 25 Excellent Drinking, Irrigation and Industrial 2 26 – 50 Good Domestic, Irrigation and Industrial 3 51 -75 Fair Irrigation and Industrial 4 76 – 100 Poor Irrigation 5 101 -150 Very Poor Restricted use for Irrigation 6 Above 150 Unfit for Drinking Proper treatment required before use. Source:Horton,R.K.,1965 12 Results and Discussion 2012 2013 2015 35 30 C) ◦ 25 20 15 10 5 Temperature ( Temperature 0 Pyay Zalun Katha Innwa Bagan Chauk Thayet Minhla Bhamo Magwe Twante Maubin Kamma Sagaing Shweku Sinkhan Seikthar Aunglan Myinmu Takaung Pakokku Hinthada Myinkon Kyankhin Mandalay Myinchan Nyaungoo Danuphyu Htichaight Myanaung Nyaungdon Thapeikkyin Sinphyukyun Kyaukmyaung Fig.1 Temperature Variations of Sample Stations . No set guidelines NWQS and ranged 18.4°C – 31.6 °C . The water temperature changes as a river flows though different climatic regions with variation in atmospheric temperature. 13 Results and Discussion 2012 2013 2015 10 NWQS Class II Limit – 6_9 mg/l 9 8 7 6 5 pH 4 3 2 1 0 Pyay Zalun Katha Innwa Bagan Chauk Thayet Minhla Bhamo Magwe Twante Maubin Kamma Sagaing Shweku Sinkhan Seikthar Aunglan Myinmu Takaung Pakokku Hinthada Myinkon Kyankhin Mandalay Myinchan Nyaungoo Danuphyu Htichaight Myanaung Nyaungdon Thapeikkyin Sinphyukyun U/S Kyaukmyaung Stations D/S Fig.2 pH Comparison of Sample Stations with NWQS pH value between the standards and so aquatic life cannot be effected. There is no acidity condition according to the three times results. The increase of pH values indicated that the water is slightly neutral toward alkalinity. 14 Results and Discussion 2012 2013 2015 350 300 NWQS Class II Limit – 50 NTU 250 200 150 Turbidity 100 50 0 Pyay Zalun Katha Innwa Bagan Chauk Thayet Minhla Bhamo Twante Magwe Maubin Kamma Sagaing Shweku Sinkhan Seikthar Aunglan Myinmu Takaung Pakokku Hinthada Myinkon Kyankhin Mandalay Myinchan Nyaungoo Danuphyu Htichaight Myanaung Nyaungdon Thapeikkyin Sinphyukyun U/S Kyaukmyaung Stations D/S Fig.3 Turbidity Comparison of Sample Stations with NWQS Range between 17 NTU to 300 NTU. The highest value of turbidity recorded at Pyay station in 2013 and 2015. High turbidity increases the water temperatures and which bacteria can grow. High turbidity is found in agriculture area due to runoff from agricultural practices, soil particles and discharges. 15 Results and Discussion 2012 2013 2015 16 NWQS Class II Limit - 5-7 mg/L 14 12 10 8 DO (mg/l) DO 6 4 2 0 Pyay Zalun Katha Innwa Bagan Chauk Thayet Minhla Bhamo Magwe Twante Maubin Kamma Sagaing Shweku Sinkhan Seikthar Aunglan Myinmu Takaung Pakokku Myinkon Hinthada Kyankhin Mandalay Myinchan Nyaungoo Danuphyu Htichaight Myanaung Nyaungdon Thapeikkyin Sinphyukyun U/S Kyaukmyaung Stations D/S Fig.4 DO Comparison of Sample Stations with NWQS ranged from 0.6 to14.9 mg/l. Most of the results are higher than standard. The DO values are very low at the four stations (Htichaight, Takaung, Thapeikkyin and Kyaukmyaung) in 2015 due to the dumping organic wastes into the river and it is harmful the aquatic life. Low DO causes to an unbalanced ecosystem. The DO values show random variation from the headwaters to downstream. 2012 2013 2015 Results and Discussion 600 NWQS Class II Limit – 200 mg/L 500 400 (mg/l) - 300 Cl 200 100 0 Pyay Zalun Katha Innwa Bagan Chauk Thayet Minhla Bhamo Magwe Twante Maubin Kamma Sagaing Shweku Sinkhan Seikthar Aunglan Myinmu Takaung Pakokku Myinkon Hinthada Kyankhin Mandalay Myinchan Nyaungoo Danuphyu Htichaight Myanaung Nyaungdon Thapeikkyin Sinphyukyun Kyaukmyaung Fig.5 Chloride Comparison of Sample Stations with NWQS . ranged from 12 mg/l – 500 mg/l. Only Bhamo, shweku, Mandalay, Sagaing, Innwa, Shinphyukyun and Zalun in descending order. High concentration link to washing clothes, discharge of domestic, industrial wastewater and surface runoffs. The concentration of chloride is low in the upstream during the sample time in 2015. 17 Results and Discussion 2012 2013 2015 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Alkalinity (mg/l) Alkalinity 0 Pyay Zalun Katha Innwa Bagan Chauk Thayet Minhla Bhamo Twante Magwe Maubin Kamma Total Sagaing Shweku Sinkhan Seikthar Aunglan Myinmu Takaung Pakokku Hinthada Myinkon Kyankhin Mandalay Myinchan Nyaungoo Danuphyu Htichaight Myanaung Nyaungdon Thapeikkyin Sinphyukyun Kyaukmyaung U/S Stations D/S Fig.6 Total Alkalinity Comparison of Sample Stations the total alkalinity is ranged from 5 to 352 mg/l. no limitation NWQS and WHO drinking standard for TA is 600 mg/l . Even if, TA values compared with WHO, there is no station exceeding limits. In spite of lacking the TA for surface water standard, the variation of total alkalinity is reasonable and pH values are within the standard. 18 Results and Discussion 2012 2013 2015 400 350 NWQS Class II Limit – 250 mg/L 300 250 200 150 100 Hardness (mg/l) Hardness 50 Total 0 Pyay Zalun Katha Innwa Bagan Chauk Thayet Minhla Bhamo Magwe Twante Maubin Kamma Sagaing Shweku Sinkhan Seikthar Aunglan Myinmu Takaung Pakokku Myinkon Hinthada Kyankhin Mandalay Myinchan Nyaungoo Danuphyu Htichaight Myanaung Nyaungdon Thapeikkyin Sinphyukyun Kyaukmyaung Stations D/S Fig.7 Total Hardness Comparison of Sample Stations with NWQS TH values- ranged from 18 mg/l to 355 mg/l. It is said that Ayeyarwaddy River water is soft water. The water is hard only in Twante station due to receiving the domestic sewage and industrial waste of Yangon city and intrusion of tidal water. The hardness and iron concentrations are lower than the standard except Twante and Pyay. 19 Results Results Yangon River. Yangon and water of tidal intrusion is station Twante in iron of value High exceeding Aunglan ranged Iron (mg/l) 0.5 1.5 2.5 0 1 2 from from Bhamo and Twante stations in 2012 and Pyay and Twante station in 2013 and and 2013 in station Twante and Pyay and 2012 in stations Twante and Sinkhan and Discussion guideline Shweku 0.01 0.01 2012 Katha Htichaight NWQS Class IILimit mg/l to mg/l Takaung Fig.8 IronComparison value. Thapeikkyin 2013 Kyaukmyaung Mandalay 1.92 mg/l 1.92 Sagaing Innwa 2015 Myinmu Myinchan Pakokku Nyaungoo - 1 mg/L Bagan of Sample Stations with NWQS Chauk Sinphyukyun Magwe Myinkon Minhla Aunglan Thayet Kamma Pyay Seikthar Kyankhin Myanaung the ofthe impact Hinthada Zalun Danuphyu Nyaungdon Maubin Twante 2015 2015 20 Results Results the values of fluoride do not exceed the NWQS values (1.5 mg/l).