Enabling Europe's Key Foreign Policy

Enabling Europe’s Key Foreign Policy Objectives via Space Report 30 February 2011 Jana Robinson Short title: ESPI Report 30 ISSN: 2076-6688 Published in February 2011 Price: €11 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 30; February 2011. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publish- ing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 30 2 February 2011 Enabling Europe’s Key Foreign Policy Objectives via Space Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 15 2. Europe’s Foreign Policy Opportunities and Challenges 17 2.1 EU Foreign and Security Policy 17 2.2 Europe’s Role as a Major Space-Faring Entity 18 3. Space as a “Multiplier” for Europe’s Key Policy Priorities 20 3.1 Security 20 3.1.1 Europe’s Present Security Posture 21 3.1.2 Space as a Means to Strengthen Security 25 3.2 Environment 32 3.2.1 Europe’s Environmental Objectives 33 3.2.2 Space-Related Benefits 36 3.3 Energy 45 3.3.1 Europe’s Energy Objectives 46 3.3.2 Space as an Enabler 49 3.4 Resources 56 3.4.1 Europe’s Resource Requirements 56 3.4.2 Identifying and Developing Resources via Space 59 3.5 Knowledge 66 3.5.1 Europe’s Knowledge Objectives 67 3.5.2 Space as a Stimulant 68 3.6 Mobility 75 3.6.1 Europe’s Mobility Objectives 76 3.6.2 Space as a Means to Promote Mobility 77 4. Conclusion and Final Recommendations 85 Annex: European Space Contributions to Six Sustainability Areas 89 List of Acronyms 126 Acknowledgements 131 About the Author 131 ESPI Report 30 3 February 2011 Executive Summary and the EU’s ability to exercise influence re- Background gionally and globally. It asserts that if the EU wants to be a leading global actor, it has to The European Union (EU) foreign policy, em- possess credible space assets, educate top- bedded in the Common Foreign and Security tier engineers and scientists, and invest in Policy (CFSP) and anchored in international space research and development to build a cooperation, seeks to advance key objectives knowledge society. Moreover, a credible ESP in a number of categories including the six can also advance Europe’s objectives in other areas of sustainable development addressed areas of interest (e.g. the environment). Fi- in this study. As it is not a homogenous, sin- nally, space systems are a strategic asset for gle entity, the EU must strike a proper bal- any nation, or group of nations, with global ance between the foreign policy and security ambitions.2 The 7th Space Council and subse- interests of the individual MS and those of quent Resolution entitled, “Global Challenges: the EU. Given the accelerating pace of exter- Taking Full Benefit of European Space Sys- nal impacts and influences on the EU MS tems”, outlined the steps to be taken in order resulting from the information revolution, the for Europe to continue to develop world-class EU must become more institutionally agile space systems and derived applications. and responsive to the often rapid decision- making requirements of the 21st century. As referenced above, this study focuses on Space represents a powerful enabler and six areas of sustainability where space can “multiplier” to meet these evolving require- serve as an important “multiplier”. These ments with respect to increasingly “real time” were originally identified in a publication by responses to cascading events like that wit- the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), nessed in Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Yemen, entitled “Threats, Risks and Sustainability: Bahrain and elsewhere in the Middle East and Answers by Space” and include: security, North Africa. energy, environment, resources, knowledge and mobility.3 The development of EGNOS For its part, sustainable development has (the European Geostationary Navigation been recognised as a key requirement for the Overlay Service) and Galileo (the planned proper functioning of Earth, the environment, European global navigation system) com- resource management, and human well- bined with the GPS, as well as the Global being. In its Sustainable Development Strat- Monitoring for Environment and Security egy (SDS), the European Union (EU) estab- (GMES), will be able to advance a number of lished sustainable development as an over- objectives delineated by the EU. In this con- arching strategy for all EU policies and ac- nection, adequate security makes the peace- knowledged it as a new dimension of eco- ful use of space sustainable. Accordingly, nomic and socio-political decision-making space security provides a “blanket” under (including foreign policy) that is most effec- which many undertakings on Earth can be tive when applied on global basis. Sustain- pursued more peacefully. It’s fundamental to able development is likewise a central ele- the sustainability equation in all of its various ment of the “Europe 2020” strategy designed dimensions. to apply to five major areas over the next decade: employment, innovation, education, The study is presented in three main parts, social inclusion, and climate/energy.1 the first of which provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities related to the Europe’s space activities are coordinated EU’s multi-faceted foreign policy. It also ex- among individual MS, ESA and the EU. It has amines Europe as a space-faring entity with been recognised in the May 2007 Resolution global ambitions. The second part delineates on European Space Policy (ESP) that space contributes to the CFSP and the EU’s SDS, as well as Europe’s standing as a major space- 2 Logsdon, John. “The New European Space Policy as faring actor. The ESP emphasises the direct Seen from Across the Atlantic” in Schrogl, Kai-Uwe, at al. connection between the space capabilities eds. Yearbook on Space Policy 2006/2007. Vienna: Springer WienNewYork (2008): 169. 3 Schrogl, K.-U., C. Mathieu and A. Lukaszczyk, eds. 1 “Europe 2020”. Threats, Risk and Sustainability – Answers by Space. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm Vienna:SpringerWienNewYork, 2009. ESPI Report 30 4 February 2011 Enabling Europe’s Key Foreign Policy Objectives via Space key foreign policy objectives in each of the • Combating illicit accumulation and traf- six areas identified and how these areas can ficking of small arms and light weapons benefit from available space systems and (SALW) derived applications and services. In the con- • Promoting anti-mine actions cluding section, the study analyses how co- • Preventing and/or managing regional operation in space can serve to advance conflicts and failed states Europe’s political, economic and geostrategic Space systems and applications constitute a aspirations and bolster the prospects for suc- critical element of the global information in- cess in achieving these goals. Finally, rec- frastructure. Space-based civil, commercial, ommendations focus on specific policy objec- and military systems help provide communi- tives in each of the six areas evaluated, as cation, environmental, observation, position, well as broader measures, to advance navigation, timing (PNT), and other important Europe’s role as a visionary, leading steward data and services to users. European space of Earth and space. capabilities are often of a “dual-use” nature, with defence-related as well as civilian appli- Sustainability Areas cations. Europe has been increasingly em- phasising the use of space systems to en- Security hance security. Security in this context covers not only the military uses of space, but Security-related governance in Europe con- space-based systems for environmental con- sists of a combination of the priorities of indi- cerns, energy security, crisis management, vidual Member States (MS) and the EU. De- peacekeeping, civil protection, and other fence issues remain the domain of the MS. areas. Europe’s Earth observation initiative, There is, as yet, no uniform definition of what the Global Monitoring for Environment and the term security covers. Moreover, individual Security (GMES), for example, reflects such EU MS often see security challenges through capabilities and its Emergency Response Ser- a different lens. Consequently, many broad vice will provide improved disaster manage- security policies are forged on an intergov- ment support. ernmental basis. With regard to security policy, a number of issues present themselves, In recent years, the EU MS have been com- among them: the ongoing financial crisis and pelled to reach an EU-wide consensus on severe budget constraints; the lack of a decisions related to foreign policy develop- common assessment of military threats on ments with security implications. Assured the part of the MS; unpopular European in- access to reliable information, including volvement in Afghanistan; differing opinions through space, advances the quality and about the Iraq war, and divergent views of a timeliness of political decisions. Moreover, resurgent Russia. In short, while the EU’s space and terrestrial security can also be

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