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Analisis Pengaruh Siklon Tropis Gillian Terhadap Curah Hujan Di Wilayah Riau Dan Sekitarnya

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Analisis Pengaruh Siklon Tropis Gillian Terhadap Curah Hujan Di Wilayah Riau Dan Sekitarnya ANALISIS PENGARUH SIKLON TROPIS GILLIAN TERHADAP CURAH HUJAN DI WILAYAH RIAU DAN SEKITARNYA Rini M.Sibarani Intisari Siklon Tropis merupakan gangguan meteorologi yang disebabkan karena adanya pusat tekanan rendah di lautan. Syarat terbentuknya siklon tropis di daerah perairan adalah suhu muka laut (sst) cukup panas (T > 260C). Salah satu Siklon Tropis yang terjadi di perairan Indinesia adalah Siklon Tropis Gillian. Siklon Tropis ini terjadi di Selatan Perairan Indonesia, yang berlangsung selama 5 hari dari tanggal 21 Maret – 25 Maret 2014. Siklon Tropis Gillian ini mempengaruhi kondisi curah hujan di wilayah Indonesia bagian Utara, tepatnya di Pulau Sumatera Bagian Utara. Selama terjadinya Siklon Tropis Gillian mengakibatkan pengurangan Curah hujan di wilayah tersebut, terutama di daerah Provinsi Riau. Dari data yang diperoleh baik dari data Penakar POS METEOROLOGI maupun dari data Satelit TRMM Jaxa mulai tanggal 23 Maret – 27 Maret 2014, curah hujan yang tercatat di wilayah Riau dan sekitarnya mendekati 0 mm. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa Siklon Tropis Gillian di selatan Perairan Jawa mempengaruhi curah hujan di Pulau Sumatera Bagian Utara (Riau). Abstrack Tropical Cyclone is the meteorological disturbance due to the low pressure center in the ocean. Terms of tropical cyclone formation in the waters is the sea surface temperature (sst) is quite warm (T> 260C). Tropical Cyclone Gillian is one of Tropical Cyclone that occurred in the waters of Indinesia. This tropical cyclones occur in the Southern waters of Indonesian, which lasted for 5 days from March 21 to March 25, 2014. Tropical Cyclone Gillian affects rainfall in the northern part of Indonesia, precisely in Northern Sumatra Island. During the Tropical Cyclone Gillian lead to a reduction in rainfall in the region, especially in the province of Riau. Rainfall data from the POS METEOROLOGY and TRMM Satellite Jaxa began on March 23 to March 27, 2014, was recorded in Riau area close to 0 mm. This proves that the Tropical Cyclone Gillian in southern waters of Java affecting rainfall in Northern of Sumatera Island (Riau). Kata Kunci : Siklon Tropis, Suhu Muka Laut, Curah hujan 1. PENDAHULUAN Syarat yang diperlukan baik kondisi Siklon Tropis merupakan gangguan geografis maupun klimatologis dalam meteorologi yang disebabkan karena adanya pembentukan siklon tropis adalah: pusat tekanan rendah di lautan. Syarat 1. Suhu permukaan laut cukup panas, yaitu 0 terbentuknya siklon tropis di daerah perairan diatas 26 C. Udara pada lapisan bawah adalah suhu muka laut (sst) cukup panas (T > lembab, udara ini menyebar naik dan lebih 260C) dan parameter Coriolis harus lebih besar panas daripada atmosfer lingkungan dari nilai minimum yang terdapat pada lintang 50 sampai pada ketinggian 12 km. belahan bumi utara dan selatan. 2. Parameter Coriolis harus lebih besar dari Proses terbentuknya Siklon Tropis nilai minimum yang terdapat pada lintang 0 adalah sebagai berikut; sekitar 5 belahan bumi utara dan selatan. 1. Terjadinya depresi tropis dimana kecepatan Jika gaya Coriolis lemah maka siklon tidak angin v ≤ 20 knot dan terdapat satu isobar terbentuk. tertutup. Siklon tropis merupakan badai dengan 2. Terjadi badai tropis dimana kecepatan kekuatan yang besar yang disebabkan karena angin meningkat (34 < v < 64) knot dan adanya pusat tekanan rendah di perairan. terdapat beberapa isobar tertutup disekitar Radius rata-rata siklon tropis mencapai 150 mata. hingga 200 km. Siklon tropis terbentuk di atas 3. Terbentuk siklon tropis dimana kecepatan lautan luas yang umumnya mempunyai suhu angin v ≥ 64 knot. permukaan air laut hangat, lebih dari 26.5 °C. Angin kencang yang berputar di dekat pusatnya mempunyai kecepatan angin lebih dari 63 Pada tahap ini wilayah konvektif kuat km/jam. terbentuk lebih teratur membentuk sabuk Secara teknis, siklon tropis didefinisikan perawanan melingkar (berbentuk spiral) atau sebagai sistem tekanan rendah non-frontal yang membentuk wilayah yang bentuknya relatif berskala sinoptik yang tumbuh di atas perairan bulat. Intensitasnya meningkat secara hangat dengan wilayah perawanan konvektif simultan ditandai dengan tekanan udara dan kecepatan angin maksimum ± 34 knot pada permukaan yang turun mencapai kurang dari lebih dari setengah wilayah yang melingkari 1000 mb serta kecepatan angin maksimum pusatnya, serta bertahan setidaknya enam jam yang meningkat hingga mencapai gale force (http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/siklon/learn/01/id). wind (kecepatan angin ≥ 34 knot atau 63 km/jam). Angin dengan kecepatan Siklon tropis dapat menyebabkan maksimum terkonsentrasi pada cincin yang kerusakan terutama yang diakibatkan oleh angin mengelilingi pusat sirkulasi. Pusat sirkulasi kencang, gelombang badai (strom surge), dan terpantau jelas dan mulai tampak hujan lebat. Daerah pembentukan siklon tropis terbentuknya mata siklon. kurang lebih dua per tiganya terjadi di belahan 3. Tahap matang bumi Utara. Pada tahap matang, bentuk siklon tropis Jumlah siklon tropis yang tumbuh cenderung stabil. Tekanan udara minimum di dibelahan bumi utara rata-rata 57.3 kejadian pusatnya dan angin maksimum di dalam satu tahun dan dibelahan bumi selatan sekelilingnya yang tidak banyak mengalami rata-rata 26.3 siklon tropis dalam setahun fluktuasi berarti. Sirkulasi siklonik dan (berdasarkan data tahun 1968 - 1989). wilayah dengan gale force wind meluas, citra Siklon tropis dapat terbentuk dengan satelit cuaca menunjukkan kondisi persyaratan berikut ini: perawanan teratur dan lebih simetris. Pada 1. Suhu permukaan laut sekurang-kurangnya siklon tropis yang lebih kuat dapat jelas 26.5 C hingga ke kedalaman 60 meter terlihat adanya mata siklon. Fenomena ini 2. Kondisi atmosfer yang tidak stabil yang ditandai dengan wilayah bersuhu paling memungkinkan terbentuknya awan hangat di tengah-tengah sistem perawanan Cumulonimbus. Awan-awan ini, yang dengan angin permukaan yang tenang dan merupakan awan-awan guntur, dan dikelilingi oleh dinding perawanan konvektif merupakan penanda wilayah konvektif kuat, tebal di sekelilingnya (dinding mata). Kecuali adalah penting dalam perkembangan siklon jika siklon tropis berada di wilayah yang tropis. sangat mendukung perkembangannya, tahap 3. Atmosfer yang relatif lembab di ketinggian matang biasanya hanya bertahan selama sekitar 5 km. Ketinggian ini merupakan kurang lebih 24 jam sebelum intensitasnya atmosfer paras menengah, yang apabila mulai melemah. dalam keadaan kering tidak dapat 4. Tahap pelemahan mendukung bagi perkembangan aktivitas Pada tahap punah, pusat siklon yang hangat badai guntur di dalam siklon. mulai menghilang, tekanan udara meningkat 4. Berada pada jarak setidaknya sekitar 500 km dan wilayah dengan kecepatan angin dari khatulistiwa. Meskipun memungkinkan, maksimum meluas dan melebar menjauh siklon jarang terbentuk di dekat ekuator. dari pusat siklon. Tahap ini dapat terjadi 5. Gangguan atmosfer di dekat permukaan dengan cepat jika siklon tropis melintas di bumi berupa angin yang berpusar yang wilayah yang tidak mendukung bagi disertai dengan pumpunan angin. pertumbuhannya, seperti misalnya memasuki 6. Perubahan kondisi angin terhadap ketinggian wilayah perairan lintang tinggi dengan suhu tidak terlalu besar. Perubahan kondisi angin muka laut yang dingin atau masuk ke yang besar akan mengacaukan proses daratan. Dari citra satelit dapat terlihat jelas perkembangan badai guntur. bahwa wilayah konvektif siklon tropis Siklus hidup siklon tropis dapat dibagi tersebut berkurang, dan sabuk perawanan menjadi empat tahapan, yaitu : perlahan menghilang. 1. Tahap pembentukan Siklon tropis memerlukan waktu 7 hari Ditandai dengan adanya gangguan atmoster. dalam proses pembentuannya, mulai dari Jika dilihat dari citra satelit cuaca, gangguan tumbuh hingga punah. Akan tetapi variasinya ini ditandai dengan wilayah konvektif dengan bisa mencapai 1 hingga 30 hari. Indonesia awan-awan cumulonimbus. Pusat sirkulasi bukan merupakan daerah pembentuk siklon belum terbentuk, namun sudah tampak pada tropis. Karena letak geografis Indonesia yang ujung sabuk perawanan yang membentuk terletak di equator sehingga dipengaruhi oleh gaya coriolis. Kebanyakan siklon tropis spiral. 0 0 2. Tahap belum matang terbentuk di daerah antara 10 dan 20 dari ekuator. Sehingga siklon tropis hanya terjadi di wilayah selatan Indonesia (Samudera Hindia) akan banyak tertarik ke Barat (Afrika Timur) dan di wilayah utara Indonesia (laut cina selatan yang mengakibatkan di daerah Afrika Bagian dan pasifik barat). Timur mengalami hujan deras, sedangkan di Siklon Tropis dapat berpengaruh Indonesia akan terjadi musim kemarau hebat terhadap pembentukan awan konvektif di daerah dan kebakaran hutan. Fenemona ini dikenal sekitarnya. Sehingga di daerah sekitar Siklon dengan sebutan IOD Positif. Akan tetapi jika tropis lebih banyak mendapatkan Curah hujan. terjadi anomali menghangatnya SST di Barat Hal ini akan mengganggu ke adaan cuaca di ekuator Samudera Hindia, maka massa udara daerah yang tidak di lalui oleh shear. Tulisan ini dari Barat (Afrika Timur) akan tertarik ke akan membahas tentang pengaruh siklon tropis Indonesia yang mengakibatkan terjadinya hujan yang terjadi di Perairan selatan Indonesia pada cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Fenomena seperti ini tanggal 21 - 25 Maret 2014 terutama terhadap dikenal dengan IOD Negatif. daerah Riau yang pada saat itu sedang Pada bulan Maret 2014 Dipole Mode di dilakukan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca Samudera Hindia (IOD) berada pada kisaran mengurangi kabut asap. netral (-0,1°C s.d -0,6°C). Dimana pada akhir Maret 2014 nilai IOD bernilai -0.6 0C. Sehingga 2. METODELOGI bisa diketahui bahwa selama
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