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Hdmce Analysis Series 2008 HDMCEHuman ANALYSIS Dimensions of Marine and SERIESCoastal Ecosystems 2008 ‐ 1 ‐ 002 Human Dimensions of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Program Department of Natural Resources Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst, MA 01003 David K. Loomis, Ph.D. Laura E. Anderson, Ph.D. Christopher Hawkins Shona K. Paterson Understanding Coral Reef Use: Snorkeling in the Florida Keys by Residents and Non‐ Residents During 2006‐2007 Submitted to: The Florida Reef Resilience Program The Nature Conservancy, Florida Keys Program Snorkeling in the Florida Keys This project was funded by The Natu re Conservancy on behalf of the Florida Reef Resilience Program. Program partners include The Nature Conservancy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Auth ority, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, World Wildlife Fund, Mote Marine Laboratory, Florida International University, University of Miami, University of South Florida, University of Massachuse tts Amherst, Nova Southeastern University, Broward County and Miami-Dade County. This report is the second of three de scriptive documents produced by the Human Dimensions of Marine and Co astal Ecosystems Program focused on coral reef use in the Florida Ke ys. Additional titles in this analysis series include: - Understanding Coral Reef Use: Recreational Fishing in the Florida Keys by Resident and Non-Residents During 2006-2007 - Understanding Coral Reef Use: Diving in the Florida Keys by Resident and Non-Residents During 2006-2007 Further reports focusing on specific social theories and data subsets will also be produced. st Report date: December 1 2008 ii Human Dimensions of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Table of Contents Glossary of Key Terms .................................................................................................................. vi Coral Reef Resilience: the Ecological and Human Dimensions ................................................... vii Management Summary .................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of Project ........................................................................................................................... 2 Theoretical and Conceptual Research Topics ................................................................................. 3 Methods........................................................................................................................................... 7 Resident Snorkelers ...................................................................................................................... 14 Resident Snorkelers’ Profile ......................................................................................................14 Specialization .............................................................................................................................14 Snorkeling Practices and Motivations .......................................................................................17 Use of Information Sources .......................................................................................................18 Acceptability of Presence of Other Resource Users ..................................................................18 Behavioral Norms ......................................................................................................................22 Reef Condition ...........................................................................................................................22 Satisfaction .................................................................................................................................23 Coral Reef Characteristics and User Impacts ............................................................................25 Non-Resident Snorkelers .............................................................................................................. 27 Non-Resident Snorkelers’ Profile ..............................................................................................27 Specialization .............................................................................................................................27 Snorkeling Practices and Motivations .......................................................................................30 Use of Information Sources .......................................................................................................31 Acceptability of Presence of Other Resource Users ..................................................................31 Behavioral Norms ......................................................................................................................35 Reef Condition ...........................................................................................................................35 Satisfaction .................................................................................................................................36 Coral Reef Characteristics and User Impacts ............................................................................39 RESIDENT SNORKELERS SURVEY DATA ........................................................................... 41 NON-RESIDENT SNORKELERS SURVEY DATA ................................................................. 71 APPENDIX A - Survey Instrument ............................................................................................ 101 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................... 117 iii Snorkeling in the Florida Keys List of Figures Figure A. Looe Key ..................................................................................................................... xvi Figure 1. The integration of human dimensions research for coral reef management decision- making............................................................................................................................................. 1 Figure 2. Conceptual model of natural resource management systems (adapted from Kennedy and Thomas 1995)........................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 3. Components of recreation specialization (adapted from McIntyre and Pigram 1992) ... 5 Figure 4. Locations of Coral Reef Subregions and Zones Included in this Study. ......................... 8 Figure 5. A map of dive and snorkel sites in the upper Keys region ............................................ 10 Figure 6. Resident Snorkelers in the Upper Keys by Specialization Level .................................. 15 Figure 7. Resident Snorkelers in the Middle and Lower Keys by Specialization Level .............. 16 Figure 8. Norm curve for the number of divers seen by resident snorkelers ................................ 20 Figure 9. Norm curve for the number of snorkelers seen by resident snorkelers ......................... 20 Figure 10. Norm curve for the number of boats seen by resident snorkelers ............................... 21 Figure 11 Normative curves for coral reef conditions for resident snorkelers ............................. 24 Figure 12. Non-Resident Snorkelers in the Upper Keys by Specialization Level ........................ 28 Figure 13. Non-Resident Snorkelers in the Middle and Lower Keys by Specialization Level .... 29 Figure 14. Norm curve for the number of divers seen by non-resident snorkelers ...................... 33 Figure 15. Norm curve for the number of snorkelers seen by non-resident snorkelers ................ 33 Figure 16. Norm curve for the number of boats seen by non-resident snorkelers ........................ 34 Figure 17. Anchor Damage on Coral Reefs in the Florida Keys .................................................. 36 Figure 18. Normative curves for coral reef conditions for non-resident snorkelers ..................... 37 Figure 19. Damage to Florida Reefs after Hurricane Georges 1998 ............................................ 39 List of Boxes Box 1. Specialization Propositions ................................................................................................. 5 Box 2. Sub-regions of the Florida Keys.......................................................................................... 9 Box 3. Zones of the Florida Keys ................................................................................................. 10 Box 4. The Dillman Total Design Survey Method ....................................................................... 12 Box 5. Proposition 2-Side Bets ..................................................................................................... 18 Box 6. Proposition 7-Mediated Interaction ................................................................................... 18 Box 7. Norms and Management Implications .............................................................................. 22 Box 8. Proposition 2-Side Bets (non-residents) ............................................................................ 31 Box 9. Proposition 7-Mediated Interaction (non-residents) ......................................................... 31 Box 10. Norms and Management
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