ion Informat Lite satel systems

October, 2007 Information Satellite  Systems Information Satellite Systems 

Dear colleagues,

In 2007 the Russian space community is going to celebrate two significant dates: the 40th anniversary of the navigation satellite “Cosmos-192” launch, and the 25th anniversary of the first satellite “Glonass” launch. Both satellites were created by the specialists of the “Academician M. Reshetnev NPO PM”. During 40 years, the considerable amount of work has been done in developing space navigation. In comparison with the first satellites transmitting coordinates only once per two or three hours with accuracy up to 1 km, today state-of-the art satellites of the GLONASS family can determine coordinates with accuracy of up to 1 meter, at any time, with high reliability level and availability under any operating conditions. On October 26, 2007 we evidenced one of the most significant events in the Russian space development: the next three “Glonass-M” satellites were orbited from the Baikonour launch site. Another three “Glonass–M” satellites are scheduled to launch in December. Thus, the Russian GLONASS system constellation in 2007 will comprise six more satellites. NPO PM plays here a leading role as a head-company in creating the satellite system. Despite the time limits, NPO PM specialists are successfully fulfilling the plan. At the enterprise there is a re-equipment being carried out at a rapid pace, establishment of new operation zones and working places allowing both fulfilling the plan in time and creating a basis for future development. We pay special attention to creating spacecraft of a new generation - “Glonass-K”, which is a priority for us. According to the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, “the GLONASS system is the national pride of Russia”. Development of the satellite-based navigation became an inevitable condition not only for improving transport business and economical growth but also for ensuring defense capability of Russia.

NPO PM General designer and General director Nickolay Testoedov Contents

MAKSimum work The exposition of the JSC “Information satellite 6 systems” represented at MAKS aerospace show attracted real interest of specialists and guests. JSC “ISS” Founder: FSUE “Academician M. Reshetnev Research & Production association “Sochi-2007” Forum of applied mechanics” 9 52, Lenin St., Zheleznogorsk, High technologies for Russia and Krasnoyask region. Zheleznogorsk CATE, Krasnoyarsk region, 662972, Russia Tel: (391-97) 280-08 “Glonass-K” – a prospective satellite 10 Fax:(391-97) 226-35 of the GLONASS system Interview with NPO PM General designer and General Editor-in-Chief director Nickolay Testoedov about the prospects of the  Svetlana BASHKOVA Global Navigation System GLONASS development.

Build Editor  Natalia VNUKOVA Satellite-based navigation systems Corrector 13  Irina CHAIKINA Victor Chebotarev, TS candidate, principle design-en-  Natalia BALASHOVA gineer of the General Spacecraft & Systems Engineer-  Dmitry LATYSHEV ing department tells about the history of navigation. Written By  Victor CHEBOTAREV  Kristina USPENSKAYA  Victor BELOV Space memory Photo 26 information plates were installed 16  Ilya NAIMUSHIN on the “Glonass-M” satellites launched in late 2007.  Dmitry LYAHOV  Andrey TORSHIN First page photo:  Ilya NAIMUSHIN One team “Assembling of the “Glonass- 17 M” satellite at NPO PM” Introducing the companies-members of the JSC “Information Satellite Systems”. Translator  Alena ISAKOVA  Natalia BALASHOVA Design & make-up  Aleksey SHTAKH Energy of Space Wings 18 All materials were made-up at the editorial office High technology production of the Tel: (391-97) 6-52-10 JSC “Polyus” 20 E-mail: [email protected] JSC “Research & Production enterprise All rights reserved. References to “Kvant” faces the future with confidence 22 our information are mandatory

Printed by Publishing House Start of GLONASS “VVV”, Ltd. 24 On the 12th of October, 1982 the first satellite of the Tel: (39-12) 21-64-09 GLONASS system was launched into orbit.

Circulation: 999 copies. Distributed free of charge. Information Satellite Systems 

The 40th anniversary of the Russian space navigation n 2007 the Russian space navigation celebrates its 40th Ianniversary. The first navigation satellites of the Soviet Union were developed in 1967 (Cosmos-192 and Cosmos-220). In early 1970 full-scale satellite-based navigation systems comprising 4-6 spacecrafts were already deployed in orbits. A great deal of work has been done in development of space navigation. In comparison with the first satellites that The 25th anniversary could transmit coordinates only once per 2-3 hours with accuracy up to 1 km, the of the first “Glonass” state-of-the art satellites of GLONASS family can determine coordinates with satellite launch accuracy up to 1 meter, at any time, with high reliability level and availability under any operating conditions. Development of the satellite-based navigation became n the 12th of October, 1982, an inevitable condition not only for improving transport business and economical the Soviet Union launched growth but also for ensuring defense capability of Russia. Othe first satellite of the GLObal NAvigation Satellite System GLONASS. The 40th anniversary of the high space probe satellite’s launch The satellite was designed by NPO PM specialists to determine coor- n accordance with the program of dinates of ships and aircraft. The the near-earth space research, on first GLONASS family spacecraft Ithe 12th of October, 1967, a high provided better accuracy and space probe satellite produced by the continuity of services for the sys- Reshetnev NPO PM was launched. tem’s users on the Earth surface and that for near-earth objects. In The fourth stage put it to the altitude of 1993, the President of the Russian 4400 km. The Space research institute was Federation signed a decree on the a general customer of the satellite. The high GLONASS system commissioning. space probe satellite was launched in order ersaries

Today, special attention is paid to to further explore the upper atmospheric and ionospheric layers of the Earth and ersaries v modernization and development near-earth space. The main experimental task was to collect information about v of the system. At the same time in-altitude distribution of the parameters including: ionosphere characteristics, NPO PM specialists are developing total space radiation intensity, radiation dose experienced under various protecting new generation spacecraft – “Glo- shields while passing radiation belts, and neutral hydrogen density. It was for the nni anni nass-K” and “Glonass-KM”. first time that such scientific researches were carried out at the altitudes mentioned A above so they were of great scientific value. The research program was entirely completed.

The 50th anniversary of the world first The 150th anniversary of artificial earth satellite launch Konstantine Tsialkovskij birth date n the 4th of October, 1957, from he 17th of September the Baikonour launch-site, the was the 150th birth OR-7 launcher injected into orbit Tdate anniversary of the the first artificial earth satellite. theoretical astronautics and rocket dynamics founder That day was declared a Day of Space Forces of the Russian Federation. The first – Konstantine Eduardovitch satellite launch also denoted the beginning of the Space era in the Tsialkovskij. history of the mankind. The event was significant both for science He was an investigator paving new scientific ways, and for politics. Any radio amateur all round the world could receive an inventor whose technical works devoted to the signal transmitted by the satellite. This fact enhanced the prestige aerostation, aviation and rocket techniques, enhanced of the Soviet Union. The first satellite launch was a hard blow to the priority of Russia. Unfortunately some of them the American propaganda. Just before the Soviet Union launched as well as his ideas were never to come true – he the satellite, the American government had declared that a modern suffered the same fate as many other scientists of combat air defense system had been created. Surprisingly for them, that period. every hour and a half a soviet satellite was passing invulnerably over But it is of no doubt that his ideas were upstripping the US territory. Later an article in “The New York Times” said: “90% for the 19th century. His works devoted to rocket of talks about artificial earth satellites were led by the USA, but 100% techniques are the most original and remarkable of works were done by Russia…” inventions of his century. Information Satellite  Systems

MAKSIMUM WORK On the 21st of August, 2007 the International Aerospace show MAKS that is held in Zhukovsksy every 2 years, was opened to the specialists and guests for the 8th time. This year NPO PM participated the exhibition as a head-company of the “ISS” corporation which is being created. The ISS delegation was headed by General designer and General director Nickolay Testoedov. Information Satellite Systems 

The President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin: “MAKS has become not only one of the praiseworthy aerospace shows but also one of the leading shows of the world. MAKS-2007 presents a new philosophy of a show arrange- ments and the most important is a program of the aerospace show, its scientific conferences, and meetings and seminars. Active involvement of scientists, design- ers, engineers; discussions on the ways of aviation development and space exploration - is one of the new tendencies of the Russian ex- hibition”.

The head of the Federal Space Agency, Anatolij Perminov: “Comparing MAKS-2007 with the previous aerospace shows I should say this year Roscosmos has con- siderably enlarged its exposition. We have presented about 25 com- panies. The key moment of the ex- position was demonstration of the development of the Global Naviga- tion Satellite System. It was for the first time that we demonstrated the prospective spacecraft “Glonass–K” set to launch in 2010 and which will

become the basis of the orbital con- EXHIBITIONS EXHIBITIONS stellation. Its characteristics are equal to those of GPS, even better. Why was the spacecraft presented? Because we wanted other countries to know that this spacecraft already exists”.

General designer and General director of NPO PM, Nickolay Testoedov: “During the exhibition the “ISS” Corporation was entirely presented. The united exposition maintained by Roscosmos, NPO PM and the com- “Glonass-K” ority: namely, modernization of the panies-members of the JSC “ISS”, is in the center of the FSA Global Navigation Satellite System demonstrated our common produc- united exposition GLONASS foreseen by the Federal pur- tion available at the domestic and pose-oriented program. Lately this is- international markets. In the terms It was for the first time that the sue has being thoroughly discussed at of the Global Navigation Satellite Reshetnev NPO PM exhibited a full- the state level. Mass media also pays system development we presented scale model of the “Glonass-K” satel- much attention to this question. That perspective spacecraft. A full-scale lite, during the International Aerospace is why it was decided to make a full- model of the “Glonass-K” satellite show MAKS-2007. The model was locat- scale model of the satellite and to let became a center of attention both ed in the central part of the FSA (Feder- the specialists and the guests of the ex- for the exposition of NPO PM and al Space Agency) exposition, it couldn’t hibition see how a satellite could really for the whole Russian exposition. but draw everyone’s attention. look in orbit. The results were beyond Besides that we presented models of While developing this satellite NPO all expectations: the satellite became a the perspective satellite systems”. PM solves tasks of the national pri- focus of attention. Information Satellite  Systems

In addition to this satellite NPO PM ments which he considers to be more ef- Maintaining The Contacts also represented 4 models of satellites fective: “a device itself might not draw among which there were: anyone’s attention, only being a part of From the 21st up to the 23rd of Au-  Express-AM 33 (1:10) - a project of the whole exposition that comprises a gust, the exhibition was accessible the national significance. The satellite spacecraft model where the device to only for the specialists, businessmen will provide telecommunications all be installed - it will show different ap- and VIP-guests. On the first day, the over the Russian territory. It is being proaches to its technical and concep- President Vladimir Putin and the first created in accordance with the “Fed- tual usage - THIS can impress”. vice-premier Sergey Ivanov, who were eral space program of Russia for 2006- JSC “Geofizica-Cosmos” (Moscow) mainly interested in a “Glonass-K” 2015”; presented attitude determination full-scale model, visited the “ISS” ex-  Express-AT (1:10) – a new telecom- system devices including sun sensors position. The head of the Federal Space munication satellite, which is being for the “Glonass” and “Glonass-K” Agency, Anatolij Perminov, told them developed on the basis of “Express- satellites. The specialists and guests about the characteristics of the pro- 2000” high-powered platform. It’ll be of the exhibition could see Earth sen- spective spacecraft and about the main applied to in the sphere of interactive sors, one of which will be used on the stages of the Federal purpose-oriented TV-broadcasting, radio broadcasting “Glonass-K”. program, which is aimed at replenishing with on-board TV programs multiplex- JSC “Siberian devices and Systems” the Global Navigation Satellite system ing and packaging capabilities; (Omsk) also demonstrated its produc- GLONASS.  Loutch-5A (1:10) - a prospective geo– tion. Among other equipment there A day later the representatives of the stationary relay satellite to be integrat- were presented the devices installed on National Space Agency of Kazakhstan visi­ ed into the multi-purpose data relay the GLONASS system. There were, in ted the exhibition. Nickolay Testoedov space system LOUTCH and work with particular, a solar array drive mecha- participated the meeting of the heads LEO satellites, manned space complexes nism and a louver shutter electric driv- of two space agencies: Talgat Musabaev and other space and rocket objects. er, as well as an attitude determination (Kazcosmos) and Anatolij Perminov  Gonets-M (1:5) - a spacecraft de- and control system for the “Cosmos” (Roscosmos). signed to modernize the multi-purpose family satellites. After the meeting, which was in fact personal satellite communications sys- Development and production of the devoted to Kazakhstan and Russian co- tem Gonets-D1M, which is to provide spacecraft electric equipment is one operative exploration of the space, the e-mail services, digital data transmis- of the main activities carried out by Kazakhstan delegation visited the expo- sion, provide user’s with information the JSC “Poluys”. Its production was sition of the Information Satellite Sys- concerning their terminal’s position presented with the “Agat-9” device, tems Company. with the help of GPS and GLONASS used in the attitude determination During the aerospace show in Moscow, systems. and control system for “Glonass-K” Nickolay Testoedov carried on negotia- Besides, the Reshetnev NPO PM par- satellites; an EPS automatic stabiliza- tions and held several official meetings ticipated the exposition of the Russian tion complex designed for “Glonass-M” where the questions of further coopera- Space Forces and demonstrated there satellites. tion were discussed with the representa- the models of the “Glonass-M” (1:5) and Being the only Russian company car- tives of such well-known companies as “Glonass-K” (1:10) satellites. rying out full-cycle works in producing “Thales Alenia Space”, “Intersputnik”, antennas, the JSC “NPO PM-Razvitie” “EADS Astrium” (Germany), “MDA” The Common Cause (Zheleznogorsk) demonstrated a model (Canada). of the ground antenna system (1:5). Also a meeting with the representa- The companies-members of the “ISS” The JSC “NPP KVANT” (Moscow) or- tives of Saudi Arabia was held in Zhu- company also participated the “ISS” ganized a separate exposition. kovsky. exposition. They exhibited newly de- The space capabilities of Russia were NPO PM specialists were invited to veloped designs of space equipment; in praise-worthy presented by the compa- visit the European Space Agency presen- particular, the devices to be installed nies-members of ISS Corporation whose tation covering among other projects a on a prospective satellite “Glonass-K”. exposition drew much attention of spe- new Global Navigation Satellite system General designer and General director cialists, mass-media representatives GALILEO. commented on this way of show arrang- and the guests of the exhibition. Summing up the results it’s worth saying that all companies-members of the “ISS” Corporation managed not only to meet their old companions but also to get into new business contacts and The first international aerospace show MAKS was held point out new perspectives of coopera- in1993. Since then the show has won a fame of one of the tion with various foreign companies. To us it’s a pledge of our success and a high largest aerospace forums of the world. appraisal of our work. This year MAKS was beyond all expectations: it has gathered 787 companies (247 of them were foreign companies) Kristina USPENSKAYA from 39 countries. For the first 3 days 155 thousand people visited MAKS-2007, the total number of guests grew up to 500 thousand people. and defensecapabilities inparticular. communications transport its region, portant for the development of the whole im is implementation Its Processing”. with theSiberianFederalUniversity - jointly developed being is which project unique a presented PM NPO chi-2007” of the “Gonets-M” spacecraft (1:5). sition.Theguests could alsomodelseea almost became a central part of the expo “Glonass-K” was of the great interest and scale model of the prospective spacecraft the exposition models of NPO PM. A full- to given was it of partlarge a and ters up-to-date information technologies. projects and achievements in the sphere of stratedtheir most important investment egation of the Krasnoyarsk region demon tion into economics of the region. The del dynamica progress ofNPO PMintegra of the Krasnoyarsk region”, which shows sition“Science andinnovation potential enterprisesthat presented aunited expo 200 standsofdifferentcompanies. and regions Russian the of expositions 39 presented participants, thousand 8 than more gathered “Sochi-2007” rum technologies weredemonstrated. high of sphere the in achievements and projects investment where place a also A Cne o Sae aa eep and Receipt Data Space of “Center “So Forum the of bounds the Within pavilionThe areawas760square me The Reshetnev NPO PM was one of the Fo Investment International VI The cne o meig for and heads of large companies, meeting manufacturers of politicians, center a Sochi for several days became small health-resort town of ------Navigation Satellitesystem. Global the of constellation orbital the for out carried being are which works replenishment-and-modernization the about and “Glonass-K” spacecraft new a of characteristics the about details in told Testoedov Nickolay PM, NPO of director General and designer General PM. NPO of production the President the to presented turn his in Testoedov Nickolay President, the the to exposition presented Khloponin region, the Alexander of governor The region. Krasnoyarsk the of exposition the ted President of the Russian Federation visi­ Department. Government, Foreign Affairs Ministry, Commercial andindustrial of thePresident oftheRussian Federation jointlywith the the Trade andEconomicDevelopment Ministryandwith support was organized in2002andnowisheldevery year oninitiative of VI International Investment Forum “Sochi-2007”. Thefirst forum On the20th-23rd 2007, ofSeptember NPO PMparticipatedthe Forum “Sochi-2007” On the 21st of September 2007, the 2007, September of 21st the On Kristina and innovativeprojects. technologies high developing in bilities capa Siberian the confirmed PM NPO region Krasnoyarsk the of enterprises cant event. Being one of the five leading ment Forum “Sochi-2007” was a signifi cal work. practi and scientific in cooperation of questions the discussed They Vaganov. the Siberian Federal University, Evgenij Testoedov carried on negotiations with the head of Nickolay forum vestment To NPO PM the International Invest International the PM NPO To In International the of terms the In USPENSKAYA Information Systems Satellite Satellite - - - - - 

EXHIBITIONS Information Satellite 10 Systems

Glonass-K – a prospective satellite of the current GLONASS system

Today the whole world is focusing on creating global navigation satellite systems. Besides the USA and Russia, other countries (Europe, China and India) are also developing their own satellite systems. In this regard, the markets of navigation services are becoming more competitive requiring not only considerable modernization but also further development of already existing Russian satellite-based navigation system GLONASS. This is the task of the “Federal purpose-oriented program (2002- 2011)” that foresees development of a new generation spacecraft “Glonass-K”. We asked General designer and General director of NPO PM, Nickolay Testoedov to share his views on this point. Information Satellite Systems 11

– What is the main difference be- than those for the launches from the a completely national satellite; it will tween “Glonass-K” and the satellites Kazakhstan “Baikonour” launch site. have no devices or equipment bought “Glonass” and “Glonass-M”? The “Soyuz-2” launcher with the “Frig- from the western manufacturers. – “Glonass-K” is a navigation satel- ate” booster will inject the satellites into – “Glonass-K” is the first satellite lite of a new generation, which can be as orbit. With this launcher we’ll twice re- based on an unsealed platform. Why competitive as other foreign satellites. duce the launch cost. In future we are has it become possible to launch a sat- “Glonass-K” has some principle differ- going to use a new launcher “Angara” ellite into the open space being unpro- ences from the other satellites now used which is being created so far. In pros- tected from the space factors? What to replenish the orbital constellation of pect the orbital constellation will only makes an unsealed design better than the GLONASS system. comprise “Glonass-K” (24 satellites with a sealed one? This satellite is of unsealed design. 10 year-lifetime). – It’s like to go somewhere by car in- For specialists it means transferring – As we know “Glonass-K” is being stead of a bicycle. A new period of our life to a new ideology of satellite building. developed with the help of Russian new provokes new technical solutions. The We are beginning to create a number of technologies, so can we say that it is go- electronic parts used for spacecraft de- new spacecraft the same way it is done in ing to be a national project? veloped 40-50 years ago didn’t allow the western companies. Before this moment – To create a satellite we apply only to equipment to work in vacuum, in a wide each of us had their own traditions in Russian modernized equipment designed range of temperatures. So there had to satellite-building. by the specialists of our company and be produced a sealed container with com- The “Glonass-K” satellite lifetime will the specialists from Saint Petersburg. fortable conditions for the equipment. be 10 years, which is longer comparing The parameters of “Glonass-K” follow The equipment, which is produced to- with the first GLONASS satellites with to the accuracy-improving scheme of day, can work under vacuum conditions. a 3 year-lifetime, or the “Glonass-M” the GLONASS system to be completed by Unsealed satellite design allows to reject spacecraft replenishing the orbital con- 2014 according to Roscosmos. This pro- those systems, which were obligatory for stellation, today have a 7 year-lifetime. gram covers a number of satellites, their the satellites based on sealed platforms. Besides, the mass of “Glonass-M” is service accuracy, ground facilities, soft- Think about the price of a ventilation 1450 kg, and the mass of “Glonass-K” ware programs, updating of the Earth system that has to work constantly for will be as little as 850 kg. parameters, shape and way of rotation. 10 years. Materials and constructions are The “Glonass-K” satellite will trans- We plan that by 2011 the GLONASS sys- put to the test, redundant electric sup- mit 5 navigation signals instead of 2. On tem will provide accurate data, as it does ply subsystem is used, and special bear- the one hand it will improve accuracy of the GPS system. Since “Glonass-K” is a ing kits are designed. All this demands the navigation parameters. On the other part of the Global Navigation System, to spend so much efforts and resources, hand, the satellite will transmit a signal there’s always an opportunity to set the that sometimes it’s easier to change the that could be received by both domestic satellite with other functions. In future whole concept of a satellite. Today parts and GPS receivers and enlarge capabili- we plan to provide “Glonass-K” with spe- internationally available allow producing

ties of the GLONASS system. cial equipment enlarging the number of satellites with unsealed platforms. igation

The devices to be installed on the capabilities of the whole system and ena- – When will a next model of naviga- v “Glonass-K” will provide more accurate bling them to carry out additional tasks, tion satellites “Glonass-KM” be deve­ estimations of the horizontal and verti- including search and rescue works. The loped? na cal coordinates determination, this way “Glonass-K” structure consists of hon- – A navigation spacecraft “Glonass- the “Glonass-K” satellite may become eycomb panels made of a thin skin and KM” is being designed. Its parameters multifunctional. light filler and which allow reducing a will be better than those of “Glonass-K”, – When will the first “Glonass-K” satellite mass preserving all required in particular accuracy performance, en- satellite be launched? characteristics. Yesterday we bought larging the mission functions and life- – The first “Glonass-K” is set to honeycomb panels from Western com- time period. The flight tests are sched- launch in 2010 from the Russian “Ple- panies, today we sell honeycomb panels uled to begin in 2015. setsk” launch site. Therefore the rele­ to Western companies. I would like to vant expanses can be several times less underline it once again: “Glonass-K” is Irina CHAIKINA Information Satellite 12 Systems Information Satellite Systems 13 Navigation satellite systems

Navigation is a science determining the ways and methods how to select a route and to follow the selected route. The navigation V. E. CHEBOTAREV, tasks are to find a safe and efficient route, to determine TS candidate, principle design-engineer of the a position, direction and velocity of an object, and other General Spacecraft & System Engineering department, movement parameters. Reshetnev NPO PM

From compass types of mobile - primary maritime - ment (GCS) ensure the measurement of users. The methods of using satellites spacecraft motion parameters and check to GLONASS as radio navigation points were coincidence of the on board time with the Since time immemorial, to determine developed, and the ways of the relevant “ground” time. The measurement results their position on the Earth surface, implementation were established. The are used to compute the orbit parameters people used the brightest luminaries first Soviet navigation satellite was and to predict the satellite motion along including the Sun, the Moon and stars. launched on 23 November 1967. In early the specified orbit for several days in During their rise, transit and set it 1970s, full-scale navigation satellite advance (ephemerids), and the on board is possible to visually determine the systems each of 4 to 6 satellites were clock offset level. The obtained ephemerid general direction of a movement. The deployed in orbits. and time information is uploaded into the igation invention of a compass allowed to solve For the first navigation satellites the on board software program and then, with v the same task without paying attention near-circular orbits with altitude of time passes, is transmitted within a navi- na what weather conditions and time of a 750-1000 km and inclination of 74-83° gation signal to a user. The GCS tasks also day are. After the theoretical principles were selected. Such an orbit enables a include the control of a satellite by radio of celestial mechanics being developed satellite, during 12 hours, to observe the commands or by time tag commands with- and dedicated astronomical calendars whole surface of the Earth. As a result, in the specified period of time, simultane- being established showing the predicted the 1G satellite radio navigation systems ously monitoring the satellite status. positions of luminaries in the celestial arranged in an orbital constellation of 4- sphere over a rather long-term period 6 satellites ensured a global all-weather Navigation (a year and longer), the possibility to navigation (including determination of determine the position of an object on planned latitudinal and longitudinal co- rescue satellites the Earth’s surface emerged. ordinates) and transmitted time correc- The increased scopes and intensity of The invention of a wireless radio com- tion signals with a periodicity of about 90 freight flow, followed with increased munication allowed to support an all- minutes (on the equator) and accuracy of number of shipwreck and aircraft ac- weather global radio navigation. Located about 100 meters. In the polar areas, the cidents provided for the necessity of all over the world, radio-stations emitting periodicity of navigation determinations combining the efforts of the world com- pulse signals (each station operates within was 30 minutes. munity in creating a global fast-acting the time interval individually allocated) The space systems of this type com- search and rescue system based on the establish a global radio navigation field pletely satisfy the demands in navigation first generation navigation satellite sys- for any type users equipped with receiv- determination for watercraft and some us- tems. In 1977, scientific and research ers. This field only ensures the determi- ers on ground who only need to be provid- teams in the USSR, USA, Canada and nation of a user’s latitude and longitude ed with coordinates on the Earth surface France started developing such sys- with accuracy of several kilometers. (latitude and longitude) and do not require tems (COSPAS-SARSAT) (first satel- urgent navigation determinations. Space lites “Cosmos-1000” and “NOAA-8” First generation navigation systems use a Doppler method were launched in 1978 and 1982; since of navigation determinations with pas- 1989 Russian “Nadezhda” family satel- of navigation sive measurement mode (one way mode, lites were launched). The sequence of satellite systems without emitting user’s signals), thus al- the COSPAS-SARSAT space system ope­ lowing navigation signals to be received ration was the following: a radio buoy The beginning of a space era allowed by unlimited number of users equipped heaved on a distressed ship sent a signal satellites to be used for the purposes of with dedicated navigation devices. Radio to the satellite being then retransmitted navigation determinations for various technical means of the ground control seg- to the station nearest to the ship. At the Information Satellite 14 Systems

station the information was processed, the radio buoy coordinates were comput- ed and transmitted to national centres, and then - to the search and rescue serv- ice. Since 1982, the system was commis- sioned including four satellites in the circular orbits with the altitude of about 1000 km. By now, several thousands of people were rescued with the help of the system above. Second generation navigation satellite systems Method of navigation determinations The operation of the first generation navigation satellite systems, on one hand, demonstrated the potential capabilities of the space navigation and navigation systems completely substi- ing to the specified orbital slot, using jet attracted attention of various users, on tuted the previous systems. The cost of thrusters of the satellite. This approach the other hand, detected the operational development of such multi-satellite sys- allows not performing the further orbit limitations of such type systems. tems is several billions of US dollars. In correction over a long-term mission life The second generation navigation terms of major characteristics (accura- of the satellite. satellite systems were designed to meet cy, efficiency, availability, reliability), Initially, for the USA GPS the same the needs of mobile user types including both systems are equivalent, the same orbital constellation arrangement was maritime, ground, aviation and space for the operation principles. tested, however, then a new arrange- users. This was resulted in main require- The nominal configuration of the ment was preferred with six planes (in- ments to satellite navigation systems, GLONASS orbital constellation com- clination of 55°) each comprising four namely, global coverage area (Earth sur- prises 24 satellites in orbits with the satellites in the orbit of 20200 km high. face, near-Earth and space environment) inclination of 64.8° and arranged in This difference in the orbital constella- specified; service to be rendered at any three orbital planes spatially separated tion arrangement is stipulated by the time whatever season, day or weather by 120° (RAAN) (eight satellites in each following factors: conditions are; provision of high-ac- plane). Within the orbital plane the sat-  the GLONASS system provides the curacy determination of spatial coordi- ellites are arranged uniformly, in 45°; better navigation accuracy for the users nates and velocity at any time. The first such relative position being maintained in high latitudes, which is more prefer- launches of 2G satellite systems were in within the specified limits (±5°). The able for the Russian users; 1978 (NAVSTAR satellites) and in 1982 satellites in adjacent orbital planes are  the multi-satellite injection scheme (GLONASS satellites). shifted versus the main plane by 15° for (three satellites by one launcher) adopt- Totally, two second generation global the latitude argument (in the orbital ed for the GLONASS system is more eco- navigation satellite systems were cre- plane). The nominal revolution period nomically attractive; ated including USA GPS - in 1993 and of each satellite is 11 h 15 min 44 s (the  usage of the ground control segment Russian GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation orbit altitude is 19140 km) and is kept facilities located in the North lati- Satellite System) - in 1995. Today, 2G with high accuracy while satellite drift- tudes accompanied with high-accurate ephemerid & time determination, is more effective in the GLONASS system. As the main portion of the USA terri- The GLONASS replenishment tory is located in the low latitudes, the and maintenance program mentioned advantages of the GLONASS system become the disadvantages for the users located on the USA territory. That is why the GPS system has quite differ- Pursuant to the decree #658-rps signed by the President of the Russian ent arrangement scheme. Federation on September 29 1993, the GLONASS system limited orbital Fulfilling the Federal purpose-oriented Navigation signals radiated by GPS constellation of 12 “Glonass” satellites program with regard was put into operation. Lifetime 3 years for revisions accepted in 2007. and GLONASS satellites have common features and significant differences in terms of the frequency ranges and the structure of the navigation information. To eliminate ionospheric errors within

Beginning of the “Glonass-M” Beginning of the “Glonass-M” the ranging data, the satellites transmit flight development tests flight development tests Lifetime 7 years Lifetime 10 years signals in two frequencies, with that in each frequency there are transmitted two type signals, namely, of nominal and precise accuracy. The nominal accuracy signals are intended for civil users. The precise accuracy signals are modulated with a special code and are available to Information Satellite Systems 15

Spacecraft “Glonass-M”

special users only. To exclude interfer- services to users located on the entire the optimal number of satellites selected ences imposed by various on board elec- Russian territory. for use) and reliability of navigation tronic systems, their frequency ranges The GLONASS-K satellites are the signals were improved through the are separated. Simultaneous signal re- new generation of non-pressurized de- capability to reject satellites showing ception from four and more satellites is sign satellites. They will have better mis- invalid navigation signals. ensured by insertion of various charac- sion performances and a mission life of Despite rather high accuracy of navi- ters used for signals transmitted by each 10 years. The launch of two GLONASS- gation determinations (of 10m) ensured satellite. The usage of various charac- K satellites is scheduled for 2010. by both systems, they will be completed ters within GLONASS system is based with functional augmentations in dif- on the frequency separation of signals, Capabilities ferential mode, today under develop- within GPS - on the code separation. ment. The space segment of the GPS sys- of the 2G systems The functional augmentations com- tem is continuously improved: the first The high quality of the navigation prise ground compensating stations NAVSTAR satellites Block-I (1978) and determinations provided by the second placed in the locations with the known Block-ll (1989) were substituted with generation space navigation systems coordinates. They perform the ranging Block-IIF (2002) featuring better op- enabled the navigation technologies measurements to all visible satellites, igation erational performances. Today, the new to be internationally implemented determine differential corrections bet­ v generation NAVSTAR Block-Ill is under into all transport means (maritime, ween the computed coordinated and na development. ground, air, space vehicles) belonging the known ones, then transmit them to The GLONASS system is also the sub- to various agencies and ministries (civil users. The differential mode allows to ject to the modernization. In accordance and military). Today, as mentioned improve the relative accuracy of navi- with the Federal Purpose-oriented Pro- above, two global space systems GPS gation determinations to 1-5 m (in the gram “Global navigation system” (for and GLONASS being compatible in near field of a compensating station). 2002-2011), the system modernization terms of the quality of the navigation Therefore, the method can be used to shall be carried out in two steps. The determinations provided are in use, ensure the navigation determinations first step covers the development of a intended for the needs of civil users as to aircraft near airports where maritime modernized Glonass-M satellite, with well. The main differences are in the stations are located, etc. the subsequent increase in number of technical implementation, algorithms Currently existing unified Earth ra- satellites in the orbital constellation up of forming navigation signals on board dio navigation field created by space to 18. The second step (2006-2011) fore- a satellite, in time/coordinate reference systems GPS and GLONASS, their dif- sees the creation of small-sized GLO- systems, different signal frequencies ferential augmentations, ground seg- NASS-K satellites having small masses, and structures of navigation information ments of short-range and long-range with the subsequent increase in number provided to users. However, the design aviation, ensures high-accurate fast- of satellites in the orbital constellation principles, architecture and types of the acting global navigation determination up to the nominal configuration (24 sat- services rendered by two systems are of mobile objects of any type and grade, ellites) being maintained with periodic very much alike. This allowed to combine as well as a fast-acting geodesic refer- launches of GLONASS-K satellites to two independently functioning systems ence to a terrain. replace the failed ones. In the orbits of together by developing an integrated Providing users with navigation 20000 km high, the satellites may stay GPS/GLONASS user equipment. With equipment and additional radio com- for 1 million years, even after the end that, the efficiency of the navigation munications channel to a ground dis- of mission life. The first GLONASS- determination was improved as the patch service allows to arrange fast- M satellite (with other two GLONASS combination of two orbital constellation acting and reliable monitoring of flow satellites) was launched on December resulted in the increase of the satellites of ground, maritime and air traffic. 10, 2003. In October and December within the visibility area, thus Release of affordable commercially 2007, six GLONASS-M satellites will compensating the shielding effects available navigation equipment will be launched. As a result, the GLONASS occurred when a user is under arduous allow everybody to become a user of orbital constellation can be completed to conditions (mountains, urban buildings). space services, publicly available and 18 satellites and will provide navigation Besides, noise stability, accuracy (with free of charge. Information Satellite 16 Systems

These years we are enjoying new opportunities of traveling over the space. You shouldn’t take it literally of course. But you should know: perpetuate your name or eternize your memory for the future civilizations, is not a dream anymore, it has become a reality... NPO PM and the Fund “In memory of M.F. Reshetnev” come forward offering the information plates - their production and installation on satellites “Glonass-M”.

information plates are aluminum boards Four spacecraft “Glonass-M” launched in 2004-2006 had (120x260x1 mm) with letter-and-graphic 23 information plates. Eight of them had the names of peo- The information etched on their surface. The ple working in the Corporation, who contributed to the de- boards are assembled in piles. Number of boards in a pile varies velopment of these satellites. to stabilize the whole mass of a satellite. The secretary of the information plates Committee and The assembled piles are positioned within an antenna unit the design-engineer of NPO PM Victor Chebotarev said: in places preselected. “... installing personal information plates on the spacecraft Installing the information plates on the navigation space- with a long lifetime period - “Glonass-M”, an idea itself, is craft, NPO PM solves a number of questions: first, the plates very attractive. We were rather enthusiastic about the first are made in order to perpetuate Russia, its role and place in interviews with the journalists standing near the satellite the international space community; to underline the signifi- with the information plates installed... On two spacecraft cance of the national space achievements including satellite “Glonass-M” launched this year (on the 26th of October) communications, navigation, geodesy. Second, they are made were installed 26 information plates (on the satellite #19 – in order to memorize the outstanding scientists and those who 11 information plates and on the satellite #18 – 15 plates). created space technologies that we use today, to represent the One of the plates is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the companies and their people who developed and applied those Space era”. technologies and who are still working on them. Third, the plates are to get students and young scientists interested in Kristina USPENSKAYA developing space technologies. NPO PM defines what kind of information lying within the range of its interests should be etched on the plates. It may be the information about the Earth, human civi- lization or about those people who worked or is still work- ing on the development and exploration of the GLONASS system, or the information concerning aerospace-related education. As a new payload is being developed a number of plates may become lesser, so plac- ing an order for an informa- tion plate shouldn’t be pro- longed. Information about the plates installed on the spacecraft “Glonass-M” is here: http://glonass.npopm. ru/?cid=18 Production Enterprise Instrument-making” JSC “SiberianDevices JSC “NPOPM-Razvitie” “Geofizika-Cosmos” and Systems”(Omsk) Enterprise ofSpace Production Enterprise JSC “NPOPM-Small Technical Center JSC “Research& (Zheleznogorsk) (Rostov-on-Don) “Kvant” (Moscow) JSC “Research JSC “Testing JSC “Research& & Production Production Center (Zheleznogorsk) Design Bureau” “Polyus” (Tomsk) - NPOPM” JSC “Research& (Zheleznogorsk) (Moscow) JSC “Sibpromproekt” (Zheleznogorsk)

company of the integrated structure & Productionassociationofapplied privatization aresignedandalegal “Academician ReshetnevResearch corporate bodyisregistered,FSUE “Information SatelliteSystems”. mechanics” willbecomeahead- The Corporationwillcomprise9 team team After thedocumentson more spacecompanies. One One Information Systems Satellite Satellite 17

CORPORATION Information Satellite 18 Systems

Research and Production enterprise “Kvant” is one of the leading Russian companies developing the methods of energy conversion (chemical, solar, thermal) into electric energy to be used as a basis for the independent power-supply resources and diagnostic facilities widely used in different spheres of science, engineering and production.

Semenov Valery Vasilievitch, JSC “NPP Kvant”, General director.

Born on the 17th of September in 1948. Candidate of economic science. Has being working in space indus- try since 1963. Began as a metal- worker at the Lavochkin machine- building plant. In 1967 was called up for military service. Later came back to the plant. Worked his way up from an assembling metal- worker to a shop superintendent. Without discontinuing his work graduated the All-Union exter- nal institute of machine building ENERGY in 1976. During 1982-1987 worked as a leading engineer at the Admin- OF SPACE WINGS istration Board of the Ministry of general machine building. In 1987 “Kvant” history be- Today, the “widely spread wings” of the was assigned to Lavochkin NPO to gan in 1919 when in ac- Kvant solar arrays have become a constant fill a position of a chief mechanic, The cordance with the decree attribute for most of national and foreign later on of a commercial manager of the Central Engineering Administra- spacecraft. On the 4th of October 1957, and deputy general director. tion Board of the Red Army, a former Kvant happened to be among the first en- During 2003-2004 held the posi- private workshop was rearranged into a terprises whose products were launched production facility to manufacture gal- into space. The first satellite launched on tion of STK “Soyuz” deputy gen- vanic cell and batteries. In due course, that day, was equipped with a Kvant pow- eral director (Moscow). In 2004 on consolidating the well-known All- er-supply unit consisted of three arrays became a general director of the Union scientific & research, design & comprising silver and zinc cells. A month JSC “Kvant-N”, since October 2004 development, and technology institute later, on the 3rd of November a second has been working as a general of power-supply sources (VNIIT) and a satellite was launched into orbit. It was director of FSUE NPP “Kvant” (in factory “Foton”, the research and pro- equipped with various-purpose power-sup- April 2007 announced as the JSC duction enterprise “Kvant” became one ply units produced by VNIIT (Kvant). “NPP “Kvant”). of the largest Soviet enterprises. Most Further enlargement of the astronau- of their developments were applied to tics sphere required new power-supply in practice. They went through serial sources that could maintain spacecraft production at five enterprises in Rus- for quite a long time without fuel con- sia and some subsidiary companies in sumption. The third satellite launched the Union republics. on the 15th of May 1958, was already craft of various purposes. The “Kvant” The purposes. various of craft space for intended arrays solar 2000 than more produced and developed has enterprise the now, By improved. also been has design Their stations. space kW) large panels intended for advanced later became high-powered (hundreds of being W, 1 of voltage with components small initially arrays solar “Kvant” equipped with such arrays. also was1973, April of 19th the on bit spacestation “Salyut” launched intoor spacecraft.power-supplyTheaible for inexhaustalmostprovidean and150°) (exceeding temperatures high survive arrays (developed by VNIIT), which could the world that had gallium arsenide solar ed to the Moon. It was the first vehicle in 1” (moon research vehicle) was transport on November 17, 1970, when “Lunokhod- the firstmannedspacecraft. “Vostok”, on installed also were Kvant systems developed and manufactured by Power-supply advance. in years many for solved was power-supply of problem the spacecraft most the for as enough smart was implemented solution The institute. research & scientific sources power All-Union the of specialists the equipped with solar arrays developed by o ams a it-er itr the history fifty-year a almost For Thenextsignificant event tookplace - - - - ore, nldn sucs ih long with sources including sources, current chemical single-shot of number railway vehicles,trucks,and subway. for conditioners thermal-electric users; ground various to supply power ensure to intended elements photoelectric cal used on spacecraft; autonomous ecologi arrays, and cells solar includes It wide. extremely is manufacture and opment gineering. The range of a product devel en power autonomous the of directions enterprise has become a leader in several the capabilities, and experience facture and manyothers. “Meteor-Z” “Monitor-A”, satellites ogy “Express-A”, “Express-AM”,“Kazsat”; cells featuring with two-sided sensitivity;and “Zvezda” modules equipped with arraytional Space Station, comprising “Zarya” systems, amongwhichthereare: sub photo-energy with programs space on agreatnumberofsatellites. “Venus”, “Mars” and “Fobos” family stations; and spacecraft, unmanned interplanetary stations, orbit “Mir” and “Salyut” on installed were arrays solar eie, Kat dvlpd large a developed “Kvant” Besides, manu and scientific large its to Due meteorol and sensing remote Earth Platforms for GEO satellites “Sesat”, Interna the Russian segment ofThe Today, “Kvant” contributes to several ------and reliability. quality responsibility, as values lasting ever such with technologies gressive pro combine to on keeping is “Kvant” enterprise production and research the this kind oftransport. of design own its presented also has “Kvant” Moscow. round passengers carry to railway the for module electric cell fuel a set to going is that company “Transmashholding” with cooperates Sochi; in games Olympic during used be ing alternative power supply systems to pant of development programs concern no analoguesintheworld. have products here-created the of Most cars. electric for systems drive electric and regions, hard-to-reach the for tems sys supply power electric independent of systems combined created company the of specialists The plants. stationary for electric buses, submersible craft and intended cells fuel chemical gaseous of supply constant with generators power chemical permanent approved logically electrodes. The enterprise produces eco ing (cells)ormechanicalreplacementof charg additional with sources current chemical multi-shot as well as tivation, ac momentary and period conservation olwn te ogtr traditions long-term the Following partici active an is “Kvant” Today, Information Systems Satellite Satellite ------19

corporation Information Satellite 20 Systems

High technology production of the JSC “Polyus”

JSC “Research and Production Center “Polyus” was firstly estab- lished in 1951 as the Tomskij subsidiary enterprise of the All- Union research and development Institute of electro mechanics (TF VNIIAM). For 56 years the enterprise has created hundreds of space devices for different purposes among which there were Vladimir Nickolayevitch the set of on-ground monitor and test equipment used in 1961 Gladushchenko during pre-launching works for the first earth astronaut flight JSC “RPC “Polyus”, General (Y. Gagarin); unique on-board devices designed for self-acting director spacecraft and manned space stations. Born on the 23rd of June in 1948, in Tomsk city. In 1972 graduated 1957 the traditionally used “11K65”. As a result, the produced part Tomskij polytechnic institute with electric machine on-board pow- became the first step towards a long and Iner resources were substituted resulting cooperation of “Polyus” and specialization “Electric networks by semi-conducting ones. Supported by “NPO PM”. and systems”. the leading research institute, the idea During 1960-63 the TF VNIIAM par- His whole life is tightly bound was realized by “Polyus”. Therefore ticipated development of a wheel actua- up with “RPC Polyus”. It was in Tomsk appeared a scientific-and- tor designed for the first World elec- technologic basis together with manu- tro mechanic attitude control system here that he began to work as a facture of energy electronics applied installed on the VNIIAM experimental test-electrician, later became a to self-efficient plant control precise satellite “Omega”. Concerning the re- junior research assistant, senior systems. This experience became the sults of the mentioned above works, engineer, head of sector, head basis for developing a number of de- VNIIAM started developing wheel-en- of department, general director vices, including the on-board triple- gines “126M2», which were first applied deputy for common aspects, gen- phase inverter providing power-supply to meteorological satellites “Meteor-1” eral director deputy in manage- to the control system of the launcher and “Meteor-2”. ment, economics and finance, acted as a general director. In April 2006 Vladimir Nickolayevitch Gladushchenko became a general director of the enterprise. Information Satellite Systems 21

Later there were developed and suc- ies. The enterprise specialists created a short-circuit devices just for the Ses- cessfully put into operation wheel actu- completely new complex of automatic at storage batteries. In 2006 “Polyus” ators 17M71, 14M425, 14M240 for the and stabilization devices to be applied developed and produced a technologi- GLONASS system satellites, gyro-stabi- to the system. cal prototype of a PSCS with conduc- lizing devices 11M231, 17L21, Agat-5 In 1979 they started developing a unit tive heat rejection. for geostationary satellites. that included energy converting equip- One of the most interesting research Today the gyrodines14M340, GD-2-20 ment of a spacecraft power-supply sys- works being carried out here - is creat- are being developed. The devices being tem. The system was designed for the ing charge and discharge devices for the produced during last years can operate satellites comprising the Russian navi- lithium-ion storage batteries. To further on spacecraft with unsealed platforms; gation system GLONASS. develop one of the main scientific-and- obtain multiplex data transmitting In 80-s the enterprise unveiled a new technological aspects, the electro wheel channels and high-performance techni- scientific-and-technological aspect actuator device and the gyroscopic sta- cal characteristics. - creating power-supply and control bilizing device are being developed to Due to the RFP from the Central Spe- systems (PSCS) for spacecraft propul- provide high accuracy of spacecraft ori- cial Design Bureau (Samara) in 1966- sion units. Looking for original scien- entation. More over “Polyus” has made 1967 the enterprise started developing tific methods of engine power-supply, the initial design of controlled para- the crystal-controlled driving oscillators optimization of spacecraft propulsion metric wheels and gyrodines. This ini- and devices to provide power-supply to and attitude determination systems, tial design will make a basis for further the attitude determination and control forming a complex of technical speci- investigations related to attitude deter- systems of the spacecraft “Zenit”. In fications – all this favored to effective mination system of different spacecraft, 1968 they completed test and design operation of PSCS with electro jet pro- including controlling wheel-engines for works relating to charge control de- pulsion units with an impulse plasma micro satellites. vices. The devices were designed for the engine basis. As a result the resource Today the main activities of the en- primary power supply resources of the capability increased 5 or 7 times. Since terprise related to space application are “Zenit” family spacecraft that is still 1990 this system was implemented for experimental development, production produced. the “Gals”, “Express”, “Express-A”, and delivery of: According to the RFP form NPO PM, “Express-AM” satellites.  electro mechanical actuator devices in 1976 the enterprise started develop- After NPO PM had signed a con- for attitude determination system and ing a system that would comprise au- tract with Eutelsat (the European sat- gyro angular velocity instrument; tomatic equipment, power supply and ellite communications organization)  adaptive autonomous power-supply pulse light warning devices to be used “RPC” Polyus had to study interna- systems’ regulation-and-control equip- for a geodesy navigation satellite. The tional quality standards concerning ment; system could provide a celestial geodesy creation and qualification of a prod-  plasma engine of orbit correction global chart displaying the coordinates uct. The enterprise specialists devel- PSCS; with accuracy up to several meters. At oped an angular velocity instrument  power converters and synchroniz- the same time they created a new on- and a gyro actuator device used in at- ers for control systems of autonomous board power supply system revealing titude determination and control sys- units;

new functional capabilities, high reli- tems of the Sesat spacecraft, also in  dedicated actuating electric engines corporation ability, new mass and clearance charac- power-supply and control systems of and electric drivers; teristics. Here for the first time in the electro reactive propulsion units. Be-  dngular and linear displacement sen- world were used nickel-hydrogen batter- sides they created effective one-shot sors. Information Satellite 22 Systems

JSC “Research and Production enterprise of space instrument- making “Kvant” (“RPE SI “Kvant”) is a winner of “Russian National Olympus” award, “Odyssey” award established by “Kontenant” Academy and “European Standard”. Several times the enterprise competed with other enterprises of the south federal district and won the “the Leader of the XXI century” prize.

Motin Vyacheslav Nickolayevitch, JSC “RPE SI “Kvant”, General director and General designer.

Born on the 23rd of October in 1937, in Ikryanoe village (Ast- rahkanskaya oblast).

Graduated military air-technical school, National economy insti- tute of Rostov, took post-graduate courses at Donskoj State Technical University. Academician, full member of the JSC “RPE SI “Kvant” Russian Engineering Academy, academician of the International Real Economy and informational faces the future support Academy. Head of the re- gional department of the Russian Engineering Academy. with confidence Published more than 50 research works. story of the enter-  production of large-scale consumer Awarded with the Badge of Hon- prise goes back to the goods. our, Order of the Red Banner of The 11th of August 1980, The JSC “RPE SI “Kvant” has the Labour, Order of Friendship, title of the day when was established “Kvant” following structure: Honoured Engineer of the Russian – a plant producing electro-optical de-  scientific-and-technological center Federation. vices for spacecraft orientation and as- comprising 4 research-and-development tronavigation systems and included into departments, an experimental laboratory, the research and production enterprise automated control systems department; “Geofizika”. In 1994 the enterprise was  production basis – the main produc- announced as a joint stock company. tion workshops (mechanical, optical, Among the main activities of the JSC galvanic plating), assembly shops, de- “RPE SI “Kvant” there are: vices test and adjustment shops.  development, production and war- Today the enterprise produces 22 ranty service of electro-optical devices types of electro-optical devices for for spacecraft attitude determination spacecraft attitude control systems. system; The devices produced by “RPE SI  desearch-and-development works re- “Kvant” are installed on such spacecraft lating to electro-optical device produc- as “Glonass-M”, “Gonets”, “Arkon”, tion in favor of the Russian space pro- “Koupon”, “Express”, “Ocean”, “Nadezh- gram; da”, “Resource”, “Molnia-3”, “Bion” and  production releases for manufacture, also on Russian modules of the Interna- technical and special purposes; tional Space Station, on board of manned Information Satellite Systems 23

and transport spacecraft (“Soyuz-TMA”, vices for liquid medium express-analyses, 140-40000 km, and static devices provid- “Progress-M”). During its work the en- which are used to control reservoir and ing satellite Sun orientation. The micro- terprise produced more than 2800 space- sewer pollution. In Rostovskaya oblast bolometric modules and photo sensible

craft attitude control devices, 64% of they use the taximeter developed and pro- CCD scale work as radiation sensors. The corporation which are earth acquisition devices, 33% duced by the JSC “RPE SI “Kvant”. The information about an object angular posi- - sun acquisition devices, 3% - polar star taximeter not only counts fare but also tion is transmitted in figure code mode, acquisition devices. regulates taxi work schedule. due to 2 coordinates. Accuracy of coordi- The quality of the devices was proved 370 equipment units represent the en- nate determination is 2 angular minutes by long experience of using the devices terprise production base, where 25% of for Sun sensor and 1 angular minute for on manned space stations and space- equipment was imported. Complex regu- Earth sensor. The device lifetime period craft. For example, the attitude con- lating and testing are carried out at the is not less than 15 years. trol devices installed on board of the specified test bench with automated con- The enterprise potential allows to carry orbit space station “MIR”, exceeded trol systems. There has been put into op- out research-and-development works, the- their lifetime period 2,6 times. In 2004 eration the first line of multifunctional oretical researches, tests of new samples, the JSC “RPE SI “Kvant” was certifi- system, which is used to automate de- creation of automated systems providing cated (#134.01.3.1.000000.25.04) by sign, production and test operations. tests and control of quality of a product. the Federal system of space equipment The JSC “RPE SI “Kvant” also pos- The enterprise went through reconstruc- certification which again approves its sesses technologies of parts precise ma- tion and establishment of a new instru- high quality of production. Within the chining, high performance optical parts ment manufacture producing complex terms of its research-and-development producing, protective coat plating (spe- high performance tooling with imported activities the enterprise keeps in close cial optical, galvanic, varnish, paint), equipment. The enterprise has prepared contact with such prominent companies device assembling and adjusting. the investment project “Metal and plastic as “Reshetnev Research and Production Today the JSC “Kvant” is a dynami- construction manufacturing” that was fi- association of applied mechanics” (NPO cally developing enterprise. In order to nanced by the enterprise itself. PM), the “Rocket and Space Corpora- enlarge its space market share the special- To further realize new projects relat- tion “Energia”, “Lavochkin Research ists from the scientific-and-technologic ing to all activities of the enterprise, the and Production Enterprise”, “Central center of the enterprise are developing a JSC “Kvant” possesses all necessary: Specialized Design Bureau “Progress” line of spacecraft attitude control devices qualified personal, a well-functioning (“CSDB “Progress”) and others. of a new generation, which are equivalent management system, stable infrastruc- Most of the projects developed in scien- to foreign analogues at space technologies ture of the region, reliable partnership tific-and-technological center were applied markets. The enterprise is also actively de- with customers and providers, coopera- to in practice. For example, a production veloping a line of static devices providing tion with leading regional universities line of transportable ecological optical de- satellite Earth orientation at altitudes of and research institutes. Information Satellite 24 Systems Start of GLONASS

The GLONASS ideology navigation space system to the favour of ants for the GLONASS system design. defense capability of the country as well But the final variant was confirmed Navigation system development has as its national economy. Comparing with by Grigorij Chernjavskij, at that time always been an indispensable condition the previous satellite-based navigation NPO PM deputy general designer. to provide defense capabilities of the system a new one should provide more NPO PM first deputy general designer country. The first navigation space- precise characteristics and the most Victor Kosenko remembers: “When he craft “Cyclone” produced by request of complicated thing – the continuity of was hospitalized he took a huge pile of the Soviet navy forces was launched in service for the earth users and objects proposals with him. He analyzed every 1967. Satellite-based navigation made in the near-earth space. Today naviga- variant and commanded right from the sailing more secure and ballistic missile tion receivers are used in cars even in hospital: which structure of the GLO- data more operative and accurate. The cell phones, so it’s difficult to imagine NASS system should make the basis”. navigation system could provide posi- how hard it was to create such a system The project envisaged creation of tioning data within the limits of sev- in late 70-s. a constantly operating orbit constel- eral hundreds meters. Nevertheless the A group of young specialists from lation at altitude of 20000 km, which requirements to space navigation were NPO PM was entrusted with the project should comprise 24 satellites of the constantly increasing. In the mid of 70- development. The NPO PM specialists GLONASS system. The constellation s there appeared an idea of creating a proposed more than a hundred of vari- was planned to determine an object po-

After implementing the GLONASS system Information Satellite Systems 25

sitioning within the range of 4 space- having assessed capabilities of the Me- ation Mikhail Reshetnev commanded craft. It could provide data relating chanical plant that could efficiently to the NPO PM specialists who worked to positioning, direction and speed of produce a large number of satellites on mechanical subsystems, to settle a moving object. Concerning the fact needed for the System and guarantee down to works the NPO PM designers. that the GLONASS system should pro- the fulfillment of the program, the In spite of the selfless work of the de- vide more accurate estimations than administrative board decided to hand signers and test engineers from Kras- the “Cyclone” they needed to install over the satellite production and de- noyarsk and Omsk, they couldn’t keep more user equipment with special qual- sign documentation development to the to the development schedule. But the ity control requirements. To maintain a Production Enterprise (PE) “Poljot” developed spacecraft were completely large space constellation in action there (Omsk). No one could think then that different from the first prototypes that was created a system that injected into in 10 years NPO PM would have spare came to Krasnoyarsk-26. A great part orbit a cluster of 3 spacecraft with a facilities, which would be enough for of development works was carried out powerful launcher “Proton”. manufacturing the navigation space- by working groups of V.I. Khalimano- craft. Many years later when NPO vitch and G.M. Sokolov. Cooperation PM started striving for building new The 4 meters high construction com- navigation spacecraft with a long life- prising 3 spacecraft (each spacecraft The GLONASS system design works time period Mikhail Reshetnev would 1400 kg) was installed on a common were carried out by a group of special- cticisize the decision to hand over the separation system. The satellites were ists under the leadership of Vladimir works to the PE “Poljot”. installed very close to each other. They Cheremisin. He figuratively called So the design bureau “Poljot” started needed large spring rates to protect the his colleagues, Victor Chebotarev and releasing the drawings, the plant – pro- construction at the stage of payloads Georgij Kim, “the chief theorist” and ducing spacecrafts. NPO PM developed impact. The NPO PM specialists car- “the chief architect”. The position of a antenna feeders and a number of units, ried out a number of works to imple- leading engineer was given to Evgenij and increased spacecraft lifetime peri- ment new, high-modulus composites Grigorjev, by that time he had had a od up to 3 years, later up to 5 years. into space technology. These compos- good experience of carrying out devel- In the mid of 1980 NPO PM began ites are still often used in spacecraft opment works. to receive assembly units to provide structures. In late 70-s the working group re- ground development tests. As the first The separation subsystem’s truss was leased draft design, preliminary data, tests showed: the configuration, par- made of boron aluminum. Its weight design documentation, main require- ticularly the mechanical subsystems was 30% less than aluminum truss; ments for development of the space- (shutters control linkage, solar array it complied with spring rate require- craft subsystems. Soon they started panels hold-down and release devices) ments and unexpectedly turned out to preparing for manufacturing. After were of low quality. To save the situ- be a good attenuator smoothing all sud-

Kazeev Vasiliy Romanovitch, NPO PM leading engineer

In fact we were pioneers in group came upon such solutions while creating the tempera- creating the first satellite of ture control system. the planned global naviga- Since the “Glonass” satellites were planned to launch in a tion system. “Navstar” – an cluster of three spacecraft with one launch vehicle, we laid down American navigation satel- strict requirements for the spacecraft mass and dimensions. Con- lite could be an analogue for cerning the level of spacecraft heat dissipation, the traditionally our spacecraft. But we had used system of gas-liquid contour required a spacecraft mass of a different technological 120 kg. To decrease the mass and preserve temperature condi- basis, package performance tions, we decided to install the most heat-tensed equipment out (American devices could the container with direct radiant cooling of the equipment cases. work in the open space), launching vehicles. So there was In result the spacecraft temperature control system mass was di- nothing we could borrow from American systems and we had minished up to 40 kg. This solution was further applied to the to go our own way. When working on the spacecraft design satellites of “Loutch” and “Glonass-M” families. we were like competing with the Americans. We were trying It was for the first time that during the spacecraft develop- to make a better spacecraft than the American “Navstar”. ment we set and solved a problem of gas temperature stabili- The specialists of the design department and the group chief zation ±1°C in spacecraft pressurized container, which influ- G. Kim were the main pace-setters. ences atomic frequency standard. In the process of building “Glonass” satellites our special- I’d like to mention the people who contributed a lot into cre- ists came upon new engineering solutions, which further ation of the temperature control system: O. Zagar, G. Panov, were applied to other spacecraft. For instance, our working V. Shramko. Information Satellite 26 Systems

denly-applied vibration loads. Develop- simulators, which confused the Ameri- end of the GLONASS flight-testing, ment of this kind of material and using can specialists. though the resolution project of putting it in construction-building became pos- Victor Kosenko, the first deputy gen- the system into action was rambling dif- sible thanks to K.G. Smirnov-Vasiljev, eral designer tells: “in American press ferent courts for two years. In Septem- G.M. Sokolov, A.M. Poskatchej, F.K. there appeared articles telling that ber 1993 the President signed the reso- Fedoseev and other specialists. Russians had launched some unknown lution without gratitude or appraisal. objects: one satellite and two secret ob- At that time the system didn’t receive a Spacecraft launch jects. They couldn’t get the idea of those proper rating. simulators for quite a long time”. It is today that recovery of the sys- On the 12th of October 1982 the first After the spacecraft launch they tem, either its modernization or devel- Glonass satellite was launched into or- started long-term flight-testing and opment, focuses much attention. Very bit. TASS reported: “on the 12th f Octo- developing the Glonass positioning soon the GLONASS system will make a ber 1982 the Soviet Union launched ar- systems. When the first Glonass satel- basis for the informational and digital tificial earth satellites “Kosmos-1413”, lite was being developed the most dif- space, which will push Russia forward “Kosmos-1414”, and “Kosmos-1415” All ficult tasks were solved by the group in development of economics and tech- three satellites were injected into orbit of specialists under leadership of Yurij nology, and provide defense capabilities with one launcher. The satellites are to Knjazkin. The equipment produced by of the State in new conditions. provide development test of the parts the co-operating plants wasn’t enough and equipment of the space navigation developed, it often failed in orbit. Pos- Natalia VNOUKOVA system. The system was created to de- sibly it was the main reason of prolonged Based on materials of the books termine positioning of civil aviation air- test works. “40 Space years”, “Academician crafts, navy transport and fishing-boats Later the specialists would have to M.F. Reshetnev” and the film of the Soviet Union”. strive for spacecraft building, to search Since only one spacecraft was ready new technical solutions, to provide new “Space navigator” for launching, two other places in the spacecraft launches. In early 1991 they carrier-rocket were given to the cargo signed up the statement concerning the

Lyashenko Valerij Polikarpovitch, NPO PM chief of section:

The first “Glonass” satellite was launched on the 12th of cluded department chiefs re- October 1982. It was an important step forward in develop- sponsible for each system: G. ment of the enterprise. Certainly by that time we had been Titov, A. Bober, G. Evenov, experienced in making and operating the navigation systems G. Kupfer. At that time there that were based on automatically operated low-altitude space- weren’t any automated sys- crafts “Cicada” and “Cyclone”. But “Glonass” was completely tems connecting NPO PM and different from the previous spacecraft. In fact it required a the GLONASS system control new ground control system, including several ground control center and every decision had points of command-measuring systems, central synchronizing to be taken right there, at the system and a new GLONASS control center based on a com- system control center. plex of two computers (EC1033). We needed to develop new Spacecraft control and software to treat the telemetric information, control the sat- data analyses works were ellite, and solve ballistic tasks. It took military and civil spe- carried out under the leadership of B. Nickolayev. We cialists almost a year to assembly the equipment, install and worked in one sector together with the specialists who pro- adjust software, carry out preliminary complex tests in the vided electric tests at manufacturing plant. The situation GLONASS system control center, train the personnel. All the gave us advantages: we had a chance to investigate the works were carried out under leadership of Y. Knjazkin. The spacecraft and understand how it worked. spacecraft “Glonass” # 11 was accurately prepared for launch- Successful operation of the spacecraft during the first com- ing. Possible abnormal situations were discussed, including munication sessions confirmed that a great number of people failure of construction parts deployment, spacecraft orienta- hadn’t worked in vain: we managed to maintain spacecraft tion problems and others. At that time there was an operation- communication, receive and process telemetry; and the space- and-technical support group and our specialists could be sent craft was successfully sun and earth oriented. Though later there to work for months. Once NPO PM sent its 60-70 special- we had to complete development works, correct numerous ists to the GLONASS system control center to carry out pre- mistakes revealed during on board and on Earth operations, launching works. The team comprised the people specialized in but we had done the most important thing: started creating all spacecraft systems and software development. The team in- an extremely needed space system. Information Satellite Systems 27

The 25th anniversary of the first “Glonass” satellite launch Recovery, modernization and development of the Global Navigation Satellite System GLONASS is one of the priority tasks of the Russian space industry.

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GLONASS - the system that has won the international recognition!