DOCSLIB.ORG

Ways of Seeing : a Study of Opsis in Herodotus' His- Tories

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ways of Seeing : a Study of Opsis in Herodotus' His- Tories ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output Ways of seeing : a study of opsis in Herodotus’ His- tories https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40405/ Version: Full Version Citation: Paintin, Isabel Rose Milena (2019) Ways of seeing : a study of opsis in Herodotus’ Histories. [Thesis] (Unpublished) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email Ways of Seeing: A Study of ὄψις in Herodotus’ Histories Isabel Rose Milena Paintin Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Birkbeck, University of London 1 DECLARATION I declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. ....................................................................... Isabel Rose Milena Paintin 2 Abstract The thesis provides an in-depth study of ὄψις (opsis) (‘seeing’ or ‘sight’) in Herodotus’ Histories. It explores both the use of opsis by Herodotus as a key source for his ἱστορίη (enquiry) and the rich and complex layers of stories involving opsis in the narrative of the text. A close analysis of autopsy statements (direct and indirect) in Herodotus’ metanarrative demonstrates that these are far more numerous than scholars have hitherto realised and that he was developing a new language of autopsy to signify the use of opsis as an investigative tool. When compared with other methods of enquiry such as ἀκοὴ (hearsay) and γνώμη (opinion / judgement / reasoning), opsis clearly emerges as the most reliable of – and a check on the other – sources of evidence. Herodotus’ narrative allows him to communicate a more nuanced portrayal of opsis. While some characters successfully use opsis to learn about the world or manage to manipulate it for their own ends, many misinterpret visual evidence or are deceived by what they see. Yet stories about opsis also closely parallel some of the key themes of the Histories: the rise and fall of great powers, the risks inherent in breaching boundaries and the dangers of ἔρως (desire). Herodotus uses the narrative together with the metanarrative to educate his audience on how to conduct an investigation based on opsis and shows that a certain skill and intelligence (σύνεσις) is required to succeed. This in turn forms a core part of the strongly didactic nature of the text. In his use of opsis, Herodotus was at least in part responding to contemporary debates on the value of empirical evidence for enquiry, as seen in the work of the Hippocratics and the Presocratic philosophers. However, Herodotus’ innovation was to apply investigative methods based on opsis to historical material and an enquiry into past events. 3 Contents Acknowledgements 7 Texts and Abbreviations 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 1.1: Introduction 9 1.2: Scholarship on Herodotus’ Methodology 12 1.3: Scholarship on Herodotus’ Use of Opsis 15 1.4: Justification of a New Study on Opsis 20 1.5: The Importance of Seeing in Greek Culture 21 1.6: Structure of the Thesis 25 Chapter 2: Opsis in the Metanarrative: The Nature and Extent of Herodotus’ Autopsy References 30 2.1: Introduction 30 2.2: The Extent of Herodotus’ Autopsy References 31 2.3: The Credibility of Herodotus’ Autopsy References 52 Chapter 3: Opsis in the Metanarrative: Herodotus’ Uses of Autopsy 69 3.1: Introduction 69 3.2: The Significance of the Methodological Statements 70 3.2.1: Historie and its relationship with akoe 72 3.2.2: Gnome 75 3.2.3: Opsis 76 3.3: Opsis and its Relationship with Other Sources 78 3.3.1: Opsis used to add information 80 3.3.2: Opsis used to confirm information 85 3.3.3: Opsis used to refute or cast doubt on other information 89 3.3.4: Denial of autopsy 92 3.4: The Language of Autopsy 100 4 3.5: The Distribution of Autopsy References in the Text 105 3.6: The Purpose of Autopsy 107 Chapter 4: Opsis in the Narrative: Victims of Opsis 115 4.1: Introduction 115 4.2: Dreams in the Histories 117 4.2.1: Overview 117 4.2.2: Structure of the dream in the Histories and initial comments on its origins 126 4.2.3: Interpretation and fulfilment of dreams in the Histories 128 4.2.4: Purpose and origin of dreams in the Histories 139 4.3: The Role of Opsis in Key Events 148 4.4: The Abuse and Misuse of Opsis 152 Chapter 5: Opsis in the Narrative: Masters of Opsis 169 5.1: Introduction 169 5.2: Visual Deceptions 170 5.3: Successful Propaganda and the Use of Opsis as a Military Tactic 185 5.4: The Power of Denying Opsis to Others 190 5.5: Correct Interpretations of Opsis 191 5.6: The Commemorative Function of Opsis 201 5.7: Narrative and Metanarrative: A Coherent Picture of Opsis? 206 Chapter 6: Opsis in Context 213 6.1: Introduction 213 6.2: Presocratics and Hippocratics: Herodotus’ Contribution 215 6.3: Herodotus’ Innovation: From Medicine and Natural Philosophy to History 230 6.4: Herodotus ‘in Context’? 244 Chapter 7: Conclusion 250 5 7.1: Metanarrative – Chapters 2 and 3 250 7.2: Narrative – Chapters 4 and 5 253 7.3: Opsis in Context – Chapter 6 256 7.4: New Ways of Seeing the Past 257 Bibliography 260 Appendix A 294 Appendix B 308 Appendix C 313 6 Acknowledgements The seeds of my interest in Herodotus’ use of opsis were sown during my undergraduate studies at Oxford University and were nurtured during many enlightening discussions on the historian and his methods with tutors and fellow students. In particular, I am hugely indebted to the inspiring teaching of my Greek History tutors, Dr Oswyn Murray and Dr Lisa Kallet, who each provided a stimulating critical forum in which to explore some of my early ideas on the subject. I am enormously grateful to my supervisor, Dr Christy Constantakopoulou of Birkbeck, University of London, for her innumerable research suggestions, wise guidance and extensive time spent reviewing several drafts of the text; without her constant encouragement, support and faith in both me and the project, this thesis would not have been completed. Sincere thanks also go to my examiners at the PhD upgrade viva, Professor Catharine Edwards and Dr Serafina Cuomo, who provided constructive criticism of early drafts of Chapters 2 and 6 and suggested additional angles to explore. I dedicate this thesis to the memory of my late mother, Elaine Paintin, who first encouraged me to embark on this research; to her I owe by far the greatest debt. 7 Texts and Abbreviations Herodotus is cited from the Oxford Classical Texts edition of N. G. Wilson (2015). Translations are taken from R. Waterfield’s World’s Classics (Oxford, 1998) with some adaptations. J. E. Powell’s Lexicon to Herodotus (Cambridge, 1938) assisted in navigating the text for opsis references and vocabulary. Citations in the form 1.1.1 refer to the Histories unless otherwise stated. The Hippocratic texts are largely cited from the Loeb Classical Library edition of W. H. S. Jones (1923-31) with translations taken from Chadwick and Mann’s Penguin (London, 1978) with slight adaptations, while translations of the Presocratic texts follow either R. Waterfield’s World’s Classics (Oxford, 2000) or J. Barnes’ Penguin (London, 2001). Translations of other Greek texts are taken from the Penguins with adaptations. Transliterations of Greek words (in particular, opsis) are often (though not consistently) used. For references to secondary literature the Harvard system of author and date is used. Abbreviations of journal titles follow the conventions of L’Année Philologique while other abbreviations are as below: DK Diels, H., rev. Kranz, W. (6th edn, 1951-2), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin) FrGrHist Jacoby, F. et al. (1923-), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin and Leiden) Fornara Fornara, C. (1983), Translated Documents of Greece and Rome: Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War (Cambridge) ML Meiggs, R. and Lewis, D. (revised edn, 1988), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century BC (Oxford) 8 Chapter 1 Introduction ‘The instant I looked at the fresco with a seeing eye, I mean with all faculties cooperating, I felt that it must be by Antonello’. Bernard Berenson, Three Essays on Method (1927) 881 1.1: Introduction Bernard Berenson, the great art historian, succinctly highlights how a close visual inspection of an artwork combined with the accumulated knowledge and experience of an artist’s work is the key to the methodology of connoisseurship, i.e., to determining the attribution of that work. In this thesis, I argue that a similar process, namely the use of ὄψις (opsis) (‘seeing’ or ‘sight’) to examine material things as interpreted through or moderated by knowledge and experience of the world is a crucial aspect of Herodotus’ methodology as an investigator in the Histories, an aspect which has hitherto been given insufficient prominence by scholars. Herodotus opens his great work by describing it as Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε (‘the exposition of the enquiry carried out by Herodotus of Halicarnassus’). The Greek word ἱστορίη (historie) is the origin of our word ‘history’, but had a far broader meaning of ‘enquiry’ (into customs, places, peoples, events, wonders) in Herodotus’ day. Scholars have debated at length the precise meaning of the word as used in Greek literature, and Herodotus in particular, a question I will return to in detail in Chapter 3. However, it is interesting to note that the word historie is etymologically related to the Indo-European root wid- / weid- / woid- meaning to ‘see’ or ‘know’ as indeed are the Greek verbs for seeing (ἰδεῖν) and knowing (attaining of knowledge through sight) (εἰδέναι).2 Therefore at the heart of Herodotus’ ‘enquiry’ is the idea of seeing and knowledge attained through looking at the world, which arguably suggests that eyewitness testimony plays a crucial role in historical investigation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaic Eretria
    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Strutture Difensive Delle Colonie Greche Di Sicilia
    Il presente Volume si propone di approfondire la conoscenza storica, tipologica e materica delle Francesca Scalisi strutture difensive presenti nei maggiori siti archeologici siciliani di fondazione greca, premessa in- dispensabile per un qualsiasi tipo di intervento di recupero e fruizione. Le fortificazioni sono dei monumenti fortemente emblematici per tipologia e dimensione e rappresentano, per certi versi, il volto che un insediamento offriva a chi si apprestava ad entrarvi, essendo la città antica modellata nel suo aspetto esteriore dalle mura difensive. Questa analisi sistematica sulle fortificazioni evidenzia LE STRUTTURE DIFENSIVE DELLE importanti contenuti che coinvolgono i settori scientifici relativi alle tecnologie costruttive e alle tecniche esecutive. La tessitura muraria, infatti, ci fornisce un ricco e variegato repertorio tecnologico in uso tra i secoli VII ed il IV a.C., utile per comprendere la pratica del fare architettura. COLONIE GRECHE DI SICILIA Il Volume affronta, innanzitutto, il tema della colonizzazione greca in Sicilia, in quanto la nascita Storia, tipologia, materiali delle fortificazioni è strettaente correlata alla necessità di difendersi dalle popolazioni indigene, e indaga sulle relazioni esistenti fra fortificazioni e tipologie insediative, soffermandosi, in seguito ad analizzare i vari subsistemi (fondazioni, muri, coronamenti, smaltimento delle acque) e compo- nenti (porte e torri) che costituiscono la struttura di un sistema difensivo. Segue l’elencazione di una serie di casi di studio, individuati secondo criteri di consistenza qualitativa e quantitativa delle tessiture murarie: allo studio storico, topografico e urbanistico della colonia individuata, fa seguito l’analisi dettagliata dei sistemi difensivi di ogni sito, dal cui raffronto si evidenziano, di volta in volta, le costanti e le varianti costruttive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae
    historia 68, 2019/4, 413–435 DOI 10.25162/historia-2019-0022 Jeffrey Rop The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae Abstract: This article makes three arguments regarding the Battle of Thermopylae. First, that the discovery of the Anopaea path was not dependent upon Ephialtes, but that the Persians were aware of it at their arrival and planned their attacks at Thermopylae, Artemisium, and against the Phocians accordingly. Second, that Herodotus’ claims that the failure of the Pho- cians was due to surprise, confusion, and incompetence are not convincing. And third, that the best explanation for the Phocian behavior is that they were from Delphi and betrayed their allies as part of a bid to restore local control over the sanctuary. Keywords: Thermopylae – Artemisium – Delphi – Phocis – Medism – Anopaea The courageous sacrifice of Leonidas and the Spartans is perhaps the central theme of Herodotus’ narrative and of many popular retellings of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE. Even as modern historians are appropriately more critical of this heroizing impulse, they have tended to focus their attention on issues that might explain why Leo- nidas and his men fought to the death. These include discussion of the broader strategic and tactical importance of Thermopylae, the inter-relationship and chronology of the Greek defense of the pass and the naval campaign at Artemisium, the actual number of Greeks who served under Leonidas and whether it was sufficient to hold the position, and so on. While this article inevitably touches upon some of these same topics, its main purpose is to reconsider the decisive yet often overlooked moment of the battle: the failure of the 1,000 Phocians on the Anopaea path.
    [Show full text]
  • Chthonic Aspects of Macdonald's Phantastes: from the Rising of The
    Chthonic Aspects of MacDonald’s Phantastes: From the Rising of the Goddess to the Anodos of Anodos Fernando Soto The Herios was a woman’s festival. Plutarch of course could not be present at the secret ceremonies of the Thyaiades, but his friend Thyia, their president, would tell him all a man might know . From the rites known to him he promptly conjectured that it was a “Bringing up of Semele.” Semele, it is acknowledged, is but a Thraco-Phrygian form of Gaia, The “Bringing up of Semele” is but the Anodos of Gala or of Kore the Earth Maiden. It is the Return of the vegetation or Year-Spirit in the spring. (Jane Harrison, Themis 416) 1. Introduction and General Backgrounds hantastes is one of the most mysterious books George MacDonald wrote andP one of the least understood books in the English tradition. Since its publication in 1858, reviewers, readers and researchers have experienced great difficulties understanding the meaning of this complex work.The perceived impediments have been so great that some scholars remain unsure whether Phantastes contains a coherent plot or structure (Reis 87, 89, 93-94; Robb 85, 97; etc.). Other critics appear adamant that it contains neither (Wolff 50; Manlove, Modern 55, 71, 77, 79; England 65, 93, 122). Even those scholars who sense a structure or perceive a plot differ not only regarding the types of structure(s) and/or plot(s) they acknowledge (Docherty 17-22; McGillis “Community” 51-63; Gunther “First Two” 32-42), but in deciding into what, if any, genres or traditions Phantastes belongs (Prickett, “Bildungsroman” 109-23; Docherty 19, 23, 30, McGillis, “Femininity” 31-45; etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • The Art Bulletin
    THE ART BULLETIN A Quarterly Published by . the College Art Association September 2009 Volume XCI Number 3 Destruction and Memory on the Athenian Acropolis Rachel Kousser The Parthenon, constructed betl-veen 447 and 432 BCE on This analysis of the Parthenon and its antecedents has also the Athenian Acropolis, stands as the most lavish, technically a broader significance as part of the history of Orientalism, a refined, and programmatically cohesive temple on the Greek topic of much recen t interest for scholars of Classical Greece. mainland, a fitting commemoration of the Athenians' spec­ Philologists have researched the use of Orien talist tropes in tacular and unexpected victories in the Persian ''''ars (Fig. 1). various literary genres,5 while art historians have analyzed The immense, all-marble structure was designed around a snch topics as the depiction of Persians in Greek art,G the colossal statue of Athena Parthenos, depicted by the sculptor reception of Achaemenid material culture in Athens,? and Pheidias fully armed, and with an image of the goddess of representations of the Persian Wars in public Athenian mon­ victory, Nike, alighting on her left hand (Fig, 2). In its archi­ uments.s One hitherto neglected area of inquiry has been the tectural sculpture as well, the Parthenon repeatedly alluded interconnections betl-veen Orientalism and iconoclasm. The to the Greeks' struggle again-st the Persians, for instance, destruction of an enemy's sanctuaries was commonplace in through famous mytholOgical contests: battles between men ancient warfare, and had been practiced by Greeks as well as and centaurs, Athenians and Amazons, Greeks and Trojans, Persians.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Reading Athenaios' Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo: Critical Edition And
    Reading Athenaios’ Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo: Critical Edition and Commentaries DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Corey M. Hackworth Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Fritz Graf, Advisor Benjamin Acosta-Hughes Carolina López-Ruiz 1 Copyright by Corey M. Hackworth 2015 2 Abstract This dissertation is a study of the Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo that was found at Delphi in 1893, and since attributed to Athenaios. It is believed to have been performed as part of the Athenian Pythaïdes festival in the year 128/7 BCE. After a brief introduction to the hymn, I provide a survey and history of the most important editions of the text. I offer a new critical edition equipped with a detailed apparatus. This is followed by an extended epigraphical commentary which aims to describe the history of, and arguments for and and against, readings of the text as well as proposed supplements and restorations. The guiding principle of this edition is a conservative one—to indicate where there is uncertainty, and to avoid relying on other, similar, texts as a resource for textual restoration. A commentary follows, which traces word usage and history, in an attempt to explore how an audience might have responded to the various choices of vocabulary employed throughout the text. Emphasis is placed on Athenaios’ predilection to utilize new words, as well as words that are non-traditional for Apolline narrative. The commentary considers what role prior word usage (texts) may have played as intertexts, or sources of poetic resonance in the ears of an audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip II of Macedon: a Consideration of Books VII IX of Justin's Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
    Durham E-Theses Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus Wade, J. S. How to cite: Wade, J. S. (1977) Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10215/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. PHILIP II OF MACEDON: A CONSIDERATION OF BOOKS VII - IX OF JUSTIN* S EPITOME OF POMPEIUS TROGUS THESIS SUBMITTED IN APPLICATION FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS - by - J. S. WADE, B. A. DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM OCTOBER 1977 ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is two-fold: firstly to examine the career and character of Philip II of Macedon as portrayed in Books VII - IX of Justin's epitome of the Historiae Phillppicae .of Pompeius Trqgus, and to consider to what extent Justin-Trogus (a composite name for the author of the views in the text of Justin) furnishes accurate historical fact, and to what extent he paints a one-sided interpretation of the events, and secondly to identify as far as possible Justin's principles of selection and compression as evidenced in Books VII - IX.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeus in the Greek Mysteries) and Was Thought of As the Personification of Cyclic Law, the Causal Power of Expansion, and the Angel of Miracles
    Ζεύς The Angel of Cycles and Solutions will help us get back on track. In the old schools this angel was known as Jupiter (Zeus in the Greek Mysteries) and was thought of as the personification of cyclic law, the Causal Power of expansion, and the angel of miracles. Price, John Randolph (2010-11-24). Angels Within Us: A Spiritual Guide to the Twenty-Two Angels That Govern Our Everyday Lives (p. 151). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. Zeus 1 Zeus For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). Zeus God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice [1] The Jupiter de Smyrne, discovered in Smyrna in 1680 Abode Mount Olympus Symbol Thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak Consort Hera and various others Parents Cronus and Rhea Siblings Hestia, Hades, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter Children Aeacus, Ares, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Dardanus, Dionysus, Hebe, Hermes, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Hephaestus, Perseus, Minos, the Muses, the Graces [2] Roman equivalent Jupiter Zeus (Ancient Greek: Ζεύς, Zeús; Modern Greek: Δίας, Días; English pronunciation /ˈzjuːs/[3] or /ˈzuːs/) is the "Father of Gods and men" (πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, patḕr andrōn te theōn te)[4] who rules the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father rules the family according to the ancient Greek religion. He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. Zeus is etymologically cognate with and, under Hellenic influence, became particularly closely identified with Roman Jupiter. Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, and the youngest of his siblings. In most traditions he is married to Hera, although, at the oracle of Dodona, his consort is Dione: according to the Iliad, he is the father of Aphrodite by Dione.[5] He is known for his erotic escapades.
    [Show full text]
  • SOME BOEOTIAN PALMETTE CUPS 29 Palmettes on the Rim Have Sometimes Two Arcs Placed Side by Side to Form the Heart, As on the Tanagra Chevron Cup No
    SOME BOEOTIAN PALMETTECUPS (PLATES I-VIII) O ,F THE numerous Boeotian black-figured cups of the latter part of the fiftl century and the early fourth comparatively few have been published and still fewer have been classified. The majority of them, decorated merely with palmette., and lotuses and the like, are not the sort of material in which one can detect a master hand or trace the influence of a notable craftsman. Yet crude and incompetent as most of them are, it is possible to sort them into groups in which the work of various shops can be differentiated, and often to assign the groups to a definite locality. There are over two hundred and fifty of these cups extant, including two important col- lections, one at Tanagra from local graves, the other at Chaeronea where there are more than a hundred floral kylikes and skyphoi. In the Journtalof Helleuic Studies, vol. XLVI, 1926, pp. 54 f., I published thirty-eight floral kylikes at Tanagra (Schima- tari), that is, all there were in the museum at the time except a few from controlledl excavations, which were awaiting publication by the excavators, and two or three which were in such bad condition that the patterns could not be completely made ott. The Chaeronea collection still awaits publication. Pending the time when a complete study of the material will be possible I propose here to call attention to one or two easily recognizable groups.1 9 Plate I 1 and 2 show a kylix in Reading which belongs to one of the most dis- tinctive and best represented groups of these floral cups.
    [Show full text]
  • Mythological Variants Inisidore of Seville's Etymologies
    Document belonging to the Greek Mythology Link, a web site created by Carlos Parada, author of Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology Characters • Places • Topics • Images • Bibliography • PDF Editions About • Copyright © 1997 Carlos Parada and Maicar Förlag. Search the GML Mythological Variants in Isidore of Seville's Etymologies advanced Isidoro de Sevilla (c. 560‐636), painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1618‐ 82). (Image in public domain) Selection of less common variants of the Greek myths in Isidore of Seville's Etymologies Books, chapters and lines in the Namesakes are numbered for identifications purposes as is praxis in the Greek Mythology Link. If a name is not linked, see the Etymologies: Dictionary for further details. Excerpts from Isidore's Etymologies are in red. Sources Abbreviations Achaeus: 9.2.72. "The Achaians, also known as Achivians, were named after Achaeus, son of Jupiter." The eponym of the Achaeans, Achaeus 1, is otherwise known as son of Xuthus 1 & Creusa 1 (Apd.1.7.3; Pau.7.1.6; Strab.8.7.1). Achaeus 2, son of Poseidon & Larisa 1 is also regarded as eponym of the Achaeans (DH.1.17.3). Agenor: 14.4.1. "Europa was the daughter of Agenor, king of Libya, whom Jupiter carried to Crete after she had been abducted from Africa ... This Agenor is the son of Libya, after whom Libya, that is Africa, is said to have been named ..." Usually, Europa is believed to have been abducted in Phoenicia where she was born (Apd.3.1.1). Apollodorus says that Agenor 1 was born in Egypt but departed to Phoenicia where he reigned (2.1.4).
    [Show full text]
  • HERODOTUS I I I 1 IV I I BOOKS VIII-IX I I I I L I I I I I I 1 I 1 I L I 1 I 1 I I I I L G Translated by I a D
    I I 1 I 1 OEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY I i I 1 I I I m HERODOTUS I i I 1 IV i I BOOKS VIII-IX I i i I l I I I I i i 1 I 1 i l i 1 i 1 I I i I l g Translated by i A D. GODLEY i i I 1 I I iN Complete list of Lock titles can be V*o Jound at the end of each volume the historian HERODOTUS grc-at Greek was born about 484 B.C., at Halicar- nassus in Caria, Asia Minor, when it was subject to the Persians. He travelled in of Asia widely most Minor, Egypt (as as far Assuan), North Africa, Syria, the country north of the Black Sea, and many parts of the Aegean Sea and the mainland of Greece. He lived, it seems, for some time in Athens, and in 443 went with other colonists to the new city Thurii (in he died about South Italy) where 430 B.C. He was 'the prose correlative of the bard, a narrator of the deeds of real men, and a describer of foreign places' (Murray). His famous history of warfare between the Greeks and the Persians has an epic enhances his dignity which delightful style. It includes the rise of the Persian power and an account of the Persian the empire ; description of Egypt fills one book; because Darius attacked Scythia, the geography and customs of that land are also even in the later books on the given ; the Persians attacks of against Greece there are digressions.o All is most entertainingo a After and produces grand unity.
    [Show full text]