Field Study 8: Inis Oírr

2017-09-13

WATER SAVING CHALLENGE Field Study 8: Inis Oírr

Fig 1. Water tanker coming in to Inis Oírr

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WATER SAVING CHALLENGE Christian Pleijel

[email protected] Tel +358-457-342 88 25

2017-09-13

Content 1 Summary 2 2 Introduction 3 The assignment The client Study objects The three levels of an island Methodology 3 The water of the island 6 Location Geology Hydrology and climate Vegetation 4 The water of the islanders 8 Human pressure Virtual distance Water use 5 The water of the community 15 Governance Water procurement Water storage Leakages Cost and taxes Future plans 6 Water saving 22 Best practice #1 Best practice #2 Best practice #3 7 References 23

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WATER SAVING CHALLENGE Christian Pleijel

[email protected] Tel +358-457-342 88 25

FIELD STUDY: INIS OÍRR

1 Summary Inis Oírr (pronunced Inisheer) is an 8 km2 island with a resident population of 260. Tech- nically speaking, recalculating the impact of summer residents, college students and visitors, the human pressure on the island is equivalent to 1,116 all-year inhabitants. The demand for water can be estimated to 41,012 m3/year, whereof domestic demand 17,709 m3 and non-domestic demand 23,303 m3. The need to water animals is mainly solved through a compact use of rainwater collectors in the fields. To meet the remaining demand for 27 million litres, 33 million litres are produced on the island but a large por- tion, approximately 33%, is lost in the RO process which produces water for the island, and in leakages, which is why the island must import water by boat in peak season. There are some best practices on the island but when it comes to saving water, most Irish households have recently been lifted off water charges and get water up to 128 l/p/d for free, which does not encourage water saving. However, all businesses pay by the cubic meter for their water.

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2 Introduction 2.1 The assignment The Inis Oírr study is part of an assignment to search for, find, describe and share good examples of water saving practices on eight European islands, islands who do not solve water scarcity just by bringing more water through pipelines, desalination plants and tankers, but are making efforts to save water. The project is looking for best practices within four areas of water saving actions: 1 Training: Information, good examples, schooling, campaigns, understanding that water has different qualities which can be used for different purposes. 2 Engineering: Technologies for reducing water consumption in households (water taps, showerheads, toilet sinks etc), for reducing leakages in mains and pipes, for more efficient desalination/reverse osmosis processes, treatment of wastewater etc. 3 Billing: Differentiated pricing of (municipal) water that lead to water saving. 4 Cutting: Switching off the (municipal) water: mostly for shorter periods of time. Obstacles to save water can be found in governance (water saving is not a political issue), regulations, cost, taxes and financial obstacles (the water company does not earn money by saving water), no ‘sense of urgency’, sustainability indicators are underdeveloped or inexistent, management (saving is not an objective), human behaviour, business threats (water saving might ruin the visitors’ experiences and damage the island’s brand), technology and over-capacity (the island has a system which procures more water than the island needs, even in peaks). 2.2 The client The assignment has been given to the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm by MEP Tonino Picula from Croatia, the Hellenic Small Islands Network, l'Association des îles du Ponant, the Irish Islands Federation/Comhdháil Oileáin na hÉireann and ESIN – the European Small Islands Federation.

2.3 Study objects Eight islands are included in the project: Tilos and Ithaca in Greece, Lastovo and Vis in Croatia, Sein and Houat in France, Inis Oírr and Cape Clear in Ireland.

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Fig 2. The eight islands in the study They have been chosen because (a) they all have a scarcity of freshwater, (b) they repre- sent different sizes, seas, hydrogeology, climate, size of population and remoteness, (c) they have what seems to be interesting solutions for saving water, and (d) they have been in previous contact with us which makes it easy to obtain true data within a limited time and budget. 2.4 The three levels of an island To understand the freshwater situation of an island, the whole island must be observed (not just the technologies). We describe three interlinked levels: a The water of the island This is the basic geophysical system level which encompasses the physical geographical conditions on the island no matter if people live there or not: geology, oceans, skies, hydrology, meteorology, flora and fauna – the physical landscape. b The water of the islanders At the next level, humans move in and make their human footprints: they build houses and villages, till the soil and water, eat, drink, walk, arrange their social life with chil- dren, schools, elderly care, health care and security – the cultural landscape. c The water of the community At the top level, the humans build a common infrastructure of roads, water, sewer, tel- ephone, broadband, fossil and renewable energy sources, ports and ships. Water is produced, distributed, managed, financed and administrated – the technical landscape.

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2.5 Methodology Data about the islands has been collected through desktop research and field studies, during which we made make semi-structured interviews with politicians, technicians and citizens, investigated technical installations, took part of documents, plans, studies, maps and earlier research. This field study on Inis Oírr was undertaken by Christian Pleijel, Mairtin O’Mealoid from Irish Islands Federation and Maxime Bredin from the University of Brest, under supervi- sion of professor Anders Nordström from the Univerity of Stockholm and professor Sara Borgström at KTH. We are most thankful to the local coop Manager Paddy Crowe for his time and efforts to answer our questions and guide us around the island.

Fig 3. Mairtin O’Mealoid Figure 4. Maxime Bredin Figure 5. Paddy Crowe

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3 The water of the island

3.1 Location Inis Oírr (Irish : Inis Oírr, the island's official name, Inis Oirthir, meaning "East island", and traditionally Inis Thiar, meaning "West island") is pronounced Inisheer. It is the smallest and most eastern of the three Aran Islands in Galway Bay, on the western coast of Ireland. The island is about 8 km2 square kilometres in size.

Figure 6. The Aran Islands with Inis Oírr to the right

Figure 7. Model of Galway Bay with Inis Oírr in the middle of the picture

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3.2 Geology The island is an extension of The Burren. The terrain of the island is composed of limestone pavements with crisscrossing cracks known as "grikes", leaving isolated rocks called "clints". Further geological processes have widened and deepened the grikes of the limestone pavement. Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat pavement like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of sub-terrainean drainage. As can be seen in the figure, limestone and slate are varied. The slate is waterproof if it does not have any cracks. This makes water flow horizontally or along the sealing slate layer to the coast edge, to form sources. Wells can end up in first or 2nd or deeper groundwater floors. Quality can vary widely in the different "floors". Although groundwater formation is 450-500 mm per year, the bedrock creates a problem as the groundwater flows quickly out to the sea. The storage capacity of the groundwater magazine may differ much depending on the firmness of the limestone, resolution (karst) and its level over the sea.

Figure 8. Inis Oírr’s conceptual hydrogeological model with suggested drilling configurations for scavenger wells. source Pamela Bartley p. 21

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3.3 Hydrology and climate Inis Oírr has an average yearly rainfall of 1,153 mm (unconfirmed). Yearly groundwater recharge can be calculated a rainfall October-March x 0,8 = 461 mm. The island has an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C in July to 6 °C in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C (end 2010 recorded a prolonged period of snow, the first in living memory). Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C, this means that the island (like the neighbour- ing Burren) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports diverse and rich plant growth. As the island, a barren rocky outcrop, originally had very little soil, the islanders created soil – using sand and seaweed. They sheltered the crops by building stone walls, dividing the land among them. The result of their labour is evident in an amazing myriad of stone- walls with a combined length of 360km. The island supports Arctic, Mediterranean and Alpine plants side-by-side, due to the unusual environment. Late May is the sun- niest time and likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking but orchid species blooming later. The AranLIFE Project has published beauti- ful and practical guides to the island’s na- ture.

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4 The water of the islanders The 260-270 resident inhabitants live in 105 houses in five villages: Baile Thiar, Baile an Lurgain, Baile an tSéipéil, Baile an Chaisleáin and Baile an Fhormna. Roads, pathways and stone walls divide the fields and houses are built in settlement clus- ters on the sheltered north side of island.

4.1 Human pressure Besides the resident population, Inis Oírr has some 400 summer residents in 100 houses, 130 students during 3 x 3-week courses, 100,000 day-trippers and 50,000 weekenders (who typically stay 3 days). There is a post office, a summer college, a church, a community centre, a hotel, a hostel, eight B&B’s, 2 self-catering accommodations, one health care centre, one café, two bars/restaurants, a Heritage house and an Arts centre. The human pressure on the islands' infrastructure including freshwater, energy distribution, sewage and waste recuperation and treatment, roads, ports, telephones, internet, transports, postal services, healthcare and fire brigade, can be calculated as follows:

Residents 365 days 260 94,900 man-days Summer residents 150 days 400 60,000 man-days Summer student's x 9 weeks 60 days 130 7,800 man-days Day-trippers 1 day 100,000 100,000 man-days Weekenders 3 days 50,000 150,000 man-days Sum of man-days 412,700 man-days Table 1: Human pressure on Inis Oírrr The human pressure on Inis Oírr’s healthcare, mobile phone, rescue, waste, sewage, energy, transport and water supply systems are equivalent of a population counting 412.700 man-days / 365 = 1,131 permanent residents. To make a living, residents work with tourism, as seamen, in social services and with farm- ing. The tourism season is long, from March to November and the tourism industry con- sists of (I) 3 ferry companies, (II) 22 horse carriages, and (III) hotels, B&B and bike hire. Most of the skippers and captains of the three ferry companies are from Inis Oírr, so are the crew. The pressure from humans is very uneven, peaking in summer when water is most scarce. The week in June when this field study was carried out, 3,000 visitors came every day to Inis Oírr, using approximately 4 m3 of water/day.

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Figure 10. Public toilet queue, June 21 2017. Photo: Paddy Crowe 4.2 Distance The summer ferry distance to Inis Oírr is 30 minutes (Doolin-Inis Oírr). The winter and summer ferry distance to Inis Oírr is 1 h 15 minutes (Rossaveal-Inis Oírr). With an airplane: 6 minutes. 4.3 Water use CONSUMER’S PERSPECTIVE A day bath will use 80 litres, a five-minute shower will use 35 litres. However, a power shower uses huge amounts of water, as much as 100 litres in five minutes. Each dishwasher load will use 20 litres of water, while a washing machine will use about 50 litres each time it is used (less for highly efficient modern machines). If you brush your teeth leaving the tap on you could be using six litres every minute. Each bucket of water used for mopping or washing the car will use about 10 litres. The darker the colour of the water in the diagram below, the less purified does it need to be. It is perfectly sound to flush your toilets with rainwater (dark blue) but many people buy bottled water to drink (light blue).

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In Europe, the average daily water consumption rate per capita varies between 40 and 150 litres per day. In Ireland, it is 135 litres / person and day according to Eurostat1, whereof 9 litres for food and drinking, 54 litres for bath and shower, 23 litres for dishes, 14 litres for washing, 10 litres for other purposes and 27 litres for flushing the toilet. The Irish government uses a slightly different number. It has defined 589 litres a day the average amount of water for an Irish household. Based on a typical household of 2.6 Figure 11: Household water use (based on EU 135 l) people, that is 128 litres/person/day. From earlier studies of small island water consumption2, it is reasonable to assume that resident islanders use 75% of the national average 135 litres/day, summer residents and summer college students 100% of the national average, day-trippers 20 litres a day and weekenders use the Irish average 135 litres/day. Based on the calculation in table 1, the yearly water consumption on Inis Oírr in the year of 2017 is estimated as follows:

Category Man-days Consumption Total litres/day consumption Residents (365 days) 94,900 101 9,609 m3 Summer residents (90 days) 60,000 135 8,100 m3 Summer college students 7,800 135 1,053 m3 Day-trippers 100,000 20 2,000 m3 Weekenders 150,000 135 20,250 m3 Total water demand 41,012 m3 Table 2. Yearly water consumption on Inis Oírr According to this calculation, it seems the island needs 41 million litres (41,012 m3) of freshwater per year. 3 million litres is used for drinking, 16 million litres for showers, 11 million litres for dishes and washing and 8 million litres to flush toilets.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File: To- tal_freshwater_abstraction_by_public_water_supply,_2013_(m³_per_inhabitant)_YB16.png 2 http://www.stromstad.se/byggaboochmiljo/vattenochavlopp/vakosteroarna.4.fc6ae6c153c5fdf8ad127e2.html

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Of the 41 million litres, 24% is used by the residents, 20% by the summer residents and 56% by the visitors. Patrick Hehir3 made the following calculations in 2014: A Domestic demand: Current population 249 Per capita consumption 145 l/p/d + 25 l/p/d + side losses 186 l/p/d Sum 186 x 249 x 365 16,903 m3/y B Non-domestic demand:

No Off- Peak l/d Off-peak Peak peak people total l/d total l/d people Post office 1 1 2 30 30 60 Irish college 1 50 150 50 2,500 7,500 Church 1 2 2 30 60 60 Community centre 1 2 3 30 60 60 Hotel 1 10 80 250 2,500 20,000 Hostel 1 100 80 250 2,500 20,000 B&B 8 15 50 250 3,750 12,500 Self-catering 2 2 8 180 360 1,440 Health care centre 1 2 2 40 80 80 Café 1 3 8 25 75 200 Restaurant/bar 2 10 15 25 250 375 Heritage house 1 2 2 30 60 60 Arts centre 1 1 2 30 30 60 Camping site 1 4 20 50 100 1,000 Gaelic Park 1 4 25 100 400 2,500 Sum 208 449 12,855 65,925

3 Hehir, Patrick: Alleviating Water Resource Problems Inis Oírr Island PWS – Case Study, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology (2014)

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Thus, in Hehir’s calculation, the daily off-peak demand is 13 m3/d and the peak demand is 66 m3/d. 275 d x 13 2,275 m3 90 d x 66 5,940 m3 Sum/year 8,215 m3 C Agricultural demand 40 farms x 922 l/d Sum/year 13,461 m3 D Unaccounted for Water This is water that cannot be accounted for by legitimate use i.e. leakage and illegitimate connections. It is calculated by extracting the demand (a + b + c above) from the peak and off-peak daily outputs, the estimated water losses are 73% in peak season and 52% during off-peak season. Summing up the domestic demand (16,903 m3), the non-domestic demand (8,215 m3) and the agricultural demand (13,461 m3) in Hehir’s study, the total demand on Inis Oírr would be 38,579 m3/year. This is quite near the same as the previous calculation of 41 million litres.

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5 The water of the community 5.1 Governance Five years ago, Irish Water was founded to bring all water supply under one entity on a national level. Two main uses were to manage leakages and to make separate, correct and understandable billing of water consumers. There is a local water scheme caretaker on Inis Oírr. There are meters in all houses. Residents don’t pay, businesses do. 5.2 Water procurement There are two main common sources of water supply for the Inis Oírr scheme: (1) An Gleann, and (2) the desalination (RO) unit. In addition to this, water can be procured with (3) mainland water brought in with a tank boat, (4) the Leac Chrannáil source/impoundment, and (5) rainwater collectors. 1 An Gleann 1 a

Figure 12. Aerial photo Just above the pier in Baile Thiar, where the reservoirs and pump house are located, is a spring well. Two submersible pumps are used to extract the water from the top six inches of the source to the raw water reservoirs located on-site. When the spring has lots of water (typically during the winter season) a sim-

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ple gauge and pulley system is used to extract raw fresh water. This gauge operates as a guide so that the water which is abstracted is above the lower saline level as the salt water being of heavier consistency tends to sink towards the base of the well. Before 2010, two boreholes were used but were found to be too deep for the limited supply in the summer months and were extracting saline water. They were subsequently abandoned. 1 b

Fig 13. Rock base source Fig 14. After heavy rainfall, Nov 2009 At the base of the rock behind the pump house at An Gleann is another source: at heavy rainfall the water is channelled down the rock face and gravity fed back into the pump house from a 100mm diameter pipe. At heavy rainfall there will also be a natural ‘turloch’ under/around the steel tank. Very much water after rain which can be ‘harvested’ (pumped) if one is quick. Quite good quality, run through reversed osmosis and chlorinated. 2 The desalination (RO) plant The desalination unit is a reverse osmosis treatment system with a HF9 UFO 36” Cul- ligan Filter used to remove iron, manganese, turbidity, suspended solids and heavy metals (possible THM) from the raw water.

Figure 15. Reverse osmosis system

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3 Water tanker The former landing craft LCU167 named ‘Chateau Thierry’ is used as a water tanker, bringing 4 tanks of 26,000 litres each presently two times a day. The water is pumped through a pipe to An Gleann where it is run through the UV filter. In 2016, the cost for importing water was around 435,000€.

Figure 16. Water tanker 4 Leac Chrannáil This is a walled impoundment located towards the southern end of the island. This impoundment was believed to be in operation by early settlers on the island and comprises of an enclosure around a natural gradient flow towards the lower lying area. It is believed to pass over and through the karst rock outcrops of carboniferous limestone (Molloy and O’Connell, 2004), acting as natural fil- ters and the raw water seeps through the walls of the impoundment at various locations. A sump or well was constructed at the northeast corner of the wall to act as an abstraction point and water is then pumped through a 100mm PVC main back to the pump house. The source is generally only available for use during the winter season when the water level is replenished by a considerable amount of rainfall.

Figure 17. Leac Chranna íl

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5 Rainwater collectors There are many private rainwater collectors in the walled fields of the island.

Figure 18–21. Rainwater collectors RESERVOIRS The treated water from the RO system desalination plant is pumped through a 100-mm rising main to a high level clear water reservoir of capacity 454 m3 which in turn supplies the entire scheme by gravity. This reservoir, which is located approximately 160 m south east of the pump house on one of the islands highest point, feeds the entire scheme through 50 mm and 75 mm mains pipes. There are three raw water reservoirs for storage in the scheme as can be seen in the first photograph, with volumes of 4,546 m3, 2,273 m3, and 1,818 m3 respectively. They are interconnected and can be allowed to open or close by gravity feed towards the pump house when supply is required. It is up to the local caretaker to manage the sources and keep fresh water supplied to the water tanks. DISTRIBUTION Distribution is operated both by gravity and pumps. There are 184 connections (clients) in the system with 7 km of mains made of HDPE and PVC.

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Figure 22. The water scheme of Inis Oírr WATER PRODUCTION In 2014, the water produced on Inis Oírr was 135 m3/d in peak season and 70 m3/d off- peak. Thus [(135 x 120 d) + (70 x 245 d)] = 33,350 m3.

Figure 23. Water production 2010–2015 Besides the common water scheme, there are other, private sources of water such as wells, rain harvesting and uncountable water catchers for animals. Other sources of raw water supply used previously on the island consist of wells located at Tobar Éanna, Áit a’Chuan, Tobar Aolan, Tobar Luíg Bhuí and An Loch Mór. The later, An Loch Mór, is clearly evident from an aerial view towards the east side of the island as being the largest natural source of water on the island but has been consistently found to have excessive amounts of salt water infiltration and consequently high chloride and conductiv- ity values.

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5.3 Wastewater Individual septic tanks. Problems because the land is flat (no gravity).

5.4 Leakages

Leakage is calculated by extracting the demand (a + b + c above) from the peak and off- peak daily outputs. The estimated water losses are 73% in peak season and 52% during off-peak season. The big loss is through the RO system and the island has a massive drive to eliminate leakage.

5.5 Costs and taxes New water charges were introduced in Ireland in January, 2015, with the first bills re- ceived by householders in April. There were huge protests to the new water bills. Irish Water, the utility set up to provide water services nationally, said that in the first billing cycle, only 44 per cent were paying water charges. In the third billing cycle of 2016, 61 per cent of their customers, or 928,000 people, were paying – meaning 39 per cent weren’t.

Figure 24. Protests (source: Irish Times) When the present Irish Government was being formed in 2016 the hot issue of water billing was given to a cross-party committee which eventually issued a set of recommenda- tions, basically that there will be no water charges for 92 per cent of the households. Only a tiny fraction of the population will pay extra for water (i.e. households who are seen as water wasters and use more than 1.7 times the average amount). The average use in Ireland is defined as 345 litres per day, based on an average household of 2.6 people. That is 128 litres per person per day (l/p/d), while the European Commis- sion believes Irish people use 135 l/p/d, see page 11 above. So, households that use more than 589 litres of water a day (1.7 times the average amount) will be the ones who will be targeted for extra charges or levies. An estimation says there are 70,000 households in total in this bracket. There will be allowances for big- ger families and those in exceptional circumstances and who might pass the 589l figure earlier.

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This project is searching for ways to save water. This Irish model seems to be doing the opposite. If water is free for residents up to 135 l/p/d, most people will not be engaged in saving water. On the other hand, businesses, who pay for water, will. The first person who mentioned the issue of water on Inis Oírr was the girl in the hotel reception: “We have a scarcity of water. Please use it wisely. It will be closed off between 9 pm and 6 am.” The cost of importing water to Inis Oírr was about 500,000€ in 2016. 5.6 Future plans Continue working with Irish Water in implementing conservation measures when the out- come of the water saving devices installed in the 25 high use houses is ascertained. Continue in the endeavour's in having rainwater collectors installed to houses and businesses and retro fit for toilets especially. Irish water has applied in July 2017 for permission to erect two more water storage tanks on Inis Oírr and hope to have planning to proceed by early 2018. Comhar Caomhán Teo, the community development Co-operative has done a feasibility study on sewage system for the whole island and are advancing this project towards planning in 2018. If this project comes to fruition it would take approximately 200 septic tanks out of commission on the island. Continue to look for new water sources which it is felt may be had from underground sources (re Pamela Bartley’s report).

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6 Water saving 6.1 Best practice #1 In the 25 houses that used most water, Irish Water installed new showerheads, taps, toilets and bags in cisterns two years ago. The scope was to access some of the larger private water users on the island and supply and install non-evasive water saving products / devices. The products installed were all easy to retrofit and did not require breaking into the plumbing / water supply / pipe work. The result reported from Irish Water is a reduction of 2,3 million litres in water consumption in these 25 households during two years. With 589 litres a day as the average amount of water for a typical Irish household (see page 12) and a typical household of 2,6 people, the people living in these 25 houses have reduced their water consumption by 38%, from 128 litres/person/day to 79 litres/person/day. The cost for the project is yet not known. 6.2 Best practice #2 The owner/manager of Tigh Ruairí Hotel (the Strand House Guesthouse), Rory Connely, cleverly gets water by three different means: (a) Rainwater is collected from the roof via gutters and downpipes to a 3,000 litres tank buried in the garden. It is used to flush the toilets. (b) Two wells which were found with diviner by Rory’s father. One is 380 ft. deep, the other is 160 ft. very good quality, maybe a little high in ferrum. It is fil- tered with UV and pumped to two reservoirs, one in steel (15 m3), one smaller in plastic and is distributed by gravity to the hotel. Works 7 months a year, during “the wetter part of the year.” (c) Imported water. Same as rest of island, mains supply. 5 months a year, in 2016 up into No- vember. 6.3 Best practice #3 The co-operative, along with local authority, has worked hard in facilitating and encouraging good and innovative environmental practices amongst the local population. For example, they have run courses in: rainwater harvesting, water sampling and septic tank repair and maintenance. Action was taken on Insulating Houses and Public buildings with help from Sustainable Energy Ireland and the Dept. of the Gaeltacht. A major project is being carried out at the

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moment on our Arts Centre, includes total insulation of the building, solar panelling, energy efficient heating and a smart meter system.

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7 References Bartley, Pamela: Groundwater Availability on the Aran Island of Inis Oírr (2015) Comhar Caomhán Teoranta: Inis Oírr Water Supply Hehir, Patrick: Alleviating Water Resource Problems Inis Oírr Island PWS – Case Study, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology (2014) Hynes, Gerry: Inis Oírr Water Audit Project (2015) Eurostat: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File: To- tal_freshwater_abstraction_by_public_water_supply,_2013_(m³per_inhabitant)_YB16.png Interview with Paddy Crowe, Inis Oírr co-operative manager, June 21-22 2017 Interview with Padraigh Culligan, Inis Oírr water scheme caretaker, June 22, 2017 Irish Times April 12, 2017 https://www.irishtimes.com/news/water-charges/water- charges-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-bit-more-1.3046260 Morning Ireland, broadcast 23.6.2017 http://www.rte.ie/radio/utils/radioplayer/rteradioweb.html#!rii=b9%5F21192033%5F 48%5F23%2D06%2D2017%5F Nordström, Anders: Dricksvatten för en hållbar framtid (2005) Spilanis et al, the ESPON 2013 Programme The Development of the Islands – European Islands and Cohesion Policy (EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis (2013) Pleijel: How to Read an Island (2015) Pleijel: VA Kosteröarna (2017) http://www.stromstad.se/byggaboochmiljo/vattenochavlopp/vakosteroarna.4.fc6ae6c15 3c5fdf8ad127e2.html

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