PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY AND THE HADROSAURUS FOULKII

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Dr. Joseph Leidy HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1823

September 9, Tuesday: Joseph Leidy was born in Philadelphia as the son of a hatter at Third street above Vine, Philip Leidy, with Catherine Mellick Leidy, who would 20 months later die while giving birth to his brother Thomas Leidy.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal of events since the previous Sunday: 1st day 7th of 9 M / Aunt Patty is living this Morning & so was not to be expected to survive the Day she lays very still, & notices nothing about her. I staid from [—ing] in the forenoon, to be there in case of a change Henry Gould staid in the Afternoon & I went to Meeting & she died about an hour after the Meeting broke, very easily & quietly, thus ending a life of more than 86 Years I have no doubt in peace with God & all men [few] Women having lived more exemlary lives tho’ she was always poor, yet she exerted herself to get to meetings & was particularly careful to attend those in the middle of the week, & devoted much time to the Service of Society, under various appointments for about 20 Years in the Station of an Overseer, in which appointment she was carefully zealous in supporting the Discipline, & the various testimonys which our Society bares to the world, in plainness of dress & address & in moderation & temperance in all things - such was her concern on these accounts that she often labourd with those young in years with acceptance, & such was her easy mode of address & care to abide in the life that she seldom gave offence to those with whom she had to labour tho’ circumstances often lead to close & plain dealing, but had easy access & good place with most of the members of this preparative Meeting untill confined at home by Age & infermity. She however got out & attended Meetings, occasionaly till within three Years of her Death, - during her illness which was attended with much pain she manifested much christian patience, which considering her mind was previously much impair’d from age & infirmity is remarkable. - In her younger days she Possessed an uncommonly clear understanding, which however was much concealed from the world, from geat natural diffidence, from which circumstance her usefulness in life was not so conspicuous as it might have been however a strong desire faithfully to discharge every religious & social duty, often brought her forward both in Meetings for discipline & among her friends social circles. On Third Day 9th of the M Her remains were decently interd in Friends burying ground near the Meeting House where her father Mother & Grandfather Benjamin Stanton were buried, after a quiet sold opportunitry at the house - wherein a short testimony was born by Father Rodman RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1825

May 28, Saturday: Catherine Mellick Leidy died while giving birth to 20-month-old Joseph Leidy’s brother Thomas Leidy.

William Henry Brisbane got married with his 1st cousin Glorianna Lawton (July 15, 1805-February 17, 1878). The union would produce Anna Cornelia Brisbane in 1827, Bentley Hasell Brisbane in 1829, Robert Willingham Brisbane in 1831, Benjamin Themosticles Lawton Dion Brisbane in 1834, William Henry Brisbane in 1838, Ph(o)ebe Adeline Brisbane in 1841, Mary Julia Brisbane in 1843 or 1844, John Edward Brisbane in 1847 (not all these would survive childhood).

The husband would be attending preparatory school in New Haven, Connecticut and then in 1826/1827 the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy in Norwich, Vermont (I have no information as to whether the bride would accompany the bridegroom during this sojourn in the north).

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

Dr. Joseph Leidy “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1826

May 25, Thursday: Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 25th of 5 M / Our Moy [Monthly] Meeting this day held in Town was Silent & to me a low time. — The buisness conducted in the last was pretty well resulted, but great want of life on my part. — — we had several of our friend to dine with us Vizt B Freeborn, Z Chase G Dennis Asa Sherman - & Eleanor & Ann Lawton.— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

The Reverend Waldo Emerson’s 23d birthday.

The widower Philip Leidy remarried with Christiana Taliana, a cousin of his deceased wife Catherine Mellick Leidy.

The Rensselaer school’s Erie Canal expedition left Troy aboard the LaFayette left Buffalo for the return trip. Professor Amos Eaton and the expedition crossed the mouth of “Tonnewanta” (Tonawanda) Creek, and spent the night at Lockport, New York.

Giacomo Meyerbeer got married with his cousin Minna Mosson in Berlin. They immediately departed for Paris, where he would work on a new opera.

Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: I am torn both ways. I know I could be of the greatest use to father. It is impossible to take our child at his age across the ocean, as the discomforts, particularly where food is concerned, are so great. Josephine is quite willing for me to go, in fact urges me to do so. I will leave the matter entirely in father’s hands. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

After her 2d appearance in Chepachet, Rhode Island Little Bett, The Learned Elephant was being walked out of town when she was executed by a broadside of gunfire from shooters concealed in a grist mill on the Chepachet River. Her keeper had made the mistake of bragging to the yokels that her tough hide was impenetrable to bullets. Her hide would be shipped to the Boston Museum and would wind up being exhibited by Phineas Taylor Barnum at the American Museum in New-York. Four years later, seven of the local residents would be found responsible for this incident at the bridge and be required to pay $1,500 in damages to Hackaliah Bailey, an ancestor of the Bailey of Barnum & Bailey Circus — and two of them would get expelled from the local chapter of the Masonic Order. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1833

Joseph Leidy, at the age of about 10, was sent to the Classical Academy, a private day-school conducted by the Reverend William Mann, Methodist, to study English and read Latin (Historia Sacra, Viri Romie, and Virgil) – presumably Greek as well. There were then three schools in the vicinity. Mr. Collom and Mr. Livensetter charging $3 a quarter per scholar and the Reverend Mann $12. During this period a Mrs. Burris, a widow of color, was taking in laundry for her support while her son Cyrus Burris earned money by serving the runner for Joseph’s father’s hat shop — for delivering a hat to the home of a purchaser, he would be paid 6 or 12 cents depending on the distance. The boys of these schools, divided by the economic standing of their families, fought when they met in the street, so the Leidys engaged Cyrus Burris to accompany Joseph to school and when botanizing, and the two boys became buddies despite their color difference. Joseph became intrigued by minerals and plants when an itinerant lecturer from the “Universal Lyceum” was allowed to discourse at the school and show specimens.

The rates for board and tuition at the Yearly Meeting School in Providence had been cut down from $100 per year per scholar to $50, but due to increasing expenses were raised in this year to $60 for Quakers (plus, for non-Friends, a surcharge).

Wanting money for general purposes, the Rhode Island state government dipped into its handy school fund — a forced loan.

The Orthodox Friends of Pennsylvania created a “school for advanced learning,” known now as Haverford College. This institution was for males and offered an education based upon Latin, Greek, science, ancient history, and literature. QUAKER EDUCATION

NO-ONE’S LIFE IS EVER NOT DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY HAPPENSTANCE

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Dr. Joseph Leidy HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1839

End of July: The schooling of Joseph Leidy at the Classical Academy in Philadelphia was completed, as he approached the age of 16. The question needed to be answered, in what way would he train to earn his living? His father Philip Leidy supposed that, with his aptitude for draughting and drawing, he might train to be a sign painter, but young Joseph, who had passed many leisure hours in the wholesale drug store of his cousin Napoleon B. Leidy, M.D., preferred to apprentice himself to an apothecary. After several months of this, his stepmother prevailed on his father, to allow him to study medicine.

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Dr. Joseph Leidy HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1840

Fall: Thomas Cole finished the “Voyage of Life” series of paintings depicting life as a journey which had been commissioned by Sam Ward, a banker of New-York, in 1839. (Fortunately, Mr. Ward had been forced to leave all his money behind when he had gone down the final rapids of his life — so it would be possible to recompense the artist.)

When Joseph Leidy became a pupil of Dr. James McClintock, a private teacher of anatomy in College Avenue, Philadelphia, his father, a hatter, engaged to pay the preceptor’s fee in hats (which might have proved rather difficult to symbolize in an allegorical landscape painting). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1841

Joseph Leidy devoted himself to the learning of practical anatomy under the instruction of Dr. James McClintock until about the middle part of the year, but then Dr. McClintock was proposed as Professor of Anatomy in the Castleton Medical College in Vermont.

Johnson Heed (Martin Johnson Heade) was exhibiting his “Portrait of a Little Girl” at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia.1

October 26, Tuesday: Joseph Leidy matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania, under the instruction of Dr. Paul B. Goddard, then Demonstrator of Anatomy and Professor Horner's prosector (in conjunction with Mr. Robert Cornelius, Dr. Goddard would be the 1st in Philadelphia to create a Daguerreotype).

Lieutenant Eyre would report2 that “General Sale started in the direction of Gundamuk, Captain Macgregor having half-frightened, half-cajoled the refractory Giljye chiefs into what proved to have been a most hollow truce.” Meanwhile, the 37th native infantry, three companies of the Shah’s sappers under Captain Walsh, and three guns of the mountain train under Lieutenant Green were retreating without much opposition to the relative safety of the metropolitan capital of Afghanistan.

In anticipation of the campaigns for the 1842 elections, Isaac Van Anden and Henry Cruse Murphy began printing The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat, dedicating this new paper to what they termed the Democratic belief in equal rights (presumably, they meant by this what prominent Democrat Nathaniel Hawthorne would mean by it, the equal right of all white men to own as many black slaves as they could afford to purchase). Initially this would be a morning paper (it would be appearing for the next 114 years without skipping a beat). Among its editors would be the infamous Walt Whitman, who would be getting his not-equal- rights-enough ass kicked out after only a couple of years. This is the newspaper that would absorb every other Brooklyn daily paper with the exception of the Brooklyn Citizen. At one point it would become our nation’s most widely read afternoon newspaper.

1. In this year he was getting back to America after his 2-year tour of Italy, France, and England. The portrait of Heade by Thomas Hicks, depicting Head as a young man circa 1838, was painted at about this time. 2. Lieut. V. Eyre (Sir Vincent Eyre, 1811-1881). THE MILITARY OPERATIONS AT CABUL: WHICH ENDED IN THE RETREAT AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BRITISH ARMY, JANUARY 1842, WITH A JOURNAL OF IMPRISONMENT IN AFFGHANISTAN. Philadelphia PA: Carey and Hart, 1843; London: J. Murray, 1843 (three editions); Lieut. V. Eyre (Sir Vincent Eyre, 1811-1881). PRISON SKETCHES: COMPRISING PORTRAITS OF THE CABUL PRISONERS AND OTHER SUBJECTS; ADAPTED FOR BINDING UP WITH THE JOURNALS OF LIEUT. V. EYRE, AND LADY SALE; LITHOGRAPHED BY LOWES DICKINSON. London: Dickinson and Son, [1843?] HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

Those of us who take an interest in this sort of thing will be interested to glance at the Long Island train schedule as published in this gazette, most especially as the fuzzy woodcut they used by way of illustration would have represented a local contemporary train recognizable to its current riders:

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Dr. Joseph Leidy HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1844

April 4, Thursday: The Fourierists convened in New-York’s Clinton Hall as a National Convention of Associationists and elected the Reverend George Ripley of Brook Farm as their president, and Charles A. Dana of Brook Farm, Parke Godwin, the editor of the Fourierist magazine Harbinger and author of A POPULAR VIEW OF THE DOCTRINES OF FOURIER, and Horace Greeley as vice-presidents.

Frederick Douglass lectured before the Essex County Anti-Slavery Society.

Having completed 3 courses of lectures and having submitted a thesis “The comparative anatomy of the eye of vertebrated animals,” the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon Joseph Leidy by the University of Pennsylvania. He would become an assistant in the laboratory of Dr. Robert Hare, Professor of Chemistry, for six weeks, and then enter that of Dr. James B. Rogers, lecturer on Chemistry in the Medical Institute of Philadelphia and remain through the summer course.

August: Accompanied by some friends, Dr. Joseph Leidy hiked to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, the Beaver Meadow and Hazleton coal mines, Harveys Lake in Luzerne County, and Mauch Chunk Lake in Carbon County.

Edward Sherman Hoar and George Merrick Brooks of Concord graduated from Harvard College with the Class of 1844, as did the Richard Frederick Fuller whom Henry Thoreau had been tutoring during their “walk to Wachusett.” RICHARD FREDERICK FULLER was the fourth son. He graduated at Harvard University, 1844, studied law in Greenfield, Mass., afterwards a year at the Harvard Law School, and, having completed his studies in the office of his uncle, Henry H. Fuller, Esq., in Boston, was admitted to the bar on examination in open court, December, 1846, at the age of twenty-two. He became, and continued for two years to be, the law partner of his uncle, and subsequently practised law with success in Boston. Having been fitted for college, at the age of sixteen he entered a store in Boston, at the solicitation of his family; but mercantile life proving distasteful to him, be relinquished it at the end of one year. By severe application, he in six months made up for this lost year, at the same time keeping pace with the studies of the Sophomore class, and was admitted to college in the middle of the Sophomore year. He graduated the second or third scholar of his class. He died at his country home in Wayland, May 30, 1869. He had a taste for literature, was deeply religious, and an ardent lover of nature. One of his greatest pleasures was to walk in the early morning through woods and fields accompanied by his children. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

Eddie would study law for a year in the Dane Law School, then for a couple of years in New-York — and in 1848 would be admitted to practice in the courts of New York (however, as a brother would put the matter, he “found the confinement oppressive”).

Charles James Capen graduated from Harvard.

Benjamin Apthorp Gould graduated (he had studied mathematics and the physical sciences under Perkins Professor of Astronomy and Mathematics Benjamin Peirce).

Augustus Goddard Peabody graduated from the Harvard Medical School.

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Dr. Joseph Leidy HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

Fall: William Thomas Green Morton entered Harvard Medical School, where at the chemistry lectures of Dr. Charles T. Jackson he would learn of the anesthetic properties of sulfuric ether (the med student would leave without graduating).

Dr. Joseph Leidy opened an office as a general practitioner at No. 211 North Sixth street, Philadelphia. He would never make a satisfactory doctor; for instance, he might be so preoccupied in the dissection of a worm as to forget that a patient was waiting. A fellow doctor would angrily assert that under an impression that treatment would be pointless, Dr. Leidy had allowed a youth to expire whose life might well have been saved.

As the Thoreaus built their “Texas” House on Texas Street (now Belknap Street), it was Henry Thoreau who dug the cellar hole. This was to be the family home and boardinghouse “to August 29th, 1850” (this structure would be damaged beyond repair by fire and the devastating hurricane of 1938).

“Is a house but a gall on the face of the earth, a nidus which some insect has provided for its young?” –JOURNAL May 1, 1857 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

This structure, and the shanty Thoreau would build on Walden Pond in the spring, summer, and fall of 1845: HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

were they traditionally framed or were they “balloon” framed3? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

Americans’ technologies of building in the first decades of the 19th Century had evolved gradually from those of their 17th- and 18th-Century ancestors and for the most part would have been recognizable to earlier generations of housewrights. But a radically new way of putting buildings together appeared in the early 1830s, probably first developed by carpenters struggling to keep pace with the rapid growth of the settlement of Chicago on the tree-poor Illinois prairie. “Balloon framing” replaced the massive timber frame with a structural skin of numerous light, weight-bearing members, later standardized as two-by-fours, which were simply nailed together, not intricately joined. Carpenters could put up a balloon frame more quickly and could use much smaller-dimensioned lumber. Balloon framing was adopted first by builders in fast-growing Western cities and commercial towns, for whom speed and economizing on materials were highly important. It was slower to arrive in older, Eastern cities and took even longer to arrive in the countryside, where it did not really begin to replace the old ways until after 1860. Eventually rapid construction with lighter lumber triumphed almost everywhere; traditional timber framing and log construction had almost disappeared by the end of the nineteenth century.

REPLICA OF CABIN

THOREAU RESIDENCES

3. The house was damaged beyond repair by fire and hurricane in the 1930s. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

On Princes Street in Edinburgh, Scotland, the Scott Monument stood complete in all its magnificence.

The enormously expensive monument includes 64 statues mostly of characters from Sir Walter Scott’s novels, but with some figures from Scottish history. One of the statues on the upper tier of the northeast buttress, next to Robert the Bruce, purports to represent Robert Paterson, called “Old Mortality.”

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

Dr. Joseph Leidy “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

Winter: The Association of Industry and Education near Northampton at this point had 120 members: COMMUNITARIANISM

Membership April 1842 41 May 1842 65 End of 1842 83 June 1843 113 Winter 1844 120 Spring 1845 120

At the instance of Mr. Amos Binney, President of the Boston Society of Natural History, Dr. Joseph Leidy produced SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODA OF THE UNITED STATES, illustrated by 16 plates and containing 120 figures.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

Dr. Joseph Leidy “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1845

Upon the resignation of Dr. Goddard and the appointment of Dr. John Neill, Demonstrator, in his place, the Professor of Anatomy, Dr. Horner, appointed Dr. Joseph Leidy as his prosector. He was invited to join the Boston Society of Natural History.

The Friends of Germantown, Pennsylvania extended their Quaker schooling beyond primary into secondary education. QUAKER EDUCATION

July: After considering enrolling in the seminary of St. Sulpice in Paris, or the Urban College in Rome, Isaac Hecker concluded that he had been most impressed by the manner in which the Redemptorist order4 combined the active and contemplative aspects of the priesthood.

On nomination by Dr. Samuel George Morton and Messrs. John S. Phillips and John Cassin, in recognition of his work on snails, Dr. Joseph Leidy was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, then at the northwest corner of Broad and Sansom streets. He began studies in paleontology.

December: Letter from Lydia Maria Child to Louisa Loring: Die of science, correctness, wealth & show of Boston.

Letter to Anna Loring: Fuller’s literary set; John agent of Prison Association.

Dr. Joseph Leidy was elected Librarian of the Academy of Natural Sciences, but would resign at the end of the year (eventually he became the curator).

4. Referred to here as the Redemptorist order is the C. SS. R., the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer founded by Saint Alfonso Maria de’Liguori at Scala, Italy in 1732. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1846

Dr. Joseph Leidy was chosen Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Franklin Medical College, but would resign the office at the close of the session in 1847, resumed his position with Dr. Horner and delivering to students a private course of lectures on Human Anatomy. During this year he used his microscope to help investigate the murder of a Philadelphia farmer. A man caught with bloodstains on his clothes and hatchet was claiming it to be chicken blood, but under the microscope Dr. Leidy was not able to find the nuclei in erythrocytes that would have had nuclei had this been the blood of chickens. Testing, he found that when he left chicken blood to stand around for several hours, its erythrocytes did not lose their nuclei, and on that basis reported back to the police that the accused’s claim must be false (subsequently they obtained a confession).

In this year the Phrenological Journal announced that

among nations, as among individuals, force of character is determined by the average size of head; and that the larger-headed nations manifest their superior power, by subjecting and ruling their smaller-headed brethren — as the British in Asia, for example.

PHRENOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

Ever careful of the sensitivities of its subscribers, who might for some reason have tender feelings toward their wives, this journal forbore to belabor the obvious, that their average reader’s manly brain was considerably more massive and ponderous than that of his sweet little wife. Their point, after all, was “We can dominate

foreigners,” and they all already knew “We can domesticate domestics.” And in Europe, Louis Agassiz, a professor at Neuchâtel, declared, in regard to the collection of human skulls that Samuel George Morton had created in Philadelphia in order to demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt the basic differences between human races, that

This collection alone is worth a journey to America.

(It’s worth a journey to America because it reassures us that we white people are inherently superior to any and all other people, irregardless of whether we comport ourselves with decency.)

“Scientists have power by virtue of the respect commanded by the discipline. We may therefore be sorely tempted to misuse that power in furthering a personal prejudice or social goal — why not provide that extra oomph by extending the umbrella of science over a personal preference in ethics or politics?” — Stephen Jay Gould BULLY FOR BRONTOSAURUS NY: Norton, 1991, page 429 HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

When Louis Agassiz elected to remain in the USA after his lecture tour, to become professor of zoology and geology at Harvard College, Asa Gray promptly escorted him to Philadelphia to meet the famous scientific racist Professor Samuel George Morton.

(In this year Professor Morton’s “Observations on the Ethnology and Archaeology of the American Aborigines” appeared in Silliman’s Journal.)

Professor Agassiz would found the American Association for the Advancement of Science as a vehicle for advancing his covert agenda of favoring the laboratory scientist over the field scientist and the technician/ specialist over the generalist5 and would then condemn Charles Darwin’s development theory as not only “mischievous” but also “unscientific.” He would also enact his overtly declared agenda to preserve the racial purity of our nation’s schools, starting with his own elementary school in which the Emerson children were

5. To his credit, Henry Thoreau would suspiciously decline to become involved with this group of people. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

being educated, and with the sacred halls and classrooms of Harvard.

Professor Agassiz in early 1846, while still at Neuchâtel

Not strangely, this scientist was a follower of the theory of the progressive development of types associated with the name of Jean-Baptiste de Monet de Lamarck, or “Lamarckism,” which was merely a 19th-Century adaptation of the old doctrine of the “great scale of being” (Scala Natura) according to which all of nature reflects human society, some obviously being worth more than others. As an illustration of how such belief systems functioned at that time, Elias Hicks had asserted in a sermon of December 1, 1824 in Philadelphia that “We are on a level with all the rest of God’s creatures.” After theories of evolution had become current, an adherent of a Lamarckian theory put on the hat “objective scientist” to attack such “leveller” allegations as being not only theologically pernicious, but also scientifically false. As a mere lay person, a nonscientist, Friend Elias did not understand, this scientist declared, that some current forms of life have been shown by science to be more advanced, and others more primitive, on the great scale of being! It is not amusing, but profoundly saddening, to see professed scientists oppose the trends that would become established in their own disciplines, and watch them lump Waldo Emerson together with Friend Elias as unscientific thinkers — in order to legitimate social agendas of viciousness such as black slavery. And, likewise, it is notable that some gifted amateurs like Henry Thoreau were able to get past this scientistic smoke screen. What was it in Thoreau’s spirit that enabled him to be a better scientist than some of the most accredited scientists of his day?

June 25, 1852: What a mean & wretched creature is man by & by some Dr Morton may be filling your cranium with white mustard seed to learn its internal capacity. Of all the ways invented to come at a knowledge of a living man — this seems to me the worst — as it is the most belated. You would learn more by once paring the toe nails of the living subject. There is nothing out of which the spirit has more completely departed — & in which it has left fewer significant traces. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

I asked what it was in Friend Elias’s spirit, and then in Henry’s spirit, that enabled them to be better scientists than some of the most accredited American scientists of their day. Yes, I do have a theory — can you figure out what it is?

Not a theologian pretending to be a scientist Agassiz standing on his head and stacking BBs (Some of us understood that all along) (Please don’t attempt this at home)

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

Dr. Joseph Leidy “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

October 6, Tuesday: Hugh Auld agreed to sell his escaped slave Freddy Bailey’s manumission for the 150 pounds sterling ($711.66 in American currency) that had been raised by the British admirers of the antislavery lecturer Frederick Douglass — into whom this Freddy had transformed himself. (“You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man.”)

Kit Carson chanced to meet Stephen W. Kearny and his 300 dragoons at the deserted village of Valverde. Kearny was under orders from the Polk Administration to subdue both New Mexico and California and set up governments there. Learning that California had already been won, he sent 200 of his men back to Santa Fe, and ordered Carson to guide him to the coast to stabilize the situation there. The communications from California were forwarded onward toward Washington DC by another courier. For six weeks, Lt. Carson would be guiding Kearny and his 100 dragoons west along the Gila River over rugged terrain.

Although Dr. Henry J. Bowditch of Boston had previously noticed the existence of Trichina spiralis, no one had suggested how this parasite might be wending its way inside a human subject. Dr. Joseph Leidy announced that while eating ham at his own breakfast table he had found larvae of Trichina spiralis in the flesh, coiled up inside cysts that were “oval in shape, of a gritty nature, and between the thirtieth and fortieth of an inch in length.” He noted that these worms seemed identical within the muscles of pigs and of several human cadavers he had dissected. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1847

Publication of Alexander von Humboldt’s KOSMOS, which Waldo Emerson would purchase and read.

Dr. Joseph Leidy studied fossil horses of America and identified Poebrotherium, an ancient camel. He began work in helminthology. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1848

April: Late in the month Canandaigua editor E.E. Lewis printed a pamphlet presenting eyewitness accounts of the Canadian Fox Sisters and their strange rappings. He offered $50 to anyone who could solve the mystery.

Kate Maggie SPIRITUALISM

Dr. Joseph Leidy sailed to Europe as the traveling companion of an ailing colleague, Professor William Horner.

September: The 1st international congress of the Friends of Peace convened in Brussels, with Elihu Burritt as a speaker.6

Dr. Joseph Leidy returned with Professor William Horner from Europe to Philadelphia. In England, Germany, and France they had toured hospitals and anatomical museums and met with a number of anatomists and surgeons. During the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, they had been given ample opportunity to inspect gunshot wounds and observe their treatment.

Fall: The US Army decided that it needed Captain Seth Eastman to be in Texas. Mary Henderson Eastman and the children proceeded from Fort Snelling to New England, with Mary stopping off in Cincinnati to negotiate as her husband’s business agent. She would actively campaign to get her husband transferred to Washington DC, where he could at the Office of Indian Affairs continue his work as a painter of American Indians.

Dr. Joseph Leidy offered a course of lectures on Microscopic Anatomy.

6. Elihu Burritt’s A CONGRESS OF NATIONS. ADDRESSES AT THE INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONGRESSES AT BRUSSELS (1848), PARIS (1849), AND FRANKFORT (1850) (Boston: Directors of the Old South Work, 1904). HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1849

Dr. Joseph Leidy studied microscopic forms of entozoa and entophyta found to be living in and on animals.

Published in Philadelphia, presumably during this year, was a brothel guide making for interesting reading, entitled A GUIDE TO THE STRANGER, OR POCKET COMPANION FOR THE FANCY, CONTAINING A LIST OF THE GAY HOUSES AND LADIES OF PLEASURE IN THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE AND SISTERLY AFFECTION. Brotherly love and sisterly affection — that certainly sounds Quakerly!

The 1st skating club in North America, the Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society, was founded (it would incorporate in 1861). The “and Humane Society” in this group’s name indicated that members were obligated to carry with them a rope and reel with which to rescue those who might break through the ice. The crowds that members attracted with their beautiful Philadelphia twist (a complicated grapevine), their Q figures, and their flowers often caused the ice to crack, so having this rope and reel was a valued part of the attractive group’s function. The “Club” in the name indicated (until 1865) that all members were obligated to be attired as gentlemen while skating, in a swell’s top hat, swallow-tail coat, pantaloons, and white tie.

Spring: Dr. Joseph Leidy began a course of lectures on Physiology in the Medical Institute of Philadelphia, until prevented by the state of his health.

Waldo Emerson had recommended Indian cornmeal to Thomas Carlyle as a substitute for the scarce and low- quality potato of this period, and had provided the Carlyles with an American recipe that removed some of the bitterness of this mash, which many farmers were refusing to feed even to their livestock.7

THOMAS CARLYLE

Carlyle was so impressed by the idea that a servant might be fed for as little as a penny per day that he wrote a short piece on this intending to put it in the Times of London. As it would turn out, he wouldn’t be able to get it published there — but would be able to get such ruminations published in Fraser’s Magazine. IRISH POTATO FAMINE

7. Emerson and Carlyle were mistaken. A diet of Indian maize produces scurvy as this grain is not only deficient in the essential amino protein known as lysine but also deficient in Vitamin C. The ultimate effects of such a regimen are that one’s gums bleed and teeth fall out, while one’s limbs are covered with black sores. A death from scurvy is often hastened by gangrene — and this would be inevitable even were one able to force down enough cooked cracked corn mush to prevent any loss of weight! Had these gents themselves been obliged to subsist for any length of time upon the sort of cheapo regimen they supposed good enough for servants, they would of course have been obliged to become considerably more thoughtful. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

June: Phineas Taylor Barnum came to observe the Fox Sisters and quickly arranged for them to exhibit their Spiritualism stuff at his Barnum Museum in New-York at an admission charge of $2. As a 16-year-old and a 10-year-old, Maggie and Kate began a life of public display as Leah took them from city to city where they were questioned, examined, believed, and scorned by some of the most prominent citizens of the nation. Harriet Beecher Stowe, the Reverend Theodore Parker, and Bayard Taylor attended sittings during this period (that’ll be $6 please). At one particular sitting George Bancroft, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, the Reverend George Ripley, and Nathaniel Parker Willis were in attendance (that’ll be $10 please).

Dr. Joseph Leidy edited HUMAN ANATOMY BY JONES QUAIN, M.D., published in Philadelphia by Lea & Blanchard.

October 19, Wednesday: Dr. Joseph Leidy was accepted into the American Philosophical Society. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1850

Early in the 1850s, the family of Dr. John Kimball de Laski and Anne Wise de Laski moved to Carver’s Harbor (the village of Vinalhaven), and then to Iron Point, and later the village on North Haven, in the state of Maine. Dr. de Laski would be practicing medicine for nearly 30 years, during which time he also would be carefully observing the Maine landscape. He would catalog, for instance, evidences on the ground of the former extensive glaciation of the region.

OUR MOST RECENT GLACIATION Dr. Joseph Leidy went again to Europe, this time to assist Professor George B. Wood, Professor of Materia Medica, in collecting models, casts, preparations, etc., suitable for use as props in future courses of medical instruction. Afterward Dr. Leidy resumed his routine work in the University. During this period an influx of Tertiary fossils from the American West, including those of rhinoceros and Merycoidodon, would cause him to begin to concentrate on paleontology. PALEONTOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1851

The 2d National Woman’s Rights Convention was held in Worcester, Massachusetts; celebrities new to the list of endorsers included educator Horace Mann, New-York Tribune columnist Elizabeth Oakes Smith, and the Reverend Harry Ward Beecher, one of the nation’s most popular preachers. Public Friend Lucretia Mott presided. The Westminster Review published John Stuart Mill’s article, “On the Enfranchisement of Women” (Mill would later acknowledge that the piece had been the work of his companion, Harriet Hardy Taylor). Myrtilla Minder opened the 1st school to train black women as teachers, in Washington DC.

Dr. Joseph Leidy succeeded in transferring a human cancer into a frog. He studied fungal infections in cicadas and crickets. Observing termites coursing along their passages between stones, he noted “I have often wondered as to be what might be the exact nature of their food.”

Although, for the 1st year of its existence, the faculty of the new Female Medical College of Pennsylvania at 227 Arch Street in Philadelphia had been all male, at this point Hannah Longshore, who had been tutored in medicine before her enrollment, was selected as a demonstrator in anatomy and listed as a faculty member. FEMINISM

Summer: Dr. Joseph Leidy lectured on Physiology in the Medical Institute of Philadelphia.

August: Dr. Joseph Leidy was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1852

Summer: Dr. Joseph Leidy lectured on Physiology in the Medical Institute of Philadelphia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1853

Florence Nightingale was appointed resident lady superintendent of a hospital for invalid women in Harley Street, London.

Dr. Joseph Leidy was appointed as Pathologist to St. Joseph’s Hospital (a purely nominal position).

In Philadelphia, Friend Ann Preston was appointed as professor of hygiene and physiology of the Female (later HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

Woman’s) Medical College of Pennsylvania.

FEMINISM (Emeline Horton, who eventually would succeed Friend Ann as dean of Female Medical College in 1872 –and would be buried beside her– was in this year completing her undergraduate education at Oberlin College.)

On the occasion of the World’s Fair in New-York, suffragists held a meeting in the Broadway Tabernacle. This would go down in history as “The Mob Convention,” marred by “hissing, yelling, stamping, and all manner of unseemly interruptions.” SEXISM

The World’s Temperance Convention was held, also in New-York. Women delegates, including the Reverend Antoinette Brown and Friend Susan B. Anthony, were not allowed to speak.

Antoinette Brown (later Blackwell) was the first US woman to be ordained as a minister in a Protestant denomination, serving two First Congregational Churches in New York.

May: The swampy landscape of the American South was characterized in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine: “Life and death are locked in close embrace.”

After the demise of Dr. Horner, Dr. Joseph Leidy was elected Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania. Publication of his FLORA AND FAUNA WITHIN LIVING ANIMALS and his THE ANCIENT FAUNA OF NEBRASKA. PALEONTOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1854

Robert Collyer’s young son Samuel Collyer, whom he had left behind in Leeds, England in the care of his grandmother, at this point was summoned to Philadelphia.

Philadelphia became the first major city to issue revolvers to policemen (for the following six decades it would refrain from providing them with any training in the use of such weapons).

A fulltime schoolteacher was hired for the Eastern State Penitentiary.

The University of Pennsylvania appointed Professor Joseph Leidy as its delegate to the American Medical Association at St. Louis, Missouri. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1858

Summer: The elderly half-breed or quarter-breed furtrader George Gladman’s expedition into the Canadian prairies, having in the previous season explored the valleys of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, would in this season explore the valleys of the Assiniboine, Souris, Qu’Appelle, and South Saskatchewan Rivers. Henry Youle Hind and Simon James Dawson had been so derogatory toward the old man that he withdrew from the expedition, with Hind taking over leadership.

In this year was published Hind’s RAPPORT SUR L’EXPLORATION DE LA CONTRÉE SITUÉ ENTRE LE LAC SUPÉRIEUR ET LES ÉTABLISSEMENTS DE LA RIVIÈRE ROUGE.... (Toronto: S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats). This report would be in the personal library of Franklin Benjamin Sanborn and would be consulted by Henry Thoreau in 1860. Thoreau would copy some of the information into his 2d Commonplace Book.

A landowner, John Estaugh Hopkins, showed a vacationing Philadelphia lawyer and member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, William Parker Foulke, the site on his extensive properties near Haddonfield, New Jersey where, several decades before, some big bones had been dug up and carried off. Excavating this site, Foulke extracted back and tail vertebrae, pieces of ribs, hip structures, most of a hind leg, a forelimb, and jaw fragments of an enormous size. Taking these finds back to Philadelphia, he showed them to Professor Joseph Leidy who recognized them as the sort of bones to which the British naturalist Richard Owen had in 1841 assigned the name dinosaur meaning “large lizard.” PALEONTOLOGY

The name Hadrosaurus foulkii or “Foulke’s humongous lizard” was assigned to these remains, which seemed to have been remarkably well preserved because the carcass had drifted out to sea and been scavenged down to the bones by surface feeders, before it sank to the bottom in one contiguous piece and become encased in marine floor sediments. This skeleton would be used by Thomas Henry Huxley as support for a theory that modern birds are descended from these giant reptiles, a view which although for a long while in poor repute has now been widely accepted. The actual bones are in storage, but one may view adequate reproductions on display at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia PA and at the State Museum in Trenton NJ. THE SCIENCE OF 1858 HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1861

Professor Joseph Leidy’s AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON HUMAN ANATOMY.

A moving picture peep show machine was patented by Samuel Goodale of Cincinnati — the customer would put in a coin and turn a crank. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1862

Professor Joseph Leidy came to be in charge of autopsies at Salterlee General Hospital of the US Army in West Philadelphia.

The Roman Catholic Sisters of Mercy moved their St. Aloysius orphanage in Providence, Rhode Island from their convent on Claverick Street into a newer building on Prairie Avenue.

In New-York, Quakers founded a Friends Employment Society to train young women to work in hospitals and other jobs.

With the beginning of civil war, for financial reasons the Female (later Woman’s) Medical College of Pennsylvania was forced to discontinue its instruction. Friend Ann Preston was, however, able to open the doors of her new Woman’s Hospital on North College Avenue in Philadelphia, and was able to raise enough money to send her colleague Dr. Emeline Horton Cleveland off to the Maternité hospital in Paris to study HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

obstetrics — so that upon her return the new hospital could have a resident physician.

The federal Congress passed the Morrill Act which established land-grant colleges in rural areas: through such land-grant colleges, millions of women would be able to acquire low-cost degrees. The Homestead Act promised 160 acres of free land to anyone regardless of gender, who would live on it and improve it for five years: many single women would “prove up claims” under this act, especially teachers who would be able to work the land during the summer vacation.

In 1841, three women had already receive full baccalaureate degrees from Oberlin College, but Mary Hosford, Elizabeth Smith Prall, and Caroline Mary Rudd were white. In this year’s graduating class at Oberlin College, Mary Jane Patterson became the 1st African-American woman to receive a full baccalaureate degree.

April 3, Thursday: Professor Joseph Leidy became an inspector for the US Sanitary Commission.

October 9, Thursday: In New-York, Richard O’Gorman, a prominent lawyer of Irish-American extraction, addressed the Democratic Union Association. Constitutionally, he opinioned, the federal government of the United States of America had no more authority to “alter the relation” between the slaveholder and his possessions, than it had to alter the familial relationship between parents and their children, or than it had to step between the husband and the wife.

Philip Leidy, father of Professor Joseph Leidy, died. (Noticing that his son had ever been preoccupied with science and teaching rather than with healing anyone, the father had been fond of commenting that a first-class signpainter had been spoiled to make a poor doctor.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1863

March 3, Tuesday: In our nation’s puzzle palace on the Potomac, in the wee small hours of the 37th Congress, a decade of plotting and conspiring by the “Lazzaroni” of Professor Louis Agassiz of Harvard College came to culmination in the creation of a new disciplinary “jury” to be known as the National Academy of Sciences. The Lazzaroni had prepacked this august new secret body of administrators, by name in the enabling legislation, with non-scientist apparatchiks “who never turned a pen or did a thing for science,” officers they had recruited from the Army and Navy, and apparatchiks from the federal bureaucracy of Washington DC, whose chief or only asset was expertise in gameplaying.8 From the very first it was clear that the game plan was not so much discovery as the control, by safe people, of the processes by which things may be discovered. Here they are clustered close around the President, so that some of his legitimacy will rub off on them or so they can pick his pocket:

THE SCIENCE OF 1863

8. It was Agassiz who referred to it as a “jury.” He was gloating about how “the malcontents will be set aside or die out and the institution survive,” and urging his co-conspirators to further such scheming because “it now remains for us to give it permanency by our own doings.” Professor Joseph Leidy, although he fully participated in this, appropriately commented that the “grand humbug” was “nothing more than the formation of an illiberal clique based on Plymouth Rock.” Even the founder of MIT, William Barton Rogers, was made fearful by these developments, and how they had been implemented behind the backs of the American researchers by secret political negotiations with non-scientists about which “only two or three of the men of science knew anything until … announced in the newspapers.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

“Scientists have power by virtue of the respect commanded by the discipline. We may therefore be sorely tempted to misuse that power in furthering a personal prejudice or social goal — why not provide that extra oomph by extending the umbrella of science over a personal preference in ethics or politics?” — Stephen Jay Gould BULLY FOR BRONTOSAURUS NY: Norton, 1991, page 429 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1864

August: Professor Joseph Leidy got married with Anna Harden of Louisville, Kentucky (when they would find themselves unable to produce children they would adopt a 7-year-old orphan, Allwina Franck).

In setting up the National Academy of Sciences, Louis Agassiz’s bully-boy “Lazzaroni” had excluded a number of reputable potential members. Spencer Fullerton Baird, who had offended by hiring as an assistant at the Smithsonian Institution the researcher Charles Frédéric Girard whom Agassiz had fired, had been pointedly excluded as “only a descriptive scientist.” To make sure they carried the day, the Lazzaroni had been less than frank with their colleagues about what they were doing and to whom they were doing it. Then when inquiries began to be raised, there was talk about how they had had “opportunities for inductions upon … parts of their lives,” regarding folks like Baird and George Phillips Bond of the Harvard Observatory, which had led to “distinct conclusions” that such men were “too mean to bring into our Academy.” As more and more of this networking came to the attention of the less well connected members, there was a definite groundswell of resentment, and, in spite of the fact that “Mr. Agassiz lost his temper —and as I found next day —took personal offense,” eventually Baird would be enrolled as a member.9

THE SCIENCE OF 1864

9. Rivinus, E.F. and E.M. Youssef. SPENCER BAIRD OF THE SMITHSONIAN. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1869

Professor Joseph Leidy’s THE EXTINCT MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF DAKOTA AND NEBRASKA. PALEONTOLOGY

Hicksite Friends created a coeducational college in Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College. QUAKER EDUCATION HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1870

THE HOME NATURALIST : WITH PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING, ARRANGING, AND PRESERVING NATURAL OBJECTS; CHIEFLY DESIGNED TO ASSIST AMATEURS. BY HARLAND COULTAS, LATE LECTURER ON BOTANY AT THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, CHARING-CROSS HOSPITAL (London: The Religious Tract Society, 56, Paternoster Row; 65, St. Paul’s Churchyard; and 164, Piccadilly).

Henry Youle Hind’s “On two gneissoid series in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, supposed to be the equivalent of the Huronian (Cambrian) and Laurentian” (Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal, 26: 468-78).

The rivalry between fossil collectors Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope turned ugly when Marsh publicly pointed out Cope’s error in reconstructing a fossil marine reptile (OK, an expert putting an animal’s head on the tip of its tail makes for fairly pleasant newspaper copy). Their rivalry was the public’s gain as they attempted to outdo each other in identifying new dinosaur species — over 130. THE SCIENCE OF 1870

Professor Joseph Leidy had his picture taken:

Othniel Charles Marsh discovered, in chalk deposits in Kansas, the 1st North American pterosaur. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

He calculated the wingspan at 20 feet (during the following year he would collect more fossils to confirm this calculation). PALEONTOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1871

Spring: Professor Joseph Leidy became Professor of Natural History at Swarthmore College, a distance of 11 miles from his home. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1872

The last of the four volumes of Francis Trevelyan Buckland, M.A.’s CURIOSITIES OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Professor Joseph Leidy visited Fort Bridger, Wyoming. After this he would focus on microscopy rather than paleontology. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1873

Professor Joseph Leidy’s CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EXTINCT VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE WESTERN TERRITORIES.

Ernst Abbe of Germany presented a detailed theory of image formation in the microscope.

HISTORY OF OPTICS HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1874

December: Professor Joseph Leidy was offered the Hersey Professorship of Anatomy in Harvard University, with an annual salary of $4,000. NEW “HARVARD MEN” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1875

President Ulysses S. Grant opened the Oregon Territory to settlement and vetoed a bill to protect the bison from extinction.

Professor Joseph Leidy and Anna Harden Leidy toured the museums of Europe. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1876

Professor Asa Gray issued DARWINIANA.

Charles Darwin’s CROSS AND SELF FERTILIZATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM explained the concept of BOTANY hybrid vigor, stimulating experiments and studies by other scientists. Though the basic concept of hybrid vigor had been discussed by various researchers during the earlier decades of this century, this was the first complete analysis and description.

Charles Doolittle Walcott was able to find and describe legs of trilobite, putting to rest some speculation about how these creatures had moved about. PALEONTOLOGY

Unable to have children of their own, Professor Joseph Leidy and Anna Harden Leidy adopted a 7-year-old orphan, Allwina Franck. Professor Leidy was appointed as Director of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia, which was creating a municipal zoo.

Robert Koch validates the germ theory of disease, postulated by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s, identifying a bacterium as the cause of anthrax.

Harland Coultas’s ZOOLOGY OF THE BIBLE. WITH PREFACE, BY REV. W.F. MOULTON, D.D. (London: BIOLOGY Wesleyan Conference Office, 2, Castle Street, City Road. Sold at 66, Paternoster Row). (Also in this year, OUR ZOOLOGICAL FRIENDS.)

Cesare Lombroso’s THE CRIMINAL MAN describing physical characteristics that identify inborn criminals. THE SCIENCE OF 1876 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1883

March 3, Saturday: Mr. Henry Seybert, a firm believer in modern spiritualism, died at the age of 82 leaving to the University of Pennsylvania a sum of money sufficient to found a Professorship of Philosophy on condition that the University should appoint a commission to investigate “all systems of morals, religion or philosophy, which assume to represent the truth, and particularly of modern spiritualism.” Ten gentlemen, most of them members of Faculties or of the Board of Trustees of the University, were constituted a commission to investigate modern spiritualism. Professor Joseph Leidy, with one or more members of the commission, would attend 12 sittings with reputed spiritualist mediums between March 1884 and April 1887 and the commission would submit a preliminary report of its proceedings during May 1887. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1886

Summer Commencement: Harvard University conferred upon Professor Joseph Leidy its honorary degree of Legum Doctor — LL.D. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1888

December 18, Tuesday: The Institute of France conferred upon Professor Joseph Leidy its Cuvier prize medal. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1889

Summer: Accompanied by his wife and adopted daughter, Professor Joseph Leidy again visited Europe. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1890

December 18, Thursday: Radio pioneer Edwin Howard Armstrong was born in New-York (but, at the time this was just another baby).

The world’s initial electric subway system and deep level tube railway, the City and South London Railway from Stockwell to William Street, opened to the public.

At a private event in honor of Joseph Joachim at the Hochschule für Ausübende Tonkunst in Berlin, with String Quartet no.2 being performed for the initial time, when Joachim attempted to offer was to improve the piece, the composer Carl Nielsen ever so politely refrained from engaging in such discussion.

Professor Joseph Leidy had visited several times the establishment of a Mr. John Ernst Worrell Keely who claimed to have devised a new motor of extraordinary force, termed a “hydro-pneumatic-pulsating-vacue- engine,” that seemed to be able to run in his house at 1422 North 20th Street in Philadelphia without fuel other than water and air and which any day now might be turned to some useful purpose such as alleviating drudgery while providing humankind with ample leisure time in which they might develop their talents. The Keely Motor Company had since 1872 burned its way through almost a hundred millions of (today’s) investor dollars. On this day Professor Leidy endorsed this project, writing on his card to a friend “Keely appeared to me to have command of some power previously unknown.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1891

April 30, Thursday: Joseph Leidy died. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

1984

In this year and the following one the tomb of Pharaoh Rameses VII (Usermaatresetepenre) (1,133 BCE-1,125 BCE) in the Valley of the Kings (#1) was being re-excavated by Edwin Brock, currently co-director of the Amenmesse Tomb Project that in 2006 announced the discovery of the most recent tomb Valley of the Kings tomb, #63. DIGGING UP THE DEAD

Richard Leakey and his team discovered Turkana Boy, the most complete Homo erectus fossil yet recovered.

David Raup and Jack Sepkoski pointed out that mass extinctions have been happening quite regularly, roughly every 26,000,000 years. Such a claim is provocative since it points in the direction of our needing to come up with an explanation for these mass extinctions that is intrinsic to the life sciences, rather than one that would be extrinsic to those sciences — such as the cockamamie doctrine of all those fortuitous deus ex machina asteroid and comet strikes. THE SCIENCE OF 1984

The forgotten site at which the famous Hadrosaurus foulkii skeleton named by Professor Joseph Leidy had been dug up in the summer of 1858 was rediscovered by a Boy Scout, Chris Brees, at the end of Maple Street in Haddonfield, New Jersey. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

1991

June: At the request of the students of Strawbridge Elementary School near the site at which the famous dinosaur skeleton had been dug up in the summer of 1858, the one denominated Hadrosaurus foulkii by Professor Joseph Leidy, the state Assembly declared that species to be the Official Dinosaur of the State of New Jersey.

Kurt Vonnegut and Jill Krementz filed for divorce. The petition would later be withdrawn (that dinosaur, however, is still official).

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Dr. Joseph Leidy HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2015. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: March 10, 2015 HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY

ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh. HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY HDT WHAT? INDEX

DR. JOSEPH LEIDY PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PROFESSOR JOSEPH LEIDY DR. JOSEPH LEIDY