DOCSLIB.ORG

Hard on the Heels of the California Gold Rush and the Comstock Lode

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hard on the Heels of the California Gold Rush and the Comstock Lode Dinosaur hunter Edward Drinker Cope studied briefly at Penn in his youth BONEand ended his WARRIORdays as a faculty member at the University. In between, the impulsive and driven scholar churned out more than 1,400 scientific publications— and exchanged many harsh words—in an epic battle with his more methodical rival, Othniel Charles Marsh of Yale, for primacy in the nascent field of paleontology. BY DENNIS DRABELLE ard on the heels of the California precocious Edward found himself drawn of 18 he had a part-time job there. A year Gold Rush and the Comstock to the natural sciences in a favorable later, he racked up his first scholarly H Lode Silver Rush came the place and time—Philadelphia was a sci- publication, and not even his father’s Great Plains Bone War. At stake in the entific mecca, newly discovered fossils gift of a farm could dissuade the young Bone War were dinosaur fossils, not ore, were adding years by the tens of mil- man from pursuing a scientific career. but what the struggle lacked in glitter it lions to the Earth’s age, and Darwin was In either 1860-61 or 1861-62 (the evidence made up for in intensity and vitriol, sup- honing his theory of evolution in is ambiguous), he attended Penn, where plied by two paleontologists locked in advance of its release—but Alfred had he is known to have studied comparative bitter rivalry: Othniel Charles Marsh, a a different future mapped out for his anatomy with the famous Joseph Leidy longtime professor at Yale, and Edward son: gentleman farmer. Edward attend- M1844, professor of anatomy and found- Drinker Cope, an independent scholar ed a Quaker day school and then board- er and head of the Department of Biol- who in his last years taught at Penn. ed at Westtown School near West Ches- ogy at the University. Cope’s formal edu- Marsh and Cope’s drawn-out race to ter, Pennsylvania. Writing home to his cation ended at this point, though with- unearth, describe, classify, and claim parents, the 12-year-old schoolboy mar- out adverse effect on his progress. To his intellectual property rights to dinosaurs shaled cunning, charm, and self-knowl- job at the ANS he added one as a research- was characterized by spying, dirty tricks, edge in a way that could hardly have er in herpetology at the Smithsonian turncoats, and mutual accusations in failed to get him what he wanted: “that Institution in Washington. the gutter press. Today dinosaurs are the Quarter dollar is not gone by any means, His father sent Edward off to the safe- domesticated stuff of kids’ fantasies; a I only begin to ask soon, as I thought ty of Europe for what proved to be the century-and-a-half ago, the beasts drove some more might be hard to get … for last two years of the Civil War. The young grown men to act like children. when a boy is hungry money is nothing, man used his freedom to immerse him- Edward Drinker Cope sprang from the food must be had.” self more deeply in science. It was during Philadelphia establishment: his Quak- When in Philadelphia, Cope frequent- this period, Marsh later recalled, that er father, Alfred, was co-owner of a pros- ed the Academy of Natural Sciences, the future combatants first met, in Ber- perous shipping firm. Born in 1840, the becoming such a fixture that by the age lin—and hit it off. At the time, according 62 MARCH | APRIL 2017 THE PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE ILLUSTRATIONS BY DAVID HOLLENBACH THE PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE MARCH | APRIL 2017 63 to Mark Jaffe in his book The Gilded up his findings and submitted them to and teeth had been overlooked, that they Dinosaur: The Fossil War Between E.D. the American Philosophical Society, went together, and that he’d found a new Cope and O.C. Marsh and the Rise of which had printed and disseminated dinosaur species, which he duly wrote American Science, Marsh “had two uni- advance copies. Cope scurried to retrieve up. Later it came out that he’d been versity degrees, but only two published these, but a few got away. tricked. One of Marsh’s Yale colleagues, scientific papers. While Cope had no Over the years, Marsh kept Cope’s error James Dwight Dana, called Cope “a man degrees, he had already published thirty- alive by dragging it into almost every phase of great learning & ability and were he seven scientific papers.” of their burgeoning feud—the scholarly not in so burning haste would always do Back home in 1865, Cope landed a equivalent of poking a sore. (Ultimately, splendid work.” teaching position at Haverford College, however, Marsh made what was arguably Kansas was also the site of the feud’s a Quaker institution, probably thanks a worse mistake: he matched a dinosaur ugly nadir. Years after the event, the to string-pulling by his dad. In 1866, body with the wrong head, thereby bollix- paleontologist Samuel Williston, who Edward was elected a member of the ing up the taxonomy of two species.) had defected from Marsh’s team to American Philosophical Society, whose Cope’s, wrote Cope a letter of confession. journal became a favorite venue for his With the American West opened up by Marsh had ordered the destruction of paleontological articles, some of them the transcontinental railroad in 1869, certain fossil fields—in one instance by on an early specialty of his: fossil fish. Cope and Marsh began making summer setting off dynamite—to keep Cope from The young professor married a distant forays to the fossil fields of Kansas, having a go at them, and Williston had cousin, Annie Pim; their only child, a Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and else- carried out one of these orders. “It is daughter, was born in 1866. After Cope where, typically as advisers to federal necessary for me to say,” he concluded, gave up his teaching post in 1867, the fam- geological surveys. They soon clashed “I only despised him for it.” ily moved to Haddonfield, New Jersey, to over issues of territory and primacy. Other colleagues and agents fell out be near local fossil deposits in which he’d As Keith Thomson explains in The Leg- with Marsh, too, sometimes over his hog- already discovered what was only the sec- acy of the Mastodon: The Golden Age of ging of credit, sometimes over his slow- ond known American dinosaur skeleton Fossils in America, by the mid-19th cen- ness in paying their salaries. But it would (the first had been found by Leidy). Cope’s tury North America had earned a reputa- be wrong to depict Marsh as an out-and- farm was making money, which his father tion as “a huge open textbook for the dis- out knave. Much to his credit, he stood supplemented with infusions of cash. covery of the geological structure of the up for the Sioux when they were being Marsh, meanwhile, had joined the fac- earth and its ancient inhabitants.” The cheated by unscrupulous federal Indian ulty of Yale, his alma mater—a tie that book was huge and open, all right, but also agents. While working nearby deposits, strengthened when his rich uncle donat- divided into far-flung chapters, making Marsh learned of the corruption from ed the money for what became Yale’s fossil-bearing strata coveted workplaces. Red Cloud himself and promised to bring Peabody Museum of Natural History. Even by train, travel to a promising locale it up with President Grant. Marsh kept The first hitch in the Cope-Marsh friend- was costly and time-consuming, as were that promise, pressing the case so hard ship occurred in 1867, when Marsh got preserving, packing, and shipping fossils that both the commissioner of Indian his hands on the remains of an ancient back East for study. Just as a prospector affairs and his boss, the secretary of the aquatic lizard from a New Jersey dig. He for gold or silver would call dibs on the interior, had to resign. named it Mosasaurus copeanus, but the area of his strike, so paleontologists devel- honor failed to assuage Cope’s sense of oped a first-on-the-scene possessiveness. lfred Cope died in 1875, leaving being scooped in his own backyard. The difference was that while the miner Edward roughly a quarter of a A year later, Cope made a costly blun- had recourse to laws that would protect Amillion dollars (about $5.4 mil- der. An army surgeon in Kansas sent the his investment and effort, the scientist did lion today). This allowed him to mount disarticulated skeleton of a “sea serpent” not. If Paleontologist A digs into a hillside his own expeditions without subordinat- to the ANS. Cope put the creature togeth- and Paleontologist B comes along, what ing himself to government surveyors. er literally ass-backwards, giving it an were the ethics? How much clearance was It was at this flush moment that Charles extremely long tail when, in fact, it had A entitled to? There were no easy answers Sternberg came along. As a teenager, had an extremely long neck. When Marsh to such questions. Sternberg had explored the badlands of came to town, Cope invited him to have The methodical Marsh went to work western Kansas, where the family had a look. Marsh noticed the mistake and in Kansas and Wyoming but was slow to moved from upstate New York so that pointed it out. Cope stood his ground, publish his findings. The speedy Cope the father, a minister, could run a Luther- and Leidy was called in to referee.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dinosaur Wars Program Transcript
    Page 1 Dinosaur Wars Program Transcript Narrator: For more than a century, Americans have had a love affair with dinosaurs. Extinct for millions of years, they were barely known until giant, fossil bones were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century. Two American scientists, Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, led the way to many of these discoveries, at the forefront of the young field of paleontology. Jacques Gauthier, Paleontologist: Every iconic dinosaur every kid grows up with, apatosaurus, triceratops, stegosaurus, allosaurus, these guys went out into the American West and they found that stuff. Narrator: Cope and Marsh shed light on the deep past in a way no one had ever been able to do before. They unearthed more than 130 dinosaur species and some of the first fossil evidence supporting Darwin’s new theory of evolution. Mark Jaffe, Writer: Unfortunately there was a more sordid element, too, which was their insatiable hatred for each other, which often just baffled and exasperated everyone around them. Peter Dodson, Paleontologist: They began life as friends. Then things unraveled… and unraveled in quite a spectacular way. Narrator: Cope and Marsh locked horns for decades, in one of the most bitter scientific rivalries in American history. Constantly vying for leadership in their young field, they competed ruthlessly to secure gigantic bones in the American West. They put American science on the world stage and nearly destroyed one another in the process. Page 2 In the summer of 1868, a small group of scientists boarded a Union Pacific train for a sightseeing excursion through the heart of the newly-opened American West.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2017 Fossil Excavation, Museums, and Wyoming: American Paleontology, 1870-1915 Marlena Briane Cameron Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOSSIL EXCAVATION, MUSEUMS, AND WYOMING: AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, 1870-1915 By MARLENA BRIANE CAMERON A Thesis submitted to the Program in the History and Philosophy of Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2017 Marlena Cameron defended this thesis on July 17, 2017. The members of the supervisory committee were: Ronald E. Doel Professor Directing Thesis Michael Ruse Committee Member Kristina Buhrman Committee Member Sandra Varry Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 2. THE BONE WARS ....................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Science, Sovereignty, and the Sacred Text: Paleontological Resources and Native American Rights Allison M
    Maryland Law Review Volume 55 | Issue 1 Article 5 Science, Sovereignty, and the Sacred Text: Paleontological Resources and Native American Rights Allison M. Dussias Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation Allison M. Dussias, Science, Sovereignty, and the Sacred Text: Paleontological Resources and Native American Rights, 55 Md. L. Rev. 84 (1996) Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol55/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Academic Journals at DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maryland Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SCIENCE, SOVEREIGNTY, AND THE SACRED TEXT: PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND NATIVE AMERICAN RIGHTS ALLISON M. DussIAs* Land is the only thing in the world that amounts to anything... for 'tis the only thing in this world that lasts.... 'Tis the only thing worth working for, worth fightingfor-worth dying for.' -Gone with the Wind You have driven away our game and our means of livelihood out of the country, until now we have nothing left that is valuable except the hills that you ask us to give up.... The earth is full of minerals of all kinds, and on the earth the ground is covered with forests of heavy pine, and when we give these up to the Great Father we know that we give up the last thing that is valuable either to us or the white people.2 -Wanigi Ska (White Ghost) We believe that at the beginning of all things, when the earth was young, the thunderbirds were giants.
    [Show full text]
  • La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas
    La Brea and Beyond: The Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas Edited by John M. Harris Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 42 September 15, 2015 Cover Illustration: Pit 91 in 1915 An asphaltic bone mass in Pit 91 was discovered and exposed by the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science and Art in the summer of 1915. The Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History resumed excavation at this site in 1969. Retrieval of the “microfossils” from the asphaltic matrix has yielded a wealth of insect, mollusk, and plant remains, more than doubling the number of species recovered by earlier excavations. Today, the current excavation site is 900 square feet in extent, yielding fossils that range in age from about 15,000 to about 42,000 radiocarbon years. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Archives, RLB 347. LA BREA AND BEYOND: THE PALEONTOLOGY OF ASPHALT-PRESERVED BIOTAS Edited By John M. Harris NO. 42 SCIENCE SERIES NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Luis M. Chiappe, Vice President for Research and Collections John M. Harris, Committee Chairman Joel W. Martin Gregory Pauly Christine Thacker Xiaoming Wang K. Victoria Brown, Managing Editor Go Online to www.nhm.org/scholarlypublications for open access to volumes of Science Series and Contributions in Science. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles, California 90007 ISSN 1-891276-27-1 Published on September 15, 2015 Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas PREFACE Rancho La Brea was a Mexican land grant Basin during the Late Pleistocene—sagebrush located to the west of El Pueblo de Nuestra scrub dotted with groves of oak and juniper with Sen˜ora la Reina de los A´ ngeles del Rı´ode riparian woodland along the major stream courses Porciu´ncula, now better known as downtown and with chaparral vegetation on the surrounding Los Angeles.
    [Show full text]
  • A Teacher's Guide to Joe on the Go Grades
    A Teacher’s Guide to Joe on the Go Grades 3-6 Description Joseph Leidy was said to be the last man to know everything. Even when he was just a boy, he was always trying to understand his world. Known as the Father of American Vertebrate paleontology, Joe was always on the go. In the spirit of Joseph Leidy, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University wants you to engage with the world of science in your classroom and take one of natural history’s most important figures with you! Include Lil’ Leidy in your experiments, take a picture, and share your explorations with the Academy! This packet includes activities your class can do that relate to the amazing work that Joseph Leidy did throughout his career Keep reading to improve your understanding of the man behind some of the most interesting finds in natural science. Whether he was solving a murder by taking a close look at cell structure or piecing together fossil remains of an ancient beast based on a modern day descendant, Joseph Leidy was always on the go! Let’s join in celebrating 200 years of discovery at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University and take Joe on the Go! This curriculum guide is broken down into three parts that reflect many of the themes of Joseph Leidy’s personal and professional life. Be a Scientist! asks students to apply general scientific skills to their world. Paleontology Rocks! digs deeper into the field of fossils. Small Worlds takes a closer look at the smaller organisms sharing our planet: parasites.
    [Show full text]
  • George P. Merrill Collection, Circa 1800-1930 and Undated
    George P. Merrill Collection, circa 1800-1930 and undated Finding aid prepared by Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. Contact us at [email protected] Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Historical Note.................................................................................................................. 1 Descriptive Entry.............................................................................................................. 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 3 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series 1: PHOTOGRAPHS, CORRESPONDENCE AND RELATED MATERIAL CONCERNING INDIVIDUAL GEOLOGISTS AND SCIENTISTS, CIRCA 1800-1920................................................................................................................. 4 Series 2: PHOTOGRAPHS OF GROUPS OF GEOLOGISTS, SCIENTISTS AND SMITHSONIAN STAFF, CIRCA 1860-1930........................................................... 30 Series 3: PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES (HAYDEN SURVEYS), CIRCA 1871-1877..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Drinker Cope's Law of Acceleration of Growth [1]
    Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Edward Drinker Cope's Law of Acceleration of Growth [1] By: Barnes, M. Elizabeth Keywords: orthogensis [2] The Law of Acceleration of Growth is a theory proposed by Edward Drinker Cope [3] in the US during the nineteenth century. Cope developed it in an attempt to explain the evolution [4] of genera by appealing to changes in the developmental timelines of organisms. Cope proposed this law as an additional theory to natural selection [5]. He argued that the evolution [4] of genera, the more general groups within which biologists group species, occurs when the individuals in a species move through developmental stages [6] faster than did their ancestors, but within the same fixed period ofg estation [7], and thus can undergo new developmental stages [6] and develop new traits. The Law of Acceleration compliments Cope's Law of Retardation of Growth. He described the later law as the process by which organisms revert to an ancestral stage. In these cases, forces suppress the most recent traits or stages common to the development of individuals from different species within the same genus. Cope described evolution [4] as progressive and following a predetermined path, a perspective about evolution [4] sometimes called orthogenetic. Cope's was one among many orthogenic theories in the second half of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, the theory was part of a trend in the nineteenth century in which some biologists claimed that the changes in developmental timing of organisms could explain large changes in biological forms throughout natural history [8].
    [Show full text]
  • Cope's Law of the Unspecialized, Cope's Rule, and Weak
    Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2013, 15: 747–756 Cope’s Law of the Unspecialized, Cope’s Rule, and weak directionality in evolution Pasquale Raia1 and Mikael Fortelius2 1Dipartamento di Scienze della Terra, Ambiente e Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy and 2Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ABSTRACT Background: Edward Drinker Cope nurtured the idea that evolution moves by an inner motor towards the perfection of structures. This concept animated his major contributions to evolutionary theory, including the Law of the Unspecialized and the familiar Cope’s Rule. The former states that clades start with unspecialized forms and evolve towards specialized descendants eventually bound to become extinct because of their ‘overperfection’. Through time, the Law of the Unspecialized has been abandoned, probably because it is dominated by a concept of strong directionality (and the many distortions this concept entails). Questions: Is directionality in evolution real? If so, does the evidence contradict the Law of the Unspecialized, as is now commonly assumed? Procedure: We review the Law of the Unspecialized. Then we recast it in modern terms. We highlight the connection between Cope’s Rule and the Law of the Unspecialized. Conclusions: A form of weak directionality is real. We conclude that the concept of directionality has been unjustly deprecated. It is, in fact, a pervasive, important, and easily testable feature of evolution. Keywords: Cope’s Rule, Cope’s Law of the Unspecialized, weak directionality, body size, ecological specialization. INTRODUCTION What we understand today as Cope’s Rule is the tendency towards increasing body size in a lineage over geological time (Cope, 1887).
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Drinker Cope Papers, 1859-1907 ANSP.Coll.328
    Edward Drinker Cope papers, 1859-1907 ANSP.Coll.328 This finding aid was produced using the Archivists' Toolkit March 28, 2013 Describing Archives: A Content Standard Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 2011.01.11 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA, 19103 215-299-1075 [email protected] Edward Drinker Cope papers, 1859-1907 ANSP.Coll.328 Table of Contents Summary Information ................................................................................................................................. 3 Biographical/Historical note.......................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Contents note............................................................................................................................... 5 Administrative Information .........................................................................................................................5 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Controlled Access Headings..........................................................................................................................6 Collection Inventory...................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Certificates and honors.......................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Memoria De Mis Abuelos
    GENERACIÓN AUTOMÁTICA DE QUIZZES PARA MUSEOS EMPLEANDO TÉCNICAS DE DEEP LEARNING AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF QUIZZES FOR MUSEUMS USING DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER CURSO 2020-2021 AUTOR ALLINSON DE LAS NIEVES BORROTO FONSECA DIRECTOR PEDRO ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ CALERO MÁSTER EN INTERNER DE LAS COSAS FACULTAD DE INFORMÁTICA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID GENERACIÓN AUTOMÁTICA DE QUIZZES PARA MUSEOS EMPLEANDO TÉCNICAS DE DEEP LEARNING AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF QUIZZES FOR MUSEUMS USING DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES TRABAJO DE FIN DE MÁSTER EN INTERNET DE LAS COSAS DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA DEL SOFTWARE E INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL AUTOR ALLINSON DE LAS NIEVES BORROTO FONSECA DIRECTOR PEDRO ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ CALERO CONVOCATORIA: JUNIO 2021 CALIFICACIÓN: 8 MÁSTER EN INTERNER DE LAS COSAS FACULTAD DE INFORMÁTICA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID 7 DE JULIO DE 2021 DEDICATORIA A mis padres, A la memoria de mis abuelos. III AGRADECIMIENTOS A Pedro, por su ayuda y apoyo durante toda la etapa de desarrollo de este trabajo. V RESUMEN Generación automática de quizzes para museos empleando técnicas de Deep Learning. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño de un algoritmo que permite obtener respuestas incorrectas a preguntas de donde se conoce la contestación correcta, empleando tecnologías de Web Semántica y técnicas de Deep Learning. Se plantea como entorno de explotación un minijuego, que se encuentra desplegado en el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid. El juego se basa en las áreas de las exposiciones como la evolución de la vida en la Tierra, que abarcan desde los primeros microorganismos hasta el Homo Sapiens, por medio de colección de fósiles, esqueletos, reconstrucciones e ilustraciones que recrean la vida en la Tierra en sus diferentes eras o etapas.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Leidy
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS PART OF VOLUME VII BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF JOSEPH LEIDY 1823-1891 HENRY FA1RFIELD OSBORN PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE APRIL MEETING, I9I2 CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES February, 1913 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Of the biographical memoirs which are to be included in Volume VII, the following have been issued: PAGES. i- 22 : Wolcott Gibbs F. W. Clarke 23- 88: William Keith Brooks Edwin Grant Conklin 89-114 : Charles Augustus Young Edwin B. Frost 115-141 : Benjamin Silliman (1816-1885) Arthur W. Wright 143-169: James Hammond Trumbull Arthur W. Wright 171-193: William H. C. Bartlett Edward S. Holden 195-201: Cyrus Ballou Comstock Henry L. Abbot 203-222 : Samuel William Johnson Thomas B. Osborne 223-243: Charles Abiathar White William H. Dall 245-26S : Samuel Pierpont Langley Charles D. Walcott 260-288: Charles Otis Whitman Edward S. Morse 280-305 : Alexander Agassiz George Lincoln Goodale 307-334 : Samuel Franklin Emmons Arnold Hague 335-396 : Joseph Leidy Henry Fairfield Osborn WASHINGTON, D-. C. PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. CONTENTS. Page . Ancestry and Life 339 Contributions to Anatomy 350 Contributions to Microscopy 351 Contributions to Paleontology 356 Contributions to Evolution 366 Honors 368 Bibliography 370 Biographies and Bibliographies 395 JOSEPH LEIDY. The name of Joseph Leidy will endure both as the founder of vertebrate palaeontology in America and as the last great naturalist of the old, or eighteenth and early nineteenth cen- tury type. Among zoologists he was the last to treat of the whole animal world from the protozoa to man, rendering in every branch contributions of permanent value.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form Fa S-PL*
    NPS F<xm 10-900 0MB NO. 1024-0018 (Rev. 8-68) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form ,?R 04^989 NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties*^ flijtojtftb. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by ^KgfcV^tJHWe appropriate box or by entering the requested information. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for nteH^ncable." For functions, styles, materials, and areas of significance, enter only the categories and subcategories listed in the instructions. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900a). Type all entries. 1. Name of Property historic name TJagner Free Institute of Science___________________________________ other names/site number M / a_______________ ____________ 2. Location street & number 17th Street and Montgomery Avenue N/Al_(not for publication city, town Philadelphia N/A I I vicinity state Pennsylvania code PA county Philadelphia code 1Q1 zip code 1Q121 3. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property private 2 building(s) Contributing Noncontributing public-local IH district 1 ____ buildings n public-State IH site ____ ____ sites public-Federal I_| structure ____ ____ structures I I object ______ ____ objects _J__ Q Total Name of related multiple property listing: Number of contributing resources previously __________N/A_________ listed in the National Register ^ 1. 4. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this [x3 nomination EH request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
    [Show full text]