Journal of Phytology 2011, 3(2): 49-59 ISSN: 2075-6240 An Open Access Journal Available Online: www.journal-phytology.com

REGULAR ARTICLE DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FUNGI IN CENTRAL HIMALAYAN REGION Anwesha sah singh* and Uma Tiwari Palni Department of Botany, SN Govt.PG College, Nagri-shiwa, Dhamtari, Raipur, India

SUMMARY An extensive field survey was made during 2007 to 2008 in Nainital (Uttaranchal) for rust diseases of wild plants. In all 12 genera of rust fungi with 35 species belonging to 7 families were collected and identified. Among these, one genus Aecidium Pers. ex. Pers. was an anamorphic and 11 were holomorphic. Most of the rust fungi were collected from herbaceous and shrubby hosts, while few were found to be pathogens of tree species. Populus nigra var. italica, and an extensive cultivated tree in this area was found to be a new host for the rust Melampsora ciliata Barclay. The study suggest further exploration of the area for rust disease in order to assess the diversity of these fungi particularly in ferns, grasses, sedges and trees including cultivated ones. Key words: Diversity, Taxonomic Description, Rust Fungi, Central Himalaya

Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni. Diversity and Distribution of Rust Fungi in Central Himalayan Region. J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59 *Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction The rust fungi belong to the order Nainital is a well known summer hill Uredinales of class Basiodiomycetes and resort of India and is situated on the outer comprise a large group of obligate biotrophic hill ranges of Kumaun Himalaya. The parasites. They cause rusty pustular natural vegetation shows a great variation in outgrowths on different plant parts its composition and distribution. Since the especially leaves and stems of a wide range flora (pteridophytes, gymnosperms and of host plants including ferns, conifers and flowering plants) of Nainital is very well wild and cultivated flowering plants. explored and studied, it provides for an easy Although the fungal flora of Uttaranchal has identification of the host plants. been explored by several workers in the past, Keeping in view these facts, the present a very important group of fungi has largely study was undertaken to explore and assess been neglected resulting in the paucity of the diversity and distribution of rust fungi literature and very fragmentary knowledge along with their respective host plants of these fungi. between the altitudes ranging from 1800- There are few reports of rust fungi from 2611 m. Uttaranchal (Mitter and Tandon, 1932, 1937 and 1938; Bisht and Srivastava 1994; Bisht et 2. Materials and Methods al. 1994; Palni and Pangtey, 2000, 2002). In On the basis of topography, vegetation Kumaun, only a few selected localities have composition, climate and altitude, a few been explored for these fungi and in most of floristically rich sites were selected for the the studies, only enumerations have been collections of fungi. These sites were Thandi made. References of these fungi have been Sarak (1800-1938m), Kilbury (1900-2215m), included in the ‘Fungi of India’ compiled and Snow View (2000-2397m), Bada Pathar (2100- published by various workers from time to 2300m), Lariakanta (2250-2491m), Tiffin Top time (Butler and Bisby, 1931; Vasudeva, 1960; (2352-2450m) and Government House (2250- Sarbhoy et al., 1975, 1982, 1986, & 1996; 2450m). The infected specimens were Mukerji and Bhasin, 1986; Bilgrami et al., carefully collected throughout the year from 1979, 1981, 1991; Jamaluddin et al., 2004). the selected sites and also from entire Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

Nainital and suburbs from the year 2007 to given by Cummins and Hiratsuka (2003). 2008. Since most of the rust fungi are These genera were Chrysomyxa Unger, prevalent from September to December, Coleosporium Lev., Gymnosporangium Hedw., several collection trips were made during Melampsora Cast, Phakopsora Diet., these months. The infected specimens were Phragmidium Link, Pers., collected in the polythene bags on the spot Pucciniastrum Otth, and Pucciniostele Tranz. and brought to the laboratory for further & Kom. Ravenelia Berk. and Uromyces (Link) investigation. The identified host specimens Unger. Table 1 shows the list of collected were mounted in the herbarium sheets rust fungi, their hosts and taxonomic following standard methods and were description. deposited in the Herbarium of Botany It was noteworthy to find uredinial and Department, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun telial stages at peak season (September to University, Nainital. November) in many rust fungi. However, in The specimens were also preserved in other cases, uredinial stages associated with FAA for further detailed study of the aecidial stages were predominant in the pre- pathogens. Using research microscope, the peak season (May to August), while telial characters of sori were studied such as size, stages were observed in the post-peak season position, colour etc. Microslides were also (December to February). prepared with Lacto phenol with Cotton It has been reported earlier that rust blue. After observation, the Camera Lucida diseases are abundant in hilly region where drawing was prepared. high relative humidity and thick vegetal Both hand and microtomic sections of the cover provides ideal and congenial condition infected part of the specimen were prepared. for the growth and development of these The microtomic sections were made diseases (Cummins, 1943, 2003; Misra et al., following Johansen (1940) and Prasad and 1975; Bisht, 1990). The present study also Prasad (1975). The sections were stained confirms the earlier observations. It is also using safranin or cotton blue and finally interesting to note that among the host plants camera lucida drawings were prepared. of rust fungi, 15 were herbaceous plants, 15 The collected specimens were critically shrubby including climbers, one grass and 4 examined and identified with the help of were trees. Most of the fungal species were published literature and further confirmed host specific, while 7 species showed more by consulting several experts working on the than one host. Among the various hosts the rust fungi in India and abroad. members of families Rosaceae, Rubiaceae and Polygonaceae were common. The collected 3. Results and Discussion rust fungal species are enumerated in the list In all, 12 genera with 34 species below along with their respective families, belonging to 7 families were collected. hosts and other details. The observations in Among these, one genus was anamorphic this study seem to be in accordance with the and others holomorphic. The anamorphic earlier reports (Grove, 1913; Bisht, 1990). It genus was Aecidium Pers. ex Pers. The was interesting and important to find a tree holomorphic genera belonged to 7 families species (Populus nigra var. italica), which is viz. Pucciniastraceae, Coleosporiaceae, extensively cultivated in this area, to be a Melampsoraceae, Phakopsoraceae, new host for the rust fungus Melampsora Raveneliaceae, Phragmidiaceae and ciliata (Sah and Palni, 2006). , following the classification

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Table 1.List of collected rust fungi and their Taxonomic description S. Pathogen Host Plant Period Symptoms Taxonomic Character No Part of . Infected Infectio n 1 Pucciniastrum Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Leaves Aug- Creamish yellow Uredosori agrimoniae Diet (Herb) Nov. Pustules on the hypophyllous, Family- Rosaceae lower Surface of Subepidermal, leaves which Urediniospores borne later become singly, echinulate, dark yellow. spiral to ovate, 17.1- 202x15.5-17.1 µM. 2 Chrysomyxa himalense Rhododendron arboreum Leaves Creamish yellow Uredinia (Barcl.) Smith and or Orange hypophyllous, (Tree) petiole patches in the Subepidermal Family.-Ericaceae petiole and erumpent, lower surface of Urediniospores leaves. produced in rows resembling aeciospores, 16.5- 18x10-12.5 µM teliosori, hypophyllous, waxy .Teliospores in simple chains with thin, colorless walls, 12.5-14.3 µM in size. 3. Coleosporium Cmpanula Leaves April- Orange-yellow Uredinia campanulae(Pers.)Lev. pallida Wall, & June pustules on the hypophyllous , (Herb) Petiole leaves and Subepidermal, Family-Campanulaceae petiole, Scattered, premature Urediniospores in defoliation of long chains, leaves catenulate, globose to ellipsoid thick walled, 17.5-22.5x15.5 µM. 4 C. clematidis Barcl. Clematis accuminata D.C. Leaves Sept.- Orange-yellow Uredinia C. buchananiana D.C. Dec. pustules, hypophyllous, C. montana Buch. Ham. premature Subepidermal, ex D.C. defoliation Scattered, erumpent, (Climbing Shrubs) Urediniospores, Family. Ranunculaceae globoid to oblong, become gelatinous on germinations 16.5- 21.0x16.5-19.8 µM. 5 C. leptodermidis (Barcl.) Leptodermis lanceolata Leaves Aug.- Yellow orange Uredinia Wall Nov. pustules on the hypophyllous, (Shrubs) lower surface of Subepidermal, Family. Rubiaceae leaves initially Scattered , without in the lower peridia, surface but Urediniospores gradually on the globoid 15.2-21.3x9.1- upper leaves, 9.8 µM. Telia premature hypophyllous, defoliation Scattered, Teliospores indehiscent , Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

flattened waxy, sessile, unicellular , arranged, in a single layer smooth colorless walled, 19.5-21.0x12.5-14.3 µM. 6 C. plectranthi Barcl. Plectranthus japonicus Leaves Sept.- Small yellowish Uredinia (Burm .f.)Koidz Nov. pustules on the hypophyllous, (Shrub) leaves. The Subepidermal Family. Lamiaceae infected leaves erumpent, yellowish. become curled Urediniospores and brownish globose smooth before falling off. yellowish in color and 13.5-15.0x9.5-11 µM in size. 7 Melampsora ciliata Barcl. Populus ciliata Wall. & Leaves Aug- Yellowish Uredinia minute P. nigra var. Sept. patches on the hypophyllous italica (Munchn) lower surface of Subepidermal, Koechne leaves infected uredinospores 17.5- (Tree) leaves turn black 30.5x15.5-22.5 µM, Family.-Salicaceae resulting ovate to ellipsoid premature telia scattered, defoliation. Subepidermal, orange brown to dark brown, Teliospores 30.5-34.5x7-9 µM in size, 8 M.euphorbiae (Schubert) Euphorbia Leaves July- Orange yellow Aecia Cast pilosa L. and Nov. pustules on the Subepidermal ,orang (Herb) stem leaves & stems. e aeciospores globose Family.-Euphorbiaceae Yellowing and or ellipsoid, 20- curling or leaves 27x18-23 µM in size , Uredinia small, amphigenous, dense, Uredinia globose or ellipsoid, echinulate ,14-21x11- 19.5 µM, telia amphigenous, erumpent, round Teliospores golden brown, 22.5-49.5x6.5- 14.5 µM in size. 9 M. hypericorum (Dc.) Hypericum dyeri Rehder Young April- Bright orange Acacia minute Wint. H. oblongifolium Choisy Leaves June yellow pustules hypophyllous, (Shrub) on young leaves, peridium Family.- Hypericaceae uninfected older rudimentary, leaves remain aeciopores in short healthy. chains 14-40x10-18 µM, telia hypophyllous, minute, non erumpent, reddish brown to dark brown, Teliospores one celled rarely 2 celled 20.5-40.5x7.5- 16.5 µM in size, 10 M. yoshinagai Wikstroemia Leaves Aug.- Whitish brown Uredinia P. Henning canescens Meiss Dec. pustules on the hypophyllous minute Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

(Shrub) lower surface of scattered surrounded Family.- Thymelaceae leaves, the by paraphyses, diseased area Urediniospores, 15- become pale 23.5x12.4-20.5 µM, yellow causing ovoid to ellipsoid, early shedding echinulate, telia of leaves, hypophyllous, 21.5- 36.5x7-12.5mm, oblong or prismatic, 11 Pucciniostele Astilbe rivularis Buch.- Leaves Sept.- Small orange red Telia hypophyllous clarkiana( Barclay) Ham.ex Benth. Dec. pustules Teliospores in chain (Shrub) scattered on the or columnar smooth, Family- Saxifragaceae lower surface of 5-6 in chains light leaves causing brown, 17.5-25x12.5- partial chlorosis 15 µM in size. of leaf lamina. Upper surface of leaf shows yellowish spotted appearance. 12 Phakopsora cronatiformis Parthenocissus semicordata Leaves Sept.- Brownish red Telia hypophyllous, Diet. (Wall) Planch. Nov. pustules on the scattered minute, (Shrub) lower surface of spores sessile, Family. Vitaceae leaves. Teliospores one called compact, irregularly arranged 18.6-26.3x15.5-17.0 µM. 13 Ravenelia Indigofera heterantha Leaves Aug.- Telia subepidermal mitteri H.Syd. Wall.ex Brandis Oct. scattered, Teliospores (Shrub) strongly adherent on Family. Fabaceae pedicallate disc. 1 celled with one germ pore, spores head subtended by colorless hygroscopic cysts. Single walled, smooth 82.1-93.0 x 68.2-93.0 µM in size. 14 Phragmidium Rubus niveus Thunb. Leaves Aug.- Orange yellow Uredinia incompletum Barcl. R. paniculatus smith Dec. Uredosori on hypophyllous, (Climbing shrubs) lower surface of subepidermal, Family. Rosaceae leaf lets later scattered orange leaflets exhibit yellow or dark conspicuous brown 15-22.5 µM in brownish black size Teliospores sports pedicallate, 5-7 celled. Light brown to dark brown in color 36.0-70.0x16.0- 23.0 µM in size. 15 P. rosae - Rosa brunnea Lindl. Leaflets Aug.- Orange yellow Uredinia moschatae Diet. (Climbing shrub) Dec. Uredosori on hypophyllous, Family. Rosaceae lower surface of subepidermal, leaf lets later scattered orange leaflets exhibit yellow or dark conspicuous brown 13.3-20.5.µM brownish black in size Teliospores sports pedicellate, compound, 5-7 Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

celled, 36.0-70.0x16.0- 23.0 µM in size. 16 Gymnosporangium Pyrus pashia Buch-ham.ex Leaves July-Oct. Small yellowish Aecial sori cup- cunninghamianum D.Don pustules on the shaped, well Barclay (Tree) lower surface of developed peridium, Family.-Rosaceae leaves. Leaves aeciospores in chains turn pale and rounded echinulate shed off thick walled and prematurely in 31.5-39x12.5-18mm in case of severe size. infection 17 Puccinia colletiana Barcl. Rubia cordifolia L. Leaves Sept.- Brownish red, Uredinia scattered, Nov. irregular Subepidermal (Herb) pustules on erumpent Family-Rubiaceae lower surface of Urediniospores leaves Later measuring 21.7- these become 24.6x18.6-21.7 µM, dark brown. Teliospores 68.2- 89.9x18.6-21.7 µM in size. 18 P. fagopyricola Jarstad Fagopyrum Leaves Aug.- Brownish red to Uredinia dibotrys(D.Don)Hare Nov. black pustules Subepidermal (Herb) on the lower brownish red, Family.- Polygonaceae surface of leaves Urediniospores and later these unicellulaly spherical leaves become to ovate arranged in yellow. clusters thick walled 18.6-21.7x17.5-18.6 µM. Teliospores 2 celled thick celled dark brown 34.0- 36.4x11.3-13.5 µM in size. 19 P. iridis Robenharst Iris germanica Leaves March- Yellowish brown Uredinia (Herb) June to black pustules subepidermal Family. -Iridaceae on the leaf. Urediniospores subglobose to ovoid, 24.8-26.4x21.7-23.3 µM, Teliospores ellipsoid apex rounded 32.5- 36.3x13.5-17.0 µM. 20 P .menthae Pers. Origanum vulgare L. Leaves. June- Brownish red, Uredinia (Herb) Stem Oct. irregular hypophyllous, Family.-Polygonaceae &Petiol pustules on subepidermal, e lower surface of scattered brownish- leaves Later red, Spherical to these become ovate, dark brown. Urediniospores 16.5- 22.5x14-18.5 µM in size Teliospores pulverulent, 2celled. dark brown to black in color 26.5- 35.0x17.5-22.5 µM in size. 21 P .nepalensis Barcl. Diet Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Leaves June- Small light or Uredinia (Herb) Dec. dark pustules on subepidermal Family.-Polygonaceae the leaves in the scattered dark beginning which brown. increases in size Urediniospores Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

and number in unicellular small later stages. 17.5-40.0x12.5-17.5 Severely infected µM in size leaves become Teliospores 2 called pale yellowish smooth with convex leading to apex, 27.0-40.0x19.0- defoliation. 28 µM. 22 P. oxalidis dehradunensis Leaflets May- Orange yellow Uredinia scattered Diet & Ellis Raizada October pustules on the orange yellow (Herb) lower surface or colored Family. Oxalidaceae leaf lets later on Urediniospores, upper surface unicellular, also become echinulate ,10.8- yellowish 15.5x10.8-12.4 µM. Uredosori burst exposing golden yellow powdery mass of spores causing death of the leaflets. 23 P .padwickii Cumm. Cyathula tomentosa (Roth) Leaves April- Light or dark Uredinia scattered Moq. & stem Oct. brown pustules elliptical, (Shrub) scattered on the Urediniospores Family .Amaranthaceae surfaces of spherical mixed with leaves causing myceloid and hyaline drying of leaves. paraphyses 26.3- 27.5x24.6-26.4 µM. 24 P pimpinellae Pimpinella acuminata Leaves Aug.- Brown pustules Uredinia (Strauss)Rohling (Edgew.) Oct. on the lower subepidermal (Herb) surface of leaves Urediniospores Family. Apiaceae later dark unicellular ,oval ,ligh brown, scattered t brown, 21.7- pustules show 24.8x18.6-20.2 µM. telial stage. Teliospores dark brown, elliptical slightly constricted 31.0-37.2x15.5-18.6 µM. 25 P. punctata link Galium aparine l. g. Leaves Oct-Dec. Yellowish spots Uredinia scattered elegans wall. on both surfaces subepidermal (Herb) of leaves. Later elliptical Family .Rubiaceae the spots on Urediniospores, lower surface ellipsoid 46.5- become studded 58.5x12.4-18.6mm with pin head Teliospores brown like light brown smooth 20.4- dusty pustules 27.5x17.5-25.0 µM. or Uredosori. Finally diseased area turns pale yellow. 26 P.roscoeae Barclay Hedychium spicatum Leaves Aug- Reddish yellow Uredinia Scattered, J.E.Smith Nov pustules on the dark brown, (Herb) lower surface of Subepidermal, Family.-Zingiberaceae leaves in the Urediniospores beginning ovoid, light yellow, turning the 24-30x21-24 µM, Telia whole leave black, amphigenous, reddish yellow. Teliospores Severely infected ellipsoid,smooth,35.0 leaves become -50.0x20.0-30.0 µM. Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

flaccid & finally shed off 27 P. saxifragae-ciliatae Bergenia ligulata Leaves April- Reddish brown Teliospores 2 celled, Barcl. (Wall.)Engler May to violet colored grayish brown, thick (Herb) oval or spherical walled apex Family.-Saxifragaceae pustules on the generally rounded lower surface of 54.0-69.0x13.5-19.5 leaves. The µM. upper surface of leaves turned purple red. 28 P.urticae Barcl. Urtica ardens Link Leaves Sep.- Aecial sori as Aecia subepidermal (Herb) Dec. yellowish hymenium palisade Family-Urticaceae pustules on the like, aeciospores in lower surface of basipetal globoid or leaves which subglobose, 15.0- disappear after 16.5x15.5-18.2 µM. dispersal of spores. Infected leaves become blackish & shed. The upper surface becomes brownish. 29 P. violae DC. Viola canescens Wall, Leaves April- Light brown Uredinia Viola pilosa Blume June pustules on the Subepidermal , light (Herb) lower surface of brown, unicellular, Family.-Violaceae the leaves which oval, thick walled, later become 16.1x13.3 µM. dark brown. Teliospores compact scattered, 12.4-13.9x 15.5-17.1 µM. 30 Uromyces inayati H.Syd. Apluda mutica L. Leaves Sept- Dark brown / Uredinia (Grass) Dec black spherical subepidermal, Family-Poaceae pustules of telial scattered, sori on the lower urediniospores, 1 surface of leaves. celled, elliptical, Later pustules ovoid, 24.8-31.0x occupy 18.6-21.7 µM. considerable area on both the surfaces. 31 U. valerianae-wallichii Valeriana jatamansi Jones Leaves Oct-Dec Brownish black Uredinia Art.& Cumm. (Herb) pustules on the Subepidermal Family- Valeriaceae lower surface of without paraphyses, leaves becoming Urediniospores 1 larger occupying celled ellipsoid 22.5- considerable 23.3x 18.6-21.7 m telia area of the leaves chocolate brown, Teliospores globoid 21-25x24-29 µM rounded at both the ends. 32 Aecidium deutziae Diet Deutzia staminea R.Br. Leaves Aug-Sep Yellowish small Aecia cylindrical, (Shrub) & circular pustules aeciospores in Family- Hydrangeaceae Twigs on the upper chains,24.0-29.5x16.4- surface of leaves, 14.5 µM. patches become irregular and scattered throughout the Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

upper surface of leaves 33 A. montanum Butler Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex Leaves March- Yellowish brown Aecidium cup DC., Berberis chitria June patches on the shaped,211.3 - Edwards lower surface. 282.4x258.9-353.10 (Shrub) later orange µM. aeciospores in Family- Berberidaceae yellow colored chains each aecidia cover the aeciospores entire surface of polygonal to leaves subglobose.46.5- 58.5x19.5-21.8 µM. 34. A. strobilanthae Mitter Pteracanthus alatus (Wal. Leaves July- Yellow-brown Aecidium cup ex Nees)Brenck Aug. patches on the shaped, aeciospores (Shrub) lower surface of in chains, Family-Acanthaceae leaves. Later, Polygonous in shape, Orange-Yellow catenulate, 28.5- aecidia cover 32.5x16.0-19.5 µM. entire area of leaf lamina. Infection causes necrotic portions & premature shedding.

References Nainital (eds. Pangtey, Y.P.S. and Rawal, Bilgrami, K.S., M. Jamaluddin and M.A. R.S.). pp. 282- 297. Rizwi. 1979. Fungi of India-Part - I (List Bisht, G.S. 1990. Studies on fungal plant and References). Today and Tomorrow diseases of some nomadic areas of Publishers, New Delhi. Garhwal Himalaya. D.Phil. Thesis, HNB Bilgrami K.S., M. Jamaluddin and M.A. Garhwal University, Srinagar. Rizwi 1981. Fungi of India-Part-II (Host Butler, E.J. and G.R. Bisby. 1931. Fungi of and Addenda). Today and Tomorrow India. Imperial Council of Agricultural Publishers, New Delhi. Research, India Science Monograph. Bilgrami, K.S., M. Jamaluddin and M.A. Calcutta. Rizwi, 1991. Fungi of India. Today and Cummins, G.B. and Y. Hiratsuka. 2003. Tomorrow Publishers, New Delhi. Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi. 3rd Bisht G.S. and S.L. Srivastava 1990. Fungal edition. American Psychopathological diseases of some important crop plants Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, US. grown in Garhwal Himalaya. In: Grove, W.B. 1913. The British Rust Fungi Microbial Activity in the Himalaya, (Uredinales): Their Biology and Almora (ed. Khulbe R.D.). pp. 141-153. Classification. Cambridge University Bisht G.S., S.L. Srivastava, and H. Singh, 1994. Press, Cambridge. Survey of Fungal plant diseases in a part Jammanluddin, M., G. Goswami, and B.M. of high altitudes of Central Himalaya. In: Ojha. 2004. Fungi of India (1989-2001). High Altitudes of the Himalaya-I Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, (Biogeography, Ecology & Conservation), India. Johansen D.A. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. Bombay and New Delhi . Anwesha Singh and Uma Tiwari Palni/J Phytol 3/2 (2011) 49-59

Figure 1.Camera Lucida drawings of different spores of Rust Pathogens

A: Uromyces valerianae-wallichii: Urediniospores B: Aecidium deutziae: Aeciospores C: Uromyces inayati: Urediniospores D: Puccinia violae: Urediniospores E: Puccinia urticae :( a) Aeciospores, (b) Teliospores F: Puccinia punctata: Teliospores G: Puccinia pimpinellae :( a) Aeciospores, (b) Teliospores H: Puccinia padwickii: Urediniospores I: Puccinia oxalidis: Urediniospores J: Puccinia nitidula: (a) Urediniospores, (b) Teliospores K: Puccinia iridis: Urediniospores L: Puccinia fagopyricola: Urediniospores M: Puccinia colletiana: (a) Urediniospores, (b) Teliospores N: Phragmidium rosae-moschatae: Teliospores O: Ravenelia mitteri: Teliospores P: Pucciniostele clarkiana: Teliospores Q: Phakopsora cronatiformis: Urediniospores R: Melampsora hypericorum: Teliospores S: Melampsora euphorbiae: (a) Urediniospores, (b) Paraphyses T: Melampsora ciliata: Urediniospores U: Coleosporium clematidis: Urediniospores V: Pucciniastrum agrimoniae: Urediniospores

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Prasad, M.K. and M.K. Prasad. 1975. Misra, D.P., S. Singh and S.T. Ahmad. 1975. Outlines of Microtechnique. Emlay Notes on some rusts from Simla hills. Publishers, Delhi, India. Indian Phytopath. 28 : 256-260. Sah, Anwesha and Uma T. Palni. 2006. A Mitter, J.H. and R.N. Tandon. 1932. Fungi of New Host Record of Melampsora ciliata Nainital - I. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 11 : 178-180. for India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Mitter, J.H. and R.N. Tandon. 1937. Fungi of Pathology. 36(1) : 24-25. Mussoorie. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India 7B : Sarbhoy, A.K., D.K. Agarwal and J.L. 175-180. Varshney. 1982. Fungi of India (1971- Mitter, J.H. and R.N. Tandon. 1938. Fungi of 1976). Navyug Traders, New Delhi, India. Nainital - II. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 17 : 177- Sarbhoy, A.K., D.K. Agarwal and J.L. 182. Varshney. 1986. Fungi of India (1977- Mukerji, K.G. and J. Bhasin. 1986. Plant 1981). Associated Publishing Company, diseases of India. Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi, India. Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, Sarbhoy, A.K., Girdharilal and J.L. Varshney. India. 1975. Fungi of India (1967-1971). Navyug Palni, Uma T. and Y.P.S. Pangtey. 2000. Rust Traders, New Delhi, India. fungi (Uredinales) of India Central Sarbhoy A.K., J.L. Varshney and D.K. Himalaya: an annotated list. In: High Agarwal 1996. Fungi of India (1982-1992). Altitudes of the Himalaya-II C.B.S. Publications, New Delhi, India. (Biodiversity, Ecology & Environment) Vasudeva, R.S. 1960. The Fungi of India (by (ed. Pangtey Y.P.S.), Nainital, pp. 223-246. E.J. Butler & G.R. Bisby). Revised Edition. Palni, Uma T. and Y.P.S. Pangtey. 2002. New ICAR Publication, New Delhi, India. host record for Puccinia oxalidis. Indian Phytopath. 55 : 352.