Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America

Alan McPherson, Editor

Volume 2 M-Z

Q ABC-CLIO

Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Contents

Preface, xiii Beals, Carleton (1893-1979), 35 Introduction, .w Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty (1846), 36 Guide to Related Topics, xix Blaine, James (1830-1893), 37 Bogota Conference (1948), 39 Boland Amendments, 41 Volume 1 Bolivia, 45 Adams-Onfs Treaty (1819), 1 Borah, William (1865-1940), 47 Airplanes, Use of, 3 Brazil, 48 Allende, Salvador, Intervention against (1970-1973), 4 Brazil, Intervention in (1964), 52 Alliance for Progress, 8 British, Interventions against the, 54 Anaconda Copper Mining Bryan, William Jennings Company, 10 (1860-1925), 57 Anticommunism, 12 Bush, George H. W. (1924-), 58 Anti-Interventionism, 14 Bush, George W. (1946-), 60 Arbenz, Jacobo, Overthrow of Butler, Smedley (1881-1940), 61 (1954), 18 Caceres, Ramon (1866-1911), 65 Argentina, 22 Cacos, 66 Baltimore Affair (1891), 25 Calvo Doctrine, 68 Banana Companies, 28 Caperton, William Banks Baseball, 31 (1855-1941), 69 Bay of Pigs, Attempted Invasion of the Caracas Conference (1954), 71 (1961), 33 Caribbean Legion, 72 VI | Contents

Carter, Jimmy (1924-), 74 Daniels, Josephus (1862-1948), 137 Castro, Cipriano (1858-1924), 76 De la Torriente, Cosme Castro, Fidel (1926-), 78 (1872-1956), 138 Castro, Raul (1931-), 80 Democracy, 139 Central American Conference Dewey, George (1837-1917), 141 (1907), 82 Dillingham, A. C.(1848-1925), 143 Central American Defense Council, 83 Dollar Diplomacy, 144 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 85 Dominican Receivership Chapultepec Conference (1945), 89 (1905-1941), 148 Chavez, Hugo (1954—2013), 90 Dominican Republic, 151 Chile, 92 Dominican Republic, Intervention in the (1965-1966), 154 Christmas, Lee (1863-1924), 94 Dominican Republic, Occupation of the Church Committee, 95 (1916-1924), 159 Clinton, Bill (1946-), 97 Doniphan and Price Invasions, 165 Coast Guard, 99 Drago Doctrine, 167 Cold War, 100 Drug Enforcement Administration, 168 Colombia, 102 Drug Trafficking, Operations Committee of Santa Fe Report against, 170 (1980), 104 Duarte, Jose Napoleon Concentration Camps, World (1925-1990), 172 War II, 105 Dulles, Allen (1893-1969), 174 Constabularies, 107 Dulles, John Foster (1888-1959), 175 Contadora Peace Accords, 109 Dupuy de Lome, Enrique Contras, 111 (1851-1904), 178 Coolidge, Calvin (1872-1933), 113 East Florida (Spanish Territory), 181 Cortina, Juan (1824-1894), 114 Ecuador, 183 Costa Rica, 115 Eisenhower, Dwight Cuba, 116 (1890-1969), 185 Cuba, Intervention in (1912), 119 El Salvador, 186 Cuba, Occupation of (1898-1902), 120 El Salvador, Support of Regime in Cuba, Occupation of (1906-1909), 123 (1980), 189 Cuba, Occupation of (1917-1922), 126 Elections Monitoring, 191 Cuba, U.S. Response to Estrada, Juan Jose (1872-1967), 192 (1956-1960), 128 Estrada Palma, Tomas Cuban Exiles, 130 (1835-1908), 193 ' Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 132 Evangelista, Vicente (d. 1917), 195 Contents | vii

Falkland Islands/Islas Maivinas, 197 Gulf of Mexico, Interventions in the, 259 FARC, 199 Gunboat Diplomacy, 261 Fiallo,Fabio (1866-1942), 201 Guyana, 264 Filibusters in Cuba, 202 Haiti, 267 Filibusters in Mexico, 204 Haiti, Intervention in (1994), 271 First International American Conference (1889-1890), 206 Haiti, Intervention in (2004), 274 First Seminole War, 209 Haiti, Occupation of (1915-1934), 278 Fletcher, Frank Friday Hanneken, Herman (1893-1986), 284 (1855-1928), 211 Harrison Naval Construction FMLN, 212 Program, 285 Ford, Gerald (1913-2006), 215 Hay, John (1838-1905), 287 Foreign Assistance Act (1961), 216 Haya de la Torre, Victor Raul (1895-1979), 288 Fort Riviere, Battle of (1915), 217 Henrfquez y Carvajal, Francisco Forward Operating Bases, 218 (1859-1935), 289 Funston, Frederick (1865-1917), 220 Hill, Roscoe (1880-1960), 290 Gavilleros, 223 Honduras, 292 Gender, 224 Honduras, Intervention in General Board, U.S. Navy, 226 (1911-1912), 293 Germans, Interventions against Hoover Goodwill Tour the, 227 (1928-1929), 294 Gomez, Maximo (1836-1905), 231 Huerta, Victoriano (1854-1916), 295 Gompers, Samuel (1850-1924), 233 Hughes, Charles Evans Good Neighbor Policy, 235 (1862-1948), 297 Gorgas, William (1854-1920), 239 Hughes-Peynado Plan (1922), 299 Grau San Martin, Ramon Humanitarian Interventions, 300 (1887-1969), 241 Hunt, E. Howard (1918-2007), 304 Grenada, Invasion of (1983), 242 Immigration, 307 Gruening, Ernest (1887-1974), 245 Immigration Reform and Control Act Guantanamo Bay, 247 (1986), 309 Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, 248 Imperialism, 311 Guatemala, 251 Inter-American Defense Board, 315 Guatemala National Revolutionary Inter-American Development Unity, 255 Bank, 316 Guevara, Ernesto "Che" Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal (1928-1967), 257 Assistance (Rio Treaty) (1947), 318 viii I Contents

International Telephone and Mathews, George (1739-1812), 377 Telegraph, 319 Mayo, Henry (1874-1954), 378 Iran-Contra Affair, 321 McCoy, Frank (1874-1954), 379 Jagan, Cheddi (1918-1997), 327 McKinley, William (1843-1901), 380 Jimenes, Juan Isidro (1846-1919), 328 McNamara, Robert (1916-2009), 384 Johnson, James Weldon Medal of Honor Recipients, 385 (1871-1938), 330 Medrano, Jose (1920-1985), 388 Johnson, Lyndon B. (1908-1973), 331 Mejfa, Oscar (1930-), 389 Jolibois, Joseph (c. 1891-1936), 333 Mexican Revolution, Intervention Jones, T. A. C. (1790-1858), 334 in the, 390 Kemmerer, Edwin (1875-1945), 337 Mexican War (1846-1848), 394 Kennedy, John F.( 1917-1963), 338 Mexico, 400 Kennedy, Robert F. (1925-1968), 340 Military Assistance Advisory Kettle Hill, Battle of (1898), 341 Group, 407 Kimball Expeditionary Force, 343 Military Assistance Program, 409 King, William H. (1863-1949), 345 Missionaries, 411 Kissinger, Henry (1923-), 346 Monroe Doctrine (1823), 413 Kissinger Report (1984), 347 Munro, Dana (1892-1990), 416 Knapp, Harry (1856-1928), 349 Music and Intervention, 417 Lansing, Robert (1864-1928), 351 Mutual Defense Assistance Act Latimer, Julian (1868-1939), 352 (MDAA) (1949), 420 Lejeune, John (1867-1942), 354 The Nation, 423 Liberation Theology, 355 National Security Doctrine (NSD), 425 Literature and Intervention, 357 Niagara Falls Conference (1914), 427 Little, Louis (1878-1960), 359 Nicaragua, 428 Lugo, Americo (1870-1952), 360 Nicaragua, Intervention and Occupation of (1912-1925), 431 Nicaragua, Intervention in Volume 2 (1926-1933), 435 Machado, Gerardo (1871-1939), 363 Nicaragua, Intervention in Magoon, Charles (1861-1920), 364 (1979-1990), 439 Mahan, Alfred Thayer Nicaragua, Mining of Harbors in, 444 (1840-1914), 366 Nixon, Richard M. (1913-1994), 445 Manifest Destiny, 367 Nixon, Richard, Tour of South America Mann, Thomas (1912-1999), 371 (1958), 447 Mann Doctrine, 373 Noriega, Manuel (1934-), 449 Marti, Jose (1853-1895), 375 NSC-144/1, 452 Contents I ix

Obregon, Alvaro (1880-1928), 455 Porter, David (1780-1843), 522 Office of Naval Intelligence, 457 Prestan, Pedro (1852-1885), 523 Office of Public Safety, 458 Protection of Citizens by Intervention, Right of, 524 Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, 459 Protectorates, 527 Olney Declaration (1895), 461 Public Health and Interventions, 529 Operation Condor, U.S. Involvement Public Works and Interventions, 531 in, 464 Puerto Rico, 533 Operation Mongoose, 466 Puller, Lewis "Chesty" ORDEN, 468 (1898-1971), 536 Ortega, Daniel (1945-), 468 Punitive Expedition, Mexico (1916), 538 Ostend Manifesto (1854), 469 Race, 543 Ostermann, Edward (1882-1969), 471 Rainbow War Plans, 545 Panama, 473 Reagan, Ronald (1911-2004), 546 Panama, Congress of (1826), 477 Reed, Walter (1851-1902), 548 Panama, Independence of (1903), 479 Refugees, 550 Panama, Intervention in (1918-1921), 481 Rfos Montt, Efrain (1926-), 551 Panama, Invasion of (1989), 483 Robison, Samuel (1867-1952), 552 Panama Canal, Building of, 487 Rockefeller, Nelson (1908-1979), 553 Panama Canal Treaties (1978), 491 Roig de Leuchsenring, Emilio (1889-1964), 555 Panama Canal Zone, 493 Romero, Archbishop Oscar, Murder of Panama Flag Riots (1964), 495 (1980), 556 Panama Railroad, 497 Romero, Carlos (1924—), 558 Panama Rent Riots (1925), 499 Roosevelt, Franklin D. Paulding, Hiram~(1797-1878), 500 (1882-1945), 559 Peace Corps, 502 Roosevelt, Theodore (1858-1919), 561 Pendleton, Joseph (1860-1942), 505 Roosevelt Corollary (1904), 565 Peralte, Charlemagne (1886-1919), 506 Root, Elihu (1845-1937), 566 Pershing, John J. (1860-1948), 508 Rusk, Dean (1909-1994), 568 Peru, 510 Russell, John, Jr. (1872-1947), 571 Pinochet, Augusto (1915-2006), 511 Russell, William (1859-1944), 572 Piracy, Naval Actions against, 513 Sam, Vilbrun Guillaume (d. 1915), 575 Plan Colombia, 515 San Juan del Norte (Greytown), Piatt Amendment, 519 Bombardment of (1854), 576 Polk, James K. (1795-1849), 520 San Juan Heights, Battle of (1898), 578 x | Contents

Sandinistas, 580 Treaty of Relations, Cuba (1934), 634 Sandino, Augusto (1895-1934), 582 Trinidad and Tobago, 635 Schley, Winfield Scott Trujillo, Rafael (1891-1961), 636 (1839-1911), 586 Trujillo, Rafael, Assassination of School of the Americas, 587 (1961), 638 Scott, Hugh (1853-1934), 591 Truman Doctrine in Latin America, 640 Sedgwick, John (1813-1864), 592 Ubico, Jorge (1878-1946), 645 Shafter, William (1835-1906), 593 United States Agency for International Sigsbee, Charles (1845-1923), 595 Development, 646 Sixth Pan-American Conference, Upshur, William (1881-1943), 648 Havana (1928), 597 Uruguay, 648 Small Wars Manual, 599 U.S. Army, 650 Snowden, Thomas (1857-1930), 600 U.S. Marine Corps, 652 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio U.S. Navy in the Caribbean, 654 (1925-1980), 601 U.S. Senate Select Committee on Haiti Somoza Garcia, Anastasio and Santo Domingo, 657 (1896-1956), 602 U.S. South Atlantic Squadron, 660 Southerland, William (1852-1933), 603 USS Lexington, 661 Spanish-Cuban-American War USS Maine, 662 (1898), 605 USS Memphis, 664 Special Service Squadron, 612 Vanderbilt, Cornelius (1794—1877), 667 Status of Forces Agreements, 613 Vasquez, Horacio (1860-1936), 669 Stimson, Henry (1867-1950), 614 Venezuela, 670 Stimson Mission to Nicaragua (1927), 616 Veracruz, Occupation of (1914), 673 Strong, Josiah (1847-1916), 618 Vieques, 675 Sugar Quota, 619 Villa, Francisco "Pancho" (1878-1923), 677 Sullivan & Cromwell, 621 Walker, William (1824-1860), 681 Taft, William Howard (1857-1930), 623 Waller, Littleton (1856-1926), 684 Telegraph and Wireless Walters, Vernon (1917-2002), 685 Communications, 626 War of 1812, 687 Teller Amendment (1898), 628 Watermelon Riot, Panama Tentative Landing Operations (1856), 688 Manual, 629 Welles, Sumner (1892-1961), 690 Tlatelolco, Treaty of (1967), 630 West Florida (Spanish Territory), 693 Torrijos, Omar (1929-1981), 632 Western Hemisphere Idea, 695 Contents I xi

Weyler, Valeriano (1839-1930), 697 3. President Polk's Mexican War Wilkinson, James (1757-1825), 699 Message (1846), 735 Wilson, Henry (1857-1932), 700 4. Ostend Manifesto (1854), 739 Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924), 701 5. McLane-Ocampo Treaty (1859), 742 Windward Passage, 704 6. President McKinley's Spanish Wirkus, Faustin (1897-1945), 705 War Message (1898), 744 Wise, Frederick (1877-1940), 707 7. Piatt Amendment (1903), 747 Women, 708 8. Roosevelt Corollary Wood, Leonard (1860-1927), 710 (1904), 749 Workers' Unions and Intervention, 712 9. President Wilson's Mobile World Bank, 714 Address (1913), 750 World War I (1914-1918), 716 10. Knapp Proclamation World War II (1939-1945), 718 (1916), 751 Yellow Journalism, 723 11. Sandino Manifesto (1927), 752 Zapatistas, 727 12. Toriello Address on Zelaya, Jose Santos, Overthrow of Guatemalan Crisis (1954), 754 (1909), 729 13. Johnson Doctrine Speech (1965), 755 Primary Documents, 733 Glossary, 757 1. No Transfer Resolution Bibliography, 761 (1811), 733 Editor and Contributors, 767 2. Monroe Doctrine (1823), 734 Index, 773