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Um Big Brother Global? Os Programas De Vigilância Da Nsa À Luz Da Securitização Dos Espaços Sociotecnológicos

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Um Big Brother Global? Os Programas De Vigilância Da Nsa À Luz Da Securitização Dos Espaços Sociotecnológicos UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DA PARAÍBA CAMPUS V - MINISTRO ALCIDES CARNEIRO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E SOCIAIS APLICADAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PEDRO HENRIQUE OLIVEIRA FRAZÃO UM BIG BROTHER GLOBAL? OS PROGRAMAS DE VIGILÂNCIA DA NSA À LUZ DA SECURITIZAÇÃO DOS ESPAÇOS SOCIOTECNOLÓGICOS JOÃO PESSOA - PB 2016 PEDRO HENRIQUE OLIVEIRA FRAZÃO UM BIG BROTHER GLOBAL? OS PROGRAMAS DE VIGILÂNCIA DA NSA À LUZ DA SECURITIZAÇÃO DOS ESPAÇOS SOCIOTECNOLÓGICOS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (PPGRI- UEPB) como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Silvia Garcia Nogueira JOÃO PESSOA – PB 2016 PEDRO HENRIQUE OLIVEIRA FRAZÃO UM BIG BROTHER GLOBAL? OS PROGRAMAS DE VIGILÂNCIA DA NSA À LUZ DA SECURITIZAÇÃO DOS ESPAÇOS SOCIOTECNOLÓGICOS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (PPGRI- UEPB) como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Aprovada em: 19/05/2016 ________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Silvia Garcia Nogueira Orientadora (UEPB) ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Loyolla Kuhlmann Examinador interno (UEPB) ________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Ana Paula Maielo Silva Examinadora externa (UEPB) DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, Edna e José, pelo amor incondicional e pelo apoio sem o qual nada disso seria possível. AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, pela estrutura de ensino que propiciou minha formação. À professora Silvia Nogueira, pela confiança, pelos ensinamentos e pela orientação que possibilitaram a conclusão deste trabalho. À banca examinadora, composta pelos professores Ana Paula Maielo e Paulo Kuhlmann, e à banca de qualificação, formada pelos professores Augusto Teixeira e Paulo Kuhlmann, pelas observações, sugestões e críticas. Aos professores da graduação e da pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais da UEPB, pelo aprendizado, dedicação e paciência, em especial a Alexandre Leite, Anahi de Castro, Augusto Teixeira, Cristina Pacheco, Elias David, Eliete Gurjão, Gabriela Gonçalves, Henrique Altemani, Paulo Kuhlmann e Silvia Nogueira. Aos funcionários da UEPB pelo trabalho exemplar e pelo carinho com que nos tratam. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo auxílio financeiro à pesquisa. Aos meus pais, Edna Oliveira Frazão e José Ailton Frazão, pelo carinho, dedicação e compreensão em todas as horas. Ao meu irmão, George Oliveira Frazão, pela amizade fraterna. Aos meus avós maternos, Jandira Melo de Oliveira e Francisco Chagas de Oliveira (in memoriam), e paternos, Neuza Fernandes Frazão (in memoriam) e Rosil Moraes Frazão (in memoriam), pelos ensinamentos advindos da experiência. Aos meus familiares, em especial aos tios Edson Melo e Ingrid Saltão pelo incentivo e por cederem diversas vezes um espaço tranquilo para escrever este trabalho. À família que a vida me proporcionou, meus amigos queridos Andrei de Ferrer, Anna Beatriz, Arthur Murta, Carina Rodrigues, Caroline Cevada, Daniel Colom, Elze Rodrigues, Inara Rosas, Luína Marinho, Luísa Nevett, Manoela Lemos, Marcela Dimenstein, Maria Olívia, Natália Nunes e Vitório Pimentel. Em especial, agradeço a Alan Manga por todo o companheirismo, força e ajuda diários. Aos companheiros de biblioteca, Anna Beatriz e Diego Aranha. Essa trilha teria sido bem mais difícil sem vocês! Aos meus colegas de sala. Conseguimos!! A Edward Snowden, pela coragem que proporcionou ao mundo um grito de liberdade. “Quanto mais a sociedade se distancia da verdade, mais ela odeia aqueles que a revelam” (George Orwell) RESUMO O crescente uso do ciberespaço nas Relações Internacionais vem propiciando um novo cenário para a política mundial. A evolução dos meios digitais proporcionou um fluxo de dados nunca antes visto na história da humanidade, o que acabou ampliando o papel da informação enquanto moeda de troca nas relações de poder do cenário internacional atual. Uma das transformações observadas a partir deste processo foi o fortalecimento da vigilância – que ganha novas ferramentas no ambiente cibernético – enquanto mecanismo de monitoramento, manutenção da ordem, controle e aquisição de informações que tornem os atores internacionais relevantes nas novas relações de poder cibernéticas. Sendo assim, a presente dissertação analisa este fenômeno a partir de duas linhas principais que se complementam: a evolução da vigilância enquanto dimensão-chave da (ciber)segurança, através de uma abordagem panóptica e pós- panóptica e como estas perspectivas influenciam nos fenômenos atuais de vigilância cibernética. Para tanto, apresentam-se os estudos de Foucault acerca da sociedade disciplinar e os seus desdobramentos que deram lugar a uma sociedade de controle informacional, e as análises de Bauman sobre a modernidade líquida e como tais características podem influenciar a vigilância contemporânea. A segunda linha de análise, elaborada a partir dos dados levantados até então, aborda uma visão da vigilância cibernética enquanto ferramenta do processo de securitização do ciberespaço. Seguindo esta lógica, os estudos da Escola de Copenhague, baseados na teoria construtivista das Relações Internacionais, apontam um caminho propício para a compreensão do papel da vigilância cibernética dentro das questões de cibersegurança. Como exemplo de caso, examina-se como esse processo se deu dentro dos programas de vigilância global da NSA, revelados em meados de 2013 por Edward Snowden. A fim de alcançar tais objetivos, serão revisados autores clássicos dos estudos de vigilância e segurança, bem como novas abordagens; para a apresentação e análise do caso proposto, serão utilizados análises documentais, reportagens e discursos referentes às respostas internacionais em face das revelações dos programas da NSA. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cibersegurança; Securitização; Vigilância cibernética; Panóptico; NSA ABSTRACT The increasing use of cyberspace in International Relations is providing a new scenario for world politics. The evolution of digital media has provided a data flow never before seen in human history, which eventually expanded the role of information as a bargaining chip in the power relations of the current international scenario. One of the changes observed from this process was the strengthening of surveillance – which gains new tools in the cyber environment – as a mechanism of monitoring, law enforcement, control and acquisition of information that makes international actors relevant in the new cyberpower relations. Thus, this dissertation analyzes this phenomenon from two main lines that complement each other: the evolution of surveillance as a key dimension of (cyber)security through a panoptic and post-panoptic approach and how these perspectives influence the current cyber surveillance phenomena. To do so, we present Foucault's studies of disciplinary society and its developments that have given rise to an information society of control, and Bauman’s analysis on liquid modernity and how its characteristics can influence contemporary surveillance. The second line of analysis, drawn from the data collected so far, deals with a vision of cyber surveillance as a tool of cyberspace securitization process. Following this logic, studies of the Copenhagen School, based on the constructivist theory of International Relations, point out a favorable path to understanding the role of cyber surveillance within the cybersecurity issues. As an example case, we examine how this process took place within NSA programs of global surveillance revealed in mid-2013 by Edward Snowden. In order to achieve these objectives, classical authors of surveillance and security studies will be reviewed, as well as new approaches; for the presentation and analysis of the proposed case, documentary analysis, reports and speeches relating to international responses in the face of revelations of the NSA programs will be used. KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity; Securitization; Cyber surveillance; Panopticon; NSA LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Quadro 1 - Ranking global das 5 primeiras posições de países comprometidos com a segurança cibernética 28 Quadro 2 - Tipologia de conflitos cibernéticos 39 Imagem 1 - Fluxo de dados em Mbps no ano de 2005 82 Anexo A - Rotas dos cabos de fibra óptica 118 Anexo B - Parceiros da NSA nos programas de Vigilância 119 Anexo C - Documentos do PRISM 120 Anexo D - Documentos do Boundless Informant 122 Anexo E - Documentos do X-Keyscore 123 Anexo F - Documentos do Tempora 127 Anexo G - Documentos do Muscular 128 Anexo H - Documentos do Stateroom 129 Anexo I - Documentos de espionagem: Brasil e México 130 LISTA DE SIGLAS AOL America OnLine ASD Australia Signals Directorate AT&T American Telephone and Telegraph BND Bundesnachrichtendienst (Alemanha) CIA Central Intelligence Agency (EUA) CSEC Communications Security Establishment (Canadá) CSS Central Security Service (EUA) DDoS Distributed Denial-of-Service DGSE Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (França) DNI Digital Network Intelligence DNS Domain Name System EUA Estados Unidos da América GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters (Reino Unido) GCSB Government Communications Security Bureau (Nova Zelândia) GTE Global Telecoms Exploitation GVT Global Village Telecom IBM International Business Machines ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers IGF Internet Governance Forum ISP Internet
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