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Duranta Erecta Golden Dewdrop

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Duranta Erecta Golden Dewdrop Duranta erecta L. Golden Dewdrop (Duranta ellisia, Duranta plumieri, Duranta repens) Other Common Names: Brazilian Sky Flower, Duranta, Pigeon Berry, Sky Flower. Family: Verbenaceae. Cold Hardiness: Golden Dewdrop is hardy as a subtropical shrub or tree in USDA zones 10 (9b) and 11, as a dieback shrub in zone 9b (9a), as a herbaceous perennial in zone 9a (8b) or as a summer annual in zones 8 and colder. Foliage: Evergreen; simple; opposite to subopposite, occasionally in whorls on short shoots; ovate to obovate; eO to 3½O long; irregularly coarsely toothed on the distal half to two-thirds of the leaf; teeth bristle tipped; blades light to medium green; sparse minute hairs can be found on the upper surface, while the lower surface is covered with tiny translucent hairs, particularly on the veins; somewhat glossy above; tips acute to acuminate; base acute to cuneate; veins pinnate; petiole green and ¼O to ½O long. Flower: Terminal or axillary arching to drooping 6O to 8O racemes of monoecious flowers; individual flowers have short ½Oto ¾O long trumpet-shaped corolla tubes, flaring broadly at the tips into five individual petals; flowers are ½O to ¾O across; petals are ruffled on the margins; colors range from violet, lilac blue, pale blue, to white, with some two-tones with white margins; a green ¼O to dO long five-lobed calyx encases the opening flower and base of the corolla tube; inflorescences open from the base of the raceme with only a few individual flowers open on a given inflorescence at any one time; flowering is continuous in the tropics, but begins in late summer and continues through autumn in our region. Fruit: Elongated spherical to teardrop shaped drupes; dO to ½O long; slightly five -sided on the outside as this is a remnant of the calyx; pointed on the tips; initially green maturing to a golden yellow to yellow-orange color; poisonous; highly variable in fruit set; some plants have very sparse fruit production, while others have large numbers of fruit that appear as golden dewdrops hanging from the stems. Stem / Bark: Stems — stiff and moderately slender; green eventually turning brown; covered in tiny translucent hairs; sharp spines are sometimes present; Buds — foliose; pubescent; white to green; 1 1 /16O to /32O long; Bark — greenish brown to brown. Habit: In the tropics, this species develops into an irregular spreading large shrub or small tree 15N to 20N tall, but in our region it serves as a 6N to 8N tall summer annual, herbaceous perennial or dieback shrub depending upon the severity of winter temperatures; plants tend to develop wild branches, ala Elaeagnus pungens; plants are medium in texture. Cultural Requirements: Sun to partial shade; flower and fruit development are best in full sun; soil pH adaptable; needs a well drained soil; plants can become chlorotic in poor fertility sites; somewhat drought tolerant; authorities vary on their evaluation of this species’ salt tolerance, but it has withstood at least some salts in the irrigation water in College Station and along the Texas coast; renewal pruning is needed occasionally to maintain a dense manageable form; mulch in autumn to lessen cold damage. Pathological Problems: None are particularly troublesome, but scale insects, caterpillars, and nematodes can be occasional pests. Ornamental Assets: Late summer to fall flowering; attractive fruit set on some plants. Limitations & Liabilities: Poisonous fruit containing hydrocyanic acid; this species has the potential to be come invasive in favorable environments; irregular branching habit; late season flowering in most of our region; spines are sometimes present. Landscape Utilization: Summer annual for late season color is the most common use; perhaps in patio containers; perennial plantings in zone 9, along the coast or in deep South Texas in shrub borders; espaliered in the tropics; attracts birds which feed on the fruits; good specimens can be seen as far north as protected spots on the River Walk in San Antonio. Other Comments: Folk remedies have reported to include extracts of this plant for treating intestinal worms, but this would appear to be hazardous since plants contain hydrocyanic acid; the genus name honors an Italian botanist and papal physician named Castore Durantes. Native Habitat: Tropical America; naturalized elsewhere in the subtropics and tropics, including south Texas. Related Taxa: The genus Duranta L. contains 17 to 30 species of tropical trees and shrubs; some are regionally cultivated as ornamentals; a yellow foliage variegated form is available, but it is not particularly stable, marginally attractive, and is spiny. References: Boyle, 1960; Broschat and Meerow, 1999; Dehgan, 1998; Friend, 1942; Gilman and Black, 1999; Loeb and Carpenter, 1992; Odenwald and Turner, 1996; Rauch and Weissich, 2000; Stresau, 1986; Walker, 1992; Watkins and Sheehan, 1975; Whistler, 2000. Copyrighted 2002 with all rights reserved by Michael A. Arnold for future inclusion in Landscape Plants For Texas And Environs, Third Edition..
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