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Trace Metal Contamination of Water in the Lubumbashi River Basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba Rivers in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo

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Trace Metal Contamination of Water in the Lubumbashi River Basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba Rivers in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 6 (2017) 301-311 doi:10.17265/2162-5263/2017.06.002 D DAVID PUBLISHING Trace Metal Contamination of Water in the Lubumbashi River Basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba Rivers in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo Bamba Bukengu Muhaya1, Matthieu Kayembe wa Kayembe2, Sonia Catherine Mulongo3, Clarisse Zoza Kunyonga4 and Faustin Zigabe Mushobekwa5 1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lubumbashi University, Lubumbashi 1825, D.R. Congo 2. Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Lubumbashi University, Lubumbashi 1825, D.R. Congo 3. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lubumbashi University, Lubumbashi 1825, D.R. Congo 4. Department of Material Engineering, Higher School of Industrial Engineers, Lubumbashi University, Lubumbashi 1825, D.R. Congo 5. Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Management, Lubumbashi University, Lubumbashi 1825, D.R. Congo Abstract: Concentrations of fifteen trace metals including Aluminum (Al), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Strontium (Sr), Molybdenum (Mo), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Tin (Sn), Caesium (Cs), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), Bismuth (Bi) and Uranium (U) were investigated in water samples collected from sixteen sampling locations in the Lubumbashi river basin and five locations in Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers during February, March and April 2016. Chemical analyses of the samples were carried out using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer). Water pH was determined using a pH-meter and pH values ranged from 4.2 to 7.8. The highest mean trace metal levels of water were 5,515.816 µgL-1, 166.925 µgL-1, 3.898 µgL-1 and 1.879 µgL-1 for Al, Ba, Cr and U, respectively in Kashobwe river, 2,419.522 µgL-1 and 17.994 µgL-1 for Fe and Cd, respectively in Kafubu river at its confluence with Lubumbashi rivers, 1,408.136 µgL-1 for Mn in Kafubu river 1.36 kilometer downward its confluence with Naviundu river, 222.406 µgL-1 and 0.092 µgL-1 for Sr and Cs, respectively in Kamalondo river 60 meters from the GCM-Lubumbashi (General of Quarries and Mines-Lubumbashi) smelter, 140.294 µgL-1, 12.063 µgL-1 and 0.008 µgL-1 for Pb, V and Bi, respectively in Munua river, 3.544 µgL-1 for Ag in Kabulameshi river, 1.49 µgL-1 for Mo in Kafubu river and 0.081 µgL-1 for Sn in Tshondo river. The mean concentrations of Al, Cd, Fe, Mn and Pb in water of many rivers and the channel exceeded the maximum admissible limits of the WHO (World Health Organization), USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and EU (European Union) drinking-water standards. Trace metal contamination of water of the studied rivers, channel and springs might be partially attributed to natural processes, unplanned urbanization, poor waste management and mostly to abandoned and ongoing mining and ore processing activities in Lubumbashi city. Key words: Trace metal contamination, channel, river, spring, water, pH, Lubumbashi city. 1. Introduction of environmental deterioration worldwide. In the African Copperbelt region which includes Zambia and Anthropogenic activities, including industrial, the D.R. Congo provinces of Upper-Katanga and agricultural and transport activities, are the main cause Lualaba, and in other parts of eastern D.R. Congo Corresponding author: Bamba Bukengu Muhaya, Ph.D., such as the Ituri, North-Kivu, South-Kivu, Maniema professor, research field: assessing and mapping the and Tanganyika provinces, atmosphere, soils, surface environmental and health impacts of abandoned mines in Sub-Saharan African countries. waters and groundwater are negatively impacted with 302 Trace Metal Contamination of Water in the Lubumbashi River Basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba Rivers in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo trace metals and other contaminants as a result of Kashobwe, Kipopo, Lubumbashi, Munua, Tshamalale abandoned and ongoing artisanal and industrial and Tshondo rivers, as well as Tshibal channel, mining activities, metallurgical activities, as well as adjusted Adventist spring and Tshamalale-1 quarter agricultural and transport activities [1-6]. In those spring. Waters from both springs flow into regions, local air and soil environments, surface water Tshamalale river. Lubumbashi, Kimilolo and and groundwater are deteriorated by factory Kinkalabwamba rivers are Kafubu river tributaries. All emanations and dust from artisanal and industrial those water courses flow through Lubumbashi, the mining, tailings, discharge of untreated industrial and capital city of the Upper-Katanga province in hospital effluents, discharge of mine water and mining south-eastern D.R. Congo (Fig. 1). wastewater into rivers, agricultural and urban runoff, Surface water samples were collected from sixteen and domestic wastewater [1-11]. sampling locations in the Lubumbashi river basin Millions of people in many developing countries (sample codes 1ER to 3ER, 4ES and 5ES, 6ER to such as D.R. Congo do not have access to safe 16ER) and from five locations in Kafubu river drinking water, especially those living in rural areas (sample codes 17ER, 19ER and 36ER), Kimilolo river and most of the poor people in urban areas, and they (sample code 18ER) and Kinkalabwamba river largely depend on surface water for their domestic (sample code 20ER). Of the twenty-one sampling water needs [6, 12]. Thus, the use of surface water and locations, there were three in each of Kafubu and groundwater heavily contaminated with trace metals Kabulameshi rivers, two in each of Kamalondo, represent a great risk for public health in those Munua, Tshamalale and Tshondo rivers, one in each countries. of Kamama, Kashobwe, Kimilolo and The aim of the current study was to investigate Kinkalabwamba rivers and Tshibal channel, as well as trace metal contamination of water in the Lubumbashi one sampling location at each of the adjusted river basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba Adventist spring and Tshamalale-1 quarter spring (Fig. rivers in Lubumbashi city, and to compare the water 1) during February, March and April 2016 sampling metal levels with the WHO (World Health campaigns. The samples were collected in clean Organization) guidelines for drinking-water quality 100-milliliter polyethylene bottles after rinsing the [13], USEPA (United States Environmental Protection bottles three times with the water to be sampled. A Agency) standards for water quality [14] and EU sample code as well as the sampling site and the (European Union) drinking-water regulations [15]. sampling date were written on each bottle and on the Water of all those rivers, channel and springs is used bottle lid. To prevent the sample code, sampling site without prior treatment by the people who live along and date from being erased, a transparent plastic them to meet their domestic, agricultural and sticker was stuck on the bottle and on its lid. recreational needs. Geographic coordinates of each sampling location 2. Material and Methods were determined using a Garmin Etrex GPS and they were used later on for elaborating the sampling 2.1 Study Area and Sampling Locations locations map (Fig. 1). The study area comprises various water courses and 2.2 Sample Preservation springs of the Lubumbashi river basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers in Lubumbashi After collection, the samples were immediately city. The Lubumbashi river basin includes taken to the laboratory where pH was determined Kabulameshi, Kalubwe, Kamalondo, Kamama, using a pH-meter. After pH determination, samples Trace Metal Contamination of Water in the Lubumbashi River Basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and 303 Kinkalabwamba Rivers in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo Fig. 1 Map of water sampling locations in the Lubumbashi river basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers in Lubumbashi city during February, March and April 2016. were acidified with two to three drops of concentrated guidelines for drinking-water quality [13], USEPA ultrapure hydrochloric acid. Then they were stored in drinking-water standards and health advisories [14] a clean place at room temperature in the laboratory and EU drinking-water regulations [15] are presented until they were analyzed for trace metals’ content. in Table 1. Water pH was very acid and ranged from 4.2 to 5.5 in Tshamalale-1 quarter spring, Tshamalale 2.3 Analytical Method river, Kafubu river 1.36 kilometer downward its The samples were analyzed using ICP-MS confluence with Naviundu river, Munua river, (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) at Lubumbashi river at its confluence with Tshondo river, the AMGC (Analytical, Environmental and Tshondo river at its confluence with Kabulameshi Geochemical) Laboratory, at VUB (Vrije Universiteit river, and Kafubu river at its confluence with Brussel) in Belgium. Lubumbashi river (Table 1, Fig. 2). The water pH was acid and varied from 5.8 to 6.2 in adjusted Adventist 3. Results and Discussion spring, Kalubwe river at its confluence with Kipopo Water concentrations of fifteen trace metals river, Tshibal channel and Kabulameshi river. In including Ag, Al, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cs, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Lubumbashi river 1.45 kilometer downward the Sr, Sn, U and V (mgL-1) and water pH at the different Lubumbashi Slag heap, the pH was close to neutral sampling locations (Fig. 1), as well as the WHO with the value of 6.9 (Table 1, Fig. 2). It was alkaline Table 1 Mean trace metal concentrations in waters (µgL-1) of the Lubumbashi river basin, Kafubu, Kimilolo and Kinkalabwamba rivers in Lubumbashi city
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