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PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 8 October, 2001) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 788 80 85 Fax: + 41 22 788 80 86 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................1 PROFILE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................6 SUMMARY OF THE PROFILE .....................................................................................................6 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT...........................................................9 BACKGROUND OF THE CONFLICT ..................................................................................................9 THE BUILD-UP TO THE 1996-1998 CIVIL WAR ..................................................................................9 MOBUTU DEFEATED AND KABILA EMERGES TO POWER (MAY 1997) ............................................11 RECOVERY FROM THE 1996-1997 CIVIL WAR INTERRUPTED BY REBELLION AGAINST KABILA (AUGUST 1998)...............................................................................................................................11 OVERVIEW OF THE VARIOUS ARMED CONFLICTS ONGOING IN DRC (2001)..................................12 WARRING PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE POST-AUGUST 1998 CONFLICT: AN OVERVIEW ..................14 THE FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF CONGO (FLC) EMERGED IN JANUARY 2001 AS A COALITION BETWEEN MLC AND FRAGMENTED RCD-ML GROUPS.................................................................19 CONTINUED FIGHTING DESPITE THE LUSAKA CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT (1999-2001)....................23 ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT KABILA ON 16 JANUARY 2001 MOVED THE PEACE PROCESS IN A NEW DIRECTION (2001)...................................................................................................................24 MAIN CAUSES FOR DISPLACEMENT..............................................................................................26 MAJOR DISPLACEMENTS DURING 1997 CIVIL WAR AND DURING ARMED REBELLION IN THE EAST AGAINST KABILA (1997-2001) .......................................................................................................26 FIGHTING BETWEEN VARIOUS ARMED GROUPS CAUSES DESPERATE DISPLACEMENT SITUATION IN THE KIVUS ( 2000-2001).................................................................................................................28 IN THE KIVUS RCD-GOMA TROOPS AND HUTU ARMED GROUPS CAUSE MASSIVE DISPLACEMENT TO EXPLOIT RESOURCES MORE EASILY (2001) ...............................................................................29 IN MANIEMA PEOPLE FLEE VIOLENT CLASHES BETWEEN MAYI MAYI AND RCD FORCES (SEPTEMBER 2001) .........................................................................................................................29 ESCALATED CONFLICT BETWEEN CONGOLESE TUTSIS (BANYAMULENGE) AND MAYI MAYI MILITIAS BEHIND INCREASED DISPLACEMENTS IN SOUTH KIVU (2000).........................................30 VIOLENT CONFLICT BETWEEN THE HEMA AND LENDU PEOPLE IN THE ORIENTALE PROVINCE HAS CAUSED MAJOR DISPLACEMENTS SINCE JUNE 1999 (1999-2001)...................................................30 FIGHTING BETWEEN UGANDAN AND RWANDAN TROOPS IN KISANGANI CAUSED SUBSTANTIAL DISPLACEMENT (JUNE 2000)...........................................................................................................32 PEOPLE FLEE FIGHTING AT THE FRONTLINE IN THE EQUATEUR PROVINCE (2000) ........................33 PEOPLE FLEE FIGHTING AT THE FRONTLINE IN THE KATANGA PROVINCE (1998-2001) ................34 POPULATION PROFILE AND FIGURES ..............................................................................36 TOTAL NATIONAL FIGURES ..........................................................................................................36 OVER 2 MILLION IDPS IN DRC BY END OF SEPTEMBER 2001........................................................36 960,000 IDPS IN DRC BY END OF 1999........................................................................................36 500,000 IDPS IN DRC BY END OF 1998........................................................................................37 100,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1997 ...........................................................37 400,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1996 ...........................................................38 UN OCHA'S RENEWED EFFORTS TO GATHER PRECISE DATA ON THE NUMBER OF IDPS DESPITE DIFFICULTIES (2001).......................................................................................................................38 DISAGGREGATED FIGURES ...........................................................................................................39 DISTRIBUTION OF IDPS BY PROVINCE (JULY 99, JULY 00, DEC 00 AND SEPT 01).........................39 DISPLACEMENT IN THE MANIEMA PROVINCE (2001) .....................................................................40 DISPLACEMENT IN THE KATANGA PROVINCE (2000-2001)............................................................41 DISPLACEMENT IN THE ORIENTALE PROVINCE (2001)...................................................................41 DISPLACEMENT IN THE NORTH KIVU PROVINCE (2001).................................................................43 DISPLACEMENT IN THE SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE (2001) .................................................................44 DISPLACEMENT IN THE EQUATEUR PROVINCE (2001)....................................................................44 DISPLACEMENT IN THE EASTERN KASAI PROVINCE (2000-2001) ..................................................45 DISPLACEMENT IN THE WESTERN KASAI PROVINCE (2001) ..........................................................46 DISPLACEMENT IN KINSHASA PROVINCE (2001)............................................................................46 THE CIVIL WAR HAS CAUSED A LARGE NUMBER OF DISPLACED AND UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN (1999-2000)....................................................................................................................................47 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT ...........................................................................................48 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................48 IN NORTH KIVU, LARGE-SCALE DISPLACEMENT FROM AREAS RICH IN MINERAL WEALTH (2001)48 CHANGED FRONTLINE AND STRATEGY BY ARMED GROUPS IN SOUTH KIVU MAKE THE DISPLACED FLEE GREATER DISTANCES (2000-2001).........................................................................................48 IDPS REMAIN CLOSE TO THEIR PLACES OF ORIGIN (1999-2000) ....................................................49 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT ....................................................51 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................51 WOMEN ARE IN SPECIAL NEED OF PROTECTION (2000-2001).........................................................51 ATTACKS ON ORGANISED IDP CAMPS IN NORTH KIVU (2000) .....................................................51 SEVERAL IDP GROUPS SUBJECTED TO FORCED LABOUR (2000) ....................................................52 DISPLACED CHILDREN NEED PROTECTION FROM RECRUITMENT BY ARMED GROUPS (2001)........52 IDPS IN ORIENTALE IN DIRE NEED OF PROTECTION (FEBRUARY 2000)..........................................54 REBEL AUTHORITIES IN EASTERN DRC DO NOT PROTECT THE CIVILIAN POPULATION (2000-2001) ........................................................................................................................................................54 THE BANYAMULENGE (TUTSI) COMMUNITY IN THE KIVUS IS THREATENED BUT RECEIVES LITTLE PROTECTION FROM RCD-GOMA (2001) .........................................................................................55 SECURITY OF HOST COMMUNITIES AND IDPS UNDERMINED BY ALL ARMED GROUPS (1999-2000) ........................................................................................................................................................55 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER)....................................58 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................58 2 INDICATORS SHOW MORE PRESSING SUBSISTENCE NEEDS IN 2001 THAN IN 2000 .........................58 LACK OF RESOURCES FOR IDPS IN EQUATEUR PROVINCE (JUNE 2001) .........................................59 CIVIL WAR INFLICTS UNBEARABLE HARDSHIP ON WOMEN (2000).................................................59 IDPS SEEKING SHELTER IN THE FOREST CONSTITUTE BE THE MOST VULNERABLE IDP GROUP (2000) .............................................................................................................................................60 HEALTH .........................................................................................................................................60
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