Subaltern Saints: Medieval Iberian Hagiography in Dialogue with Latin American Testimonio by © 2017 Erik Alder Submitted To

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Subaltern Saints: Medieval Iberian Hagiography in Dialogue with Latin American Testimonio by © 2017 Erik Alder Submitted To Subaltern Saints: Medieval Iberian Hagiography in Dialogue with Latin American Testimonio By © 2017 Erik Alder Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________ Chair: Isidro Rivera _______________________________ Patricia Manning _______________________________ Robert Bayliss _______________________________ Santa Arias _______________________________ Luis Corteguera Date defended: 27 April 2017 ii The dissertation committee for Erik Adams Alder certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Subaltern Saints: Medieval Iberian Hagiography in Dialogue with Latin American Testimonio _________________________________ Chair: Isidro Rivera Date approved: 10 May 2017 iii Abstract This dissertation rereads five thirteenth-century Spanish hagiographic poems in the light of modern subaltern studies: the anonymous Vida de Santa María Egipciaca, and Gonzalo de Berceo’s Martirio de San Lorenzo, Vida de San Millán de la Cogolla, Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos, and Vida de Santa Oria. Observing the numerous similarities between hagiographic writing and twentieth-century Latin American activism literature known as testimonio—the innocent and suffering victim, the elite facilitator of the narrative, the illiterate speaker, and the sense of urgency caused by oppression and injustice—the project concludes that the invention and promotion of martyrs and saints provided a crucial space for Christianity to constitute and maintain its power and identity while at the same time providing a space for diverse, marginalized individuals to find expression and influence in their societies. In hagiography, as in testimonio, powerful writers seek legitimacy within their communities by representing, imitating, conveying, facilitating, or portraying voices in pain, exploiting the heroism of suffering and the ideal of administering to others in need. In this way, the politics of suffering unifies the discourses of both hagiography and testimonio as multivalent interests and variant powers cohabitate not merely to entertain or instruct, but to motivate change in society. iv Acknowledgements This project is deeply indebted to the professional mentoring and financial support of the University of Kansas, especially its faculty and staff of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese. I would particularly make mention of my committee members. Thank you, Dr. Isidro Rivera, for believing in this project and for the detailed guidance and advice throughout the length of my graduate journey. I would also like to thank Dr. Patricia Manning and Dr. Robert Bayliss for providing their unique perspectives on my dissertation, and particularly for taking the time to read through my drafts and make comments for improvement. Thanks also to Dr. Santa Arias and Dr. Luis Corteguera for their enthusiasm and support for the project. Thanks also to Dr. Magalí Rabasa for offering her expertise on testimonio. Christi Ivers offered invaluable time and support to my analysis of the French version of Vida de Santa María Egicipiaca; she has also been very supportive and shown so much helpful interest throughout the project. I hope I can offer the same kind of support as she embarks on her journey. Thanks Dr. Anthony Lappin, for the listening ear during my ramblings about reviving an obscure anchoress from Villavelayo. Finally, this would not have been possible without the support of my wife, children, and other family members and friends. Thanks, Meredith, for your love and encouragement and giving up so much time with your husband so that this could be realized. v Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1 Listen to the Dead: Saint Lawrence of Rome and the Politics of Christian Suffering…………..20 Chapter 2 The Dominatrix of Alexandria: Saint Mary of Egypt’s Reconfiguration of Oppression………..50 Chapter 3 (Ob)literating the Enemy: The Poetics of Exorcism in Vida de San Millán de la Cogolla……...84 Chapter 4 The Importance of Secrets: Intellectual Collaboration in the Cult of Santo Domingo de Silos..122 Chapter 5 “A ella merçet pido: ella sea mi guía”: Female Protagonists as Authors in Vida de Santa Oria168 Conclusion..…………………………………………………………………………………….211 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………………….220 1 Introduction Shortly before his death in 1284, Alfonso X, king of Castile and León,1 began work on an impressive funerary display for his parents Fernando III and Beatriz in Sevilla, where the Great Mosque had been rededicated as a cathedral after Fernando conquered the city in 1248 (Dodds 199). Though an earthquake destroyed the majority of this homage in 1365, contemporary descriptions indicate an underlying Christian imperialist discourse there. At the focal point of the display near their tombs sat enthroned life-size sculptures of the three monarchs below an interpretation of the Virgin Mary and her Son all adorned in colorful garments and jewels. An inscription on Fernando’s casket broadcasted his and his son’s expansionist project in Latin, Castilian, Hebrew, and Arabic as he “who conquered all of Spain.” The ornamented piers near the tombs told the story of St. Helena, the Christian mother of Constantine, who, according to tradition, inspired her son to deal mercifully with those of her faith and played a crucial role in his conversion, connecting Fernando and the first Christian emperor of Rome together.2 We are accustomed to thinking of rulers like those in Christian Iberia as operating with enormous power and oftentimes oppression, but both the Christianity before Constantine and the Castile prior to Fernando III were once weak and oppressed themselves, hardly worth noticing for the world powers of their time. How could such insignificant religious and political 1 These are his most prominent and oft cited titles. His complete titles also include king of Toledo, Galicia, Sevilla, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, and Algarve from 1260 onward. 2 Description of the tomb is based on Hernán Pérez de Guzmán’s report of 1345 as transcribed in Burriel 214-216. For information on the multilingual inscriptions, see Dodds 199- 201. Description of the ornamented piers comes from Teresa Laguna Paúl 242. 2 movements become so effective? This dissertation examines the ways in which Christianity used its own suffering and inferior position to Roman authority as an advantage to gain a voice in Mediterranean politics that contributed in many ways to its rise to hegemony and even perpetuated it long after the reality of its powerlessness faded into memory. This is a study of how individuals and groups across time use discourse to frame themselves as oppressed, regardless of the reality of their circumstances, and regardless of their political orientation, doing so through the leverage and promotion of saints like Helena. Gayatri Spivak denounced this strategy in an interview with Leon de Kock, saying, “Many people want to claim subalternity. They are the least interesting and the most dangerous” (45). Because of the multivalence of this rhetorical strategy, at times the project will confront the powerful as they abuse the signification of the victim, while at other times it will inquire into the limits that such a discourse offers for hearing the voices of those in pain and otherwise inaudible, making use of the only political strategy they have available to them. In contrast to the role suffering plays during the Middle Ages, historian and thinker Joseph Amato observes that If any one thing distinguishes the modern mind from the traditional mind, it is our doubt about the universality of suffering as the measure of human good. Ambivalence about the place of suffering in human life characterizes the modern mind. On one level, all modern men and women have no doubt that they will suffer to love and to accomplish things. On another level, though, they doubt whether suffering is inevitable or a universal requirement, much less a good. We no longer are ready to accept suffering as the price that God and nature have put on all things. (24) 3 He then explains that because of this suspicion of suffering along with larger and more available political and medical mechanisms, many today compete about who suffers the most in order to procure measures for an antidote, oftentimes thwarting systems to which they appeal, as lines between sufferer—usually portrayed as an innocent victim—and perpetrator grow ever more oversimplified and equivocal. Amato calls this a “politics of suffering” that individuals and groups leverage for the sake of gain and recognition, regardless of pain’s reality, cultural construction, or falsity.3 While Amato acknowledges how other cultures face suffering and even notes that modernity’s crusade on oppression resembles Christianity in several respects, his concentration on modern secular political and legal machines divert his attention from earlier uses of this attitude for political and social advantage. Hagiography, or biographies of saints, the most visible locus for this rhetoric from the Middle Ages, constitutes a genre that has seen increasing attention from scholars during the last three decades.4 “Hagiography” serves to describe this genre along with related terms “vita” and “lives of saints” despite Heffernan’s reticence that the term “hagiography” has “become fossilized and [falsifies] the psychological realities of [the] 3
Recommended publications
  • 1 Os Símbolos Na Vida De Santa Oria De Gonzalo De Berceo: Uma Leitura
    SILVA, Andréia Cristina Lopes Frazão da. Os símbolos na Vida de Santa Oria de Gonzalo de Berceo: uma leitura histórica a partir da categoria gênero. In: RODRÍGUEZ, Gerardo (dir.). Cuestiones de historia medieval. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Selectus, 2011. 2v. V.2, p. 91-124. Os símbolos na Vida de Santa Oria de Gonzalo de Berceo: uma leitura histórica a partir da categoria gênero Andréia Cristina Lopes Frazão da Silva Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil Introdução Segundo Scott, gênero é o saber a respeito das diferenças sexuais. 1 Dentro desta perspectiva, o gênero não se fundamenta no biológico nem possui uma “essência fixada”, variando no espaço e no tempo. Este saber, como destaca Jane Flax, constitui todos os aspectos da experiência humana, ainda que parcialmente. 2 Ou seja, o gênero não determina ou é determinado pelo social, mas o compõe. Mas Scott ainda complementa: “gender is a primary way of signifying relationships of power”. 3 Ou seja, os saberes sobre a diferença sexual são uma espécie de matriz para dar significado às relações de poder, e, como tal, o gênero não constitui somente as relações entre homens e mulheres, mas também as estabelecidas entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, entre grupos, entre instituições, etc. O gênero compreende quatro elementos interrelacionados, que operam juntos, mas não estão articulados mecanicamente, não são reflexos uns dos outros, nem estão hierarquicamente posicionados: 4 os símbolos; os conceitos normativos; as noções políticas e as referências às instituições e às organizações, e as identidades genéricas. Para Scott, uma questão relevante a ser abordada pelos historiadores é justamente verificar como esses elementos se relacionam.
    [Show full text]
  • Hagiography Society Newsletter
    Hagiography Society Newsletter Volume XXVIII, no. 2, August 2018 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Executive Committee Elections Elections for two executive committee positions will be held this coming year. We are soliciting nominations for the positions of: President and Secretary/Treasurer The terms are three years. Please see the constitution, posted on the hagiographsociety.org website, for further Hagiography Society Sessions at details about the positions. Kalamazoo: CFPs If you are interested in these positions, or wish to nominate Witnessing the Canonization Process someone, please email our current Nominations Chair, Scholars regularly plumb vitae about holy people for Nikolas Hoel, at n-hoel@neiu.edu by December 1. insights into medieval religion and culture. Fewer, Short bios of those interested will appear in the however, focus on the processes of canonization itself. This December/January edition of the newsletter. Elections will panel will focus on those processes. Topics may include: take place this spring before the Society’s Business the specific role of the canonization commissioners and Meeting at Kalamazoo 2019. notaries involved in leading and recording an inquest; how witnesses are chosen; the extent to which canonization inquests conform to or depart from the evolving rules of canonization; how and why information provided by witnesses is sometimes adapted, omitted, or contradicted in subsequent vitae or other documents; patterns across multiple canonization inquests; and how briefer The Sherry L. Reames Graduate Student canonization dossiers based on witness testimonies are Travel Award assembled and forwarded to the curia for further review. While these questions may draw on saints’ vitae, each The Hagiography Society is pleased to solicit entries for the paper should illuminate aspects of the canonization inquest Sherry L.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Hagiology And/As Manuscript Studies: Method and Materiality
    religions Article Comparative Hagiology and/as Manuscript Studies: Method and Materiality Barbara Zimbalist Department of English, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968-0526, USA; bezimbalist@utep.edu Received: 11 October 2019; Accepted: 28 October 2019; Published: 31 October 2019 Abstract: Although the academic study of hagiography continues to flourish, the role of comparative methods within the study of sanctity and the saints remains underutilized. Similarly, while much valuable work on saints and sanctity relies on materialist methodologies, issues of critical bibliography particular to the study of hagiography have not received the theoretical attention they deserve. This essay takes up these two underattended approaches to argue for a comparative materialist approach to hagiography. Through a short case study of the Latin Vita of Lutgard of Aywières (1182–1246) written by the Dominican friar Thomas of Cantimpré (c. 1200–1270), I suggest that comparative material research into the textual history of hagiographic literature can provide us with a more comprehensive and nuanced picture of the production of any specific holy figure, as well as the evolving discourses of sanctity and holiness in general. While this suggestion emerges from my own work on medieval hagiography from the Christian Latin West, it resonates with recent arguments by Sara Ritchey and David DiValerio to call for a materially comparative approach to narratives of holy lives in any religious tradition in any time period. Furthermore, I suggest that medieval studies, and in particular medieval manuscript studies, may have much to offer to scholars of sanctity working in later periods and other settings.
    [Show full text]
  • Gateway to the Syriac Saints: a Database Project Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent Marquette University, Jeannenicole.Saint-Laurent@Marquette.Edu
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Theology Faculty Research and Publications Theology, Department of 1-1-2016 Gateway to the Syriac Saints: A Database Project Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent Marquette University, jeannenicole.saint-laurent@marquette.edu Published version. Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2016): 183-204. Permalink. © 2016 St. John's College. Used with permission. 183 http://jrmdc.com Gateway to the Syriac Saints: A Database Project Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent Marquette University, USA Contact: jnmstl@hotmail.com Keywords: Syriac; hagiography; late antiquity; saints; manuscripts; digital humanities; theology; religious studies; history Abstract: This article describes The Gateway to the Syriac Saints, a database project developed by the Syriac Reference Portal (www.syriaca.org). It is a research tool for the study of Syriac saints and hagiographic texts. The Gateway to the Syriac Saints is a two-volume database: 1) Qadishe and 2) Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca Electronica (BHSE). Hagiography, the lives of the saints, is a multiform genre. It contains elements of myth, history, biblical exegesis, romance, and theology. The production of saints’ lives blossomed in late antiquity alongside the growth of the cult of the saints. Scholars have attended to hagiographic traditions in Greek and Latin, but many scholars have yet to Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture Volume 5, Issue 1 (2016) https://jrmdc.com 184 discover the richness of Syriac hagiographic literature: the stories, homilies, and hymns on the saints that Christians of the Middle East told and preserved. It is our hope that our database will give scholars and students increased access to these traditions to generate new scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Escuelas De Indianos En La Rioja
    ESCUELAS DE INDIANOS EN LA RIOJA MIGUEL ZAPATER CORNEJO Historiador. Inv. Agregado lER 1. LA EMIGRACIÓN A ANDALUCÍA Y A AMERICA La Rioja, especialmente la sierra, por sus excedentes de población y por las características de su género de vida (ganadería trashumante, comercio iti­ nerante), ha sido tradicionalmente centro emisor de población. La población de la sierra riojana, sobre todo, participó activamente en la reconquista y re­ población de España y más tarde hizo importantes aportaciones a la conquis­ ta e hispanización de América y al desarrollo comercial e industrial de An­ dalucía, estrechamente ligado al descubrimiento. La emigración de los habitantes de la sierra riojana a Andalucía y Extre­ madura, regiones que conocían a través de la trashumancia y el comercio de paños, es de las más antiguas. Andalucía, muy al contrario de lo que es en nuestros días, fue desde la Edad Media y hasta mediados del siglo xix, cen­ tro de atracción de población del norte de España y también de países ex­ tranjeros. Con el descubrimiento de América y establecimiento de las colo­ nias de Hispanoamérica, Andalucía se convierte en el centro comercial con el Nuevo Mundo. A comienzos del siglo xviii la Casa de Contratación se tras­ lada de Sevilla a Cádiz, ciudad que, a pesar de la libertad comercial que se concede en tiempos de Carlos III, se transforma en el principal centro de cir­ culación de mercancías con los territorios de ultramar. Simultáneamente, en este siglo, se produce una fase de prosperidad en el campo andaluz, sobre todo en los sectores de frutos y vinos con vistas a la exportación que acentúa la corriente de inmigración que se mantendrá más tarde, al situarse Andalu­ cía también, como una de las primeras regiones de España, en el primer de­ sarrollo industrial en el que tuvieron especial protagonismo un conjunto de hombres procedentes de la sierra riojana de Cameros.
    [Show full text]
  • Boletin Oficial De La Diputación General De La Rioja
    / BOLETIN OFICIAL DE LA DIPUTACIÓN GENERAL DE LA RIOJA 111 LEGISLATURA Depósito Legal: LO. 493 · 1984 LOGROÑO, 7-10-94 NÚM. 177 SERIE B: ACTOS DE CONTROL SUMARIO PREGUNTAS PARA RESPUESTA ESCRITA Págs. Pregunta que se formula nuevamente al Consejo de Gobierno, por el Diputado señor Herreros Hernández, relativa al grado de recepclon y calidad de imagen de la señal de T.V. en varios mu­ nicipios de la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja. 2334 Númt:.:xo 177 BOI,ETIN OFICIAL de J;¡ J)i¡ll!l:tciún < icner;d tk ! .. 1 Rit)j;¡ St:.:rie B dentes a solucionar el problema? PREGUNTAS PARA RESPUESTA ESCRITA Municipios de la Comunidad Autónoma La Mesa de la cámara, en su sesión de La Rioja incluidos correlativamente celebrada el dÍa 28 de septiembre de en los escritos nQs. 823 al 996: 1994, ha admitido a trámite la pregun­ ta, para su respuesta por escrito, Villoslada de Cameros. Villanueva de formulada al Consejo de Gobierno, me­ Cameros. Torrecilla en Cameros. Torre diante escritos números 823 a 996, por en Cameros. Terroba. Soto de Cameros. el Diputado señor Herreros Hernández, San Román de Cameros. El Rasillo. Ra­ integrado en el Grupo Parlamentario banera de Cameros. Pradillo. Pinillos. Popular, relativa al grado de recep­ Ortigosa de Cameros. Nieva de Came­ ción y calidad de imagen de la señal ros. Nestares. Muro en Cameros. Lum­ de T.V. en los municipios de la Comu­ breras. Laguna de Cameros. Jalón de nidad Autónoma de La Rioja, que se Cameros. Hornillos. Gallinero de Came­ transcribe a continuación. ros. Cabezón de Cameros.
    [Show full text]
  • Glimpses of a Mariology in the Qurʾan 533 Glimpses of a Mariology in the Qurʾan: from Hagiography to Theology VIA Religious
    glimpses of a mariology in the qurʾan 533 GlimpSES OF A MariOLOgy IN THE QurʾAN: FROM HagiOgraphy TO ThEOLOgy via REligiOUS-POliTical DEbaTE* Michael Marx Two new contributions on Christian intertexts of the Qurʾan give cause to rethink the complex role that the figure of Mary plays in the Qurʾan: Samir Khalil Samir, “The theological Christian influences on the Qurʾan: a reflection,” and Suleiman A Mourad, “Mary in the Qurʾan: a re-examination of her presentation ”1 It is a felicitous coin- cidence that a database of Qurʾanic intertexts, entitled “Texte aus der Umwelt des Korans” (Texts from the environment of the Qurʾan), is currently being established in the framework of the project Corpus Coranicum at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences 2 This offers a welcome basis for a more in-depth examination of some of the questions raised in these papers For theological issues in the Qurʾan—as highlighted in the title of Samir’s essay—still remain under-researched Since the theological questions tackled in the Qurʾan form part of the still widely undetermined mass of pluricul- tural Late Antique debates, any discussion of these questions demands that the Qurʾanic text be contextualized within as broad as possible a spectrum of previously existing traditions The methods and the individual stages involved in this contextualization procedure also need to be defined The following contribution begins with a brief summary of the research carried out until now on the figure of Mary in the Qurʾan 3 In the main part, Suleiman Mourad’s and Samir
    [Show full text]
  • Definition[Edit]
    Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque architecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th century. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials. Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. The most significant are the great abbeychurches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete and frequently in use.[1] The enormous quantity of churches built in the Romanesque period was succeeded by the still busier period of Gothic architecture, which partly or entirely rebuilt most Romanesque churches in prosperous areas like England and Portugal. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, northern Spain and rural Italy. Survivals of unfortified Romanesque secular houses and palaces, and the domestic quarters of monasteries are far rarer, but these used and adapted the features found in church buildings, on a domestic scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Reconstruction of Medieval and Early Modern
    DIETARY RECONSTRUCTION OF MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN SPANISH POPULATIONS USING STABLE ISOTOPES OF CARBON AND NITROGEN ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by © Amy T. MacKinnon 2015 Spring 2015 DIETARY RECONSTRUCTION OF MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN SPANISH POPULATIONS USING STABLE ISOTOPES OF CARBON AND NITROGEN A Thesis by Amy T. MacKinnon Spring 2015 APPROVED BY THE DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND VICE PROVOST FOR RESEARCH: _________________________________ Eun K. Park, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: ______________________________ _________________________________ Guy Q. King, Ph.D. Eric J. Bartelink, Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ Georgia L. Fox, Ph.D. PUBLICATION RIGHTS No portion of this thesis may be reprinted or reproduced in any manner unacceptable to the usual copyright restrictions without the written permission of the author. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my grandparents Ermineo Claude Paul Seita April 21, 1921 – February 11, 2015 and Velma Watson Seita January 28, 1923 – March 12, 2015 “Chi tard’arriva mal’alloggia” iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge with gratitude my thesis committee Dr. Eric Bartelink and Dr. Georgia Fox. Thank you for your support, enthusiasm, and encouragement. I would like to thank Dr. Bartelink especially for introducing me to this project and for training me in the techniques of preparing samples for stable isotope analysis. I would also like to thank Dr. Nicholas V. Passalacqua (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Command) who had the foresight to sample the collection for stable isotope analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference About Succession
    A CONFERENCE ABOUT THE NEXT SUCCESSION 1 ________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY: The document below is a modern-spelling edition of A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England. The frame story of A Conference is a fictitious conference in Amsterdam in the spring of 1593, fully described in the Preface to Part I. In that fictitious frame story, the principal speakers are two lawyers, the one an expert in the civil law of England, the other an expert in the common law. This frame story in itself makes it clear that the author himself had a legal background. The civil lawyer puts forward his arguments in Part I (or rather, the author of A Conference puts forward his arguments through the mouth of the fictitious civil lawyer). In Part II, it is the turn of the fictitious expert in the common law. The title page promises that ‘a new & perfect arbour or genealogy of the descents of all the Kings and Princes of England from the Conquest unto this day’ can be found at the end of the tract whereby the claims of all the current pretenders to the English crown will be made plain. This ‘arbour’ or genealogy may have been based on the work of Francis Peto (see below, and TNA SP 70/137, ff. 319-21). Unfortunately this promise is not fulfilled. The ‘arbour or genealogy’ does not appear, suggesting that the author of A Conference did not play a role in the book’s publication. A Conference is a well organized and well thought out presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Christian Recovery of Spain, Being the Story of Spain from The
    ~T'^~r''m»^ STORY OF r>.e N ATJONS^rrrr: >' *•=• ?(¥**''' ^'i^^J^^^^'^'^^rP'.'fiS- «* j; *!v'---v-^^'--: "'I'l "i .'^l^lllL""ll'h i' [i^lLl^lA^AiiJ rr^^Tf iii Di ii i m im wmV' W M»\immmtmme>mmmm>timmms6 Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2008 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.arcliive.org/details/cliristianrecoverOOwattricli THE STORY OF THE NATIONS 2MO, ILLUSTRATED. PER VOL., $1.50 THE EARLIER VOLUMES ARE THE STORY OF GREECE. By Prof. Jas. A. Harrison THE STORY OF ROME. By Arthur Oilman THE STORY OF THE JEWS. By Prof. Jas. K. Hosmer THE STORY OF CHALDEA. By Z. A. Ragozin THE STORY OF GERMANY. By S. Baring-Gould THE STORY OF NORWAY. By Prof. H. H. Bovesen THE STORY OF SPAIN. By E. E. and Susan Hale THE STORY OF HUNGARY. By Prof. A. V.^MBfiRY THE STORY OF CARTHAGE. By Prof. Alfred J. Church THE STORY OF THE SARACENS. By Arthur Oilman THE STORY OF THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By Stanley Lane-Poole THE STORY OF THE NORMANS. By Sarah O. Jewett THE STORY OF PERSIA. By S. G. W. Benjamin THE STORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. By Geo. Rawlinson THE STORY OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By Prof. J. P. Mahaffy THE STORY OF ASSYRIA. By Z. A. Ragozin THE STORY OF IRELAND. By Hon. Emilv Lawless THE STORY OF THE GOTHS. By Henry Bradley THE STORY OF TURKEY. By Stanley Lane-Poole THE STORY OF MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA. By Z. A. Ragozin THE STORY OF MEDIEVAL FRANCE. By Gustave Masson THE STORY OF MEXICO.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Patrick: a Hagiographical Study
    Obsculta Volume 12 Issue 1 Article 11 5-3-2019 Saint Patrick: A Hagiographical Study Molly Kluever College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, mkluever001@csbsju.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/obsculta Part of the History of Christianity Commons ISSN: 2472-2596 (print) ISSN: 2472-260X (online) Recommended Citation Kluever, Molly. 2019. Saint Patrick: A Hagiographical Study. Obsculta 12, (1) : 116-126. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/obsculta/vol12/iss1/11. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Obsculta by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@csbsju.edu. Molly Kluever Molly Kluever is a junior English and Theology double-major at the College of Saint Benedict. In Fall 2018, she spent the semester abroad in Galway, Ireland, where she had the opportunity to study the Irish-Christian tradition in its original context. Unsurprisingly, the figure of St. Patrick was broached early in the course. Fascinated by the myriad of ways religion has influenced the development of literature, Molly decided to write her term paper on the conflicting images of St. Patrick found in the saint’s own writings and in the dramatic accounts of his life written by hagiographers in the centuries following his death. The resulting essay – “St. Patrick: A Hagiographical Study” – attempts to articulate how both fact and fiction played a role in shaping the legendary Irish saint. 116 Obsculta SAINT PATRICK: A Hagiographical Study A scholar attempting to study the life of St.
    [Show full text]