B ulletin No . 90

REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL IC E PATROL IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC

Se aso n of 2004

CG - 1 88-59

’ l n a a Pa describin Pa serv ices h r with B ul eti No . 90 Forwarded e e is of the Intern tion l Ice trol , g Ice trol s O 27 A 2004 a 2004 a . and ice observations and conditions during the se son pening on pril , the se son

War - a - r a a La a marked the latest opening date on record . mer th n no m l winter temper tures off the br dor coast coupled with a series of powerful low —pressure systems during January resulted in limited sea— ice growth and the destruction of icebergs that would normally reach the shipping lanes during Febru ary

and March .

a a l a n Pa a Though light se son , the fol owing Core V lues gover ed Ice trol ctivity , ensuring continued operational excellence :

Partnerships B uilt on the Spirit of Interna tional Coop eration Continuous Improvement through the Use of Technology Individual Commitment to the IIP Mission

Nowhere is the spirit of international cooperation better demonstrated than in the collaborative work of N A a IIP a of r 2004 the orth meric n Ice Service , in which bec me one th ee component services in , joining ’ P a i Na a and a a a . a a the U S . tion l Ice Center the C n di n Ice Service Ice trol s p rticip tion in th s group k a a a and a spar ed continuous process improvement , p rticul rly in upgr ding the iceberg drift deterior tion IIP to a a a and model (outlined in Appendix E) . continued v lid te the use of s tellites for detecting k still A . W identifying icebergs ( ppendix D) hile much wor is needed , this technology holds hope for IIP k to mi n ai a . a the future of iceberg reco n ss nce In ddition , loo s to its history inspire com tment to the ’ — a one al r . mission . The cover of this ye r s report depicts of sever iceberg destruction expe iments A a Appendix C is a fascinating article documenting the history of these experiments . lthough we h ve our a of IIP to been unsuccessful in ttempts to destroy icebergs , the crew continues diligently monitor a and k a a a i iceberg d nger reduce the ris of iceberg collision by providing ccur te , timely w rn ngs to

transatlantic shipping .

I hope you enjoy reading this report of the 2004 season .

H k M . R . ic s ma a a Com nder, U . S . Co st Gu rd m a Intemational Pat Co m nder, Ice rol Inte rnatio nal Ic e Patro l 2004 Annual Re po rt

Co ntents

List of Abbrev iations and Acronyms

Introduction

Summary of Operations

Iceberg Reconnaissance Oceanograph ic Operations

Ice and Env ironmental Cond itions

Month ly Sea Ice C harts

Biweekly Iceberg C harts

Acknowledgements

Appendi x A: Natio ns C urre ntly S uppo rting I nte rnatio nal Ic e Patro l

Appendi x 8 : S h ip R e po rts

Appendi x C : I ce be rg De molitio n Expe rime nts

Appendi x D: I ce be rg R ec o nnaissance Using ENVISAT

Append i x E: I ce be rg Dete rio ratio n Estimate s : A Mo de l C o mpariso n

Ordering Past IIP Ann ual Reports from NTIS Back Cov er

v r h h I i n June 1 960 . Co e p otograp : ceberg destruct o using thermite . List of Abbrev iatio ns and Acro nyms

Area of Responsibility

Advanced Synthetic - Aperture Radar

Air- deployed expendable B athyThermograph iceBerg Anal ysis and Prediction System Communications AreaMaster Station atLANTic Canadian Coast Guard Canadian Ice Service Department of Fisheries and Oceans

ENV Ironmental SATellite

Forward - Lo oking Airborne Radar File Transfer Protocol Global Monitoring for Environment and Security High Frequency Horizontal transmit Horizontal receive

’ Her Majesty s Canadian Ship Horizontal transmit Vertical receive Iceberg Detection Software International Ice Patrol INtemational MARitime SATellite (al so Inmarsat) Ice Reconnaissance Detachment Incident Swath Limi t of A11 Known Ice

MAN11 211 of standard procedure s for observ ing and reporting ICE conditions Meter Motor Vessel National Ice Center National Technical Information Service Nautical Mile Provincial Aerospace Limited Probability Of Classification Prob ability Of Detection Radio Detection And Ranging (also radar) Royal M ail Steamer Safety Of Life At Sea

Side - Lo oking Ai rborne Radar Sea Surface Temperature

Wh at - If Model WOGE World Ocean Circulation Experiment I ntrod uction

th 90 a a n a a Pa a a This is the nnu l report of the I tern tion l Ice trol , which is under the Oper tion l A a Ar i of m a U S . a a a. a a on IIP control Co m nder, Co st Gu rd tl ntic e The report cont ns inform tion a a and N A a oper tions , environment l conditions , iceberg conditions in the orth tl ntic during the 4 F 1 a and a a P 200 a . 7 U S . a se son unded by member n tions conducted by the Co st Gu rd , Ice trol 1 1 3 ri f was a Titanic a k on 1 5 A ri 1 9 1 2 . 9 o formed soon fter the RMS s n p l Since , except for pe ods W Wa Pa has b a a a a k of the orld rs , Ice trol een monitoring iceberg d nger ne r the Gr nd B n s a and Newfoundland and broadcasting the Limit of All Known Ice to mariners . The ctivities

46 3 8 3 a- 7 d and IIP are a U S . 7 7 8 38 responsibilities of deline ted in Code , Title , Sections , the 4 I a a a of L at Sea 1 97 . ntern tion l Convention for the S fety ife ,

’

a a Pa a a a a . The Intern tion l Ice trol conducted eri l reconn iss nce from St John s , N a to ar for a and of ewfoundl nd se ch icebergs in the southe stern , southern , southwestern regions P a ank . a to HP a a a a a the Gr nd B s In ddition reconn iss nce d t , Ice trol received iceberg reports from ’ Pa a / Ber e No ra for other aircraft and mariners in the North Atlantic . (Ice trol s lutes M V g 2 4 A 00 a . t O a providing the most ship reports during the se son ) the per tions Center in Groton , t a a and a a a and a to Connec icut , personnel n lyzed iceberg environment l d t used computer model ’ n n ri a d ri a . a o HP predict iceberg d ft dete or tion B sed the model s prediction , produced iceberg a warnings that were broadcast twice a day to mariners as text bulletins and charts . In ddition to IIP a a al a . these routine bro dc sts , responded to individu requests for iceberg inform tion

H w m ar A Ar r A a a . as a . . a a a Vice dmir l J mes D ull Com nder, U S Co st Gu d tl ntic e th ough 1 2 4 w H k wa 6 00 as A a . a. a . s July , when he relieved by Vice dmir l Vivien S Cre CDR Mich el R ic s m n P a a a a . Com nder, I tern tion l Ice trol

For a a a a Pa and more inform tion bout the Intern tion l Ice trol , including iceberg bulletins a at ch rts , visit our website Summary of Operatio ns

’ 4 International Ice Patrol actively daily until the season s close on 27 July 200 . monitors the iceberg danger to transatlantic The opening on 27 April marked the latest start ° ° N All a 40 N 52 N a a . : shipping in the region bounded by , , to se son on record ote inform tion ° ° 39 W and 57 W F ure Patrol a i ma , ( ig Ice report st tist cs presented in this sum ry refer ri 1 F r 2 formal ly begins ice reconnaissance and product to the pe od of 3 ebru a y to 7 July . ’ dissemination when icebergs threaten the International Ice Patrol s Operations a a E and a a prim ry shipping l nes between urope Center in Groton , Connecticut n lyzed N Am h l IRD a h a. a a a s orth eric T is thre t usu ly begins in inform tion reports from , merch nt s ips , F a and h IIP a a a a a i ebru ry extends t rough July , but C n di n Ice Service reconn iss nce fl ghts , a Na a and commences oper tions when iceberg conditions the tion l Ice Center, other sources

E i a a F ure Two - - two of dictate . xcept dur ng unusu lly he vy ice ( ig hundred seventy these ar a a k N a are a a F i ure ye s , the Gr nd B n s of ewfoundl nd reports cont ined ice inform tion ( g normally free of icebergs from August to ranging from single or multiple iceberg n a a . a a a J nu ry sightings to station ry radar t rgets a d se ice . Pa a k F t IIP Ice trol beg n issuing wee ly rom these repor s , merged 1 F 2 4 3 a 00 . a a a AP F ure products on ebru ry Comm nder, individu l t rgets into B S ( ig the International Ice Patrol opened the season on dri ft and deteri oration model that Ice Patrol and 27 A ri 2004 and HP tri a . p l , dis buted products CIS oper te jointly

’ F i ur IiP e 1 . s r i in i i n f o e at n area . cates ocat o o Titanic inkin g p g T d l s g. ’ I nfo rmatio n Re ports sources include the Canadian Ice Service s a a t a a a ircr ft, con r ct reconn iss nce flights by As ar HP P a A a L i HMC S and in previous ye s , requested rovinci l erosp ce im ted , a a rt all CCG and a a t all volunt ry inform tion repo s from ships vessels , co st l ligh houses , of P 1 29 t a i a a k . a 8% r nsit ng the Gr nd B n s region Ice trol which combined provided reports , or ’

a a ar of a a . F a requested th t ships report ice sightings , r d the ye r s tot l in lly , other sources a a and sea a a m a a a a t rgets , we ther, surf ce temper tures fishing vessels , com erci l ircr ft , recre tion

— v ia Canadian Coast Guard Radio Station St . boats) some for which the platform is ' CAMSLANT k — a % John s/V ON . . a a 5 , U S Co st Gu rd , un nown provided the rem ining of

— — — F i ure 2 or using code 42 Inmarsat C and Inmars at reports . g provides a breakdown of the A Pa a ak all r a . Ice trol encour ged ships to m e ice sources of info m tion reports received in w a 2 4 reports even if no ice as sighted bec use 00 . knowledge of the absence of ice is also Ice e rts fundamental to accurate product generation . R po The continued success and viability of the International Ice Patrol depends heavily upon Only 272 of the reports sent to Ice

Pa a a . all who contri bute information reports . trol cont ined ice inform tion The Merchant shipping provided the Canadian Government provided 43% of ice a 2004 1 39 34 and r a a a m jority of reports . In , ships from reports the inte n tion l merch nt fleet different countries provided IIP with The remaining 24% came from [IP

— — a a Nat al and reports 84% of total reports demonstrating reconn iss nce , the ion Ice Center, that the number of nations using Ice Patrol other sources some for which the platform is F i ur a a ak services exceeds the 1 7 member nations that unknown . g e 3 displ ys bre down of

IIP LA F . O . support under S S urthermore, the ice report sources ’ international merchant fleet s high level of h r participation in 2004 indicates the value of Ice O t e U n kn o w n F r Patrol products and services . o the second a a a Be r e No rd ye r in row , the merch nt vessel g N a a HP ( orw y) m de the most reports to , A C a na d ia submitting a total of 99 . ppendix B lists the ships and all other sources that made at 2004 a inform ion reports during the se son . i F ure 3 . e ortin sources of the 272 ice re orts While the majority of information g R p g p

receiv ed urin 2004 . Ice re orts inc ude iceber s and a an d g p l g reports c me from merch t shipping , Ice ti n r r sta o a y adar targets. Patrol also received valuable information from many Canadian Government sources . These

Me rge d Targe ts Oth e r Canadian The 272 ice reports received by HP contained targets that were merged into AP a a a B S . The C n di n Government reported 65% ar IIP Na a of merged t gets while , the tion l and a Ice Center, merch nt shipping reported Targets transferred v ia BAPS (Ice ’ F i r 2 e ortin source f the in rm i n gu e . R p g s o fo at o Patrol s iceberg drift and deteri oration model) r r iv In rmati n r e orts ece ed b IIP in 2004 . fo o e orts p y p made up the remaining These latter inc u e i a- ur ace tem erature and w th r ce se s ea e . l d , f p , targets were ori ginally sighted north of Ice ’ ’ N R and the a . John s/V O Patrol s AO entered into CIS model , Tr ffic Service St were the which forwarded them to IIP once they dri fted primary radio stations that transmitted ice ° ari i a and a 2 AP fi a ak i . south of 5 N . This B S con gur tion m es bullet ns M ne Commun c tions Tr ffic Anthon /V CM ra i it extremely diffi cult to determine the original Services St . y t nsm tted i and as l . a reporting source of a target transferred from the bulletins wel In ddition , ice bullet ns l CIS model and thus explains why Figures 2 and safety broadcasts were de ivered over the

- fe NET v ia A a Ea 3 do not account for targets transferred v ia Inmarsat C Sa ty the tl ntic st IIP an AP F ure 4 a ak and W a . , B S . ig provides bre down of est s tellites Moreover produced

- a a 1 2002 LA and merged target reporting sources . ice ch rt th t depicted the KI

broadcast it daily at 1 6002 and 1 81 02 . United States Coast Gu ard Communications Area Master Station Atlantic/NMF and the National B AP S Weather Service assisted with the transmi ssion On a of of the ice chart . the e stern side the A a a Federal a and tl ntic , the Germ n M ritime Hydrographic Agency stations Hamburg/DDH ’ r DDK t a IlP s a and Pinnebe / r nsmitted ice ch rt , V e s s e ls g which was also available v ia plain paper F a n a a . facsimile a d em il on dem nd in lly , both e ortin source s of the individua F igure 4 . R p g l and a a a a 2 4 the bulletin ch rt were v il ble on Ice tar ets mer ed into BAP in 00 . g g S ’ Patrol s website .

B AP S i htin O th e r LAKI I ce be rg S g gs C a r a d ia n

SOLAS mandates Ice Patrol to gu ard a and the southe stern , southern , southwestern k a regions of the Grand B an s . In ddition to monitori ng the icebergs that set the Limit of All IIP Known Ice , uses most of its resources to i ial re ortin sources of LAKI— settin a F i ure 5 . In t search for the most seaward icebergs . This ye r g p g g

IIP 53% of LA I icebergs during 2004 . detected K icebergs ; but , a Pa a the ar fortun tely , Ice trol is not lone in se ch

- a for limit setting icebergs . Merch nt ships In 2004 Pa a m 1 84 , Ice trol tr ns itted 25% of LA and NIC reported KI icebergs , v ia Safet NET all scheduled ice bulletins y , of a F a AP reported nother in lly , B S model which reached the SafetyNET on time . The transfers between IIP and CIS accounted for - ar a timeliness , however, of ice ch t tr nsmissions and other sources accounted for 1 % of w as not quite as high as that of bulletins . Ice LAKI icebergs (F igure Patrol produced 92 ice charts that were IIP Broadcasts/Pro ducts transmitted twice a day ( 1 84 total a i v ia HF a a a tr nsm ssions) r dio f csimile , m de the a IIP a a a v ia a a and Throughout iceberg se son , v il ble em il on dem nd , posted on LAKIs a da 00002 and 1 2002 Of 1 84 an i 1 72 produced two y ( ) the web . these tr sm ssions , and a a . n Pa distributed them by v rious me ns United were delivered o time . Ice trol States Coast Guard Communications Area considers an ice chart transmission late when Master Station Atlantic/NMF and Canadian the radio frequency start tone begins more than Coast Gu ard Marine Communications and one minute later th an the scheduled transmi ssion time ( 1 6002 or This year

n - a a i was a and 1 1 o e ice ch rt tr nsm ssion l te , A were not transmitted at all . problem in the 2003 line between CAMSLANT and the transmitter antenna in Boston w as the primary cause for

- late and missed ice chart transmissions .

Safety Broadcasts 2000

2004 a Pa During the se son , Ice trol sent LAKIAc c urac six unscheduled safety broadcasts for icebergs y and stationary radar targets near or outside the LAKI accurac . F igure 6 . y a a : LAKI . These six s feties reported eight t rgets one a LA iceberg inside but ne r the KI , four ’ a a a a LA and a a a st tionary r d r t rgets outside the KI , emph sizes the degree of se son s iceberg

a to a a a . three icebergs outside the LAKI . d nger tr ns tl ntic shipping Because of two untimely reports of The 2004 season lasted 92 days and saw ° LA I— f 4 N icebergs outside the K which resulted in 262 individual icebergs south o 8 . ’ the a a — L was a a a 2004 was two of se son s six s feties the imit Comp red to the p st four ye rs , light inaccurate in four of 1 84 bulletins . The both in terms of season length and number of ° two — a F 2004 48 N . icebergs in these reports m de on icebergs south of urthermore , the ’ separate days— were sighted before HP had statistics accord with Triv ers s ( 1 994) a 00002 LA a a cre ted the KI , but the reports did not definition of light se son , which he arrive at HP until after personnel had already determined lasts less than 1 05 days and has ° a 00002 and 1 2002 . f 4 N rele sed both the bulletins fewer than 300 icebergs south o 8 . on a Pa Therefore , two d ys , Ice trol unwittingly broadcast inaccurate 00002 and 1 2002 LAKIs. Canadian S uppo rt a a In both c ses , however, personnel immedi tely

a a . As a a a a sent s fety upon receipt of the ice report The they do every ye r, the C n di n end result w as 98% LAKI accuracy in 2004 Government generously supported HP during F ure 4 a a an ( ig the 200 season . The C n di Ice Service conducted ice reconnaissance using a SLAR Historical Pe rs pectiv e equipped Dash - 7 airplane and shared its

a a HP To comp re ice se sons , uses two measurements developed by various authors 4 l Alfulti s 1 987 1 99 ark et a . ( , ; Trivers , ; M o , Ice Patrol determines season severity based on season length (F igure 7) and the ° number of icebergs south of 48 N (F igure This second measurement includes both ° icebergs sighted south of 48 N and those that ° were sighted north of 48 N but that BAPS ° ri 4 N Of eventually d fted south of 8 . the two a HP Th 20 Le n th of ice season since 2000. e me surements , focuses more on the number F igure 7 . g

° - mean is 1 42 . of icebergs south of 48 N because it year ( 1 985 2004) a a a a HP . a reconn iss nce d t with In ddition , CIS provided Ice Patrol with cri tical support of F a P a A a L i AP . B S in lly , rovinci l erosp ce im ted

supplied HP with invaluable ice data.

C usto me r Re latio ns

A to a ccording surveys from customers , m riners ’ all Pat HP use of Ice rol s products ; therefore , 800 1 000 will continue generating the s ame products next Ice b e r s a a a a a g se son , long with new ice ch rt v lid for k 00002 . a a Moreover, bec use feedb c from F i ur Number of indiv idual iceber s si hte e 8. g ( g d g customers was not as comprehensive as ° 4 in 2 The 20 ear and drifted) south of 8 N s ce 000. y a had Pa pl nners hoped , Ice trol will continue - 4 i ( 1 985 200 ) mean s 900. 2 sending surveys to mariners in 005 .

Refe re nce s

4 ° I P a 8 N 1 900 . e o rt o the nte rna tiona l Al fultis . , M Iceberg opul tions South of Since R p f

- r r 73 63 7 . Ice Pa t ol in the No th Atlantic No . 6 , Bulletin ,

k . R . F B . W a P M a . a R . . . . M r o , S , issel , D , dh ms , , Kelly , , Brown , R D Iceberg Severity off Eastern North America: Its Relationship to Sea Ice Vari ability and Climate

a J ourna l o Clima te 1 - 1 1 . 335 35 . Ch nge f ,

P ’ . a a a a ri Re o rt o the Inte rna tiona l Trivers , G Intern tion l Ice trol s Iceberg Se son Seve ty . p f

I P tro l in the No rth Atla ti - ce a n 80 49 9 . c No . 5 , Bulletin , Iceberg Reco nnaissance Ocea nogra p h ic Operations

I ce be rg R e c o nnaissance

The Ice Reconnai ssance Detachment is a - ma a a sub unit under Com nder, Intern tion l Ice Patrol partnered with Coast Guard Air Station E a ai a liz beth City , which provided the rcr ft a a a platform . Ice Reconn iss nce Det chments and sea deployed to observe report ice , and a a icebergs , oce nogr phic conditions on the O a a Grand B anks of Newfoundland . ce nogr phic observations were used for Operational support and research purposes . ’ Ice Patrol s pre - season R D departed on 29 January 2004 to determine the early season iceberg distribution . The iceberg distribution noted duri ng the pre - season R D did not a a a k w rr nt regul r (every other wee ) 2 4 IRD mmar Table 1 : 00 Su y .

N a . , deployments to ewfoundl nd Consequently Note : Flight hours include patrol and transit hours. only one R D deployed during the six weeks IRD #2 includes logistics hours. between the end of the pre - season and 24 a a k a a a as an M rch , which m r ed the beginning of regul r p rticip ted end user through the i a . deployments . Bec use of the lim ted severity Northern View element of the project ’ of R D A E HP s ice conditions , deployments were ppendix further describes involvement

a . E In a 5 1 shortened from nine to seven d ys These in the GM S project . ddition to the a a R Ds a a bbrevi ted , ver ging two sorties , there were four logistics flights from a a a a Air a E a to reconn iss nce flights per deployment, Co st Gu rd St tion liz beth City ’ n N a 3 a . r n a a a . F u e 9 oper ted from St Joh s , ewfoundl nd until maintain a d rep ir the ircr ft ig ’ 2 4 ai a at 00 . 2 4 July Iceberg reconn ss nce oper ions details HP s flight hours for 00 . concluded on 30 July 2004 with the return of

— R D the post season . Ice Reconnai ss ance Detachments were ’ P a t ro l Ho u rs deployed to HP s base of operations in St . ’ N a for 70 a John s , ewfoundl nd d ys during the 2004 season (T able Ice Patrol flew 5 1 24 of a and sorties , which were tr nsit flights to ’ 27 a from St . John s . The rem ining sorties were iceberg reconnaissance patrols to determine the

2004 fli ht hours. F igure 9 . g Pa a a LAKI . Ice trol dedic ted portion of two patrols to ground - truth data collection for use in GMES a a Pa i conjunction with the project , progr m Ice trol used fl ght hours in A E a a . 2004 a 20% a 2003 F re sponsored by the urope n Sp ce gency This , decre se from ( igu data will be used to eval uate a computer F igure 1 1 compares flight hours with the ° b ased target identification algorithm that may number of icebergs south of 48 N since 1 995 . HP a Pa a a be used in future oper tions . Ice trol This figure demonstrates that HP nnu lly 2000 2001 2003 2004

° r F i ht hour v rsu i er h f 4 F i u e 1 1 . s e s ceb s sout o 8 N F i ur 1 Br ak wn f fli ht h ur 20 0 g l g g g e 0. e do o g o s ( 0 ( 1 995

spacing and provide 200% radar coverage of expends a fai rly consistent number of flight 2 a a M of a a hours even though the number of icebergs pproxim tely N oce n e ch at F ure A P p rol despite poor visibility ( ig varies significantly from year to year . Ice atrol ’ detailed description of HP s reconnaissance maintains this consistency because even a small ° strategy is provided at number of icebergs passing south of 48 N can dramatically extend the geographic distribution a of a LA a of a a Identifying the v rious types t rgets of the KI , thus requiring cover ge l rge on the Grand B anks is a continual challenge for area of ocean despite a sparse iceberg HP F a a . e reconn iss nce r quently , visibility is population . poor and targets are often identified based Coast Guard aircraft provided the on LAR solely their radar image . Both S and primary means of detecting the icebergs that set FLAR a a a L All K To provide v lu ble clues to t rget identity , the imit of nown Ice . conduct ’ a FLAR s a a a HP a a a but in most c ses superior im ging iceberg reconn iss nce , used Co st Gu rd a ar F a . r - — llows definitive t get identific tion igu e HC 1 30H long range aircraft equipped with the 1 3 a and of a a - - displ ys the number types t rgets th t Motorola AN/APS 1 35 Side Lo oking Ai rborne Radar and the Texas Instruments AN/APS- 1 37

F a - Lo ki Ai a a orw rd o ng rborne R d r . Ice Patrol a LA 1 983 PLA 1 993 and beg n using S R in , R in , incorporated the Maritime Surveillance System 5000 LA 2 with S R in 000 . Environmental conditions on the Grand B anks permitted adequate visibility (2 1 0 NM) only 36% of the time during iceberg

a a . Pat reconn iss nce Consequently , Ice rol relied heavily on its two airborne radar systems to detect and identify icebergs in cloud cover and fog . The combination of SLAR and FLAR enabled detection and identification of icebergs

a - in perv sive low visibility conditions , minimizing the flight hours necessary to a a m LA ccur tely deter ine the KI . This radar

a al HP F i ur 1 2 a ar rec nnai an . combin tion lowed to use 30 NM track g e . R d o ss ce plan

1 0 reconnaissance patrols detected during the 2004 Oce ano g rap h ic Ope ratio ns a a a season . Reconn iss nce det chments detected ’ a total of icebergs ; 35% (3 89) were Ice Patrol s oceanographic operations a a identified with radar alone (not seen visu ally) peaked in the 1 9605 when the U S . Co st Gu rd while the remaining 65% (738) were identified dedicated substantial surface ship resources to

a a and a ar a a a a . a using a combin tion of visu l r d collecting oce nogr phic d t Since th t time , ’ HP s a a h a al a al . inform tion or by visu me ns one This however, involvement in oce nogr p ic ’ nk ha data demonstrates Ice Patrol s reliance on radar surveys on the Grand B a s s declined . The a of a r a . inform tion decline is result numerous f ctors , th ee of F a are a . which the most signific nt irst , incre sed ari a ar competition among v ous U S . Co st Gu d missions made it increasingly difficult for HP to obtain the ship resources necessary to

continue extensive oceanographic surveys . a a a and a of Second , bec use the c p bility reli bility air—deployable oceanographic instruments has a Pa r can improved v stly , Ice t ol collect oceanographic data without the aid of surface Growie rs F al a a a of ships . in ly , the wide v il bility oceanographic information now on the intemet enables personnel to focus more narrowly on r 1 Break own of tar ets detected b IRD s in F igu e 3 . d g y ’ Ice Patrol s primary mission of iceberg

2004 . a reconnaiss nce . 2004 HP a a In , collected oce nogr phic The Grand B anks are a major fishing data using air and ship - deployed satellite area frequented by fishing vessels ranging in AXE t a k and AXBTs. 2 i r c ed drifting buoys The T size from 60 to over 00 feet . Determ ning a a a probes me sured the w ter temper ture profile , whether a radar contact is an iceberg or a vessel which helped Ice Patrol determine the location is difficult with small vessels and small of La a rr a a a a a the br dor Cu ent , v lid te temper tures icebergs . These sm ll cont cts sometimes a - a k r and a from s tellite tr c ed d ifting buoys , obt in create similar radar returns and cannot be F ure 1 4 precise SST s for numeri cal models . ig a . a a ar a differenti ted Therefore , when r d im ge HR S AXB T not ar a describes the development of does present cle , distinguishing fe tures , Ice Patrol classifies the contact as a radar target . The Grand B ank s region has been rapidly developed for its oil reserves since In N 1 997 H a a a 1 997 . ovember , iberni , gr vity a oil a was b sed production pl tform , set in position approximately 1 50 NM offshore on the k northeastern portion of the Grand B an s . In a H n a a ddition to iber i , other drilling f cilities Glomar a a k a N a including Gr nd B n s , Terr ov , 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 and Henry Goodrich— are routinely on the

ra ank . a a G nd B s Consequently , this esc l ted drilling has increased ai r and surface traffic in ’ HP s a a i re of responsibil ty , further AXE dro s and ai ure rates 2000 F igure 1 4 . T p f l ( ai a complicating iceberg reconn ss nce .

1 1 a k . a a a a program since 2000 . The m r ed reduction in clusters This precise t rgeting en bled ccur te AXE T drops over the last two years is the modelling of such a sparsely distributed iceberg result of a change in AXBT drop policy that population and therefore demonstrates the 2 al WOCE a a Pa followed the 200 ice season . The new policy v ue of buoy d t to the Ice trol states that AXE T drops are not to interfere with mission . 2004 a HP a a . reconn iss nce During the se son , deployed

A t AXB T a a a a a a - a k f er coding d t into st nd rd nine s tellite tr c ed drifting buoys , five from a Pat ar a ad a a a a a and form t , Ice rol sh ed it with the C n i n reconn iss nce ircr ft four from volunteer Mari time Atlantic Command Meteorological ships (F igure F igure 1 6 displays AXBT ’ and Oceanographic Center— HP s supplier of drop locations and composite drift tracks for — Na a F 2 4 r . 00 . a AXE T probes and the U S . v l leet the buoys deployed in Det iled d ifter ’ Numerical Meteorological and Oceanographic information is provided in HP s 2004 WOGE was a and a k A a a a a Center, where it qu lity controlled Buoy Drift Tr c tl s which is v il ble redistributed v ia oceanographic products . upon request .

a - a k WOGE S tellite tr c ed drifting buoys , dro ued at a g depth of fifteen or fifty meters , provided near real - time ocean current Pa W CE information . Ice trol deployed O buoys primari ly in the offshore and inshore branches of the Labrador Current and used data from these buoys to modify the histori cal current ’ a a a HP s a d t b se within computer model . Bec use of the sparse distribution of icebergs duri ng the 2004 a HP w as a ice se son , ble to choose drop a a al or a loc tions ne r individu icebergs sm ll W E u m F igure 1 5 . OC b oy deploy ents (2000

F i ur - e 1 6 . Com osite buo tr k G reen tar r r n g p y ac s. s s ep ese t dr0 p loc ations of air deployed

buo s and AXB - y T s. Light blue star represe nts 1 air deployed buoy with AXET and 1

- shi de o e D - p buo . ark b ue star re rese nts 1 shi de o ed buo and b ack star pl y d y l p p pl y y, l re rese nts 2 shi - e o ed buo p p d pl y ys.

1 2

the 2 a a are . a a a ( 7 July) d ys of the se son presented four ye rs (Desj rdins , Bec use of The progress of the 2003 - 2004 season is lack of a significant number of icebergs in the

a sea— and a a - a a comp red to ice iceberg observ tions southw rd moving offshore w ters , Desj rdins

sea— 2003 a a a 2004 from the historical record . The ice ( ) predicted l te st rt to the iceberg histori cal data are derived from the Sea Ice season . Clima tic Atlas East Coast o Canada 1 971 , f , 2000 a a a De ce mbe r 2003 (C n di n Ice Service , which provides a 30- year median of ice concentration

- da a for 26 - - at seven y interv ls the period from Much warmer than normal November 1 H al N 6 . ovember through July istoric iceberg and December ai r temperatures in Labrador V iekman and information is derived from delayed the arri val of the southern edge of the a - i a a k t r k At B umer who present iceberg l mit m in ice p c by h ee to four wee s . the climatology from mid March to 30 July based a a Chidle end of December, it re ched C pe y, the 2 1 a Pat a La a . a on ye rs of Ice rol observ tions from northernmost point of br dor Me nwhile , 1 1 975 995 . to They provide the extreme , sea ice began forming in the bays and near a and of LA for medi n , minimum extent the KI shore regions along the southern Labrador F a a a of the period . in lly , the ver ge number a i k co st dur ng the third wee of December, ri f icebergs estimated to have d fted south o although the warm conditions slowed this ice ° 48 N for a was a a 1 04 a sea- a e ch month c lcul ted using growth as well . Me n December surf ce a 1 900- 2003 Pa HP ° ye rs ( ) of Ice trol records ( , temperatures were within 1 C of normal off the southern Labrador coast and on the northeast The pre - season sea- ice forecast N ’ a . At ewfoundl nd shelf month s end , the a a a was (C n di n Ice Service , which issued a of wa No Str it Belle Isle s free of sea ice . a : ° in e rly December, predicted icebergs passed south of 48 N duri ng

December . 0 movement of the southern ice edge a of into the Str it Belle Isle during the J anuary 2004 k a a 2004 third wee of J nu ry ,

0 a sea a ’ th t ice would re ch Cape January s warm and stormy weather a a Bon vist during the second week of a ar a La a conditions , p rticul ly long the br dor F a ebru ry , a had a a a a on sea- co st, dr m tic ffect ice growth 0 a sea a a and a th t the ice would tt in its the iceberg se son that followed . Much

a u k - - m ximum extent d ring the third wee warmer than normal ai r temperatures prevailed of a M rch , with the ice edge in La brador duri ng the entire month (F igure a a at a a pproxim tely the l titude of C pe St . with a monthly average in Goose B ay that F a of ° r ncis for most the month , was a ne rly 5 C above normal . 0 and a s - th t ea ice would begin to retreat This led to slow sea— ice growth along during the last week of the month and ri k the La brador coast . Du ng the third wee of at a a a proceed norm l r te . a a as a a a J nu ry , predicted by C n di n Ice Service sea ice reached the northern part of the A series of five CIS reconnaissance flights ai of Belle Isle a Str t , but not in sufficient qu ntity a conducted in l te October 2003 documented a a a to block the strait to marine traffic . The rriv l a 46 1 and a popul tion of icebergs r dar targets in the strait of the sea ice was about three ° ° 59 N to 70 N , a k from with the gre test number wee s later than normal . The eastward extent a a a a ne r shore or in the b ys of B ffin Isl nd . This of the sea ice al ong the southern Labrador coast was a w mall a A as a s al . t a the sm llest number of icebergs seen fr ction of norm C rtwright , r du ing the CIS fall survey flights in the last the ice edge was approximately 20 nm offshore mi d a a a a ar F ure in J nu ry , while in norm l ye it ( ig Strong onshore winds persisted

nm 22 a a . extends seaward over 1 00 . until the storm moved out on J nu ry

a a a A t - t k In J nu ry , sever l powerful low no her intense low pressure system s ruc the

a 26 - 29 a a pressure systems brought strong onshore winds region l ter in the month ( J nu ry) , far a i a t a k a to the La a a . br dor co st By , the most following sim l r r c (B ncroft , an 1 5 21 A a and signific t storm occurred from to g in , vigorous persistent onshore winds La a a al a a a a a . J nu ry , when storm explosively intensified b ttered the br dor co st for sever d ys a a of two a near Newfoundland . By the the centr l The imp ct the m jor storm systems on

- F 948 hPa F ure 1 9 sea was . pressure deepened to ( ig ) ice growth twofold irst , the onshore while the storm was over northern winds brought relatively warm mari time air N a a as ewfoundl nd (B ncroft , It brought into the region , seen by the strong positive gale - force onshore winds to the Labrador coast temperature anomalies (F igure 1 8) for the two ri a storm pe ods , thus cre ting unfavorable ice — growth A A A GOOSE B Y, C N DA conditions . Second , the onshore winds caused widespread ice Daily Av e ra ge a nd No rma l Te mpe ra ture s destruction and compressed what

ice remained along the coast . In a k a an ddition , it is li ely th t y icebergs in the vicinity were also a driven tow rd shore , out of the

core of the La brador Current . The combin ation of much warmer- than - normal ai r mm " JAN 2 temperatures and strong onshore winds led to sea— ice conditions at Da ily Te mpe ra ture De pa rture s the end of January that were far r a a al less than no m l . In norm a sea ye r, the southern ice edge reaches Cape Freels by the end of a a F ur In 2004 J nu ry ( ig e , the southem - ice edge (F igur e 22) was b arely into the Strait of Belle

Isle . MPH HM 16 1A" ZIJAN 2mm Pa 2004 Ice trol deployed its

- ‘ pre season Ice Reconnaissance 0 0 i Ma xim um (re d) a nd Minim um ( bl ue ) Te rrt pe ra turryc, 5 5 Detachment to Newfoundland on 0 0 2 4 of 27 Janu ary 00 . The intent - 5 the R D w as to monitor the progress of the icebergs toward the Grand B ank s and help determine the start date for the

2004 season . a a During J nu ry , no ° icebergs passed south of 48 N; the average for the month was F r 2 - Janu r 004 air tem erature record for G oose B a . igu e 1 8. a y p y three .

1 5 Fe b ruary

Much warmer than - norrnal conditions persisted in Labrador and northern Newfoundland r F ar th oughout ebru y , substantially slowing the advance of the ice edge . mid sea By month , ice clogged the Strait of

Belle Isle , prompting the Canadian Coast Gu ard to advise mari ners against using it for transatlantic a voy ges , effective F 1 2 4 a 3 00 . ebru ry , Due to the extraordinari ly light sea- ice conditions in 2004 a was , this w rning

a 6 e k F i ure 1 a- v r r f r 2 1 u 2 4 M Br 9 . e ar fi S e e essu e o 00 7 Jan 00 et. ce ackne . issued bout w e s g l l p y ( Of , ll) later than normal . The second half eastern ice edge was about 60 nm off shore of Febru ary witnessed a slow but persistent versus the normal distance of about 200 nm. a sea- southw rd ice growth , with the southern An early February series of aeri al ’ Wh B a edge extending into ite y by month s end . ’ a a at two Pa r reconn iss nce p rols , by Ice t ol s pre The eastern ice edge was much closer to shore a R D and a a se son one by the CIS irpl ne , found a For a a . at . An th n norm l ex mple , St thony the a sparse iceberg population near Newfoundland and La a On 2 and 3 F . a br dor ebru ry , the HP airplane conducted two a a the sea reconn iss nce flights , one over ice — free waters of the offshore branch of ° the La brador Current between 48 N and ° 52 N and the other a survey flight northward along the sea- ice edge off the ° ° La a N On br dor coast from 55 N to 59 . ’ 3 F a a a a ebru ry , the C n di n Ice Service s reconnaissance airplane conducted iceberg reconnai ssance in the Strai t of Belle Isle and along the La brador coast ° ° 2 N N a from 5 to 55 . The coordin ted HP and CIS patrols detected 1 6 ll ° N a 55 . icebergs , north of The results of these early February flights suggested that the prediction of a late a to a ar st rt the iceberg se son (Desj dins , F i ur 2 e 0 . urface win s for 1 6 Januar 2004 at 2309 g d y UT C . S 2 w a a a 003) s correct . The unusu lly w rm a closer to shore th n normal . It extended approximately 80 mm f a offshore o Cape Freels . The norm l position of the eastern ice edge at the end of March is about 80 nm farther a e st . a a a al and In e rly M rch , eri surface iceberg reconnaissance markedly changed the iceberg

a . popul tion picture Up to this point , the reconnaissance had been sporadic n h a d ad found very few icebergs . F 4 to 7 ar rom M ch , four reconnai ssance flights (three by CIS and one by HP) and a series of

Ma a a a a F i r 21 M ian i n ntra i n f r 2 anuar . gu e . ed ce co ce t o s o 9 J y ( p surf ce reports from the C n di n

courtesy of CIS. ) icebreaker GCGS Henry La rsen documented the iceberg population 4 ° ° N fl conditions from December through Febru ary from 8 N to 60 . The CIS ights ° ° and the stormy January caused the 2004 found 358 icebergs from SI N to 60 N and progression of the sea ice to be far from the CCGS Henry La rsen found 2 1 icebergs within f o a a a . predictions the se son l forec st (CIS , 2003) ° No icebergs passed south of 48 N duri ng Febru ary ; the average for the month is

1 5 .

Marc h

Normal air temperatures returned to the n 2 a . O a region in M rch M rch , the southern ice a F a a edge re ched ogo Isl nd , where it rem ined k f a a until the last wee o the month . The p ss ge

- one 7 — 8 of two potent low pressure systems , on a and 1 3 a M rch the other on M rch , brought strong onshore winds to northeast N a a sea ewfoundl nd w ters . This pushed the ice westward and compressed it al ong ’ N an N Arm ewfoundl d s orthern . During the a k a and l st wee of M rch , west north winds a k a a a loosened the ice p c , cre ted wide shore le d a N r Arm and long the orthe n , drove the southern ice edge to its southernmost 2004 a x a a a position , ppro im tely the l titude of C pe

a a. a a a r Bon vist In norm l ye r , the southe n ice F i ur 22 Sea- i e istri ution in east g e . c d b edge spends most of March near the latitude of Ma New ound and waters on 29 Januar 2004 . ’ f l y ( p 75 mm a St John s which is over f rther south . courte sy of CIS. ) At 8 a was month end , the e stern ice edge much A ril the sea ice while transiting from Cape St . John p ’ Pat 4 a An . to St . thony Ice rol s flight on M rch The first part of April was characterized focused on the ice - free waters of the offshore by much warmer- than - normal air temperature La a branch of the br dor Current , which is the in Goose Bay and warmer- than - normal primary conduit of icebergs into the shipping conditions in Newfoundland . During the first l one lanes . The flight found on y iceberg k of A and a wee pril , the southern e stern ice ° ° N was a a N and 53 . between 48 It cle r th t the H edge moved very little . owever, the next ten a season opening would be del yed , but there days (6 - 1 5 April) witnessed a dramatic change was a a a far to signific nt popul tion not the k a in the character of the ice pac . Moder te to north . a strong south winds domin ted the period , with During a fi v e - day period from 25 to 29 particularly strong south winds associated with a and HP M rch , CIS conducted six the passage of a low pressure system on 1 1 to a a HP reconn iss nce flights , with focusing its mid A a k had 1 2 April . By pril the p c ice a La a efforts on the offshore br nch of the br dor a and loosened consider bly , the southern ice ° ° Current from 48 N to 55 N and CIS searching ° t a SO N was a edge re re ted to , which bout two to near and within the sea ice closer to the three weeks earlier than normal . ll N a and La a a . a ewfoundl nd br dor co sts In , the - a - a air a ’ Colder th n norm l temper tures 781 to C IS s flights found icebergs , most due persisted in the region for the remainder of search within the sea ice (F igure

A ril . In a al p ddition , there were sever periods ar no During M ch , icebergs drifted south of moderate north and northeast winds over ° ’ 4 N a 2 of 8 a 6 . , while the month s ver ge is This a N a a e st ewfoundl nd w ters , the strongest of was the first March since 1 970 that no icebergs which were associated with the pass age of a 4 ° a 8 N . p ssed south of - low pressure system on 26 to 27 April . These

F i 2 ure 3 . Iceber distribution on 30 March 20 4 h r 856 iceber an r mo t in se a ice . 0 . e e are s d adar tar ets s g g T g g , Chart courtes f ( y o CIS. )

1 8 winds caused a brief re - advance Of the southern disappearance of sea ice from the Strait of ’ a a a a a ice edge . By month s end , the southern ice Belle Isle led the C n di n Co st Gu rd to at a Of m for a a a a edge was near Cape St . John the entr nce recom end its use tr ns tl ntic voy ges on A sea 1 1 Ma 2004 ar hr k N t a Ba . t a a o re D me y this time , the ice y , ne ly t ee wee s e rlier th n

a a . mid retreat was one to two weeks ahead of normal . l st ye r By month the southern ice edge On 1 9 A ril CCGS Henr La rson had of and p , y moved to the vicinity Belle Isle , by ° ’ reported a 600 m ice - island fragment at 5 1 month s end the southern ice edge retreated ’ ° ’ f 4 4 2 mm a o a . 23 N and 5 5 W a 5 . , bout e st of St north C rtwright A a Of A N a . nthony , ewfoundl nd moder te number icebergs moved a a k Ma 1 1 4 Ice Patrol aeri al reconnai ssance on 22 onto the Gr nd B n s in y, with ° a 4 and 24 Apri l found a small iceberg population icebergs p ssing south of 8 N . The monthly ° a Ma 1 1 A P a A a immedi ately north of 48 N and a very large me n for y is 5 . rovinci l erosp ce ° ° n 2 was Limi ted reconnaissance flight on 25 May population between SO N a d 5 N . It n clear that icebergs were starting to move documented a substantial iceberg population o the northeast Newfoundland shelf between southward into the transatlantic shipping lanes . ° ’ °

48 30 N and 52 N . a Ice Patrol Opened the iceberg season on 27 The flight found over ° Ma a a 1 000 of SI W . In April (see p . the l test opening d te on icebergs west y, the ’ ° LA at was LA a a 46 N record . The southern KI month s end southern KI rem ined ne r , while the ‘h In A 24 ° at 75 . a LA a 4 the percentile pril , icebergs e stern KI never extended e st of 5 W (see ° m 2 i are at a 48 N . 3 75 p ssed south of , well below the monthly pp These lim ts the 1 2 a a average of 3 icebergs . percentile ccording to the iceberg clim tology of V iekman and B aumer ( 1 995)

J une Monthly averaged air temperatures in ’ B a and a Sea a a a Goose y St . John s were norm l during ice continued r pid retre t Ma sea t a a a a La a y. During the month , ice re re ted from northw rd long the co st of br dor in June , east Newfoundland waters at a pace that was aided by above - normal air and sea- surface

a a a . two to three weeks faster than normal . The temper tures long the northern co st By the a end of the month , ice dep rted ’ La brador s coast about three k a a wee s e rlier th n the norm . The number of icebergs on the Grand B ank s peaked in early to mid June and by 1 5 4 Pa was June (see p . 3 ) Ice trol tracking 55 icebergs south of ° LA was 48 N . The southern KI ° at 45 N and a r LA I , the e ste n K ° a was near 45 W . Both v lues ‘h were at the 75 percentile for

mid June .

On 8 an — a June , ice isl nd fragment (F igure 24) was ° found at 47 F i Ice - is an ra ment 422 m 1 4 m n n h r ure 24 . b 3 ou d o t e G and g l d f g ( y ) f ’ 422 S W . a S6 . It me sured m by Bank f n 2 4 P s o 8 Ju e 00 . hoto courtes of Pi udkin PAL . ( y p R , ) 3 1 4 m with an estimated mass Pi ki a a a . of million tons ( p Rud n , person l two widely sep r ted icebergs The southern

Pat a LA was at a a , i a . communic tion) Ice rol , in cooper tion KI the medi n for the d te wh le the ‘h

A a L a a LA I was at 75 . with Provincial erosp ce imited , ttempted e stern K the percentile The

- to place a satellite tracked beacon on the iceberg season closed on 27 July . Seven ° a of 48 N iceberg , but persistent poor visibility prevented icebergs p ssed south during July; the ’ Pa a a a for 3 1 . the deployment . ver ge the month is Ice trol s l st dle and of a a a Between the rrrid end June , 2004 Ice Reconn iss nce Det chment returned On 2 b a on 3 . there was a significant reduction in the ice erg from Newfoundl nd July July , the ° 48 N as a a warrrrin Pat a a ai a population south of , se son l g Ice rol reconn iss nce rpl ne found the

them - r On 30 . sou began to take its toll . June (see p most iceberg detected du ing the there were ten icebergs and growlers south of season at Both the ° 4 N a of eastem - and southem— a 8 . Despite the sm ll number icebergs , most most estim ted the southern and eastern LAKI expanded (drifted by the model) iceberg positions for the Two a a : eastem- during the second half of June . isol ted se son occurred in July the most ° LA at 44 N on 1 and growlers set the southern KI , which July the th is between the 75 percentile and the median southem- most on 1 1 A a a . for the d te single , isol ted iceberg set the July . ° m a LA I at 4 1 w was at 25 ummar e stern K , which the S y was 2004 percentile . June the only month of the

a of all a 2004 was a m iceberg se son during which the number By me sures , ild ° ° a a 48 N ( 1 1 7) arri at 48 N a icebergs th t p ssed south of iceberg season . Icebergs ved in l te exceeded the monthly average On 1 9 A a a a a pril , bout two months l ter th n norm l ; a eastem- June , ship found the most iceberg 27 A r a was indeed , the p il se son Opening the ° ’

4 4 6OW a . 6 N S. W 262 ( , ) detected during the se son latest in Ice Patrol s history . ith icebergs ° a to a a 48 N estim ted h ve p ssed south of , the 2004 season falls into the light category as 1 994 and icebergs) , defined by Trivers ( ) the ’

Pat 2004 a a - July brought Ice rol s ice se son to 92 day season length places 2004 in the short

1 5 . . ( close By July see p the iceberg season category days) . ° population south of 48 N had been reduced to Sea—ice coverage in east - Newfoundland

? Z s 8 I 9 " 9 s ' s b J / / 4 6 / 1 1 r s r 1 3 Z E W 2 e m 24 e 6 9 l E C i t n 3 m1 ZI U 3 Wo ? m Z w 3 3 2 0 1 o 3 3 3 o o D o o 1 D O 0 0 t m2 C C 7 o o m C b 0 0 1 1 fi 7 7 7 7 Ww b t s 1 b b si i i i 1 1 1 1

F i ur 2 Norm i" - e 5 . l ed ice cov r a e a e in e a t N w r in 2 4 urte s of CIS. g g s e foundl and wate s 00 . (Co y )

20

Refe re nces

— P a W a N A an Ar a a a A r 2004 . a . . B ncroft , G M rine e ther Review orth tl tic e J nu ry to p il

- 1 6 26 . Ma rine rs Wea the r Lo . g, Vol

- Kaice Sea Ice Clima tic Atlas East Coast o Canada 1 971 2000 . Canadian Ice Service . , f , L Tec Reproduction imited .

La wrence and East New o undland Seasona l Outlook G ul o St. a a a . C n di n Ice Service , f f f

- 4 a a a 373 k E - 3 La Salle Wa ters Winte r 2003 200 . , C n di n Ice Service , Sussex Drive Bloc ,

A a O a a ON a a a K1 A OH3 . c demy , tt w , , C n d

Seasona l Summa r or Easte rn Canadian Wa te rs Winte r 2003 a a a . C n di n Ice Service yf ,

2 4 a a an 373 r k E - 3 Lasa A a O a a ON 00 . C n di Ice Service , Sussex D ive Bloc , lle c demy , tt w , ,

Canada KIA OH3 .

Na a W a a P . Climate Prediction Center . tion l e ther Service Clim te rediction Center ri F a 27 2004 Ret eved ebru ry , , from

Lo a F a : 2 3 - 2 4 Ic Ic r Int t l I a L . 0 e a i 0 00 / ebe . erna ona ce Desj rdins , ng R nge orec st g Se son P r A r a t ol nnua l Confe ence .

H . N A a O a a . Na a urrell , J orth tl ntic scill tion Indices Inform tion tion l Center for A 1 4 a . ar 6 200 tmospheric Rese rch Retrieved M ch , , from

Pa I P r a a . ce a t o l Icebe r unt 1 2 4 Co s . N 0 00 Intern tion l Ice trol g Retrieved ovember , , from General/ic er shtml eb gs.

i ’ r . n a a Pa a . Re rt th Int rna ti na l T vers , G I tern tion l Ice trol s Iceberg Se son Severity po of e e o Ice P a tro l in the N rth Atlantic N 4 — o O . 80 9 59 . , Bulletin ,

V iekman E a . . D . I K. nte rna tiona l Ice Pa trol Icebe r Limits Clima tolo , B B umer, g gy

1 975 r a a Pa a 9 - 0 ( Inte n tion l Ice trol Technic l Report 5 3 . Mo nth ly Se a- Ice Charts

- Sea ice charts are reprinted with pe rmission of the Canadian Ice S e rvice .

23

Acknowledgements

a a a Pa a k Comm nder, Intern tion l Ice trol c nowledges the following for providing information and assistance :

C - CORE Canadian Coast Guard Canadian Forces Canadian Ice Service Canadian Maritime Atlantic Command Meteorological and Oceanographic Center Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Ice Center National Weather Service Nav Canada Flight Services Provincial Aerospace Limited e mCoast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City c wCoast Guard Atlantic Area Command Center e mCoast Guard Atlantic Area Staff e mCoast Guard Automated Merchant Vessel Emergency Response System c mCoast Gu ard Communications Area Master Station Atlantic e mCoast Guard Operations Systems Center e mCoast Guard Research and Development Center c mNaval Atlantic Meteorology and Oceanography Center c mNaval Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center

It is important to recognize the outstanding efforts Of the personnel at the International Ice Patrol :

H H k MST l . . CDR M . R . ic s S R oule

M T l E W . S . LCDR S . D . Rogerson Thompson

L W MST l . . CDR B . D . illeford T T Krein

L MST l . . a a Dr . D . . Murphy T M D v n

F . W 2 . a Mr . G . right MST J D le

LT A N . 3 . S . . Stoermer MST D Brown L L A . a A . . TJG N . J rboe MST3 Rodgers MSTC L E H F 3 . . S V . . ogt MST J utcherson M T 3 . P . S CS J . M . Stengel MST J Buehner M ST l . L . A W P D lexander MST3 . . Tootle Y D Nl T . J . eV al l

3 8 Appe ndix A

Natio ns C urre ntly S uppo rting I nte rnatio nal Ic e Patro l

Be l ium G re e c e Po land

Canada

De nmark Swe de n

Fin and l Nethe rlands

U nite d State s of France Ame rica

Panama

39 Appe ndix B

I nformatio n Re p o rts

40

Appe ndix C

Iceberg Demolitio n Experi ments

l Mur h and MST l Du ane A exander U SCG ret . D nal d L . o p y y , ( )

I ntroductio n

All ice is britt e es ecia that in ber s and it is wonde r u how itt e it takes to accom ish l , p lly g , f l l l p l r A w wi at ime it them and the re rt a un their dest uction. b o o an ax t s s o o b l f ll pl , p f g , y 1 w me n En i n H h dman U SN in 1 890 concussion i accom ish the sa e d. s u o , ll pl g g R ,

The shocking sinki ng of the Titanic made the menace that icebergs pose to shipping are a a and a ari a N A a horribly evident . Icebergs cle r present d nger to m ners tr versing the orth tl ntic ‘h Wh ? 2 a are . a 0 Oce n in springtime . They the enemy y not just destroy them In the e rly century ’ it is unlikely that very many people shared Ensign Rodman s optimi sm on how easy this would ’ a Titanic s a r a be , especi lly in light of f teful collision , but destroying th e tening icebergs seemed to F r a a a P a a a . o a a ar a a be re son ble thing to try ne rly h lf century , the Co st Gu d Intern tion l Ice trol ’ Pa - a . r a did just th t The following sections desc ibe Ice trol s iceberg destruction ttempts , which

- of- - and a were sometimes spur the moment other times involved extensive pl nning .

G unfire

A r 1 9 1 3 . In p il , U S . Revenue Cutters Seneca and Miami began taki ng turns conducting iceberg - scouting patrols in the vicinity of the Grand 2 ank . On 6 A a B s pril , less th n three weeks after beginning these regular a Mia mi a p trols , fired shot from her 6 pounder gun against the vertical wall of an iceberg . The result was far less dramatic than Ensign Rodman would " have predicted since the shot had no other effect than to shake down a " 2 a k b rrelful of snowli e dust . While this was hardly a concerted or even mi ldly ’

F i ure 1 . Senec s crew conducts r et ractice with the at i g g p promising effort iceberg demol tion , a ta r m l n m t type of gun used m icebe g de o itio atte p s. it marks the beginning of the ’ n a a Pa a I tern tion l Ice trol s experiment tion with iceberg destruction .

a a Mia mi and Seneca h 6 — at In the ye rs th t followed , fired t eir pounder guns icebergs ’ a a a and a ri Miami on 26 Ma 1 9 1 4 spor dic lly , p rtly for diversion p rtly for expe mentation . s efforts y

6 - at an f k involved firing twelve pounder shots iceberg southeast of the Tail o the B an s . The

44

He at (The rmite )

a a and an McGill Howard T . B rnes , professor of physics ice expert from University in i H w t a w as of a t . e as a Mon re l , one the e rliest proponents of using herm te to destroy ice self " a ki A an M described ice fighter who regarded ice as an enemy to m n nd . s Observer on odoc in ’ He a a 1 924 had Pa ki . June , he seen Ice trol s use of wrec ng mines re lized th t it would be better to i an a create an intense thermal shock by igniting therm te inside iceberg . Thermite is mixture of t x . W a a a a a aluminum and iron o ide hen ignited , it cre tes violent re ction th t burns very high

a as hot as to . temper tures , C , which is enough melt steel

m 1 926 N a B a N a P . a In the su mer of in otre D me y, ewfoundl nd , rof B rnes conducted n rrrri n f a a d be te a . o e o sever l iceberg destruction experiments using thermite , high explosive In 500 Of was a a and the tests , pounds thermite pl ced bout four feet into the iceberg

fired at sundown in o rder to a llow the people of Twillingate an opportunity to see the r ru The who e thin was a most wonder u si ht spectac le of the bu ning and dis pting ice . l g f l g when the mi ht cha r e red and roared i htin u the icebe r and surroundin hi s ike g y g fi , l g g p g g ll l v r F ames and mo ten thermite and ice were shot u wards I00 eet o r mo re Vesu ius in e uption. l l p f Much this ber was disru ted but the e ect o the bi by the explosion whichfo llowed. of g p f ull ff f g

r e w ir cha g as lost into the a .

He concluded that the charge would be much more effective if it could be placed 50 to 1 00 feet a k a a a a a a into the iceberg using roc drill , process , he decl red , th t could be ccomplished from bo t without boarding the iceberg . ’ A Bame s 1 92 a kn of P . s 6 fter the results rof experiments bec me widely own , the following optimistic assessment appeared in the M arch 1 927 issue of Na utica l Maga"ine :

[I] r would appear that as soon as an iceberg is repo rted approaching the trans-Atlantic steame r routes all that is necessary is fo r a handful of men to approach the be rg and with the

udicious use o thermite com ete e tr w h r j f pl ly d s oy it in a fe ou s.

Bo mbs Carbo n B ac k and Mo re he rmite , l , T

’ W Pa B ames i hile Ice trol recognized the promise of Prof. s therm te experiments the prospect of taki ng explosive charges and boarding or even closely approaching an iceberg tossing sea a of N a wa in the conditions typic l the orth Atlantic seemed foolhardy . They sought better y to a k n deliver the required therm l shoc to a iceberg at sea. an a a Using ircr ft to deliver modern ordnance seemed like a safe and promising tactic . " " ri and a W War H a a an a a Du ng fter orld , there were tremendous dv nces in the m uf cture of sh ped a and a and k In 1 P a 20 a a . 959 a a ch rges speci l bomb roc et designs , Ice trol obt ined ircr ft incendi ry bomb clusters and conducted a series of bombing experiments against several icebergs near 10 N a Two . of ar a of a ewfoundl nd types incendi y bombs were tested , e ch consisting m ny bomblets a a a m a at a . a a cont ining m teri l , including ther ite , th t burned very high temper tures The irpl ne

w - as U F2G Alba tross a a a a . delivering the bombs the USCG , twin engine mphibious irpl ne The a a r ar a Alba tross had first sever l bombing ttempts met with poor results , p im ily bec use the no A . a a a ak 1 1 of 1 2 bombsight fter the inst ll tion of m eshift bombsight , bombing runs resulted in the tri k . a a a bomblets s ing the iceberg Unfortun tely , m ny of the bomblets of both types f iled to

a a . a a a a a a deton te on imp ct The bomblets th t cont ined the thermite mix cre ted spect cul r, brilli nt a of a a and Wh was b lls white fl me th t left deep wide burn holes . ile there some modest evidence

46 of success against one of the icebergs h a had k t t been struc eight times , the bomb clusters were not able to deliver the concentrated heat source required by ’ a thermal Prof. B rnes s stress theory of ice demolition . a 1 960 The following ye r , , brought three separate demolition tests : a bombing with explosive ch rges , h an and igniting t ermite inside iceberg , coating an iceberg with carbon black to accelerate natural solar deterioration . The bombing tests were a direct

- u 1 959 follow p to those conducted in ,

Ph t ta k n minut r trik 1 - l F igure 2. o o e es afte a s e by a 000 b m rin h 1 T he bomb caused a s ra of bo b du g t e 960 tests. p y ’ ice ra ments but no si nif cant chan e in the iceber s f g , g i g g ha e s p .

a Pa except th t high explosive bombs were used . Ice trol

- Na 1 O a 20 1 000 U S . 0 bt ined pound bombs from the vy , general - urpose bombs and 1 0 serni - arth of - piercing 1p O an - da 23 30 Ma an bombs . ver eight y period ( to y) , Alba tross dropped all 20 bombs on a single large iceberg using the same bombsight design from the previous year f 2 1 a a a . O 0 8 with simil r ccur cy the bombs dropped , struck the iceberg : three were underwater bursts and three a to a k a f iled deton te . Some of the bomb stri es resulted in F i ur Drillin h le in the icebe r g e 3 . g a o g O spray of ice fragments that rose to over 500 ft . thers with a power auger was a 45- minute ’ caused minor changes to the iceberg s waterline procedure At orientation due to a loss of ice mass . the conclusion of ’ Pa a a the bombing , Ice trol estim ted th t the iceberg s size had a a to a sa a been reduced by qu rter third , but could not y for cert in how much of the disintegration w as due to bombing and how much was due to natural deteri oration . ’ a a The second phase of the 1 960 tests was essentially a repeat of Prof. B rnes s therm l i Le d L Bob an Pat k r . shoc expe iments using therm te by project Officer CDR Dinsmore , Ice rol field party on 8 June conducted three thermite detonations on two icebergs in the protected waters w a ri r a a Pa a a Ba . a as a a of Bon vist y Bec use the test conducted in C n di n ter to i l w ters , Ice trol a Of a a a a a a a obt ined the full support C n di n uthorities , including person l pprov l from ’ Newfoundland s Premier .

47 F r a a a a ar o e ch deton tion , te m bo ded the a a iceberg from rubber r ft , drilled holes in the a a and a iceberg with power uger, pl nted the ri a k a 45 charges . D lling e ch hole too bout i ri h a ki m nutes , du ng w ich time loud cr c ng noises A could be heard from within the ice . fter an a a ran a a pl ting the ch rges , the p rty deton tion a U SCGC Eve r reen e c ble to g , which ignit d the of 1 96 i . a therm te The first deton tion , consisting a a pounds of thermite , sc ttered shower of molten a a 1 00 a but a iron over r dius of y rds , other th n a had a producing few growlers , no signific nt impact on the size of the iceberg . The second a a 364 deton tion , on different iceberg , used F i ur 4 h l f r h n g e . S ort y a te t e deto ation of 560 lbs of pounds of thermite with the same results as the the rmite a large p lume of smoke and steam rose fi A a a 560- rst . third deton tion , pound thermite ’ a a ar a of a had : ch rge pl nted ne the b se the iceberg s pinn cle , the following result

[A] magnificent display took place as smoke and molten iron was hurled hundreds of feet into the

" 1 2

air but the ber remained v irt ual unchan ed. his conc uded the thermite tests , g ly g T l

These tests showed that thernrite detonations would not necessarily cause the disintegration seen P H ’ 2 am r 1 9 6 . by rof. es s expe iments in The intent of the final phase of the 1 960 tests was to cover an iceberg with carbon black and a k - Pa d other d r substances to speed its solar induced deteri oration . Ice trol first tried to rop the ’ a a an a a U sCG s R5D a a of m teri l on the iceberg from irpl ne ( , which is milit ry version the a a of a al was a a a a Dougl s DC Reg rdless the m teri used , it not possible to chieve dequ te cover ge of the iceberg using the aircraft delivery A a Pa to method . g in , Ice trol resorted ar a a bo ding the iceberg , in f ct the s me Bonavista Bay iceberg that was the subject f i r o the first therm te detonation . Th ee persons with fiber brooms spread 25 pounds k i of carbon blac in 30 m nutes . They a a a covered squ re feet , pproxim tely ’ F a half the iceberg s surface . ive hours fter ar a k was a on the c bon bl c pl ced the iceberg , k a a and da was it bro e p rt , by the next y it reduced to less than a third of its pervious As and k size . with the bombing wrec ing to sa mine tests , it is not possible y how much of the observed breakup was due to ’ F i ur It took th r m a a a and Pa g e 3 . ee e n using fiber brooms about n tur l c uses how much to Ice trol s ' 30 minutes to cov e r half the i r cebe g s surface with intervention . c r n a bo black . The tests in 1 959 and 1 960 can be best be summari zed as follows :

48 A thou h some dama e to the be r s resu ted it must be admitted that all o the means tried l g g g l , f l 3 were unsuccess in destro n the e e r f ul yi g i c b gs.

Co nc l us io n

’ Pa a at 1 a a Ice trol s ttempts iceberg demolition ended with the 960 tests . R ther th n ’ t i Pa a Ta m a Ma 1 926 a a of a des roy ng icebergs , Ice trol dopted p s y ppro ch monitoring d ngerous and a a a icebergs w rning m riners of their loc tions . a ak for a a This pr ctice m es good sense sever l re sons . The demolition process is expensive E and a . an k a d ngerous ven if iceberg could be bro en into sm ller pieces , the result would be more a icebergs . They would be sm ller than the parent iceberg and thus harder for mariners to detect a l r a a a visu l y o with surf ce r d rs . ’ Of Pa 1 960 a ri of Since the conclusion Ice trol s tests , there h ve been two pe ods renewed

t i : a - 1 — 1 - 970s and 9803 . a 1 970s a interest in iceberg des ruct on the l te the mid In the l te , rese rchers a of E a a a a studied the fe sibility towing icebergs to the Middle st s freshw ter source . If the long a a at a dist nce towing process succeeded , the icebergs would h ve to be processed their destin tion , a a a and F a a a which would me n cutting them p rt melting them . r gment tion by bl sting , ll 1 4 ’ a a a a . a . a electrochemic l cutting , mech nic l s wing , etc , were considered The problem th t couldn t was a Ea be solved preserving the iceberg during tr nsport to the Middle st , so the processing step became moot . On a smaHer a a has a sc le , iceberg processing for fresh w ter been routinely pr cticed in N f r a a A a a ka a ha ewfoundland o the l st several ye rs . comp ny th t produces vod from iceberg w ter s Ha a permi t from the provincial government to harvest icebergs for their water . rvesters prefer a a of a working with icebergs grounded in sheltered coves . They use v riety methods to h rvest a Of a a a a a a a iceberg ice , the most sophistic ted which is b rge equipped with cr ne th t uses gr pple to n a k a Off . are a d a . a chip pieces the iceberg The pieces then crushed melted in stor ge t n s Ch in s ws , and a are a ar a a rifles , c rgo nets some Of the less sophistic ted tools for h vesting iceberg ice on sm ll scale . In 1 9803 a a a k the , pl ns for Oil development on the Gr nd B n s spurred renewed interest in was r a and iceberg destruction . This time the problem protecting the d illing pl tforms the sub ak an a a a or bottom pipelines from being struck by icebergs . Bre ing up iceberg ppro ching drill rig

a - pipeline would reduce the mass and draft of the iceberg . Using hot wire system to cut the h 1 5 A 1 985 iceberg was the most promising method of accomplishing t is . field test conducted in For a a Oil a has O a a . demonstr ted modest success , but the process not become per tion l m ny ye rs the " " has a a ar k as a industry used common pr ctice popul ly nown iceberg wr ngling , which involves ’ w placing a linearound the iceberg and towing it out of the rig s ay .

49 Refe re nce s

h N rt Atl i H Re o rt o Ice a nd Ice Movements in t e o h ant c Ocean . . . 1 a . . Rodm n , p f U S N H a O O . 93 . ydrogr phic ffice , Report

R rts o Vessels on Ice P a tro l in the No rth 1 91 3 A Ma . e o 2 a a Pa . . Intern tion l Ice trol ( , pril , y, June) p f l N 1 Atlantic Ocean t o . . , Revenue Cutter Service Bu le in

- I t ti n l Ice Observa tion and Ice P a tro l P 1 14 F a A . n e rna o a a al at . 9 3 . Intern tion Ice rol ( , ebru ry ugust)

3 . Se rvice in the North Atlantic Ocean NO . , Bulletin

M r r r - ine Wea the 4 7 . 200 1 . . a s Lo 4 Al a . . ex nder, D ( , December) Indestructible Icebergs g,

I t rn ti na l I b e rva ti n nd I e P a tr l e rv i in h r a a Pa . n e a o ce O s o a c o S ce t e 5 . Inte n tion l Ice trol N 1 1 No rth Atlantic Ocean o . . , Bulletin

Inte rna tiona l Ice Obse rva tion and Ice P a tro l Se rvice in the n a a Pa . 6 . I tern tion l Ice trol N 1 2 No rth Atlantic Ocean O . . , Bulletin

I rv r a a Patrol . Interna tiona l ce Obse a tion and Ice Pa t ol Se rvice in the 7 . Intern tion l Ice

1 5 . No rth Atlantic Ocean NO . , Bulletin

H 1 2 Ma . P a P and a 8. a . . 9 7 B rnes , T ( , y) Some hysic l roperties Of Icebergs Method for Their

P r edin the Ro l c ie o L nd n A 1 1 4 1 1 - 1 6 t . . oce s o a So o o 6 8 Destruction g f y y f , Series , ,

A 1 2 i . N uti l M in 1 1 7 . 9 . . 9 a a ca a a e nonymous ( , M rch) Demolish ng Icebergs g " ,

1 B in r I 0 . ud e . F . . P . P . A . F . . Inte rna tiona l ce g , T , Dinsmore , R , Morrill , , Soule , M Ob e rv ti n I P r r 4 s a on a d ce a t o l Serv ice in the No th Atlantic Ocean NO . 5 . , Bulletin

1 1 . a P . P . F a A . P . P . A . F . . Bull rd , R . , Dinsmore R . , r nceschetti , , Morrill , , Soule , M Inte rna ti I ona l ce Obse rva tion and Ice P a tro l Se rvice in the North Atlantic Ocean NO . , Bulletin 4 6 .

1 2 . Ibid .

1 I . 3 . bid

1 4 W k W . P r n he . . f i t E o . oceed s o ee s , Mellor, M Some lements Iceberg Technology g f F irst Inte rna tiona l Icebe r tili ti n r Am A A H ein E U a on Co e ence . a. . . uss g " f es , Iow ( y, lmsford ,

New Y k : P a P - Inc . 4 5 98. or erg mon ress , ,

1 5 . am P H . Le . . L a H t W . Co ld . C o G mon , , wis , J , Muir, . R . Iceberg Cutting with ire

Re ions Scienc e a nd T hnolo 1 5 2 1 - 2 ec 6 78. g gy, ,

1 6 . a 2003 F . W a . mithsonian. a . Ry n , M ( , ebru ry) Iceberg r ngler S

50 Appe ndix D

Iceberg Reco nnaissa nce Usi ng ENVISAT

LTJG Nicol as A r . Ja boe

I ntroductio n Using satellite - bome sensors to locate icebergs has interested the International Ice Patrol (HP) a a was a l since the first we ther s tellite put in orbit in 1 960 . The first s tel ites could detect large w as not 1 972 a Ea a cloud systems , but it until the l unch of the rth Resources Technology S tellite a HP a W th t st rted to consider satellite imagery for iceberg detection . ith a spatial resolution of a a 80 a sea as as and a pproxim tely meters , this visu l sensor could detect ice well medium l rge ut r n b a d . HP icebergs , could not see th ough fog clouds Consequently , did not use this system for 1 an a an . 975 a a was as iceberg reconn iss ce In , intern l ssessment conducted on remote sensing it ’ HP a 1 a . O 975 HP s a pplied to Th t report (Super smer, ) expressed interest in using s tellites to HP a a a 1 978 a of a perform its mission ; thus , e gerly w ited the projected l unch the oce n monitoring

l SEASAT - A had an L- a - a a 2 — a a 5 . s tel ite , which b nd synthetic perture r d r with meter resolution ’ H SEASAT s - and- a— a — a owever, three h lf month lifetime prevented the sensor from re lizing its i prom se .

In a 1 996 HP a a a a ai a e rly , beg n considering s tellites for Oper tion l iceberg reconn ss nce by testing a a a a RADAR AT RADARSAT has a the target detection capability of the C n di n s tellite S . synthetic - aperture radar with a C — band hori zontal - polarization microwave radar instrument that

n — a and a a In ca gather ocean surface data d y or night is virtu lly un ffected by fog or weather . July ’ 1 997 HP a a a of RADARSAT a a i a a of , conducted v lid tion flight d t to determ ne the s tellite s bility a RADAR SAT a 1 5 to detect icebergs . This study concluded th t could detect t rgets meters or a a ar or an and a gre ter, but it could not cl ssify t gets distinguish between iceberg ship ; furthermore , a a was An F a E a a the s tellite im gery very costly ( drews , ortun tely , however, the urope n Sp ce ’ A a ENV ISAT— an a a a a a A AR a a Of a gency s s tellite , dv nced synthetic perture r d r ( S ) c p ble du l polari zation— was launched in 2002 and has the potential to distinguish between icebergs and ships .

20 3 and 2004 a HP a a a E During the 0 ice se sons , p rticip ted in the Glob l Monitoring for nvironment and a was E a a A and E a Security progr m , which sponsored by the urope n Sp ce gency urope n wa an of N r a was m . Pa s Co mission Ice trol end user ice products from the orthe n View te m , which

- - Pat a C - O E to led by the Newfoundland based organization C CORE . Ice rol cooper ted with C R ’ ’ n ENV ISAT evalu ate ENV ISAT s ability to detect and classify targets o the ocean s surface . ASAR is a C - band active - microwave radar that possesses du al alternating polarization in both HH

ENV ISAT A A has a - a a 15 1 and HV modes . S R v rious incident sw th (IS) modes r nging from 184 a 1 a and a a . through IS7 . T ble shows the incidence ngle sw th width for e ch IS mode through

- are a a IS7 modes at 30 meter resolution suit ble for iceberg detection ; however, the prob bility of a a 186 and 7 are m t rget detection incre ses in IS modes , which recom ended for iceberg detection La n a Y P ( e , R ndell , ouden , ower,

5 1 ’ ENV ISAT s dual - polari zation capability helps s atellite - image analysts distinguish between HH La et al . a icebergs and ships ( ne , Icebergs tend to show up in the im gery only in mode , V k at a a can HH and H . whereas ships show up in both By loo ing t rget in both modes , one F 1 b HH and HV an i an or a . determ ne whether it is iceberg ship igure shows , in oth modes , a was P a A a L PAL an a ri a example of ship , which confirmed by rovinci l erosp ce imited ( ) , e l ’

N a . F 2 an a an a a a . reconn iss nce firm b sed in St John s , ewfoundl nd igure shows ex mple of

- N a a iceberg in both HH and HV modes that was confirmed by C CORE . otice the ship ppe rs in HH HH and HV . both modes , while the iceberg shows up only in the mode

to a ar HH and HV a C - O E an - In addition visu lly comp ing im gery , C R developed iceberg detection E software (HDS) algorithm that classified both icebergs and ships from NV ISAT imagery . The data was sent to HP in MANICE code but— because it needed further validation— not merged into ’

AP a a a H IIP the a a a and ak . HP s . B S d t b se owever, used d t for flight pl nning decision m ing

Methods

ri 2004 a a a HP C - O E a a a Du ng the ice se son , cooper tive experiment involving , C R , the C n di n Ice ’ and PAL was a a a a Service (CIS) , conducted to v lid te the lgorithm s bility to distinguish between Pa and PAL A and M a 2004 icebergs and ships . Ice trol conducted five under flights in pril y of 1 1 4 1 MAN I E and identified 0 icebergs and ships . These results were compared to the C output

— E M I E n generated by C COR . The AN C output reported iceberg a d ship positions from the ’ ENV I AT a a - RE ri m n a S im gery b sed on the confidence of C CO s algo th a d im gery review . Na F N r a and Modeled environmental conditions from the U S . vy leet ume ic l Meteorology Oceanography Center were used to compare on- scene wind speed and wave height during the validation efforts .

Because C - CORE needed a minimum of two weeks to order ENV ISAT frames from the

E a a A C - O E a HP a a a - na a a a 1 4 urope n Sp ce gency , C R requested th t indic te s tellite recon iss nce re

a a ma a - E a a . C O a d ys before the cquisition d te I ges were obt ined by C R ne r re l time , processed r DDS a t al ari a and HP MANICE th ough the , qu lity con rolled using the du pol z tion modes , sent to in a a r code pproxim tely th ee to four hours after satellite acquisition . Combined with few southern

and a a a i - k a a a a l icebergs l te se son opening , the requ red two wee le d time m de pl nning s tel ite a E V I AT . a to HP a N S cquisitions very difficult Therefore , without reg rd the IS mode , cquired a a a a of fr mes in re s of the oce n where icebergs were predicted to be . Consequently , four the five validation flights were conducted over areas where the sensor was in the IS modes (4 and 5) not Optimal for iceberg detection (Table

Provinci al Aerospace Limited and [IP conducted validation flights to compare targets reported in

C - O E MANICE a Pa at the C R mess ges with confirmed target data. Ice trol conducted its flight patrol altitude to detect targets v ia radar and then descended to identify each target in the satellite

- a a . C O E HP PAL and al a a a a of cquisition sw th C R , , , CIS ev u ted the d t to determine the prob bility detection (POD) and probability of classification (POC) of the MANICE message produced by C

E - O . a 2 C R T ble represents the data from the five validation flights correlated by C CORE .

Results

Probability of detection is defined as the prob ability of C - CORE to report a target in MANICE a was a a a a P a of a a as th t detected by eri l reconn iss nce . rob bility cl ssific tion is defined the

52 capability of receiving the MANICE messages from C - CORE w as comparable to the current method of data delivery from aircraft reconnaissance and voluntary ship reports and would be operational ly beneficial .

C - E ha Analysis of this service is ongoing and will continue during the 2005 ice season . COR s UD al a 2 05 A S 0 . made improvements to the , which will be v id ted in with more under flights a t a POD and POC greater understanding of how environment l condi ions ffect is necessary . E a a a a ar ar a a and a ventu lly , cost n lysis will be necess y to comp e the detection c p bility cover ge

- - area of the C CORE output versus HC 1 30 reconnai ssance .

’ k a a a HC - 1 30 a a as HP s a a for Currently , it is unli ely th t s tellites will repl ce the ircr ft prim ry me ns of a a and a to a iceberg reconnaissance . The flexibility directing the ircr ft the bility visu lly identify a ambiguous radar targets give the airpl ne a great advantage over s atellite reconnaissance . a l do a a a a a ai a ar S te lites , however, h ve the potenti l to ugment ircr ft reconn ss nce in the ne future ,

- 1 a a m . potenti ally allowing some HC 30 hours to be reallocated to other U S . Co st Gu rd issions

Ice Patrol will continue to seek technological advances to improve its ability to find the icebergs

k - a a r a a a a ar . a C O E HP a th t pose th e t to tr ns tl ntic m iners In ddition to wor ing with C R , is lso a a a a a as of considering v rious technologic l innov tions for iceberg reconn iss nce , such the use AV AV a a a a U . a U s a unm nned eri l vehicles ( ) Theoretic lly , combined with s tellite cover ge over Ice ’ Patrol s Operations area could eventually eliminate the need to deploy aeri al ice observers to the a a Pa ' w North Atlantic . The Intern tion l Ice trol of the future could be t o people sitting in a a a U AV and a a a a and comm nd center, while directing receiving s tellite iceberg d t to cre te issue iceberg warnings ; yet much work is still necessary to determine the feasibility of operationally incorporating these technologies .

a e 1 a ENV I AT T bl . Im ge Swath Modes for S .

54 - 2 4 a a C O E . T a e 2 UDS a a 00 a . bl . v lid tion results for the ice se son D t compiled by C R

F ur 1 1 M a 2003 ENV ISAT a HH and HV a a a PAL . ig e . 9 y im ge in pol riz tion confirmed to be ship by

55 02 Ma 2003 ENV ISAT a HH and HV ari a an F igure 2. y im ge in pol z tion confirmed to be iceberg by

- C CORE .

Refe re nce s

1 A E . A . 998 a a A and a ndrews , J ( ) "u lit tive ssessment of the Iceberg Detection Identific tion a a Inte rn ti na l I e e rv i n nd I P a tr l Se rvices in the C p bilities of RADARSAT . a o c Obs at o a ce o

No rth Atla t - 4 55 6 . n ic Ocean NO . 8 6 , Bulletin ,

La K l Y . a C . J . P . al a of ENV ISAT ne , , R nde l , , ouden , , ower, D V id tion A r New oundland E lec trica l and Com uter Synthetic perture Radar Fo Iceberg Detection . f p En inee rin n r Co e ence NE E 2003 . g g f ( C C) ,

A . D . A r a a Pa . O . . as Super, , smer, S R Remote Sensing it pplies to the Inte n tion l Ice trol Inte rn t n a io a l Ice Obse rva tion and Ice Pa trol Se rv ices in the No rth Atlantic Ocean,

N 1 - o . 6 56 58 . Bulletin ,

56 Appe ndix E

Iceberg Deterioratio n Esti mates : A Model Com pariso n

" l /C Mor an B i ri a a A a g arb e (U S . Co st Gu rd c demy) LT Scott Stoerme r (International Ice Patrol)

I ntro ductio n

i k n a U S . a a a Pa To m nimize the ris of iceberg collision , the Co st Gu rd I tern tion l Ice trol a a 1 1 P w k beg n routine p trols in 9 3 after the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1 91 2 . Ice atrol as tas ed with observing and studying the ice and oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of the Grand a k and ar ar In a B n s providing w nings to m iners of existing iceberg hazards . order to cre te iceberg ’ a and a a HP a a an w rnings ccur tely predict iceberg positions , needs inform tion bout iceberg s a a and a as as a a a as sea a ch r cteristics position , size , sh pe) , well environment l d t , such surf ce

a a and a . a a a a a temper ture , w ve height w ve period Iceberg d t is g thered from Co st Gu rd ’

a a a and a ar a U S . Na F surveill nce flights , other ircr ft , ships Oper ting in the e , while the vy s leet N n umerical Meteorology a d Oceanography Center provides environmental data. P at HP O a r a ersonnel the per tions Center in G oton , CT use computer model to predict the f a i a a P dri ft and deteri oration o icebergs based on ssim l ted iceberg inform tion . Ice atrol then ° broadcasts the Limit of All Known Ice (LAKI) south of 52 North in message bulletins and da a i a a a . a are gr phic l ch rts These mess ges sent out twice per y during the iceberg se son , wh ch Pa a a LA and usually extends from March to July . Ice trol bulletins cont in the estim ted KI other pertinent ice information . r and a a i a Iceberg modeling , including d ift deterior tion estim tes , is of prem er import nce to P are a HP a a . the Ice trol Since most icebergs visu lly Observed only once , relies on the inform tion provided by computer models so that information about iceberg location can be continuously In a a a a a . provided to the m riner gener l , the iceberg model fills the g p between reconn iss nce sorties— which provide real - time iceberg data to update the model— with estimations of iceberg Pa a has a a and . loc tions melt In recent Ice trol history , succession of computer models been pplied a a a a a to the problem of drift and deteri oration estim tes . The n lysis presented in this p per comp res Of Pat one a a and the melt modules two Ice rol models , presently Oper tion l the other being considered for use as its replacement .

Bac kg ro und

at a 1 9605 HP a a a Attempts modeling icebergs beg n in the , when m int ined h nd plots of a predicted motion using vector addition of the effects Of winds and ocean current . The h nd plotting technique was made possible by research that HP conducted on the effects of wind and

This project was conducted as a 3 - credit directed — study course in coordination with the Mari ne

a a A a . and Environmental Sciences Department of the U S . Co st Gu rd c demy

57 Ha a the a a current on iceberg drift . nd plots suffered from number of problems , including f ct th t d a a . a a an wind and currents were the only p r meters considered In ddition , g thering plotting

a was - i HP 1 97 1 HP a a ri collected inform tion time consum ng ( , In , beg n using compute zed model that employed the vector- addition routine described in Morgan The model area ° ° ° 4 ° 2 N n selected for this routine covered the area from 0 to 5 orth a d from 39 to 57 West . This model helped eliminate cumulative errors associ ated with hand plotting and improved the ability all a a HP to model icebergs ccur tely ( , 1 980 a a ar and a a a In , the Co st Gu rd Rese ch Development Center rele sed report th t Th re l E ma r discussed the physics involved with iceberg deterioration . eo tica sti te of the Va io us Mecha nisms Inv olved in Icebe r Deterio ration in the O en Ocean W a g p ( hite , Sp ulding , G orrrinho 1 980 a and for an , ) supplied equ tions figures the erosion of icebergs due to buoy t

— a and a . a convection , wind forced convection , insol tion , w ve erosion This report g ve rise to the ICEPLOT a was r and to an computer progr m , which used to predict iceberg d ift predict the melt of iceberg over time . 1 992 HP B APSNT a a a a a In , implemented the precursor to , system th t the C n di n Ice

m i a - a Service (CIS) had been using since 1 986 . This system per itted est m tion of iceberg melt r tes

a on a - sea- a a a a and a a b sed re l time surf ce temper ture (SST) , signific nt w ve height, signific nt w ve

ri . BAPSNT a a a a of a a pe od The deterior tion lgorithm uses the p r meters st bility , w ter velocities , a r a a air a a al dr g , su f ce melt due to insol tion , convection surf ce melt, buoy nt vertic convection , n a a d a to a . forced convection , c lving , w ve erosion compute estim ted iceberg melt The combination of wave erosion and convection based on SST is responsible for over 90% of the

a El - a a El - a a V enkateshl An a a are deterior tion of icebergs ( T h n , T h n , , y ssumptions th t a are a a a a a an to m de by the model conserv tive , me ning th t the model will c lcul te iceberg melt a a A more slowly th n it would in the oce n ( nderson , The most recent advance in the modeling of iceberg deterioration from the Ice Patrol ’ a a an r f 2 4 perspective is the C n di Ice Service s implementation of BAPSNT in Janu a y o 00 . This model is based on the s ame prediction routines as BAPSNT but results have not been

to a re - a r tested ensure th t coding did not lter the algorithms o induce sensitivity differences . Sensitivity differences in the two models would result in the programs generating slightly

a a or . a different prediction results , which h ve yet to be comp red understood It should be noted th t a a a a HP lthough newer versions were implemented in C n d , continued to use version a Oper tionally .

a and - ri a In this study , we used iceberg size , w ve erosion , SST to review iceberg dete or tion results computed by the What - If Model (WIM) of BAPSNT and compared them to the WIM BAPSNT WIM a r a a of The provides the bility to dete ior te selected icebergs , while pplying

- a a a f E a pre selected environment l d t to gain estimates o percent melt versus time . stim tes of percent melt versus time were used to compare the algorithms/melt routines used by B APSNT and BAPSNT A a a a a ddition lly , the sensitivity of melt estim tes to e ch of the environment l a a a a One a al k was to a p r meters were briefly n lyzed . of the m in go s of this wor ensure th t version is an operationally acceptable replacement for version The dri ft comparisons will be a completed in nother project .

Methods

In a a a of an a r a t a a had order to complete successful ev lu tion the models , pprop i te s udy re A to be chosen . location off the northern Grand B anks was chosen based on the large number of " " a a a k am a . icebergs th t flow through the region , giving the re the nic n e iceberg lley The specific

58 ° ° ° ° area of 1 by 1 around the center point of 48 North and 048 West was designated as the study ’ HP s A R a O . region , which f lls within

In an to ri a a a a - a effort model iceberg dete or tion using re son ble environment l forcing v lues , we selected climatological data from the Wind and Wave Clima te Atlas (MacLa ren Plansearch L Param a a a a as as and imited , eter r nges were selected so th t the me n v lues , well minimum

a a a a . O ar a as m ximum v lues found during complete ice se son , were modeled ther v i bles such and do not a a on not ak a wind current , which h ve direct modeled effect melt , were t en into ccount nd a had for . a a a these runs The w terline lengths modeled for growler, sm ll , medium , l rge icebergs m m m n m i 1 . a 7 . 5 35 90 a d 70 st rting lengths of , , , , respectively These lengths were determ ned by selecting the middle of each iceberg— size classification group given by International Ice Patrol

A parametric study was constructed in an effort to model the effect of environmental n ri a or an ar a a not vari ables o dete oration . The study held const nt ( did not consider) y v i bles th t did a n a to a impact melt . The s me enviro ment l conditions were used in both models llow for direct f al a 33 on a a o . comp rison the outputs The environment v lues used for the runs done growler, sm ll , 1 WIM s can and a are a . medium , l rge icebergs shown in T ble Since the run multiple iceberg melts at one al l a a a a - a time , four were put in the s me p r meter file , e ch being one h lf degree to the north ,

a and a a. south , e st , west of the center of the study re The WIM - limi ts model runs to a maximum of ten days with values computed at six —hour

a - da m a a so a a and interv ls . This ten y li it tion forced Oper tor intervention , th t result nt percent melt All ara remaining lengths from one run could be made the starting values Of the next run . p meter

- files and model run outputs were saved .

able 1 : T he env ironmental arameters use on row er sma medium and ar e T p d g l , ll , , l g r icebe gs.

59 Analysis

- n a a a a a a ri t was to a By using pre selected enviro ment l d t , p r met c s udy conducted comp re the melt estimates of the WIM of B APSNT with the estimates of the WIM of BAPSNT E a a am a and a e a nvironment l p r eters (SST , w ve height , w ve p riod) were used to test the lgorithm of hr a a and one these models . T ee modeling series were conducted , e ch consisting of two const nt varied parameter (Table This approach not only all owed simple comparison of melt rates but

Of t and - r a t also parameter sensitivity . The selection me ric non met ic units is func ion of the For of AP al a i a parameter files . the purpose B S c cul tions , SST is g ven in Celsius , w ve height in

and a . feet , w ve period in seconds r on a a The first se ies of runs modeled the effect of SST deterior tion , while holding w ve t a a was a and a and a the . height and wave period constant . It found th t melt line rly s me r te The and melt a This result is depicted in Figure 1 . results for the growler were not ex ctly

a an a - a a art - a am the s me due to un ccounted for v ri tion in st ing length p r eter between the models , which is discussed below .

’ F i ure 1 : The ercent me t f r g p l o each iceberg for both WIM s during the first 1 0 days of the run. ° his run was conducted at an The of 1 2 C wav e hei ht of 4ft and wav e eriod of 8 secon s. T SST , g , p d smal me ium and ar e iceber r duce imi r s o s ar esu ts. l , d , l g g p d l l

The second seri es Of runs modeled the effect of wave period on deterioration while and a a a and at a holding SST w ve height const nt . The and WIMs melted line rly the s me

60

ime Pe rce nt Me lt v s . T

4 5 6 Time (Days)

’ F i r T h r n his run was gu e 3 : e pe ce t melt for each iceberg for both WIM s during the first 1 0 days of the run. T ° n u v The ma me ium and ar e co d cted at an of 1 2 C wa e hei ht of 7ft and wave eriod of 8 secon s. s SST , g , p d ll , d , l g ic r r imi ebe gs p oduced s lar results.

A ari of a ri i a a An 1 983 comp son comput tions , using the o g n l lgorithm set forth in derson ( ) and ari WIM w as a a i are comp ng it with the outputs , m de to ex m ne how closely the models r a a a An 1 to running with the o igin l algorithms . The t bul ted numbers from derson ( 983) were used ak a Al i w and . a ar as a a m e this comp rison so , nother comp son done using the p r meters of this study a a a a a was a c lcul ting the results with the origin l lgorithms . In both comp risons , it found th t the are a a a m a models running in ccord nce with the lgorith , since both methods produced the s me results within rounding error .

Co ncl us io n

In a WIM BAP NT and WIM of B APSNT conclusion , this study shows th t the of S the a a w a a compute identic l melt estim tes . Some differences bet een the models were found th t h ve not been documented . The documentation for the WIM of B APSNT states that the input files are a as a are n BAPSNT a and the s me when in f ct they ot . requires new length percent a a melt to be included in the input file to continue melting an iceberg after ten days . The p r meter file for is different and treats the remaining length field as ori ginal length and cal culates a new a and ri a a st rting length using percent melt o ginal length . It is recommended th t this ch nge be noted in the documentation of BAPSNT Another slight vari ation that should be noted is that while ri to m 7 . 5 as a BAPSNT to we t ed use the origin l length for growler, rounded this length up 8m had an on BAPSNT and , which effect the output files . did not do this , so it is

62 m a a a a BAPSNT F a recom ended th t this ch nge lso be noted in the document tion for in lly , with m a a B APSNT a a a these differences noted , it is reco mended th t switch to be m de for Oper tion l

use .

Refe re nce s

A 1 1 983 a Re rt the Inte rn a ti na l I P r l . o o o ce a t o in the nderson , ( ) Iceberg Deterior tion Model , p f N rth Atlanti N — o c O . 69 67 73 . , Bulletin ,

- - El a a H. El a a M . V enk at h a n A es . a a d a a T h n , , T h n , , , S V lid tion "u ntit tive ssessment Of ’ urna l O h re Me cha ni a n the Deterioration Mechanisms of Arctic Icebergs . J o of fis o cs d

r E r 1 1 2 - A ctic n inee in 09 0 1 08 . g g, ,

P H w D IIP D D r r D r International Ice atrol . o oes ete rmine the ete io a tion and ift of I r 1 shtml cebe gs .

Wind a nd Wav e Clima te Atla . MacLa uren Plansearch Limited . s mm f sd . d O

A 30 to an C W . 1 97 1 A . a 3 0 Morg , ( , July , ugust , September) pplic tion of the CDC Computer the ’ D — 4 C a t G ua rd En inee r i e t 60 6 . ICE PL P Of r a a Pa . o s s s OT roblem the Inte n tion l Ice trol g g ,

E a a minh L . a F a M . G o o W . hite , , Sp ulding , , , Theoretic l stim tes of the V rious C a t Mechanisms Involved in Iceberg Deteri oration in the Open Ocean Environment . o s

- — - D 2 8 . ua rd Re ea rch and Dev elo ment Center Re o rt NO . CG 6 0 G s p p ,

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