Real-Time Virtual Collaborative Environment Designed for Risk

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Real-Time Virtual Collaborative Environment Designed for Risk THÈSETHÈSE en vue de l’obtention du DOCTDOCTORATORAT DE DE L’UNIVERSITÉ L’UNIVERSITÉ DE DE TOULOUSE TOULOUSE délivré par Université Paul Sabatier présentée et soutenue par Catherine PONS LELARDEUX le 17 octobre 2017 Real-time Virtual Collaborative Environment Designed for Risk Management Training: Communication and Decision Making (Environnement virtuel multi-joueurs temps-réel pour la formation à la gestion des risques: Communication et prise de décision) École doctorale et discipline ou spécialité : EDMITT - École Doctorale Mathématiques Informatique Télécommunications de Toulouse - Image, Information, Hypermedia Unité de recherche : IRIT - Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse - UMR 5505 Directeur(s) de Thèse : Mr Jean-Pierre Jessel Professeur Université de Toulouse UPS Autres membres du jury : Mr Stéphane Natkin, Professeur, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, (Rapporteur) Mme Elise Lavoué, Maître de Conférence, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3, (Rapporteur) Mr Pierre Lagarrigue, Professeur, Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion (Examinateur) Mr Vincent Minville, Professeur Praticien Hospitalier, CHU de Toulouse, UPS (Examinateur) Mr Damien Djaouti, Maître de conférence, Université de Montpellier, (Examinateur) Résumé Communication et prise de décision dans un environnement virtuel multi-joueurs temps-réel destiné à la formation à la gestion des risques Les facteurs humains figurent parmi les causes originelles de trop nombreux accidents, dans les transports, l’industrie ou encore dans les parcours de soins. Dans ces contextes socio- techniques complexes et dynamiques, le risque de survenue d’incidents est permanent. La formation des équipes interprofessionnelles à la gestion des risques dans un environnement reproduisant fidèlement le contexte professionnel est un enjeu majeur. La motivation de cette thèse est de proposer un environnement virtuel multi-joueurs destiné à la formation à la gestion des risques liés à des défauts de communication ou de prises de décision. Pour cela, une méthode de création de scénarios interactifs destinés à la formation à la gestion des risques a été présentée. Un système de communication, un système collaboratif de prise de décision et un modèle de description d’objectifs complexes composés d’actions, de communications et de décisions sont présentés. L’environnement multi-joueurs interactif s’appuie sur cet ensemble cohérent. Ces systèmes et modèles proposés octroient une relative liberté aux équipes pour gérer la situation professionnelle présentée au sein de l’environnement virtuel. Ils permettent aussi le contrôle de la situation pédagogique dans son ensemble. Une méthode à forte valeur d’innovation a aussi été proposée pour structurer le débriefing d’une formation à la gestion des risques. Cela permet notamment d’automatiser la production de débriefing personnalisé, individuel et collectif à l’issu des séances de formation. Mots-clés : environnement virtuel collaboratif, scénario, formation à la gestion des risques, communica- tion, échange d’informations, prise de décision collaborative, argumentation, serious game, environnement multijoueurs. Abstract Communication and Decision Making in a real-time Virtual Collaborative Envi- ronment Designed for Risk Management Training Many accidents in transport, industry or healthcare result from a causal chain of events where inadvertent human errors have not been corrected in time. In such socio-technical and dynamic systems where complexity and unpredictability widespread, training teams to risk management in real-life like situations is crucial. This thesis aims to provide a virtual multi-player environment designed for inter-professional team training to risk management. To that end, a method to design risk management interactive and controlled scenario has been described. A communication system, a group decision making system and a team tracing model have been created. They all together enable the virtual team to be free enough to manage the educational situations. These coherent and innovative environment allows us to control the team activity and automate the edition of a personalized, individual and corporate debriefing at the end of a team training session. Keywords: virtual collaborative environment, interactive collaborative learning, risk management train- ing, serious game, collaborative decision making, argumentation, communication, information exchanges, multiplayer environment Remerciements Je tiens à remercier particulièrement Jean-Pierre Jessel, mon directeur de thèse pour toute son attention, pour sa confiance, ses conseils, son encadrement, sa bonne humeur et la sympathie qu’il m’a réservée. Je remercie sincèrement aussi Stéphane Natkin qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être rapporteur ainsi qu’Elise Lavoué. Je tiens à remercier Vincent Minville et Damien Djaouti d’avoir accepté de participer à ce jury. Je remercie tout particulièrement Pierre Lagarrigue pour sa bienveillance, sa confiance, son opiniâtreté, son éternel dynamisme, ses conseils et sa coopération depuis de nombreuses années. A la mémoire de ma grand-mère Hélène et de mon oncle Gérard, A mes deux blondes Marie et Hélène qui m’apportent les plus grandes joies de mon existence, A ma mère pour son éternel soutien, ses valeurs et ses critiques constructives, A mon père pour son soutien, ses conseils, son humour et mes premières consoles de jeux, A ma formidable soeur Nathalie et à Julien son champion, A Thomas, Lucie et Noémie qui me donnent le sourire avec leurs bêtises et leurs fous rires A mes oncles qui ont toujours été présents et m’ont permis de garder les pieds sur terre. A Michel Galaup pour sa coopération, sa bonne humeur et son enthousiasme, A David Panzoli pour son esprit critique et son humour, A Thomas Rodsphon avec qui j’ai eu le plaisir de travailler et pu voir évoluer au fil des projets et des années, A tous ceux avec qui j’ai eu le plaisir de travailler au fil des projets de serious games à l’université : Olivier Baptista, Vincent Lubrano, Olivier Chabiron, Cyrielle Guimbal, Nicolas Muller, Laetitia Saillard, Jan Smolinski et tous les autres. A tous ceux qui m’ont dit oui et que j’adore, A tous ceux qui m’ont dit non et que je remercie de m’avoir poussée malgré eux à proposer le meilleur, v A Artie pour ces doux moments et ces silences qui m’ont fait comprendre que l’on ne détermine jamais son cap en regardant dans le regard des autres, regarder plus loin m’a permis de voir un avenir meilleur encore, A Marie (de la montagne et de la mer) pour son amitié et ces bons moments passés sur notre plage de Palavas-Les-Flôts Aux copains qui sont toujours présents contre vents et marées, A Manu en souvenir de nos soirées Street Fighter et Mortal Combat dans notre belle ville de Montpellier, A Alex pour ces nouvelles aventures qui contribuent à la reconstruction de chacun de nous. “Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.” Winston Churchill vi Contents Remerciements .......................................... v Contents ................................................ vii Part I Context, goals and challenge ................1 1 Global introduction ...................................3 1.1 Context............................................3 1.1.1 Example: the aviation context .......................... 5 1.1.2 Example: the healthcare context ........................ 6 1.1.3 Example: the railway context .......................... 7 1.1.4 Synthesis ........................................ 7 1.2 Complex socio-technical system and dynamic situation ............. 8 1.2.1 The complex healthcare system ......................... 9 1.2.2 The complex aviation system ........................... 10 1.2.3 Synthesis ........................................ 10 1.3 Rules and recommendations: a top-down approach ............... 10 1.3.1 Aeronautics ...................................... 11 1.3.2 Marine accidents, shipwrecks example ..................... 11 1.3.3 Heathcare example .................................. 12 1.3.4 Synthesis ........................................ 12 1.4 To an educational issue .................................. 13 1.4.1 Simulation ....................................... 13 1.4.2 Simulation in healthcare .............................. 16 1.4.3 Example of aviation training center with simulator ............ 17 1.4.4 Synthesis ........................................ 18 1.5 Synthesis ........................................... 18 1.5.1 Synthèse en français ................................. 18 1.5.2 Synthesis in English ................................. 19 2 Goals and challenge ................................... 21 2.1 French version ........................................ 21 vii 2.2 English version ........................................ 23 3 Case of study : the operating room ..................... 27 3.1 The teamwork in the operating room ......................... 27 3.2 The WHO surgical safety checklist .......................... 28 3.3 Non-technical skills in the Operating Room .................... 30 3.4 Synthesis ........................................... 31 Part II State of the art .............................. 33 4 Multiplayer virtual environments for training ............ 35 4.1 A digital collaborative environment .......................... 35 4.1.1 Interactive objects, tasks and behaviors .................... 36 4.1.2 Representation of a team activity in a collaborative environment ... 37 4.1.3 Global main objective based on non-linear tasks and conflicts in a team 37 4.2 Serious
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