Stratonikeia Ve Lagina Kazilarinda Bulunan Bizans

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Stratonikeia Ve Lagina Kazilarinda Bulunan Bizans STRATONIKEIA VE LAGINA KAZILARINDA BULUNAN BİZANS DÖNEMİ SERAMİKLERİ (2008-2010 YILLARI) Muradiye ÖZTAŞKIN (Doktora Tezi) Eskişehir, 2013 STRATONIKEIA VE LAGINA KAZILARINDA BULUNAN BİZANS DÖNEMİ SERAMİKLERİ (2008-2010 YILLARI) Muradiye ÖZTAŞKIN DOKTORA TEZİ Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. B. Yelda OLCAY UÇKAN Eskişehir Anadolu ÜniversitesiSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eylül, 2013 Doktora Tez Özü STRATONIKEIA VE LAGINA KAZILARINDA BULUNAN BİZANS DÖNEMİ SERAMİKLERİ (2008-2010 YILLARI) Muradiye ÖZTAŞKIN Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı Anadolu ÜniversitesiSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eylül 2013 Danışman: Prof. Dr. B. Yelda OLCAY UÇKAN Stratonikeia Antik kenti, günümüzde Muğla İli, Yatağan İlçesi, Eskihisar Köyü sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Kentin Bizans Dönemi dokusu günümüz köy evleri tarafından örtülmüş durumdadır. Yapılan kazı çalışmalarında kentin kuzeyindeki Antik yapıların çevresinde Bizans kalıntıları tespit edilmiştir. Lagina, Antik Dönemde Stratonikeia’ya bağlı kutsal alandır. Bizans Döneminde Tanrıça Hekate’ye adanmış tapınak ve altar arasına üç nefli bazilikal planlı bir kilise inşa edilmiştir. Stratonikeia ve Lagina’yı birbirine bağlayan kutsal yolun çevresinde 2006 yılında başlayan kurtarma kazılarında Beybağ ve Kurudere olarak anılan iki farklı mevkide Bizans Dönemi kalıntılarına rastlanmıştır. Beybağ Mevkiinde Orta Bizans Döneminde faaliyet gösteren ve sırsız seramikler üreten işliklere ait kalıntılar tespit edilmiştir. Tezin konusunu bölgede yapılan kazı çalışmalarında bulunan Bizans seramikleri oluşturmaktadır. Erken Bizans Döneminden başlayarak bölgede Bizans hâkimiyetinin tamamen sonlandığı 13. yüzyıl ortasına kadar olan geniş bir zaman dilimine ait seramiklerin tek bir çalışmada tanımlanması önemlidir. Toplam 480 adet parça kataloglanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Seramik buluntular öncelikle; servis, mutfak, depolama, aydınlatma ve ticari faaliyetlerde kullanılan kaplar olmak üzere beş temel işleve göre sınıflandırılmıştır. İşlevi belirlenen kapların hem yerel üretim olan örnekleri hem de ithal olarak bölgeye gelen seramikler karşılaştırılarak elli farklı üretim grubu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bizans, Seramik, Karia, Seramik Fırını, Kap Formları iii Abstract BYZANTINE POTTERY FINDS FROM STRATONIKEIA AND LAGINA EXCAVATIONS (YEARS 2008-2010) Muradiye ÖZTAŞKIN Department of Art History Anadolu University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, September 2013 Adviser: Prof. Dr. B. Yelda OLCAY UÇKAN Stratonikeia Ancient city is located in Eskihisar, in the town of Yatağan, in today’s Muğla. The city’s Byzantine remains were concealed by modern village houses. As a result of the excavations, some Byzantine remnants around the ancient structures in the northern part of the city have been found. Lagina is a sanctuary in Stratonikeia during the ancient times. A three-naved basilica was built between the altar and the temple devoted to the goddess Hekate back in the Byzantine era. The excavations that started in 2006 around the sacred path which connects Lagina to Stratonikeia unearthed Byzantine remnants in two different districts called Beybağ and Kurudure. In Beybağ, pottery workshops, producing pottery for daily use during the Middle Byzantine era, have been explored. The subject of the dissertation covers the Byzantine potteries found during the excavations. It is important that the identification of the potteries has been made in just one study. These ceramics date back to a long period of time, beginning from the early Byzantine period until the mid 13th century where the empire’s domination came to an end. 480 pieces in total were evaluated after having been catalogued. Potteries were classified in five groups according to their functions such as service, kitchen, storage, lighting and commercial activities. The potteries which were produced in the local area and the ones which were imported were compared and fifty different production ranges were identified. Keywords: Byzantine, Pottery, Caria, Pottery Kiln, Pottery Forms iv 06/09/2013 Etik İlke ve Kurallara Uygunluk Beyannamesi Bu tez çalışmasının bana ait, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmamın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumunda bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallara uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; bu çalışmanın Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından kullanılan bilimsel intihal tespit programıyla tarandığını ve hiçbir şekilde intihal içermediğini beyan ederim. Her hangi bir zamanda, çalışmamla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm. Muradiye ÖZTAŞKIN v Önsöz Bilimsel çalışma yapmak kadar yeni araştırmacılar yetiştirmeye önem veren, genç bilim insanlarına her zaman destek ve örnek olan tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. B. Yelda OLCAY UÇKAN’a sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Konu üzerine çalışmamı öneren ve kazı buluntularını çalışmama izin veren Stratonikeia kazı başkanı Prof. Dr. Bilal SÖĞÜT’e ve Lagina kazı başkanı Prof. Dr. Ahmet TIRPAN’A, büyük özverilerle çalışmalarını sürdüren Stratonikeia ve Lagina kazı ekibine teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Bizans seramiği konusunda araştırma yapmamı teşvik eden Prof. Dr. Ebru PARMAN’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Değerli katkıları ile tez çalışmamı yönlendiren Yrd. Doç. Dr. A. Oğuz ALP ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erkan İZNİK’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Bilgisi ve özgün fikirleri ile her zaman bana destek olan meslektaşım ve eşim Gökçen Kurtuluş ÖZTAŞKIN’a şükranlarımı sunarım. vi İçindekiler Sayfa Jüri ve Enstitü Onayı ...................................................................................................... İİ Öz ..................................................................................................................................... İİİ Abstract ........................................................................................................................... İV Etik İlke ve Kurallara Uygunluk Beyannamesi ........................................................... V Önsöz ............................................................................................................................... Vİ Özgeçmiş ........................................................................................................................ Vİİ Şekiller Listesi .............................................................................................................. XVİ Tablolar Listesi .......................................................................................................... XVİİİ Kısaltmalar Listesi ....................................................................................................... XİX Giriş .................................................................................................................................. 1 Birinci Bölüm Bizans Döneminde Stratonikeia ve Çevresi 1. Karia Bölgesi Bizans Dönemi Tarihi Coğrafyası ................................................... 10 2. Stratonikeia Kenti ve Lagina Kutsal Alanı Tarihçesi ........................................... 45 İkinci Bölüm Bizans Döneminde Seramik Üretimi ve Kap Formları 1. Bizans Seramiğinin Teknik Özellikleri ................................................................... 54 2. Bizans Dönemi Beslenme Alışkanlıkları ................................................................. 68 3. Bizans Dönemi Seramik Formları ve Terminolojisi .............................................. 87 xii Üçüncü Bölüm Kazı Çalışmaları 1. Stratonikeia ............................................................................................................. 115 2. Lagina ...................................................................................................................... 121 3. Kurudere .................................................................................................................. 123 4. Beybağ ...................................................................................................................... 125 Beşinci Bölüm Değerlendirme 1. Erken Bizans Dönemi Seramikleri ........................................................................ 154 1.1. Servis Kapları ................................................................................................... 154 1.1.1. Afrika Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikleri ...................................................... 155 1.1.2. Phokaia Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikleri ................................................... 158 1.1.3. Yerel Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikler ......................................................... 162 1.2. Mutfak ve Depolama Kapları ......................................................................... 167 1.2.1. Pişirme kapları (Chytralar) .................................................................. 167 1.2.2. Tekneler (Alveuslar) .............................................................................. 170 1.2.3. Saklama kapları (Caduslar) .................................................................. 171 1.3. Ticari Kaplar .................................................................................................... 173 1.3.1. Kouphonlar ............................................................................................. 173 1.3.2. Unguentariumlar .................................................................................... 176 1.3.3. Ampullalar .............................................................................................. 179 1.4.
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