Does Russell's Theory of Descriptions Really Evade the Slingshot?
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Comments on “Facts About the Slingshot” by Gregory Landini Valia Allori
Comments on “Facts about the Slingshot” by Gregory Landini Valia Allori This paper is very technical, so I will start my comments with a reconstruction of the arguments presented. Only at the end of this I will say what I think. I apologize in advance for any misinterpretation that I might have done. If I did, it was, of course, entirely unintentional. There is an argument against the correspondence theory of truth that, because of its combined simplicity and devastation, has been named the slingshot argument. According to the correspondence theory of truth a sentence is true iff there is a fact corresponding to it. In order to make sense, it seems that this theory must be able to differentiate between facts. The slingshot arguments, if sound, establish that every true sentence corresponds to the same fact, and therefore the corresponding theory of truth is doomed to failure. In his paper, Gregory argues that the slingshot argument is unsound. Let me just recapitulate what the argument says and my understanding of Gregory's argument against it. I will talk only about Davidson’s first version, for simplicity. The comments I will make will nonetheless apply to both versions. Let [p] be a shortcut for the locution “the fact that p”. Then it seems reasonable to assume that: 1) if to sentences p and q are identical, then [p]=[q] 2) if p and q describe the same thing (are co-denoting), then [p]=[q] for example: given S= “Cicero wrote Philippicae Oratione” and R=“Tully wrote Philippicae Oratione”, then [Cicero wrote Philippicae Oratione]=[Tully wrote Philippicae Oratione] 3) if p ad q are logically equivalent sentences, then [p]=[q] for example: S'= “ Plato=x: (x=Plato & S)” is logically equivalent to S, so [S]=[S'] Assumption number 2) is what Gregory calls the assumption of “constitution”: it amounts to say that the facts containing an object do not depend on the description provided. -
Puzzles About Descriptive Names Edward Kanterian
Puzzles about descriptive names Edward Kanterian To cite this version: Edward Kanterian. Puzzles about descriptive names. Linguistics and Philosophy, Springer Verlag, 2010, 32 (4), pp.409-428. 10.1007/s10988-010-9066-1. hal-00566732 HAL Id: hal-00566732 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00566732 Submitted on 17 Feb 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Linguist and Philos (2009) 32:409–428 DOI 10.1007/s10988-010-9066-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Puzzles about descriptive names Edward Kanterian Published online: 17 February 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract This article explores Gareth Evans’s idea that there are such things as descriptive names, i.e. referring expressions introduced by a definite description which have, unlike ordinary names, a descriptive content. Several ignored semantic and modal aspects of this idea are spelled out, including a hitherto little explored notion of rigidity, super-rigidity. The claim that descriptive names are (rigidified) descriptions, or abbreviations thereof, is rejected. It is then shown that Evans’s theory leads to certain puzzles concerning the referential status of descriptive names and the evaluation of identity statements containing them. -
The Theory of Descriptions 1. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970): Mathematician, Logician, and Philosopher
Louis deRosset { Spring 2019 Russell: The Theory of Descriptions 1. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970): mathematician, logician, and philosopher. He's one of the founders of analytic philosophy. \On Denoting" is a founding document of analytic philosophy. It is a paradigm of philosophical analysis. An analysis of a concept/phenomenon c: a recipe for eliminating c-vocabulary from our theories which still captures all of the facts the c-vocabulary targets. FOR EXAMPLE: \The Name View Analysis of Identity." 2. Russell's target: Denoting Phrases By a \denoting phrase" I mean a phrase such as any one of the following: a man, some man, any man, every man, all men, the present King of England, the present King of France, the centre of mass of the Solar System at the first instant of the twentieth century, the revolution of the earth round the sun, the revolution of the sun round the earth. (479) Includes: • universals: \all F 's" (\each"/\every") • existentials: \some F " (\at least one") • indefinite descriptions: \an F " • definite descriptions: \the F " Later additions: • negative existentials: \no F 's" (480) • Genitives: \my F " (\your"/\their"/\Joe's"/etc.) (484) • Empty Proper Names: \Apollo", \Hamlet", etc. (491) Russell proposes to analyze denoting phrases. 3. Why Analyze Denoting Phrases? Russell's Project: The distinction between acquaintance and knowledge about is the distinction between the things we have presentation of, and the things we only reach by means of denoting phrases. [. ] In perception we have acquaintance with the objects of perception, and in thought we have acquaintance with objects of a more abstract logical character; but we do not necessarily have acquaintance with the objects denoted by phrases composed of words with whose meanings we are ac- quainted. -
UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Pluralism and Realism Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2n611357 Author Evpak, Matthew Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Pluralism and Realism A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy by Matthew Evpak Committee in charge: Professor Gila Sher, Chair Professor Samuel Buss Professor Andrew Kehler Professor Donald Rutherford Professor Clinton Tolley 2018 The Dissertation of Matthew Evpak is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2018 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Russell's Theory of Descriptions
Russell’s theory of descriptions PHIL 83104 September 5, 2011 1. Denoting phrases and names ...........................................................................................1 2. Russell’s theory of denoting phrases ................................................................................3 2.1. Propositions and propositional functions 2.2. Indefinite descriptions 2.3. Definite descriptions 3. The three puzzles of ‘On denoting’ ..................................................................................7 3.1. The substitution of identicals 3.2. The law of the excluded middle 3.3. The problem of negative existentials 4. Objections to Russell’s theory .......................................................................................11 4.1. Incomplete definite descriptions 4.2. Referential uses of definite descriptions 4.3. Other uses of ‘the’: generics 4.4. The contrast between descriptions and names [The main reading I gave you was Russell’s 1919 paper, “Descriptions,” which is in some ways clearer than his classic exposition of the theory of descriptions, which was in his 1905 paper “On Denoting.” The latter is one of the optional readings on the web site, and I reference it below sometimes as well.] 1. DENOTING PHRASES AND NAMES Russell defines the class of denoting phrases as follows: “By ‘denoting phrase’ I mean a phrase such as any one of the following: a man, some man, any man, every man, all men, the present king of England, the centre of mass of the Solar System at the first instant of the twentieth century, the revolution of the earth around the sun, the revolution of the sun around the earth. Thus a phrase is denoting solely in virtue of its form.” (‘On Denoting’, 479) Russell’s aim in this article is to explain how expressions like this work — what they contribute to the meanings of sentences containing them. -
The Slingshot Argument, Godel's Hesitation and Tarskian Semantics
Arhat Virdi The slingshot argument, Godel’s hesitation and Tarskian semantics Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Virdi, Arhat (2009) The slingshot argument, Godel's hesitation and Tarskian semantics. Prolegomena, 8 (2). pp. 233-241. ISSN 1333-4395 © 2009 © 2009 Society for the Advancement of Philosophy, Zagreb This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27063/ Available in LSE Research Online: Feb 2010 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final manuscript accepted version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this version and the published version may remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. The slingshot argument, Gödel’s hesitation and Tarskian semantics ARHAT VIRDI The slingshot argument is a reductio purporting to show that if there are facts at all there is only one to which all true statements correspond. If facts are not non-trivially individuable then this presumably must render the notion of fact and, by implication, theories such as the correspondence theory of truth incoherent. -
Russell's Theory of Descriptions
Russell’s theory of descriptions September 23, 2004 1 Propositions and propositional functions . 1 2 Descriptions and names . 3 2.1 Indefinite descriptions do not stand for particular objects in the same waynamesdo ............................... 3 2.2 Three puzzles caused by the assimilation of definite descriptions to names . 4 2.2.1 The problem of negative existentials . 4 2.2.2 Substitution failures . 5 2.2.3 The law of the excluded middle . 5 2.3 The distinction between primary and secondary occurrence . 5 3 Russell’s theory of descriptions . 6 3.1 Indefinite descriptions . 6 3.2 Definite descriptions . 6 3.3 ‘Everyone’, ‘someone’ . 7 3.4 Strengths of Russell’s theory . 7 4 Objections to Russell’s theory . 7 4.1 Incomplete definite descriptions . 7 4.2 Other uses of ‘the’: generics . 7 4.3 The view that sentences containing descriptions say something about propositional functions . 8 5 Russell’s view of names . 8 6 The metaphysical importance of Russell’s theory . 8 1 Propositions and propositional functions Russell (unlike contemporary theorists) means by ‘proposition’, as he puts it, “pri- marily a form of words which expresses what is either true or false.” Roughly, then, ‘propositions’ in Russell refers to ‘declarative sentences.’ Propositional functions are something else: “A ‘propositional function,’ in fact, is an expression containing one or more undetermined constituents, such that, when values are assigned to 1 these constituents, the expression becomes a proposition. Examples of propositional functions are easy to give: “x is human” is a propositional function; so long as x remains undetermined, it is neither true nor false, but when a value is assigned to x it becomes a true or false proposition.” (An Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, pp. -
Metaphysics and Natural Kinds: Slingshots, Fundamentality, and Causal Structure
METAPHYSICS AND NATURAL KINDS: SLINGSHOTS, FUNDAMENTALITY, AND CAUSAL STRUCTURE By ANDREW LEE MCFARLAND Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Philosophy and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chair: John Symons ________________________________ John Bricke ________________________________ Armin Schulz ________________________________ Clif Pye ________________________________ Philippe Huneman Date Defended: May 16, 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Andrew Lee McFarland certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: METAPHYSICS AND NATURAL KINDS: SLINGSHOTS, FUNDAMENTALITY, AND CAUSAL STRUCTURE ________________________________ JOHN SYMONS Date approved: May 16, 2014 ii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Metaphysics and Natural Kinds: Slingshots, Fundamentality, and Causal Structure Andrew Lee McFarland My dissertation addresses a question relevant to metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science: What are natural kinds? I explore a view that holds that natural kinds are complex, structural properties that involve causal structure. Causal structure describes the idea that for the many properties associated with natural kinds, these properties are nomically linked – that is causally connected – in such a way that the properties of non-natural kinds are not. After criticizing arguments in favor of a nominalist theory of kinds – one that holds that a natural kind just is to be identified with its class of instances – and after defending the notion of a complex structural property from several prominent objections posed by David Lewis, I apply a causal account of natural kinds to a set of problematic cases, paying special attention to isomeric kinds from chemistry. iii Dedication I dedicate this doctoral thesis to my family and to the tireless support they have given me over the years. -
Logical Atomism in Russell and Wittgenstein
OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST-PROOF, 04/15/11, SPi c h a p t e r 1 0 logical atomism in russell and wittgenstein i a n p r o o p s I n t r o d u c t i o n Russell and Wittgenstein develop diff erent, though closely related, versions of a posi- tion that has come to be known as ‘logical atomism’. Wittgenstein’s version is presented in the Tractatus , and discussed in the various pre-Tractatus manuscripts. Russell’s is pre- sented most fully in a set of eight lectures given in Gordon Square, London in early 1918. Th ese lectures, which are familiar to us today under the title ‘Th e Philosophy of Logical Atomism’ (Russell 1918/1956 : 175–281 , hereaft er ‘PLA’), were originally serialized in the Monist during the years 1918 and 1919. In them Russell attempts to synthesize his own ideas with those of Wittgenstein’s 1913 Notes on Logic . Although PLA is oft en treated as the defi nitive presentation of Russell’s logical atomism, we should not forget that Russell had already arrived at many elements of this doctrine before he encountered Wittgenstein. Th is earlier, pure Russellian, brand of logical atomism is fi rst set out in Russell’s 1911 article ‘Analytical Realism’ 1 —a text in which the phrase ‘logical atomism’ appears for the fi rst time. (See Monk 1996 , 200 .) It is further developed in certain chap- ters of the Problems of Philosophy of 1912. 2 Analytical realism, Russell explains, is a form of atomism because it maintains—in contrast to the British Hegelianism of Bradley, McTaggart, Joachim, and others,3 fi rst, 1 Th is work was composed in the summer of 1911, and so before Russell’s fi rst encounter with Wittgenstein. -
SCOTT SOAMES USC School of Philosophy 3709 Trousdale Parkway Los Angeles, CA 90089-0451 [email protected] / (213) 740-0798 October 2020
SCOTT SOAMES USC School of Philosophy 3709 Trousdale Parkway Los Angeles, CA 90089-0451 [email protected] / (213) 740-0798 October 2020 EDUCATION Stanford University, BA., 1968 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ph.D. Philosophy, 1976 ACADEMIC HONORS Phi Beta Kappa, 1967 Danforth Graduate Fellow, 1971-76 Woodrow Wilson Graduate Fellow, 1971 AWARDS AND FELLOWSHIPS American Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected in 2010. Albert S. Raubenheimer Award for excellence in research, teaching, and service, 2009. The Raubenheimer is the highest faculty honor of the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences of the University of Southern California. Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Fellowship 1998-99 Academic Year. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship 1989- 90. Title of Project: "Truth and Meaning" Class of 1936 Bicentennial Preceptorship, Princeton University, 1982-1985 National Endowment for the Humanities Research Fellowship for 1978-79. Title of Project: "The Philosophical Investigation of Linguistic Theory" ACADEMIC POSITIONS Director of the School of Philosophy, University of Southern California, August 2007 – Distinguished Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Southern California, 2011 – Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Southern California, 2004 - 2010 Professor, Department of Philosophy, Princeton University, July 1989 - 2004 Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Princeton University, July 1985 - June 1989 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Princeton University, September 1980 - June 1985 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, January 1976 - June 1980 Instructor, Linguistics Department, M.I.T., 1974-75 VISITING POSITIONS Franklin Pease Garcia Visiting Professor, Department of Humanities, Catholic Pontifical University of Peru, Lima Peru, May 18 – June 25, 2015. Visiting Professor, Department of Philosophy, Graduate School & University Center, City University of New York, Spring 1997. -
Adopted from Pdflib Image Sample
1 WITH REFERENCE TO TRUTH: STI~IES IN REFERENTIAL SEMANTICS by DOUGLAS FILLMORE CANNON A.B., Harvard University 1973 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in PHILOSOPHY at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 1982 <e> Douglas Fillmore Cannon 1982 The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to dis tribute publicly copies of this thesis document in ~hole or in part. Signature of Author__________~-.;~~~---•. ~....;;;""",,---.::l----- Certified by------------------__._1r--------- I < George Boolas Thesis Supervisor Accepted by aL~ «) ~"0 ~ilijarvis Thomson MA5~HUS~~fl~I~~~artment Graduate Committee OF TEtHNOlOSY Archives JUL 8 1982 2 WITH REFERENCE TO TRUTH: STUDIES IN REFERENTIAL SEMANTICS by DOUGLAS FILLMORE CANNON Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy on April 8, 1982, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy ABSTRACT In the first parts of my thesis I explore two philosophical programs in the area of referential semantics, namely, rigid designation accounts of proper names and naturalistic theories of truth. I conclude with an inquiry into the theory of truth for mathematics and its relationship to mathematical Platonism. In Part One, I confront Kripke's well-known views with Quine's pro posal that proper names correspond to a kind of predicate. I argue that the belief that proper names are rigid designators is unjustified and that many questions about the reference of terms in various possible worlds have no determinate answer. I take issue with Kripke's emphasis on the question, "How is the reference of names determined?", and suggest that it reflects dubious philosophical presuppositions. -
Overview the Slingshot Argument
Branden Fitelson Philosophy 125 Lecture 1 Branden Fitelson Philosophy 125 Lecture 2 ' $ ' Philosophy 125 — Day 17: Overview $ The Slingshot Argument — Diagnosis and Lessons Learned 1 • I’ve posted a handout, which goes over (in detail) two renditions of the • First Papers and SQ’s should be returned by 10/30/03 slingshot argument due to Davidson and Godel.¨ Last time, I sketched Davidson’s argument. Today, I’ll discuss the key assumptions and steps. • A handout + more links on the “slingshot” argument posted • Davidson assumes that it is OK to substitute any logically equivalent • Agenda: Facts, States of Affairs, and Events statements into definite descriptions of the form “the fact that . ”. Godel¨ – The slingshot – Diagnosis and Lessons Learned does not assume this. But, both arguments assume two key things: – The Russellian Theory of Facts and Descriptions 1. Definite descriptions pthe x such that φq [p(x ˆ)φq] refer (to the unique – Facts as “Truth-Makers”? thing that satisfies φ, where φ can be a complex expression). E.g., this implies that “(x ˆ)(x = Socrates and snow is white)” refers to Socrates. – Facts as “Actualized” States of Affairs? 2. The referent of a complex expression depends only on the referents of its – States of Affairs subexpressions, and not on the manner in which these things are referred – Chisholm’s 1970’s Views on States of Affairs and Events to. E.g., this implies “the fact that a = (x ˆ)(x = a and snow is white)” has – Events: Two Recent Theories (Davidson and Kim) the same referent as “the fact that a = (x ˆ)(x = a and grass is green)”, since “(x ˆ)(x = a and snow is white)” and “(x ˆ)(x = a and grass is green)” have • Next Unit: The Possible and The Actual the same referent (a).