Index

A3E system 235--6 Amplitude modulation 231--40 ABL system 760--1 Different forms 235--40 Accelerometer 659 Frequency spectrum 232 ACeS (Asia cellular satellite) 512 Noise 233--4 Access track scanner, see optical mechanical Power 233 scanner Amplitude phase shift keying 268 Active altitude control 200 Analogue pulse communication systems Active remote sensing 526 259--61 Active sensors (Remote sensing satellites) Pulse amplitude modulation 259--60 540--2 Pulse position modulation 260--1 Non-scanning sensors 540 Pulse width modulation 260 Scanning sensors 540--2 Anatomy (Launch vehicles) 104--6 Active thermal control 187--8 Liquid fuelled engine 105 Adaptive delta modulator 265 Solid fuelled engine 105 Adjacent channel interference 361--2 Stages 104 Advanced microwave sounding unit Anik-A 17 (AMSU) 585 Anik-B 17 Aerial remote sensing 525 Anik-C 17 Aerostat system 781--3 Anik-D 17 Airship 783 Anik-E 17 Applications 783 Anik-F 17 Components of 782 Anik-G 17 Free balloon 782 Antenna gain-to-noise temperature (G/T) ratio Helikite 782 365 Moored balloon 782 Antenna noise temperature 346--50 PAGEOS 782 Ground noise 347 Tethered balloon 782 Sky noise 348--9 Types of 782 Antenna parameters 207--10 Vega-1/2 782 COPYRIGHTEDAperture MATERIAL 209--10 Akatsuki orbiter 688 Bandwidth 208 Almaz commercial programme Beam width 208 800 EIRP 208 ALOHA 501 Gain 207--8 Slotted ALOHA 501 Polarization 209

Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications, Third Edition. Anil K. Maini and Varsha Agrawal. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/maini3 808 Index

Antennas 205--20 Snow and ice studies 598--9 Parameters 207--10 speed and direction 595--6 Types 210--20 Arabsat-5 18, 512 Antenna types 201--20 ARCJET thruster 181--2 Helical antenna 215--7 Argument of perigee 50, 81 Horn antenna 214--5 Arthur C. Clarke 4 Lens antenna 217--8 Ascending nodes 45 Phased array antenna 218--20 Right ascension of 48--9 Reflector antennas 210--4 AsiaSat 512 Apogee 47 Astronomical observations 680--6 Apogee distance 82, 87--90 (ATM) 682 Applications (Military satellites) 718 COBE (Cosmic background explorer) Applications (Navigation satellites) 650--4 681 Civilian applications 651--4 CORONAS (Complex orbital observations of Military applications 650--1 near earth activity of the sun) 682 Applications (Remote sensing satellites) Doppler-Fizeau effect 681 548--58 EXOSAT (European X-ray observatory CHAMP (Challenging mini-satellite payload) satellite) 681 670 Extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope (EIT) Deforestation 553 683 Disaster prediction 555 HETE-2 (High energy transient explorer) Flood monitoring 551 681 Global monitoring 553--5 Hubble 681 GRACE (Gravity recovery and climate INTEGRAL (International ray experiment) 669 astrophysics laboratory) 681 Land cover change detection 549--50 IRIS (Interface region imaging spectrograph) Land cover classification 548--9 682 Sea surface temperature measurement IRAS (Infrared astronomical satellite) 681 552 ISO (Infrared space observatory) 681 Urban monitoring and development 552 LASCO (Large angle spectroscopic Water quality management 550 coronograph) 683 Applications (Scientific satellites) 665--70 Michelson Doppler imager (MDI) 683 Dynamic geodesy 666 Observation of sun 682--6 Geometric geodesy 666 Orbital observatory (OSO) 682 Internal geodynamics 669--70 Solar activity 684--6 Joint gravity model 667 Solar maximum mission (SMM) 683 Space gradiometry 668 Solar physics 683 Space geodesy 665--9 STEREO (Solar terrestrial relations Tectonics 669--70 observatory) 682 Terrestrial magnetic fields 770 TRACE satellite 684 Applications (Weather forecasting satellites) Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) 459 593--9 Atlas series rockets 29, 115--7 Air pollution 596 Atmospheric tether mission (ATM) 778 Cloud parameters 594 Attenuation compensation techniques Fisheries 598 341--2 Fog 596 Diversity 341--2 Ground level temperature 596 Power control 341 Haze 596 Signal processing 341 Oceanography 596--7 Attitude control 199--200 Prediction of hurricanes, cyclones and Automatic tracking 412 tropical storms 597--8 Availability (Networks) 434 Rainfall estimation 594--5 Azimuth angle 81 Index 809

B8E system 238 Re-usable 102 Backscattering coefficient 547 Small 104 Baikonur cosmodrome 133--4 Classification (Remote sensing satellites) Balanced modulator 237--38 526--31 Balanced slope detector 252--3 Code division multiple access 308--15 Bath tub curve 225 Comparison DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA, Batteries 195--8 TH-CDMA 314--315 Lithium ion 197--8 Direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) Nickel-Cadmium 195--6 309--311 Nickel hydrogen 197 Frequency hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) Nickel metal hydride 196--7 311--3 Bernal sphere 803 Time hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) 313--34 Bigelow commercial space station 799--800 Commercial space station 801 Bit error rate test (BERT) (Network Reliability) Communication satellite missions 502--14 435 INMARSAT satellite system 506--8 Black powder propellants 108 satellite system 502--6 Block bit error rate test (BLERT) (Network IRIDIUM satellite constellation 508--12 Reliability) 435 National satellite systems 513--4 Bridges 465 Regional satellite systems 512--3 Broadcast satellite service (BSS) earth stations Communication satellites 473--523 382 Applications 474--5 Bukit Timah satellite earth station 426 Frequency bands 475 BURAN 29, 127 Future trends 514--9 Bus topology 442--3 Missions 502--14 Payloads 475--9 C3F system 238 Satellite data communication services Cable TV 485 496--501 Canberra deep space communication complex Satellite radio 496 422--3 Satellite telephony 481--3 Cape Canaveral satellite launch centre 98 Satellite television 484--96 Candy propellants 108 Compass satellite navigation system 648 Cartosat-1, 2 22 Composite propellants 108 Cassini/Huygens 691 Compton gamma ray observatory (CGRO) 707 Network security Central perspective scanner 538 Computer vandalism ( ) 436 DVB Centrifugal force 39 Conditional access ( ) 490 Centripetal force 39 Conical scan 415 Circuit switched networks 447--8 Constituent parts (Space launch centres) 128--9 Civilian applications 651--4 Control centre 128--9 Archeology 653 Launch complex 128--9 Construction 651 Technical centre 128--9 Networks Environment monitoring 653 Cost ( ) 437 Mapping 651--52 Courier-1B 10 Monitoring structural deformations 653 Cross polarization 209 Precision farming 653 Precise timing information 653--4 Data collection system (DCS) 602 Saving lives 652 Data compression (DVB) 490 Vehicle tracking 652 Data interception (Network security) 436 Classification (Launch vehicles) 100--4 Data signals 230 Expendable 101 Dawn (flyby) 690 Heavy lift launch vehicle 102 De-emphasis 249--50 Large launch vehicle 102 Delta series rockets 29, 114--5 Medium launch vehicle 102--4 Demand assigned multiple access 287, 290 810 Index

De-polarization compensation techniques 342 Earth coverage 166--70 Descending nodes 45 Effects of altitude 169 Differential absorption lidar 586 Effects of latitude 169 Digital modulation techniques 267--77 Earth’s observation (Scientific satellites) Amplitude phase shift keying 268 670--80 Frequency phase shift keying 268--9 Aeronomy 677--8 Phase shift keying 269--77 ALOS (Advanced land observing satellite) Digital pulse communication systems 261--5 680 Adaptive delta modulator 265 AMPTE (Active Magnetospheric particle Delta modulation 264--5 tracer explorer) 678 Differential PCM 264 CERES (Cloud and earth radiant energy Pulse code modulation 262--3 sensor) 679 Digital video broadcasting 490--5 Earth’s radiation budget) 679 DVB-C 491 ERBE (Earth radiation budget experiment) DVB-H and DVB-SH 494--5 679 DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 493 ERBS (Earth radiation budget satellite) 678 DVB-S and DVB-S2 491--2 Ionosphere 671--3 DVB-T and DVB-T2 493--4 Ionospheric composition 671 Direct broadcasting satellite (DBS) services Magnetosphere 673--6 488--9 Magnetospheric waves 675--6 Directed energy laser weapons 752--64 MAPS (Measurement of air pollution from Advanced tactical laser (ATL) 761 satellites) 677 Advantages 753 Ozone measurements 679 Airborne laser (ABL) 760 Polar aurora 671--3 Beam control 764--5 SABER (Sounding of the atmosphere using Chemical lasers 757--9 broadband emission radiometers) 678 Chemical oxy-iodine laser (COIL) 759--61 TIMED (Thermosphere ionosphere Components of 754--5 mesosphere energetics and dynamics) 678 Design parameters 755--6 UARS (Upper atmosphere research satellite) Fiber laser 762 677 Gas dynamic CO2 laser 756--7 Earth station 378--430 HF/DF laser 757--8 Architecture 386--7 426 Laser sources 756--62 Bukit Timah satellite earth station 426 Limitations 753--4 Canberra deep space communication complex Solid state laser 761--2 422--3 Direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) Design considerations 387--8 309--10 Environmental considerations 391--2 Sequence asynchronous DS-CDMA 311 Goldstone deep space communication complex Sequence synchronous DS-CDMA 310--11 423--4 Disaster prediction (Remote sensing satellites) Goonhilly satellite earth station 419--21 555--7 Hardware 398--411 Predicting earthquakes 555--7 Honeysuckle Creek tracking station 424 Predicting volcanic eruptions 557 Indian deep space network 429--30 Doppler lidar 586 INTELSAT teleport earth station 426--27 Double base propellants 108 Kaena point satellite tracking station 426 Dry dock 802 Madley communication centre 421 Madrid deep space communication complex Early bird 13 421--2 Early warning satellites 735--8 Makarios satellite earth station MIDAS system 736 428 SBIRS (Space based infrared system) 736--7 Performance parameters 388--90 SPIRALE 738 Raisting earth station 428 Index 811

Site considerations 391--2 Explorer-1 8 SUPARCO satellite ground station 428 Explorer-2 9 Terrestrial interface 409--11 Extreme ultraviolet sensor (EUV) 603 Testing 392--8 Types 380--6 Femto satellites 26--7 Earth station characteristics 380 Feng Yun series 20 Access method 380 File transfer protocol 457--8 Antenna diameter 380 Final mass 106 EIRP 380 First cosmic (or orbital) velocity 61 Frequency band 380 Fixed satellite service (FSS) earth stations 381 G/T ratio 380 Flood monitoring (Remote sensing satellites) Modulation type 380 551 Polarization 380 FM detectors 252--7 Earth station hardware 398--411 Balanced slope 253 Antenna 399--401 Foster-Seeley 254 High power amplifier 402--4 Phase locked loop based 256--7 IF and base band equipment 408--9 Ratio detector 254--5 Low noise amplifier 406--7 Formation flying tethers 773--4 RF equipment 398--407 Separated spacecraft interferometer (SSI) Terrestrial interface 409 773 Up converter/Down converter Space interferometry mission 773 404--406 SPECS mission 774 Earth station testing 392--8 Structurally connected interferometer (SCI) Subsystem level testing 392 773 System level testing 392--8 Terrestrial planet finder 773 Unit level testing 392 Tethered formation flight interferometer 773 Eccentricity 48 Frame acquisition and synchronization 305--6 Echo-1 10 Extraction of traffic bursts 305 Echo effects (Satellite networks) 480 Frame synchronization 305--6 Eclipses 150--4 Transmission of traffic bursts 305 Equinoxes 151 Frequency bands 475 Solar eclipse 151 Frequency considerations, satellite link design Umbral cone 152 324, 326--9 ECS series satellites 17 Frequency allocation and coordination 326--9 EGNOS satellite navigation system Frequency division multiple access 288--96 642--4 Demand assigned FDMA 290 Electrodynamic tether 772--3 Multiple channel per carrier (MCPC) systems Applications 774 295--6 EIRP-Earth station 389--90 Pre-assigned FDMA 290--2 Ekran series satellites 16 Single channel per carrier (SCPC) system Electric propulsion 181 293--5 Energetic proton, electron and alpha detector Frequency modulation 241--57 (EPEAD) 603 De-emphasis 249--50 Electronics launching group (ELG) 490 Detection of FM signals 252--7 Energetic particle sensor (EPS) 603 Frequency spectrum 243--5 Energia series rockets 28, 113--4 Generation of FM signals 250--2 Equinoxes 45--6 Narrowband FM 245--6 ESSA series 19 Noise 246 ESTRACK network 202 Pre-emphasis 249--50 EUTELSAT-II 17 Wideband FM 245--6 EUTELSAT satellite systems 514 Frequency shift keying 268--9 EUTELSAT-W 17 Fresnel lens 218 812 Index

Future trends (Remote sensing satellites) Selective availability 636 573--4 Signal propagation errors 634--5 Future trends-satellites 33--5 GPS positioning modes 632--4 Communication satellites 33 Point positioning 632 Earth observation satellites 33--4 Relative positioning 632--4 Military satellites 35 GPS positioning services 631--4 Navigation satellites 34 Precision positioning system 632 Weather forecasting satellites 33 Standard positioning system 632 Future trends (Scientific satellites) 714 Gravity gradient (space tethers) 770 133--5 Galileo satellite navigation system 465, 645--6 H3E system 236--7 Development program 645--6 Hall thruster 182 Services 646 HEAO (High energy observations) Gateway stations 385 707 Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV) High definition television (HDTV) 489 124 High energy composite propellants 108 GERB instrument 606--7 High resolution infrared sounder (HIRS) 611 German aerospace centre 141--3 HIPPARCOS (High precision parallax collecting Global mobile personal communication services satellite) 707 (GMPS) 483 Honeysuckle Creek tracking station 424 Global monitoring 553--5 Hot air balloon 7 Global navigation satellite system 464 691, 707 Global positioning system (GPS) 464, Hybrid navigation system 648--9 621--37 Hybrid propellants 107 Control segment 622--3 Hybrid satellite 517 GPS error sources 634--7 Hybrid topology 446--7 GPS positioning services 631--4 Hypergolic (Propellants) 108 GPS signal structure 627--8 Hyper text transfer protocol 457 Operational principle 625--7 Pseudo range measurement 628--9 Receiver location determination 629--30 Image classification (Remote sensing satellites) Space segment 621--2 545--6 User segment 623--5 Supervised classification 545 Globalstar constellation 461--2 Unsupervised classification 545 GLONASS navigation system 637--41 Image interpretation 546--8 Control segment 638--9 Contextual information 546 Signal structure 639--41 Geometrical information 546 Space segment 638 GIS in remote sensing 547--8 User segment 639 Microwave images 547 GOES 599--604 Optical images 546 Payloads 602--4 Radiometric information 546 Salient features 601 Spectral information 546 Goldstone deep space communication complex Textural information 546 423--4 Thermal images 546 Goonhilly satellite earth station 419--21 Images 580--86 Gorizont series satellites 16 Advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) GPS error sources 634--7 585 Clock errors 635 Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) 586 Ephemeris errors 635 Doppler lidar 586 Multipath reflections 635 Images formed by active probing 585--6 Satellite geometry 636 IR images 582--3 Index 813

Laser altimeter 586 Multicast streaming for content distribution Microwave images 584--5 440 Precipitation radar 586 Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) Tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) 440--41 586 Transmission control protocol (TCP) 439 Visible and infrared spin scan radiometry Voice over Internet phone (VoIP) (VISSR) 583 439--40 Visible images 580--2 Interplanetary TV link 519 Water vapour images 583--4 Inter satellite link (ISL) 511 Inclination 49, 80--1 Ionospheric effects 335--8 Indian deep space network 429--30 Fading due to multipath signals Indian regional navigational satellite system 338--9 (IRNSS) 647 Faraday Effect 335--7 Indian remote sensing satellite system Scintillation 337--8 565--7 Ion propulsion 182 Cartosat-1 566--7 IRAS (Infrared astronomy satellite) 707 Oceansat-1 567 Iridium satellite constellation 461 Resourcesat-1 565--6 ISTRACK 202--3 Resourcesat-2 566 Risat-1 567 J3E system 237--8 Inflatable space modules 802 JCSAT (Japanese communication satellite) Initial mass 106 484 Injection point 79 Jiuquan satellite launch centre 138--9 Injection velocity 61 John F. Kennedy space centre 129--32 INMARSAT satellite services 509--10 Juno (orbiter) 691 INSAT series 17--18, 515 Jupiter-C 8 Intelligent tracking 419 INTELSAT-1 13 INTELSAT-2 15 Kaena point satellite tracking station 426 INTELSAT-3 15 Kepler’s laws 41--44 INTELSAT-4 15 Kepler’s first law 41--42 INTELSAT-5 15 Kepler’s second law 42--44 INTELSAT-6 15 Kepler’s third law 44 INTELSAT-7 15 INTELSAT-8 15 Land cover classification 549--50 INTELSAT-9 15 Land cover change detection 549--50 INTELSAT-10 15 Landsat 558--61 INTELSAT satellites 503--6 Enhanced thematic mapper 560--1 INTELSAT teleport earth station 426--7 Multispectral scanner (MSS) 560 Interference related problems 353--64 Operational land imager 561 Adjacent channel interference 361--2 Return beam vidicon (RBV) 558--60 Cross polarization interference 361 Thematic mapper 560 Interference from adjacent satellites Thermal infrared sensor 561 357--60 Launch sequence 95--9 Interference from terrestrial links 357 Expendable launch vehicle 95 Inter-modulation distortion 354--7 Launch from Baikonur 98--9 International space station (ISS) 797 Launch from Cape Canaveral 98 Internet protocol 456 Launch from Kourou 97 Internet services 439--41 Perigee motor 99 Email 439 Re-usable launch vehicle 95 File transfer protocol (FTP) 439 Space shuttle launch 99 Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) 439 Types 95--9 814 Index

Launch vehicles 100--27 Mean time to repair (MTTR) (Network Anatomy 104--6 Reliability) 435 Ariane series 109 Microwave remote sensing 529--31 Atlas series 115--7 Mean time between outages (MTBO) (Networks) Buran 127 434 Classification 100--4 Medium en Delta series 114--5 Medium satellites 23 Energia 113--4 Mesh topology 444--5 Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle Meteor series 19--20 (GSLV) 124 Meteosat series 20, 605--7 Long March 119--23 Payloads 606--7 Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV) Micro satellites 24--5 123--4 Microwave humidity sounder (MHS) 611 Principal parameters 106--8 MIDAS 10rgy proton and electron detector Proton series 109--10 (MEPED) 611 Soyuz series 110--3 Military applications (Navigation satellites) Space shuttle 124--7 650--1 Titan series 117--9 Map updation 651 Liquid fuel propulsion 180--1 Missile guidance 651 Liquid propellants 107 Navigation 650 LITE (Laser-in-space technology experiment) Rescue operations 651 592 Tracking 651 Lobe switching 413--15 Military communication satellites Logical topology (Networks) 437 718--27 Long March series 119--23 AEHF (Advanced extremely high frequency) Look angles 154--60 724 Azimuth angle 154--5 AFSATCOM (Air force satellite Elevation angle 155--6 communication system) 721 American systems 720--1 Madley communication centre 421 AMOS-1 725 Madrid deep space communication complex Applications 718--9 421--2 Defence satellite communication system Magellan probe 688 (DSCS) 721--2 Magnetic electron detector (MAGED) 603 DFH (Dong Fang Hong) series 726 Makarios satellite earth station 428 Dual use systems 727 Mandatory tests-Earth station 393--7 FH (Feng Huo) series 727 EIRP stability 396 FLTSATCOM system 723 Receiver figure-of-merit measurement Frequency spectrum 726--7 393--4 LEASAT 721 Spectral shape 396 system 724 Transmit cross-polarization isolation Mobile and tactical systems 723 measurement 393 Parus 728 Mariner planetary mission 687 Potok series 728 Mars 2 to 7 688--9 Protected satellite systems 724 Mars reconnaissance orbiter 690 Raduga series 728 Mars exploration rover 690 Russian systems 724--5 Mars express 690 SICRAL series 725 Mars global surveyor 689 Spacenet series 727 Mars path finder 689 Strela series 728 Mass fraction 106 TACSAT 723 Mean time between failures (MTBF) (Network Telecom series 725 Reliability) 435 Wideband systems 721--2 Index 815

Military navigation satellites 739 Mercury 691 Military satellites 717--67 MESSENGER 691 Applications 718 Microgravity experiments 710--1 Early warning satellites 735--8 Moon 703--5 Military communication satellites 718--27 NEAR (Near earth asteroid rendezvous) 705 Military navigation satellites 739 Neptune 703 Military weather forecasting satellites 738 Solar system 686--707 Nuclear explosion satellites 738 Uranus 702 Reconnaissance satellites 728--32 Venus 692--3 SIGINT satellites 732--5 Missions (Weather forecasting satellites) Space weapons 739--45 599--611 Strategic Defence Initiative 745--52 GOES 599--604 Military weather forecasting satellites 738 Meteosat 605--7 Millimeter wave satellite communication NOAA 608--11 784--93 Mobile satellite service (MSS) earth stations Advantages 785 383--4 Applications 788--9 Mobile satellite telephony 482--3 Millimeter wave band 784--5 Molniya series rockets 28 Missions 789--93 Molniya series satellites 14--15 Propagation considerations 787--8 Momentum exchange tether 770--2, 774 Millimeter wave satellite missions 789--93 Applications 774 Application technology satellite-6 (ATS-6) Bolo 771 791 Gravity gradient stabilization 771 Communications and broadcasting Rotovator 772 Engineering test satellite (COMETS) 792 Monopulse track 416--19 Engineering test satellite-II (ETS-II) 790 MSL curiosity (rover) 690 Experimental communication satellite (ECS) Multiple access techniques 286--319 790 Code division multiple access 308--15 FLORAD 790--91 Frequency division multiple access 288--96 satellite mission 793 Space division multiple access 316--9 Mini satellites 23--4 Time division multiple access 297--306 Missions (Remote sensing satellites) Multiple channels per carrier (MCPC) systems 558--68 295--6 Indian remote sensing satellite system MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA system 295--6 565--7 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA system 296 Landsat 558--61 Multiple spot beam technology 371--4 Radarsat 564--5 Multiplexing techniques 277--82 SPOT 561--4 Code division multiplexing 281--82 Missions (Scientific satellites) 686--714 Frequency division multiplexing 277--9 Asteroids 705--6 Time division multiplexing 279--80 COMETS 706--7 CONTOUR (Comet nucleus tour) 706 Nano satellites 25--6 Cosmic ray research 713--4 National satellite systems 513--4 Fundamental research 714 Indian national satellite 513--4 GRAIL (Gravity recovery and interior Navigation satellites 614--55 laboratory) 704 Applications 650--4 Jupiter 697--700 Compass satellite navigation system 648 LADEE (Lunar atmosphere and dust EGNOS satellite navigation system 642--4 environment explorer) 704 Future trends 654--5 Life sciences 711 Galileo satellite navigation system 645--6 Mars 694--96 Global positioning system (GPS) 621--37 Material sciences 712 GLONASS navigation system 637--41 816 Index

Navigation satellites (Continued) Cascaded stages 345--46 GPS-GLONASS integration 641--2 System noise temperature 350 Hybrid navigation system 648--9 Non-scanning sensors 540 Indian regional navigational satellite system ERS-1, 2 (IRNSS) 647 Laser distance meter 540 Operational principles 614--21 Laser water depth meter 540 Network characteristics 433--7 Microwave altimeters 540 Availability 434 Microwave scatterometer 540 Cost 437 Nozomi 689 Reliability 434--5 Nuclear explosion satellites 738 Scalability 437 Number of stages 108 Security 435--6 Throughput 436 OEDIPUS 777 Topology 437 O’Neill cylinder 803 Networking protocols 450--9 Open system interconnect (OSI) model 453--6 Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Operational principles (Navigation satellites) 459 614--21 File transfer protocol 457--8 Doppler effect based systems 615 Hyper text transfer protocol 457 Trilateration based systems 615--7 Internet protocol 456 OPSEK 800 Open system interconnect (OSI) model OPSNET 202--3 453--6 Optical mechanical scanner 536--7 Simple mail transfer protocol 458 Optical remote sensing 526--8 Transmission control protocol 457 Orbcomm satellite constellation 464 User datagram protocol 458 Orbit 37, 67--75 Network services 438--9 Circular 69 Network technologies 447--50 Elliptical 69 Circuit switched networks 447--8 Equatorial 67 Packet switched networks 448--9 Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) 70 Network topologies 442--7 Low earth orbit (LEO) 70 Bus topology 442--3 Medium earth orbit 70 Hybrid topology 446--7 Molniya 69--70 Logical topology 437 Polar 67 Mesh topology 444--5 Prograde 68 Physical topology 437 Retrograde 68--69 Ring topology 444 Sun synchronous 73--4 Star topology 443 Orbital effects 149--50 Tree topology 445--6 Doppler shift 149 New Horizons 691 Orbital distance variation 150 Newton’s law of gravitation 39--40 Solar eclipse 150 Newton’s second law of motion 40--1 Sun transit outrage 150 NOAA satellites 608--11 Orbital parameters 44--51 Payloads 610--1 Angles defining direction 50 Salient features 609 Apogee 47 Noise considerations, satellite link design 324, Argument of perigee 50 342--50 Ascending nodes 45 Noise figure 343--4 Descending nodes 45 Noise temperature 344--50 Eccentricity 48 Thermal noise 342--3 Equinoxes 45--6 Noise figure 343--4 Inclination 49, 80--1, 84 Noise temperature 344--50 Perigee 47--8 Antennas noise temperature 346--9 Period 83 Index 817

Right ascension of ascending node 48--9, 80, Scatterometer 598--9 83 Sounder 589 Semi-major axis 48 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 591 Semi-minor axis 48 Pegasus series 29 Solstices 47--8 Perigee 47--8 True anomaly of satellite 50 Argument of 50, 81 Orbital perturbations 144--6 Perigee distance 82, 87--90 Orbit control 200--1 Perigee motor 99 Orbits (Weather forecasting satellites) 586--7 Personal communication services 516 Phase shift keying 269--77 Packet switched networks 448--9 8PSK 274 Palapa-A 17 16PSK 274 Palapa-B 17 Amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) Palapa-C 17 276--7 Palapa-D 17 Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) Passive remote sensing 526 270--1 Passive sensors (Remote sensing satellites) Offset QPSK 273--4 535--9 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Central perspective scanner 538 274--6 Optical mechanical scanner 536--7 Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) Push broom scanner 539--40 271--3 Payload 203--5 Phobos 1 and 2 689 Multispectral scanner 204 Phoenix lander 690 Networks Radiometer 204, 588 Physical topology ( ) 437 Thematic mapper 204 Pico satellites 26 Transponder 203--4 Pioneer Venus orbiter 687 Payloads (Scientific satellites) 659--65 Plasma motor generator (PMG) 777 Accelerometers 659 Point-to-point trunk telephone network 482 Charged particle detectors 660 Polarization loss 209 Corner reflectors 659 Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV) 123--4 Gamma ray telescopes 663 Power supply subsystem 189--98 Imagers 660 Batteries 195--8 Infrared telescopes 662 Solar panels 191--5 Ionosphere sounders 660 Types 189--90 Laser altimeters 659 Pre-assigned multiple access 287, 290--1 LEGRI (Low energy gamma ray scanner) Precipitation radar 586 664 Pre-emphasis 249--50 Launch vehicles LIMS instrument 660 Principal parameters ( ) Optical telescopes 662 106--8 Photometers 660 Initial mass 106 Radar altimeters 659 Final mass 106 Spectrographs 660 Hybrid propellants 107 Spectrometers 660 Liquid propellants 107 Synthetic aperture radar 659 Mass fraction 106 TOMS instrument 660 Number of stages 108 X-ray telescopes 663 Propellant mass fraction 106 Payloads (Weather forecasting satellites) Solid propellants 107 587--92 Specific impulse 107 Active payloads 589--90 Thrust 107 Altimeter 590 Thrust-to-weight ratio 107 Lidar 591--2 Type of propellant 107--8 Radiometer 588 Progress cargo craft 796 818 Index

Propagation considerations, satellite link design Future trends 573--4 324, 330--340 Image classification 545--6 Cloud attenuation 334 Image interpretation 546--8 Free space loss 330--1 Microwave remote sensing 529--31 Gaseous absorption 331--2 Missions 558--68 Ionospheric effects 335--8 Optical remote sensing 526--8 Rain attenuation 333--4 Orbits 531 Signal fading due to multipath signals 338--9 Passive remote sensing 526 Signal fading due to refraction 334--5 Passive sensors 535--9 Propellant mass fraction 106 Payloads 531--42 Propulsion 177--84 Satellite remote sensing 525 Basic principle 178 Thermal (or infrared) remote sensing 528--9 Electric propulsion 181 Types of images 542--5 Ion propulsion 182 Repeaters 465 Liquid fuel propulsion 180--1 Resourcesat-1 22 Solid propulsion 179--80 Right ascension of ascending node 80, 83 Protocol translation 466 Ring topology 444 Proton series rockets 28, 109--10 RISAT 22 Analogue 259--61 RITA thruster 183 Digital 261--5 Rotating wheel 803 Pulsed plasma thruster 182 Routers 466 Push broom scanner 539--40 Salyut 794--5 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Sampling theorem 265 274--6 Satellite constellations 459--65 Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) 271--3 Geometry 459--60 Quality of service (QoS) 466--7 Major constellations 460--5 Satellite data communication 496--501 Satellite data broadcasting 496--7 R3E system 237 Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) Raduga series satellites 16 497--501 Random multiple access 288 Satellite link design 367--70 Radarsat 564--65 Link budget 368--70 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 564--5 Procedure 368 Raisting earth station 428 Satellite link parameters 324--6 Receive-only earth station terminals 379 Frequency considerations 324, 326--9 Receiver figure-of-merit-Earth Station 390 Interference related problems 325--6 Reconnaissance satellites 728--32 Noise considerations 325 Electro-optical imaging satellites 729--30 Propagation considerations 324--5 IMINT satellites 728 Satellite networks advantages 479--80 Optical imaging satellites 728--9 Satellite networks disadvantages 480 Radar imaging satellites 730 Satellite phone 383 Regional satellite systems 512--3 Satellite radio 496 EUTELSAT 513 Satellite remote sensing 525 Relay-1 12 Advantages 525--6 Reliability (Networks) 434--5 Satellite services 438 Remote sensing satellites 524--4 Satellite stabilization 146--9 Active remote sensing 526 Spin stabilization 146--7, 149 Active sensors 540--2 Station keeping 149 Aerial remote sensing 525 Three-axis stabilization 147--9 Applications 548--58 Satellite subsystems 174--220 Classification 526--31 Antennas 205--20 Index 819

Attitude control 199--200 Shanon-Hartley theorem 266 Mechanical structure 175--7 Shared media topology (Networks) 437 Orbit control 200--1 SIGINT satellites 732--5 Payload 203--5 Cerise satellite 735 Power supply 189--98 Chalet series 734 Propulsion 177--84 Essaim series 735 Reliability 225 GRAB (Galactic radiation and background) Space qualification 224--5 735 Telemetry, tracking and command 201--3 JSSW series (China) 735 Thermal control 185--9 Magnum/ satellites 734 Satellite telephony 481--3 Russian satellites 735 Global mobile personal communication Tselina series 735 services (GMPS) 483 USA satellites 733 Mobile satellite telephony 482--3 Vortex 734 Point-to-point trunk telephone network 482 Simple mail transfer protocol 458 Satellite television 484--95 Single channel per carrier system 293--5 Digital video broadcasting 490--5 SCPC/FM/FDMA system 293--4 Direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television SCPC/PSK/FDMA system 294--5 487--9 Single function earth stations 384 Satellite cable television 485--6 Sirius XM radio 462--3 Satellite TV network 484--5 Sky Bridge satellite constellation 464 Satellite tracking 412--9 Skylab 795 Block diagram 412 Slant range 156--8 Techniques 412--9 Slotted ALOHA 501 Satellite tracking techniques 412--9 Small expendable deployer system (SEDS) Conical scan 415 776--7 Intelligent tracking 419 Small satellites 22--7 Lobe switching 413--5 Femto satellites 26--7 Monopulse track 416--9 Medium satellites 23 Sequential lobing 415 Micro satellites 24--5 Step track 419 Mini satellites 23--4 Satish Dhawan space centre 143--4 Nano satellites 25--6 Scalability (Networks) 437 Pico satellites 26 Scanning sensors 540--2 Smokeless propellants 108 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 540--2 Solar backscatter ultraviolet radiometer (SBUV) Scientific satellites 658--714 611 Applications 665--70 Solar observatory (SOHO) 707 Astronomical observations 680--6 Solar X-ray imager (SXI) 603 Comparison with ground based techniques Solid fuel propulsion 179--80 658--9 Solid propellants 107 Earth’s observation 670--80 Solid state power amplifiers (SSPA) 477 Future trends 714 Solstices 47--8 Missions 686--714 Sounding rocket 7 Payloads 659--65 Soyuz series 110--3 Search and rescue processor (SARP) 611 Space division multiple access 316--9 Search and rescue repeater (SARR) 611 Frequency re-use 316--7 Search and rescue transponder (SARSAT) 603 SDMA/CDMA system 319 Sea surface temperature measurement 552 SDMA/FDMA system 317--8 Second cosmic (or orbital) velocity 62 SDMA/TDMA system 318--9 Security (Network Reliability) 435--6 Space environment monitor (SEM) 602 Sequential lobing 415 Space docking 802 SEVIRI sensor 606 Space elevator 779--81 820 Index

Space launch centres 122--44 Electrodynamic tether 772--3 Baikonur cosmodrome 133--4 Formation flying 773--4 Constituent parts 128--9 Hybrid tethers 775 German aerospace centre 141--3 Missions 775--9 Guiana space centre 133--5 Momentum exchange tether 770--2 Jiuquan satellite launch centre 138--9 Space weapons 739--45 John F. Kennedy space centre 129--32 Almaz programme 740 Location considerations 127--8 Classification 740--5 Major centres 128--44 Earth-to-space weapons 741--4 Satish Dhawan space centre 143--4 Integrated flight experiment (IFX) 745 Tanegashima space centre 141 Manned orbital laboratory (MOL) 741 Uchinoura space centre 139--41 OPS-1, 2 and 3 740 Xichang satellite launch centre 136--8 Space based laser (SBL) 745 Yuri Gagarin cosmonaut training centre Space-to-earth weapons 744--5 135--6 Space-to-space weapons 740--1 SPACENET 203 Specific impulse 107, 178--9 Space shuttle 29, 124--7 Spin stabilization 146--7, 149 Space stations 793--801 707 Almaz commercial programme 800 SPOT series 21, 561--3 Bernal sphere 803 HRV instrument 562 Bigelow commercial space station 799--800 HR VIR instrument 562--3 Commercial space station 801 High resolution stereoscopic instrument Dry dock 802 563 Inflatable space modules 802 NAOMI 564 International space station (ISS) 797 Vegetation instrument 564 Mir 795--6 Sputnik-1 8 Modular 802 Sputnik-2 8 O’Neill cylinder 803 Sputnik-3 8 OPSEK 800 Sputnik-5 10 Progress cargo craft 796 Sputnik-6 10 Rotating wheel 803 Stacking 466 Salyut 794--95 Stanford torus 803 Skylab 795 Star topology 443 Space docking 802 Unidirectional star networks 499 Stanford torus 803 Station keeping 149 Tiangong-1 798--9 STEP-AIRSEDS 778 Tiangong-2 799 Step track 419 Tiangong-3 799 Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) 745--52 Space tether experiment (STEX) 778--9 Extended range interception system (ERINT) Space tether missions 775--9 749 Atmospheric tether mission (ATM) 778 Flexible lightweight guided experiment OEDIPUS 777 (FLAGE) experiment 746--7 Plasma motor generator (PMG) 777 Ground based programmes 746 Small expendable deployer system (SEDS) Homing overlay experiment (HOE) 748--9 776--7 Kinetic kill vehicle (KKV) 748 Space tether experiment (STEX) 778--9 SUPARCO satellite ground station 428 STEP-AIRSEDS 778 Superbird 484 Tethered satellite system (TSS) 775--6 Switches 466 Tether physics and survivability (TiPS) SYNCOM 12--3 777--8 System level testing-Earth station 392--8 Space tethers 769--70 Additional tests 397--8 Applications 774 Mandatory tests 393--7 Index 821

Tanegashima space centre 141 Transmission delay (Satellite networks) 480 TDMA burst structure 299--301 Transmission equation 322--3 Carrier and clock recovery sequence 299 Transmit-only earth station terminals 379 Signaling channel 300 Transponder 475--9 Traffic information 301 Bent pipe transponders 477 Unique word 299--300 Performance parameters 478--9 TDMA frame structure 297--9 Regenerative transponders 478 Guard time 299 Transparent transponders 477 Reference burst 298 Types 477--9 Traffic burst 298 Transponder assignment modes 287--8 Teledesic satellite constellation 463 C/N ratio 290--2 Telemetry, tracking and command 201--3 Demand assigned multiple access 287, 290 Teleports 386 Pre-assigned multiple access 287, 290--1 Television receive-only satellite systems (TVRO) Random multiple access 288 474, 488 Traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTA) 477 --2 Tree topology 445--6 Terrestrial interface-Earth station 409--11 Trojan horse (Network security) 435 Interface 410--1 Tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) Tail options 409 586 Tether physics and survivability (TiPS) 777--8 True anomaly of satellite 50 Tethered satellite system (TSS) 775--6 Tunneling 466 Thermal control subsystem 185--9 Type of propellant (Launch vehicles) 107--8 Heat transfer mechanism 186 Thermal inequilibrium 186 Uchinoura space centre 139--41 Types of heat transfer 187--9 Ulysses 691 Thermal (or infrared) remote sensing 528--9 Unidirectional star networks 499 Third cosmic (or orbital) velocity 62 Urban monitoring and development 552 Three-axis stabilization 147--9 User datagram protocol (UDP) 458 Throughput (Network security) 436 Thrust 107 Thrust-to-weight ratio 107 Vanguard-1 9 Thuraya 512 Vanguard-2 577 Tiangong-1 798--9 Venera atmospheric probe 687 Tiangong-2 799 Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) 497--501 Tiangong-3 799 Video signals 230--1 Time division multiple access 297--306 Viking 1 and 2 689 Comparison with FDMA 307--08 Viruses (Network security) 435 Frame acquisition and synchronization (VISSR) Visible and infrared spin scan 305--306 radiometer 602 TDMA burst structure 299--301 VISSR atmospheric sounder (VAS) 602 TDMA frame efficiency 302--3 Voice signals 230 TDMA frame structure 297--9 Vostok series rockets 28 Traffic control and coordination 303--4 Voyager-1 and 2 690--1 TIROS-1 to TIROS-10 10, 578 Titan series rockets 29, 117--9 Water quality management 550 Topology (Networks) 437 Water vapour images 583 Total energy detector (TED) 611 Weather facsimile transponder (WEFAX) 602 Trajectory 37 Weather forecasting 577--80 Transfer rate of information bits (TRIB) Weather satellites 577--612 (Network throughput) 436 Applications 593--9 Transit-1B 10 Future trends 612 Transmission control protocol 457 Images 580--6 822 Index

Weather satellites (Continued) Yinghuo-I 690 Missions 599--611 Yuri Gagarin cosmonaut training centre Orbits 586--7 135--6 Payloads-587--92 Weather forecasting 577--80 Zenit series rockets 28 Zinc Sulpher propellants 108 Xichang satellite launch centre 136--8 Zone antenna 206 X-ray sensor (XRS) 603 Zone lens see Fresnel lens