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WRA Species Report Family: Myrtaceae Taxon: Metrosideros excelsa Synonym: Metrosideros tomentosa A. Rich. Common Name New Zealand Christmas tree pohutukawa Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 6.5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 3/15/2011 Metrosideros excelsa (Myrtaceae) Page 1 of 8 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 6.5 Print Date: 3/15/2011 Metrosideros excelsa (Myrtaceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. No evidence 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources " Native: * AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand: New Zealand - North Island" Program. Metrosideros excelsa - Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon. 202 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources plant has naturalized north of New Zealand - range uncertain Program. Metrosideros excelsa - Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon. 203 2011. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: New Zealand "Hardiness: USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) Christmas Tree, Common Pohutakawa, USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" Pohutukawa Tree - Metrosideros excelsa. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2243/ 203 2011. Plant This. Metrosideros excelsa. "Hardiness zones: 9b-11" http://plantthis.com/plant- information.asp?gardener=18746&plantSpot=4 203 2011. Sunny Gardens. Metrosideros excelsa. "Climate: Zones 9, 10" http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/met rosideros/metrosideros_1955.php 204 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources "Naturalized: AFRICA Southern Africa: South Africa AUSTRALASIA Australia: Program. Metrosideros excelsa - Germplasm Australia" Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon. 205 2011. Global Garden. Pohutukawa - the New "In Australia Metrosideros excelsa has been planted in many coastal locations Zealand Christmas Tree. http://www.global- where it does so well. If you are in Victoria in Apollo Bay, Dromana or Sorrento garden.com.au/backissuez/0112feature1.htm this summer - look out for the eye-catching crimson flowers with the honeyeaters vying with the bees for the sweet nectar." 205 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources "Naturalized: AFRICA Southern Africa: South Africa AUSTRALASIA Australia: Program. Metrosideros excelsa - Germplasm Australia" Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon. 301 2002. Harris, G.. Our Native Plant Invaders. New "Pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) has been planted as an ornamental in the Zealand Garden Journal. 5(1): 6-8. Western Cape province of South Africa for many years and large mature trees can be seen in the gardens of Cape Town and other towns of the province where it is known locally as the New Zealand bottlebrush. In recent years the pohutukawa along with many other introduced invasive plants has begun to invade sections of the nearby fynbos, a delicate ecosystem of 71,000 square kilometres, renowned for its huge range of native plant species. The fine seed of the pohutukawa, which is produced in vast quantities, is spread by wind and some areas in the fynbos provide ideal conditions for germination and growth of the plant. The dense masses of seedlings that are developing and becoming established indicate the likelihood that impenetrable stands of trees that suppress native flora will develop. While no official programme to control the pohutukawa has been initiated as yet, concerned locals have already begun to remove the plants." 301 2007. Henderson, L.. Invasive, naturalized and "APPENDIX 5.—Species checklist The following 601 naturalized and casual alien casual alien plants in southern Africa: a summary (#) plant species were catalogued in the SAPIA database up to May 2006." [M. based on the Southern African Plant Invaders excelsa listed as naturalized] Atlas (SAPIA). Bothalia. 37(2): 215–248. Print Date: 3/15/2011 Metrosideros excelsa (Myrtaceae) Page 3 of 8 301 2011. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources "Naturalized: AFRICA Southern Africa: South Africa AUSTRALASIA Australia: Program. Metrosideros excelsa - Germplasm Australia" Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars- grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon. 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Metrosideros excelsa [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/metrosideros_ex celsa/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of No evidence Weeds - Metrosideros excelsa [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/metrosideros_ex celsa/ 304 2000. Williams, J.A./West, C.J.. Environmental "Despite being ‘native’ plants, weeds of indigenous origin can severely disrupt weeds in Australia and New Zealand: issues and ecosystems. In Australia, examples are Leptospermum laevigatum, Acacia approaches to management. Austral Ecology. baileyana and Pittosporum undulatum (Mullett 1996). In New Zealand, examples 25: 425–444. are Metrosideros excelsa Sol. ex Gaertn. (Williams 1996), Muehlenbeckia australis (Forst.f.) Meissn. (Baars & Kelly 1996) and Pittosporum crassifolium Banks et Sol. ex A. Ln Cunn (Bellingham 1991)." 304 2006. Allen, R./Lee, W.G. (eds.). Biological "Metrosideros excelsa, the 'New Zealand Christmas tree', names after its show of invasions in New Zealand. Springer-Verlag, red flowers in December, has become a major weed of the floristically rich fynbos Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (fine bush, in Afrikaans) in the Western Cape, South Africa. It had been there since the 1940s, and by the 1980s was starting to spread and form dense thickets on sandy, nutrient-poor soils. After measuring the potential propagule pressure from established trees, Rejmanek et al. (2004) showed "wet" areas were more invasible by M. excelsa than "dry" areas. Efforts are underway to control its spread with the help of volunteer labor (Richardson and Rejmanek 1999). Interestingly, the exotic species that suppress M. excelsa in New Zealand are absent from the Western Cape." 304 2007.
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