Gia Skill Study Ge

GE GIA SKILL STUDY Complete Edition

GEORGIA DEPARTMEN rc F LABOR BEN T. HUIET EMPLOYMENT SECUR TY AGENCY COMMISSIONER ANALYSIS OF GEORGIA'S TECHNICAL, SKILLED, AND CLERICAL LABOR REQUIREMENTS AND TRAINING NEEDS 1962 to 1967

by Dr. John L. Fulmer Project Director and Professor and Dr. Robert E. Green Assistant Project Director and Assistant Professor

Both of the Faculty School of Industrial Management Georgia Institute of Technology

March 15, 1963

Georgia Department of Labor Ben T. Huiet Employment Security Agency Commissioner

Contract A-636 SPONSORING COMMITTEE

Mr. L. L. Austin, Director Retail Merchants Association Retail Automobile Dealers Association

Mr. Walter T. Cates Executive Vice President Georgia State Chamber of Commerce

Mr. Clifford Clarke Executive Vice President Associated Industries of Georgia

Mr. J. W. Fanning, Director Institute for Community & Area Development University of Georgia

Mr. T. M. Forbes Executive Vice President Georgia Textile Manufacturers Association

Mr. Elmer George Executive Director Georgia Municipal Association

Mr. Hill Healan Executive Director Association of County Commissioners of Georgia

Mr. J. O. Long Georgia State Supervisor U.S. Bureau of Apprenticeship & Training

Mr. Jack J. Minter, Director Georgia Department of Commerce

Mr. 0. L. Shelton Executive Vice President & General Manager Atlanta Chamber of Commerce

Mr. E. A. Yates, Jr., Vice President Georgia Power Company ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people contributed importantly to this study. In fact, it could not have been possible at all without the interest and support of Commissioner

Ben T. Huiet, Georgia Department of Labor, and Mr. Marion Williamson,

Director, Employment Security Agency, Georgia Department of Labor. The assistance and advice of Mr. 0. H. Stephenson, Chief, Reports and Analysis

Section, Employment Security Agency, on the questionnaires, editing, and machine tabulation were invaluable and the authors express here a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Stephenson, a technician par excellence. We are greatly indebted to Mrs. Maria M. Mallet, Assistant Chief, Reports and Analysis Section,

Employment Security Agency, for her excellent help on publicity and questionnaire follow-up. Her untiring efforts to get the various manuscripts in published form were invaluable. Our sincere appreciation is extended to

Messrs. Jack P. Nix and William M. Hicks, Georgia Department of Education, for interest, enthusiasm, and counsel on the various aspects of the study.

We are also grateful for the help of the sponsoring committee, listed on the preceeding page, who publicized the report and otherwise helped get the questionnaires returned. We should like to mention especially the fine work of Messrs. Walter Cates, Paul Miller, Elmer George, and Hill Healan, who wrote numerous letters in support of the questionnaire and the interviews.

We acknowledge a great debt of gratitude to personnel of the Rich

Electronic Computer Center, Georgia Tech, especially Professor Charlie Reed, who programmed the sample inflation and the print-outs so efficiently and elegantly. We are sincerely grateful to following persons who read critically portions of the manuscript:

Mr. L. V. Johnson, Director Georgia Tech Extension Division

Mr. Roy A. Martin, Special Research Engineer Engineering Experiment Station Georgia Tech

Dr. Wm. B. Harrison, III., Director Nuclear Physics Department Engineering Experiment Station Georgia Tech

Professor Leonard H. Taylor Southern Technical Institute

Professor Jesse J. Defore Southern Technical Institute

Our sincere appreciation is here extended to all those personnel, pay-

roll people and others in each company who worked hard to get the rather

long questionnaires filled out despite summer vacations. Without their help

in getting to us complete and accurate information on the current use and

future requirements of skilled, technical and clerical workers in their companies, this study would not have been possible.

The report in final form, its accuracy, set up, and general appearance was the prime responsibility of our efficient secretary, Miss Alice Glover, who

labored through many revisions without complaint. We sincerely appreciate her

fine work in typing the manuscript in final form.

Finally and most important of all, this study could not have been at all possible without financial assistance and counsel from the Bureau of Employment

Security, U. S. Department of Labor. We are especially grateful to Messrs.

Levine, Chavrid, and Cappio for advice and many helpful suggestions on various

aspects of the study.

- iv- CONTENTS

Page

Sponsoring Committee ii Acknowledgements iii Highlights of the Study 1 A. Conclusions and Recommendations 1 B. Brief Digest of Findings 4

I. Introduction 10 A. Objectives 12 B. Areas in the Study 12 C. Brief Methodology 13 D. Limitations of Study 15

II. Technical Workers in Georgia 17 A. Trends in Georgia's College, Technical, and Skilled Workers 17 B. Force of Technological Change 20

III. Growth Expectations of Sample Firms 22

IV. Characteristics of the Universe Sampled 26 A. Age and Sex of Skilled Workers 27 B. Comparison of Expected and Projected Employment 29 C. Estimated Employer Demand and Components of Demand 30 D. Factors Influencing Relative Number of Skilled Workers 31

V. Training Programs 37 A. Company Training 37 B. Public Training Programs 44 C. Apprenticeship Training 49 D. Union Training Programs 50 E. Relationship of Training to Employer Demand 50

VI. Impact of Changing Technology on Need for New Types of Technicians 53 A. Industrial Trends 55 B. General Summary of Overall State's Industrial Trends 71 C. Research into Science and Technology 73 D. New Technicians Required - 1963 to 1967 74 E. Statistical Analysis of Demand for Technicians to Fill New Positions 1962 to 1963 77 F. Course Specification for New Technicians 81 G. Relationship of Technicians to Scientific Progress and Technological Development 84

VII. Characteristics of the Self-Employed 89 A. Sample Selection and Response 89 B. Method of Analysis of the Data 90 C. Summary of Findings 90 D. Significance of Findings to Main Report 93

- v- CONTENTS (Continued)

Page VIII. Demand-Supply Summaries for Major Skilled Types 95

IX. Demand-Supply Summaries by Areas 99 A. Project Area Total 99 B. Area Analysis 102 Atlanta SMSA 107 Non-Metropolitan Georgia 111 5-Smaller SMSA's 114 Albany SMSA 117 Macon SMSA 119 Savannah SMSA 121 Augusta SMSA 123 Columbus SMSA 125

X. Georgia Trends in Demand for Skilled Workers 127 A. Major Skilled Categories 127 B. Current and Future Employment of Major Job Types 131

XI. Factors Retarding Technical Education 133

XII. Conclusions 139

APPENDIX A: NEW TECHNICIANS 1. List of Job Titles 2 2. Job Specifications for New Technicians 3 3. Summary of Course Requirements 15 4. Specific Apprenticeship Training Programs in Georgia 25

APPENDIX B: METHODOLOGY I. Basic Procedure 2 II. Definitions 13 III. List of Jobs 14 IV. Questionnaires 19 V. Publicity 46 VI. Letters 50 VII. Use of Computers in Processing Data 57 VIII.Sample Inflation and Related Statistical Analysis 67

APPENDIX C: STATISTICAL TABLES 1. Project Area 1 2. 3 Major Areas 14 3. 5-Sub-Areas 49 4. State of Georgia 64 INDEX OF TABLES (Main Report)

Page

Table Number

1. Number and Ratio of Population Completing High School 18

2. Number and Ratio of Total Employment Engineers and Scientists 19

3. Employment Data for Sample Firms 23

4. Age Distribution of Skilled Workers 27

5. Percentage of Skilled Workers Female 28

6. Current and Projected Employment 30

7. Factors Contributing Employer Demand 32

8. Effect of Type and Size of Company 34

9. Company Training Programs 39

10. Minimum Educational Requirements of Companies 42

- List of Job Types for Which Companies Requested Training 43

11. Company Training as a Source of Skilled Workers 52

12. New Technicians-Titles and Codes 76

13. Demand for New Technicians by 80 Companies 78

14. Projection of Demand for New Technicians 80

15. Course Specifications Requested for New Technicians 83

16. Characteristics of Self-Employed 91

17. Balance Sheet of Demand and Supply 96

18. Project Area Demand and Net Training Requirements 101

19. Relative Use of Skilled Workers in Different Areas 105

20. Relative Concentration in Different Areas 106

21. Atlanta SMSA Demand and Training Requirements 109

-vii- INDEX OF TABLES (continued)

Page

Table Number

22. Non-Metropolitan Georgia Demand and Training Requirements 112

23. Five-Smaller SMSA's Demand and Training Requirements 115

24. Albany SMSA Demand and Training Requirements 118

25. Macon SMSA Demand and Training Requirements 120

26. Savannah SMSA Demand and Training Requirements 122

27. Augusta SMSA Demand and Training Requirements 124

28. Columbus SMSA Demand and Training Requirements 126

29. Use of Skilled Workers in Georgia Industries 128

30. Use of Skilled Workers in Georgia Manufacturing 130

31. Current and 1967 Demand in Georgia 132 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY

A. Conclusions and Recommendations

1. Rapid technological change of a complex nature is a dominant factor in

the Georgia economy. Top management is cognizant of the technological

changes but is being overwhelmed by the speed and complexity of them.

Many have not analyzed fully the implications of technological change in

terms of their operations nor in terms of their need for technicians.

2. The rapidity and complexity of technological change are producing stead-

ily more complex and expensive equipment in production operations and

also consumer appliances. From the standpoint of costs of operations and

consumer good will, there is a compelling necessity for preventive main-

tenance and quick repair on such equipment. These trends are therefore

building up the demand greatly for design engineers and technicians on

the one hand and for maintenance technicians on the other.

3. The continuous acceleration of scientific discovery and technological

change is magnifying problems of communications between Georgia industry

and educators both in colleges and the public school system.

4. The steady up-grading in the skills and knowledge of workers, required

to keep pace with changes in technology, requires top management to have

under continuous study and assessment its need for skilled workers and

technicians. This may require the assistance of outside analysts as with

interviewers in the present study.

5. The rapid growth in the State's requirements for technical, skilled, and

-1- clerical workers means a vast program of public education, assisted by

the colleges, in meeting these needs.

6. Rapid technological change requires frequent studies of the overall supply

and demand for technical, skilled, and clerical workers at intervals of

2 to 5 years to keep estimates current and reasonably accurate and also

to provide data of a maximum value to counselors in high school.

7. The problem of up-dating, i.e. keeping up with the changing technology

in Georgia industry is all pervasive and is a big factor in determining

the State's future rate of growth. This means that teachers in high

schools, vocational-technical schools, and colleges should be provided

sabbatical leave to renew knowledge.

8. Skilled workers, technicians, and engineers must be given the maximum op-

portunity to keep up if their companies are to capitalize on changing

technology. This demands rapid expansion of company training programs

and adult education in our public educational facilities.

9. The pace of progress depends upon dissemination of new knowledge about

changes in technology. This requires better interchange between industri-

alists and educators through summer institutes or some other method. Pub-

lished media and other sources of information should be developed to fur-

ther this process.

10. Small companies in Georgia cannot afford an elaborate setup to capitalize

on technological change. In fact, many large companies appear weak in

this area also. They need analytical help, and certainly expert engineers

to speed-up the process of adopting technological change. It is suggested

that the engineering staff of the Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia

Institute of Technology, be expanded to meet this need. Since there must

-2- exist a real desire on the part of companies for such services, it is

suggested that they be subsidized to only a minor extent by the State.

This means that companies would pay for the cost of such consulting serv-

ices, the State bearing the overhead cost of maintaining an organization.

11. In order to meet the demand for technicians, currently quite large and

becoming progressively greater, a massive effort must be made throughout

the State to change the status image held by young people. It is now

firmly fixed on colleges, but many who finish, and perhaps most of the

60 per cent who drop out, would be happier and more successful in tech-

nician or skilled types of jobs. Changing the image will require much

publicity to parents and intensive counseling with high school pupils.

It will help if we will work to increase the prestige of such jobs which

do command good pay.

12. It has been said that a state or region can expect to achieve rapid growth

in the future to the extent to which it is able to capitalize on rapid

changes in science and technology. This will depend: (1) upon the ex-

tent to which its institutions and private centers engage in basic research,

and (2) the extent to which there is an active effort to promote and help

facilitate adoption of technology. Therefore, it is recommended that we

re-examine our programs of research in the State's public and private in-

stitutions with the thought of both up-grading research and greatly en-

larging their financial support, to meet this challenge to Georgia's

future. B. Brief Digest of Findings

1. The study area includes the entire State of Georgia, plus Aiken County,

South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama, which constitute parts of

Augusta and Columbus metropolitan areas respectively. Separate figures

on current use and future requirements of technical, skilled, and clerical

workers are given for the six metropolitan areas of the study.

2. The study was conducted in three phases: Namely, mailed survey of a

scientifically drawn sample of firms with 4 or more workers, private in-

terviews with 80 large companies (100 or over workers), and a mailed sur-

. vey of the self-employed, including firms of 3 or less workers.

3. The first phase involved a mailed survey of a stratified sample of 4,731

firms, representing 17,186 employers, both private and governmental. The

questionnaires were mailed to the sample companies around July 1, 1962.

Replies were obtained from 2,521, or 15 per cent of total firms in the

study. In terms of the especially defined universe of 792,126 employees,

the questionnaire returns represented 52 per cent of the total employ-

ment.

4. A few large companies opposed the survey on the grounds that company

training programs would meet future needs. Other employers reported that

it would be difficult to employ technicians because clauses in labor con-

tracts, relative to seniority, would raise the problem of up-grading

skilled workers into the higher paying technician jobs.

5. The sample of firms reporting expect a gain in employment of 8.5 per cent

in three years. Extending this estimate by extrapolation to five years,

-4- the gain in total employment is 57,898 workers or 13.9 per cent.

6. Based on sample reports inflated to the universe, there were working in

the study area (includes Georgia plus Aiken and Russell Counties) in the

summer of 1962, 23,173 technicians, 81,386 skilled workers, and 61,097

clerical workers. The most important of each class in terms of number

of workers is as follows:

TECHNICIANS: Accountant - general and cost, electronics, estimator, production planner, instrument man, civil and construction, and quality control.

SKILLED: Carpenter, automobile mechanic, electrician, maintenance mechanic, machinist, maintenance man, painter, sheet metal worker, and welder.

CLERICAL: Stenographer, accounting clerk, and typist.

7. The total expected employment of technicians (70 titles) in the study

area will be 29,251 in five years, an increase of 6,078 jobs or 26 per

cent over the summer of 1962; skilled workers (77 titles) 102,220, an in-

crease of 20,834 jobs or 26 per cent; and clerical workers (8 titles)

75,520, an increase of 14,423 jobs or 24 per cent. The eight classes of

clerical workers are probably 10 to 15 per cent short because of omission

of certain industrial typ'es from the sample.

8. The estimated number of job openings in 5 years for technicians will be

7,412 or 1,482 yearly; for skilled workers, 27,205 or 5,441 jobs yearly,

and for clerical workers, 30,964 or 6,193 jobs yearly. Net totals of job

openings for technical, skilled, and clerical workers from 1962 to 1967

are expected to be 65,581 jobs or 13,116 yearly. Eighty per cent of the

technical and skilled worker requirements will be due to growth in the

State's economy and 20 per cent to replacement demand.

-5- 9. The second phase of the study involved personal interviews with 300 top

management executives in 80 large firms (100 or more workers). The ob-

jective was 31 new job categories, representing openings for technicians.

The results disclosed a need for 138 new plant titles. The data indicate

a need for 7,500 of these new technicians, of which 51 per cent will be

required in the Atlanta area. Estimates by top management of these com-

panies show that about one-fourth of the new job openings will be filled

through company training programs. The ten leading categories of new

technician jobs are: communication, electrical-mechanical, general science,

chemical, statistical, biochemical, electronic, engineering, electrical

and electronics, audio-visual, and computer-programmer operator.

10. The third phase of the study included a mailed survey of the self-employed,

and an analysis of the questionnaires disclosed that 31 per cent were

college graduates, 7 per cent technician type workers, and 38 per cent

skilled workers. Forty-four per cent have had on-the-job or apprentice-

ship training.

11. The number of different types of skilled jobs and the total employment

of them increase more than proportionately with size of city. Metropolitan

Atlanta, with 25 per cent of the Study Area's population, accounted for

37.5 per cent of the current employment of all types of skilled workers.

The Atlanta Area had 41 per cent each of both the technicians and clerical

workers and 34 per cent of the skilled types of jobs included in the

survey.

12. The percentage of total employment represented by technical, skilled, and

clerical workers declines relatively as size of firm increases.

-6- 13. The highest employment ratio of technicians is found in durable goods

manufacturing, federal employment, and utilities.

14. The highest percentage employment of skilled workers occurs in construc-

tion, and durable goods manufacturing.

15. The highest percentage employment of clerical workers is concentrated in

services, federal government, state and local governments, and utilities.

16. The sample of 2,521 firms reported on 5 types of company training programs.

The distribution of companies participating in these programs is as fol-

lows: Number with formal training, 60 per cent; on-the-job training, 57

per cent; apprenticeship, 11 per cent; and unit classrooms, executive

development courses, and others 17 per cent (the ratio will add to more

than 60 because many companies had more than one program). It is highly

significant that 60 per cent of Georgia employers (having 4 or more

workers) have one or more types of company training programs.

17. A high school education is required as a minimum by 40 per cent of the

companies employing skilled workers and technicians, and by 69 per cent

of the companies employing clerical workers. On-the-job training or

apprenticeship training is required by 17 per cent of the companies em-

ploying skilled workers. Vocational training for initial employment is

required by 23 per cent of the companies reporting on technical workers

and 15 per cent of the firms in the case of clerical workers.

18. Company training will apparently provide for about one-fourth of the

requirements in five years of technical and skilled workers.

-7- 19. The apprenticeship training program is currently training about 2,119

skilled workers annually, while 1,000 are engaged in up-grading types of

training. In three years the output from this program is expected to be

3,500 and 10,000 respectively, and in five years, 4,500 and 15,000.

20. Southern Technical Institute is currently training 260 technicians yearly;

this total is expected to be 375 in three years and 555 in five years.

21. The vocational-technical schools of the State Department of Education

graduated 502 workers in 1962, and expect to have the output up to 3,821

by 1965 and 5,788 by 1967. High schools in the system had 2,738 graduates

from business type education in 1961-62. In addition the State's school

system had enrolled 108,680 pupils in one or more business courses in the

fall of 1962. Many from both of the latter categories enter the clerical

type jobs and may therefore be regarded as meeting in part the demand for

clerical workers.

22. Calculations of net training requirements (net number of jobs to be filled

minus those to be trained in company programs) show a total of 3,322 tech-

nicians that need to be trained in 3 years and 5,051 in 5 years. The net

training requirements for skilled workers is 12,160 in 3 years and 18,093

in 5 years. Net training requirements for clerical workers (8 classes)

is 16,376 in 3 years and 25,668 in 5 years.

23. Balancing the net training requirements against expected output in public

training agencies or programs shows a deficit overall of technicians (in

cluding new technicians) of 4,000 workers in 5 years, and skilled, 7,100

workers in 5 years. These net figures do not include the output of pri-

vately operated schools mainly of clerical workers, some skilled workers,

-8- and few technicians. The net balance in clerical workers is not shown because of the many imponderables involved---business education and private school output, etc. I. INTRODUCTION

It has been said that until about 1920 the scope of human knowledge doubled every century. Since 1920 the pace of growth of knowledge has steadily accelerated until it appears that a doubling has again occurred in the last 10-15 years. The major areas of growth in knowledge have been in ihe physical and biological sciences. Technology has tended to keep pace with the advancing scientific knowledge with a few years lag.

The speed up in the growth of science and technology has put industrial processes under pressure to keep up. This has meant a greater use of scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled workers. The National Science

Foundation-1/ has shown that the demand for scientists and engineers expanded

65 per cent from 1950 to 1960. The Census Bureaua/ finds that the use of technicians grew by 36 per cent. In the period 1960 to 1970, the National

Science Foundation2/ estimates that our need for scientists and engineers will rise by 79 per cent and that of technicians by 87 per cent.A/ In support of this problem, the U.S. Labor Departmentl/ has predicted that while the labor force in the United States will expand by 20 per cent, the demand for professional and technical workers will rise by twice as much, or 40 per cent. On the other hand the demand for unskilled laborers will remain

1/ — National Science Foundation, Investing in Scientific Progress 1961- 1970 1961 , pp. 14-15. ' 2/ — U.S. Bureau of the Census, United States Population 1960-United States Summary: General Social and Economic Characteristics PC(1) . . 1C, 1962, pp. 218-9. 37 Investinj in Scientific Progress, ibid. 4/ National Science Foundation, The Long-Range Demand for Scientific and Technical Personnel, NSF 61-65, pp. 44-45 (Prepared for National Science Foundation by U.S. Department of Labor). JJ U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Challenge of the 1960's, pages 5 and 11.

-10- unchanged against a larger population.

The sharp growth in the demand for engineers, technicians, and skilled workers can be met only by a faster growth in college output and by greatly increased training in vocational-technical schools and institutes. In

Georgia and much of the South facilities are sadly lacking to train the skilled and technical workers. In 1962 the State of Georgia had in operation eight vocational-technical schools with an annual output of 502 students, primarily of the skilled category of workers. This does not include Southern

Technical Institute which graduated 260 technician types of workers in June

1962. In order to meet the expected large increase in demand for skilled and technical workers, the Georgia Department of Education, in cooperation with local school systems, is in process of establishing 26 vocational-technical areaY training schools, located mainly in the larger population centers. In addition there are in operation two State vocational-technical schools.

This report is designed to provide supply and demand measurements on

165 defined clerical, skilled, and technician types of workersA4/ In addition the demand for entirely new types of technicians which are expected to develop in the next five years is also a part of the study. Such information will assist the Georgia Department of Education to determine the size of these training centers, the courses of study required, and the equipment for the classrooms and laboratories. The data will be invaluable to teacher counseling in high schools.

A second vocational-technical school for Augusta was announced January 19, 1963. Thus by 1965, the Georgia Department of Education expects to have in operation 27 area vocational-technical schools, plus 2 State operated schools of the same type. 6a/ Medical and dental technicians were not included because a study was in process, which has now been published as, "Nursing and Paramedical Personnel in Georgia: A Survey of Supply and Demand," by Dr. Cameron Fincher, Georgia State College, December 1962. -11- A. Objectives

The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

1. Determine numbers as of June 1962 of workers in clerical, skilled, and technician categories for all segments of the State's economy likely to employ any of these types of workers.

2. Show sex of each job category.

3. Determine age distribution by job category.

4. Determine educational preference of employers for workers by degree of skill.

5. Show expected employment of technical, skilled, and clerical workers by periods to 1967.

6. Determine net training needs for various types of skilled jobs by areas in the Study Area.

7. Project entirely new types of technicians that will be needed in the next 5 years.

Several industrial categories were excluded wholly or in part from the study, because it was felt that probably few or no skilled and technical workers would be found. The most important of the omitted industries are agricultural employment and mining, water transportation and services, eating and drinking places, real estate, personal services, motion pictures and amusement, and legal services. In addition the smaller firms (less than

100 workers) were omitted for most of the wholesale and retail trade and credit agencies other than banks.

B. Areas in the Study

The project study area has been divided into seven areas, corresponding to the six metropolitan areas plus an "all other," to include the remainder of the State outside metropolitan centers. They are as follows:

-12- Area Number Area Counties in the Area

1. Albany SMSAA/ Dougherty

2. Atlanta SMSAA/ Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Fulton, and Gwinnett

3. Augusts SMSAA/ Richmond and Aiken (in South Carolina)

4. Columbus SMSA1/ Chattahoochee, Muscogee, and Russell (in Alabama)

5. Macon SMSAA/ Bibb and Houston

6. Savannah SMSAA/ Chatham

7. Non-Metropolitan Georgia 147 other counties

JV Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by Census Bureau for 1960 Census of Population.

The data in this report are shown for each area separately. A State summary by industry is given also, omitting Aiken County, South Carolina and Russell County, Alabama.

C. Brief Methodology

The study is based on a sample drawn from a finite universe. The categories of employment described briefly above and shown in detail in Appendix

B were separated into the seven areas as defined. Industries were further stratified by size. The sampling ratio specified2/ for studies of this sort are as follows:

Size of firm Sample ratio Under 20 workers 1/25 20 to 99 workers 1/4 100 and over workers 100 per cent

----.-7tHandbook on Labor Market Research Methods: Occupational Labor Market Analysis, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Office of Program Review and Analysis, Washington, D. C., Draft Section No. 5, November 1957, pages 14-15.

-13- In order to meet the tendency toward a low response and to compensate further for the small size of the universe, as for example Albany, the sampling rate was doubled for each category except the largest firms where a

100 per cent universe was employed. Sample selection employed random starting points for each stratum.

Data were obtained by mailed questionnaires primarily, supplemented by intensive interviews for a sub-sample of 80 firms. The mailed questionnaire consisted of a folded two-part form with pre-listed job definitions, tailored according to the types of jobs most dominant in each industry. In all, 23 questionnaires were designed with instructions and job definitions to corre- spond. Samples of the questionnaires used both in the mailing and the personal interview are presented in the Appendix. Definitions and the main instructions for filling out the mailed questionnaire are also given in the

Appendix. In order to raise the response ratio to acceptable proportions, an intensive follow-up was pursued by letters and telephone calls from the

Georgia Department of Labor, local Chamber of Commerce, and the local labor market analysts. Three separate letter type follow-ups were employed. In addition, about 250 firms were contacted directly by labor market analysts in order to remove observed sampling deficiencies. This follow-up pressure produced an overall response in relation to the sample selected of 52 per cent.

A special questionnaire was designed to learn the characteristics of the self-employed in firms of 0 to 3 workers. A four per cent sample was drawn. Each respondent in this sample was first contacted by mail with follow-up by telephone or personal visit by local labor market analysts. A total of 216 questionnaires are represented in this part of the report.

-14- D. Limitations of Study

Three major limitations affect validity of the study although it is believed to only a minor extent. They are the incompleteness of the universe represented, the relatively small size of sample obtained through the mailed questionnaires and limited personal follow-up, and reporting bias. The incompleteness of the universe was largely deliberate in the interest of practical aspects of the study. By definition, many industries were wholly eliminated and others from a size standpoint,-Y both criteria being based on probable use by firms of technical, skilled, and clerical workers. In total,

792,126 workers are included in the universe as defined, representing covered employment, government (Federal, State, and local), non-profit institutions, and railroads. Since total nonagricultural employment in the study area was

1,089,4609 in September 1961 , the base month, it is seen that the universe as defined does not include 38 per cent of total employment. In terms of skilled workers, it is believed that omissions of these workers are relatively small. Analyses of the effects of the omissions on the total estimates of technical, skilled, and clerical workers presented later in the report indicate that the technical and skilled worker estimates may be short by 5 to 10 per cent, and the clerical workers by a probable 15 to 20 per cent.

Mailed questionnaires are always subject to a degree of non-response error, especially if the response ratio is small. The response was not small enough to produce any significant bias it is believed, since such errors

8/ For details in industries wholly or practically omitted, see Appendix B . 9/ Based on total Georgia nonagricultural employment, plus that for Aiken County, South Carolina and Russell County, Alabama.

-15- occur more frequently when the ratio of returns is around 10 to 15 per cent,

and education is a factor in reporting. Since our response ratio relative

to number of firms contacted was 53 per cent and the reports appeared not

to be influenced by education of respondents but by size of firms, a signifi-

cant non-response bias doesn't appear to exist. In fact the desirable reporting ratios were obtained both for the two groups of smaller firms (4-19 workers and 20 to 99 workers) but the larger firms failed to live up to expectations in reporting. In fact, a few of the most important firms refused

to cooperate, alleging that the study was of no interest to their operations

since company training programs met all necessary requirements for skilled

and technical workers. Some unusually large firms were treated as a universe

of one in the inflation process in order to spread out a complex labor pat-

tern over the larger common group that was treated in the inflation group. II. TECHNICAL WORKERS IN GEORGIA

A. Trends in Georgia's College, Technical, and Skilled Workers

As a setting for the more specific material which will be presented on the survey of technical, skilled, and clerical jobs later in the report, a brief discussion is given at this point on the status and trends in Georgia's overall educational capital..

Table 1 presents trends in the number of high school and college graduates, 25 years or over, in the State's economy by Census decades since 1940.

The data show that the number of college and high school graduates in the population of Georgia has almost doubled in the last 20 years. This is real progress, but in 1960 the State lagged the nation in both respects by 20 and

25 per cents.

Table 1 Trends in Number and Ratio of Population Completing. High School or College, Georgia, and United States, 1940 to 1960 (Ratio based on persons 25 years old or over)

Ratio of PoPulation 25 Number Completing- Years Old or Over Completing , Year College College High School2/ (4 Yrs. High School-4/ (4 Yrs. or more) or more)

Georgia 1940 213,920 50,512 14.0 3.0 1950 282,755 79,275 15.4 4.6 1960 518,198 125,769 24.0 6.2 PER CENT INCREASE 143 149

United States 1940 3,407,331 14,626,864 19.8 4.6 1950 5,284,445 23,940,565 28.0 6.2 1960 7,587,6.32 33,035,545 33.4 7.7 PER CENT INCREASE 123 126

a/ Includes also 1 to 3 years of college.

Source: United States Census of Population 1960: General, Social and Economic Characteristics, Georgia, PC(1)-12C, pp. 191-192, U.S., PC(1)-1C, pp. 207-209.

The story in terms of engineers, skilled workers (craftsmen), and two

types of clerical workers is shown in Table 2. The data for the 20 year

period show that another dramatic increase occurred. The number of engineers

expanded four times in the 20 year period; the number of skilled craftsmen

doubled, while the number of stenographers and typists (female) increased

almost three times. The rates of increase greatly out-paced those for the

nation, but in terms of percentage of total employment represented by these

classes the State lags the nation by rather sharp ratios. Table 2 Ratio of Census Classes of Engineers, Skilled, and Clerical Workers to Total Employment, with Georgia and United States Compared 1940 to 1960

1940 1950 p.960 Item Number Per Cent Number Per Cent Number Per Cent (000) Total (000) Total (000) Total

Georgia Total Employed 1,092 100.0 1,255 100.0 1,450 100.0 Engineers (Tech) 2.8 0.3 5.7 0.5 10.7 0.7 Skilled (Craftsmen): Male 65.6 6.0 112.8 9.0 135.8 9.4 Female 1.9 0.2 3.8 0.3 5.3 0.4 Total 67.5 6.2 116.6 9.3 141.1 9.8

Secretaries, stenographers, typists (Female) 13.1 1.2 22.0 1.8 37.3 2.6

United States Total Employed 45,070 100.0 56,435 100.0 64,639 100.0 Engineers (Tech) 276 0.6 520 0.9 854 1.3 Skilled (Craftsmen): Male 4,564 10.1 6,807 12.1 7,392 11.4 Female 123 0.3 236 0.4 253 0.4 Total 4,687 10.4 7,043 12.5 7,645 11.8

Secretaries, stenographers, typists (Female) 990 2.2 1,508 2.7 2,179 3.4

Source: United States Census of Population 1960: General, Social and Economic Characterisitcs, Georgia, PC (1)-12C, pp. 197-201; United States PC (1)-1C, page 219.

According to the relative number, Georgia had in 1960 only 35 per cent

as many engineers, 55 per cent as many craftsmen, and 25 per cent as many sec-

retaries, stenographers, and typists as the nation. Even though the pace of

growth percentage-wise is faster in Georgia, figures show that the State has

a long way to go. Unfortunately, no data are given on technicians as a class,

and it was impossible to separate this group from the general statistics.

Yet the expanding need for technicians is the most critical. This is

-19- indicated by the following quotations from Mr. Lester Velie 12/ article in the October 1962, Reader's Digest, "Automation - Friend or Foe?"

"For every new engineer who goes to work in industry three new technicians are needed as backup support. These are the men- like the computer-maintenance engineers--whose training is slightly below college-degree level but higher than that of the old skilled worker. Some 200,000 of these technicians are needed yearly. Only an estimated 15,000 are being supplied."

And further in a specific illustration, he cites the interesting fact that,

"Automatics Division of North American Aviation, Inc., south of Los Angeles, scoured 125 colleges last year but could obtain only about one-third of the 1,500 professional men it needed. But Auto- netics last year also turned away 137,000 job applicants who lacked the required education or skills."

B. Force of Technological Change

How important this force is one can judge by looking at the pest impact of improving technology on output. Robert Solow of M.I.T. has estimated that, of the total increase in United States output per man-hour from 1909 to 1949, only 12.5 per cent was due to increase in capital equipment, while 87.5 per cent was due to technical progress. 11/ In a second study, Solomon Fabricant of the National Bureau of Economic Research found that, during the period

1871 to 1951, technological advance accounted for 90 per cent of capital formation. 11/ And Benton F. Massell, in still a third independent study, at the

Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, likewise has found that, during the period 1919 to 1955, technological change accounted for approximately

1-2/ Velie, Lester, "Automation - Friend or Foe?", Reader's Digest, Octobff,1962, pp. 104-106. 1.2.4 R. Solow, "Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function," The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 39, pp. 312-320, August 1957. 11/ S. Fabricant, "Resources and Output Trends in the U.S. Since 1870," American Economic Review, vol. 46, May 1956.

-20- 90 per cent of the rise in output per man-hour. 11/

13/ B. F. Massell, "Capital Formation and Technological Change in United States Manufacturing," The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 42, pp. 182-188, May 1960.

-21- III. GROWTH EXPECTATIONS OF SAMPLE FIRMS

Part I, page 1 of the questionnaire, contained a series of questions that pertained to current and future expected employment, and to plans relative to starting a branch factoryJA/ The answers to the first of these questions are given in Table 3. These data have been classified into two major categories with subdivisions under each. The two major categories are

JI-Covered 15—/ employment and Non-Covered employment.16/ — The various indus.. trial categories are also given. The columns of the table provide data on the September 1961 employment, current employment for Summer of 1962, and expected employment for one, three, and five years in the future. Based on aggregate employment, compared to Summer 1962 employment, the following gains are expected by employers:

Number Per of Cent Period Jobs Gain

1 Year 13,436 3.2 3 Years 35,667 8.5 5 Years 57,898 13.9

The 5-year gain is just short of 3 per cent per year. The industrial categories show the following expected gains in five years:

14/ So few companies reported an intention to start a branch factory that the findings relative to this question are not regarded as significant. 15/ JI-Covered refers to those firms in Georgia that come under the Emplow9nt Security Law of Georgia. 12' This category includes all governments, nonprofit institutions, and railroads.

-22- Table 3 Employment Data for Sample Firms

Current Industrial Employ- Employ- Employment Expected Percentam Category ment, ment by Employer Increase?! Sept. Summer in Years Li Years 1961 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Yearsa/ 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years

JI-Covereal Manufacturing a. Durables 48,927 54,221 55,807 58,617 61,427 2.9 8.1 13.3 b. Non-durables 146,807 147,410 152,566 159,142 165,718 3.5 8.0 12.4 Total 195,734 201,631 208,373 217,759 227,145 3.3 8.0 12.7

Construction 9,999 10,410 11,159 12,584 14,009 7.2 20.9 34.6

Utilities4/ 31,657 30,721 31,505 32,973 34,441 2.6 7.3 12.'1

Trade & Services 37,860 33,085 34,258 36,831 39,404 3.5 11.3 19.1 Total Covered 275,250 275,847 285,295 300,147 314,999 3.4 8.8 14.2

Non-Covered Federal Government 47,581 56,608 51,856 53,840 55,824 2.5 6.4 10.3

State & Local Governments 69,074 70,742 73,199 77,842 82,485 3.5 10.0 16.6

All other Non- Covered 21,499 20,592 20,875 21,627 22,379 1.4 5.0 8.7 Total Non-Covered 138,154 141,942 145,930 153,309 160,688 2.8 8.0 13.2

AGGREGATE TOTAL 413,404 417,789 431,225 453,456 475,687 3.2 8.5 13.9

-a/ Obtained by extrapolation of rate of gain between one and three years to five years. -b/ From Summer 1962 c/ Covered under State Job Insurance Program -ITransportation, communication, electric, gas, and sanitary service. Number Per Industrial of Cent Category Jobs Gain

Manufacturing 25,514 12.7 Construction 3,599 34.6 Utilities 3,720 12.1 Trade & services 6,319 19.1 Federal Government 5,216 10.3 State & Local Government 11,743 16.6 Other Non-covered employment 1,787 8.7 TOTAL 57,898 13.9

On the basis of employer estimates, the data show greatest employment gains in construction, followed by trade and services, and then by State and

local governments. The lowest expectations are held by the "all other noncovered" which includes various nonprofit institutions such as churches, private schools, etc.

Comparisons of the expected growth by employers with the State's growth prospects 11/ prepared during the Summer of 1961, show the following differences for the five year period.

Relative Difference Industrial Economic of Group Employer Projections Projections

Manufacturing 12.7 9.2 -28 Construction 34.6 22.0 -36 Utilities 12.1 4.2 -65 Trade & services 19.1 17.0 -11 Government 14.0 18.3 31 All other 8.7 14.8 70 TOTAL 13.9 13.7 -1

17/ Fulmer, John L., "Georgia Employment Trends 1947-1960, 1965, 1970," Georgia Department of Labor, October 1961.

-24- The variation between the two estimates is considerable with the projections being 12 per cent lower in the case of the composite JI-Covered occupations and 35 per cent above compared to the Non-covered or primarily government types of occupations. Overall, however, the difference is an in- significant 1 per cent. For the purposes of this study, we assume that employers are closer to the problem and also provide more flexible estimates for the different areas, and therefore, the employer estimates for 1 year,

3 years, and 5 years are accepted for the purposes of this study. IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNIVERSE SAMPLED

Inflation of the sample of 2,521 firms by industry, by size, and area showed that during the Summer of 1962, the Project Areall/ had at least

165,656 workers in 155 job titles. 12/ Of this total, 23,173 were technical workers; 81,386 skilled workers, and 61,097 were clerical workers. Eight classes of clerical workers are believed to be short by about 15 per cent.

Later we show that 138 new job types for technicians should be recognized, equalling over 7,500 new jobs in five years. The relative importance of the three skilled categories in Georgia's economy is shown by the percentage of total employment represented by each class. Since this sample was taken from a universe of 792,126 employees, the percentage of total employment represented by the 70 technicians is 2.9 per cent; by the 77 skilled jobs

10.3 per cent, and by the 8 clerical jobs, 7.7 per cent; the overall ratio being 20.9 per cent.

18/ The Project Area is somewhat more extensive than Georgia. In addition to Georgia, Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama are included. II/ The original job definitions included 165 titles but none of the following jobs titles were reported: (a) Technicians: Design Draftsman, Ram-Jet Engine Engine Development Technician, Internal Combustion Insulator Tester Laboratory Assistant, X-ray Equipment Mechanical Engineering Technician, Steam Turbine Radioisotope Production Operator Sheet Tester Systems Engineering Technician, Computer (b) Skilled: Optical Laboratory, Mechanics Plastics Molder (Fabric, Plastics Products) Thus a net of 70 technicians titles, 77 skilled jobs, and 8 clerical types are included, giving a total of 155 job titles.

-26- A. Age and Sex of Skilled Workers

Table 4 shows a comparison of the age distribution of the skilled cate-

gories with Georgia's employed labor force in 1960. The data show that the

age distrubution of the State's employment is concentrated heavily in the

age classes under 35 and over 45. A comparative analysis shows that both

technical and clerical workers are most heavily concentrated in the age

classes under 35, which contain over half of both age groups. Skilled workers

are concentrated in age class 35 to 44 but tend to be relatively high also

in the age class under 35. This means that skilled workers are older than

the two other categories. Technicians, a recent class of worker, is youngest.

Clerical workers, which are dominated by females, is very heavy in the young-

er age class and lowest in the age group 45 and over. There is a heavy turn-

over among the younger female clerical workers for marriage and childbearing.

Many, however, return to the work force again after childbearing because of

necessity or from choice.

Table 4 Comparison of Age Distribution of Skilled Categories of Workers in Study with Georgia Employment Age Categories, Summer 1962

Total Number of Employed Percentage Distribution Employment Employment According to Age Classes of Type of Employment to Age Classes Categories Under 35 to 45 and Under 35 to 45 and 35 44 Over 35 44 - Over State2/ 1,385,047 563,841 336,840 484,366 40.7 24.3 35.0 Project Area: b/ Technical 23,173 12,138 6,894 4,138 52.4 29.7 17.9 Skilled 81,386 27,622 32,686 21,077 33.9 40.2 25.9 Clerical 61,097 35,058 15,099 10,940 57.4 24.7 17.9 TOTAL 165,656 74,818 54,679 36,155 45.2 33.0 21.8

2/ Based in the Census of 1960. If In addition to State of Georgia, the Project Area includes also Aiken County, South Carolina and Russell County, Alabama.

-27- The relationship of sex of workers to skilled occupations is shown in

Table 5.

Table 5 Comparison of Percentage of Female Workers in Different Skilled Categories with Ratio of Female Workers in State Employed, Summer 1962

Total Total Percentage Worker Number Number Total Category of of Female Female Workers Workers Workers

I. State Employe& 1,385,047 495,644 35.8

II. Skilled CategoriesJ 1. Technician 23,173 2,437 10.5 2. Skilled 81,386 877 1.1 3. Clerical 61,097 50,409 82.5 TOTAL 165,656 53,723 32.4

a/ From Census of Population of 1960. 17/ From Sample Survey of Skilled Workers, Summer 1962.

While the ratio of females in the working population in Georgia is 36 per cent, in the study area the ratio was somewhat more than 32 per cent.

Yet, the relative importance of females varies quite widely between the three skilled categories. The ratio is highest in clerical workers and lowest in the skilled trades, 82 per cent and 1 per cent respectively. A somewhat higher ratio prevails among the technicians. Yet, if the job titles included dental and medical technicians, for which women are especially adapted, the ratio would be much higher. The reasons for a higher ratio of females among clerical workers are well understood. In the case of technicians, the reasons are not so obvious. However, willingness to take training in science and mathematics for which girls often have aptitude, and their patience and perseverance in handling tedious and exacting jobs are other requisites which would tend to qualify females for technical types of occupations.

-28- B. Comparison of Expected and Projected Employment

Table 6 contains comparisons of current (Summer 1962) employment with

expected and projected employment at intervals to 1967. The two types of

future employment will first be explained. Expected employment is based on reports by employers for one year and three years ahead 2.2/ which were in-

flated along with all other data obtained in the questionnaire. The pro-

jected employment was derived by applying economic growth multipliers for

Georgia to current employment. These were obtained from an earlier analysis

of growth prospects of Georgia from 1960 to 1970.2 1/

The data in the table show that Georgia employers expect technical,

skilled, and clerical types of jobs to expand from 24 to 26 per cent during

the next 5 years. The projections, derived from analysis of Georgia's growth

trends, however, are considerably less, and forecast growth of between 15

and 20 per cent during the next 5 years. Both forecasts predict highest

growth among technical workers.

The computed net increase from employers' expectations is about 50 per cent higher than the projections. The yearly growth rate based on the expectations is over 5 per cent, compared to 3 per cent for the projections.

The higher yearly rate of growth from the employers' expectations is logical because Georgia's rate of growth is increasing. The increase in the use of

technicians, skilled and clerical workers will be comparatively more rapid because of shift towards these types of jobs. The future requirements series based on expected employment of employers provide flexibility in the estimates,

22/ The 5 year figures were obtained by extrapolating the growth rate between one and three years. 21/ See Fulmer, John L., "Georgia Employment Trends 1947-1960, 1965 1970," Georgia Department of Labor, October 1961.

-29- reflecting differences in the prospects for growth of different sections of the State. The trends in employment based on employers' expectations are therefore accepted for the purposes of this study.

Table 6 Comparison of Current Employment and Projected Employment for Skilled Categories of Workers, 1962 to 1967

Technical Skilled Clerical Total Employment Category Workers Workers Workers Three Classes

I. Current Employment, Summer 1962 23,173 81,386 61,097 165,656

II. Expected Employment!' A. 1 Year 24,982 88,196 65,058 178,236 B. 3 Years 27,115 95,207 70,288 192,610 C. 5 Years 29,251 102,220 75,520 206,991 Percentage Growth Expected in 5 Years 26.2 25.6 23.6 24.7

III. Projected Employmenth' A. 1 Year 24,170 85,892 62,889 172,951 B. 3 Years 25,802 89,113 65,912 180,827 C. 5 Years 27,781 94,654 70,282 192,717 Percentage Growth Projected for 5 Years 19.9 16.3 15.0 16.3

IV. Ratio: 5 Year Expected Increase to 5 Year Projected Increase 1.32 1.57 1.57 1.52

4/ Based on employers expectations given in the questionnaire. b/ Based on multiplication of Economic Growth Factors onto Current Employment

C. Estimated Employer Demand and Components of Demand

In addition to reporting on specific technical, skilled, or clerical jobs, each employer was asked to estimate total employment in the firm, 1 year and 3 years from the reporting date, Summer of 1962. The five year estimated employment was obtained by extrapolating the rate of change between

1 year and 3 years, to 5 years. The overall summary of these employers'

-30- estimates is given in Table 7. The trend in expected future employment

compared to current employment is shown by the estimated increase in jobs

for 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years. To the net increase of jobs for each per-

iod was added replacement requirements, determining total employer job open-

ings for 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years. Thus for each period the employer

job demand is composed of two elements: (1) effect of growth in the State's

economy, and (2) effect of the replacement requirements. 22/ These results

are also given in the accompanying table, along with the relative importance

of the components of employer job demand.

The data show that the growth in demand is from 0.9 to 7.0 times the

replacement demand for the three major classes of workers. Highest growth

in demand occurs in technicians and lowest among clerical workers.

The replacement demand for clerical workers is quite heavy because

female workers, who are mainly in the age class under 35, have a very high

replacement rate. Skilled workers are between both extremes with a growth

of about 3.0. The composite of the growth demand for the three categories

of workers is almost twice as important as the replacement demand.

D. Factors Influencing Relative Number of Skilled Workers.

The trend throughout America is, of course, toward more scientists,

engineers, technicians, and skilled workers. Automation is a big factor in modern industry. Considered directly, however, these two trends are of op-

posite influence in specific industries. Automation is labor saving and

tends to displace workers. It increases the number of semi-skilled workers.

An opposite effect, however, is that automation creates new industries to

22/— Replacement requirements reflect the effects of death and retirements by age classes and other withdrawals.

-31- Table 7 Size and Relative Importance of Factors Contributing to Employer Demand for Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Workers in Study Area!' During the Next Five Years

Occupational Category Technical Skilled Clerical Total Item Three Classes

I. Current Employment 23,173 81,386 61,097 165,656

II. Expected Employmentk/ 1 Year 24,982 88,196 65,058 178,236 3 Years 27,115 95,207 70,288 192,610 5 Years 29,251 102,220 75,520 206,991

III. Estimated Employer Job Demand// 1 Year 2,071 8,072 8,582 18,725 3 Years 4,737 17,621 19,547 41,905 5 Years 7,412 27,205 30,964 65,581

IV. Factors Contributing to Size of Employer Demand A. Growth of State's Economy 1 Year 1,811 6,816 3,963 12,590 3 Years 3,941 13,828 9,193 26,962 5 Years 6,076 20,828 14,425 41,329 B. Replacement Demand 1 Year 260 1,256 4,619 6,135 3 Years 796 3,793 10,354 14,943 5 Years 1,336 6,377 16,539 24,252

V. Relative Importance of Factorsd/ (Per Cent) A. Growth of State's Economy 1 Year 87 84 46 67 3 Years 83 78 47 64 5 Years 82 77 47 63 B. Replacement Demand 1 Year 13 16 54 33 3 Years 17 22 53 36 5 Years 18 23 53 37

AV Includes State of Georgia plus Aiken County, South Carolina and Russell County, Alabama. , Based on Estimated Employment of Employers inflated to the universe. :E/ Estimated Employer Demand equals estimated increase in employment of the various job categories plus replacement requirements. d/ Replacement requirements for workers are based on factors given in the appendix which reflect deaths and retirements.

-32- design, build, and service complex, automatic type equipment. The initial

specific impact from increased automation and enlarged company size is

reduction in the number of technicians and skilled workers. The secondary

impact, however, from increased diversity of industry and the trend to more

service type industries is a build-up in the need for technicians and skilled workers. The greatest increases affecting the initial impact will be in

design, services, and maintenance. Fast changes in technology can only be

exploited by design work. Keeping equipment in operation will require a

new type of diagnostic or maintenance technician. Service work for this

rapidly changing, complex equipment can mean only a great and expanding

need for highly skilled technicians. This secondary impact, it is believed

from the results of this study, will in time exceed the initial impact where

the necessary numbers of trained workers in these categories are available when needed.

The effect of size of company and type of industry on the relative use of technical, skilled, and clerical workers was investigated. The data from

sample firms on use of technical, skilled, and clerical workers are related to current employment by size of firm and type of industry. The results are presented in Table 8 which relates current employment to the percentage represented by the three classes of skilled workers. The ratios show that the relative use of all these categories of workers declines quite sharply with the size of firm. The percentage use of skilled workers in firms employing

4 to 19 workers is 117 per cent higher relatively than in firms employing over 100 workers; and clerical workers, 142 per cent higher. The ratio for the three skilled categories overall is 116 per cent greater than for the

-33- Table 8 Relationship of Size of Firm and Type of Industry to Relative Use of Technicians, Skilled, and Clerical Workers in Study Area Summer 1962

Firm Size Total Percentage of Current and Current Employment Represented by Maior Industry Category Employment Technical Skilled Clerical Selectea/

I. JI-Covered Employment A. 4 to 19 Workers: Manufacturing Durables 897 2.9 19.8 6.9 29.7 Nondurables 920 2.6 12.5 10.4 25.5 Total 1,817 2.8 16.1 8.7 27.6 Construction 1,521 3.0 41.2 6.6 50.8 Utilitieei 439 5.4 3.0 11.6 20.1 Service & other 2,788 4.2 12.4 18.7 35.3 Total 6,565 3.6 19.5 12.6 35.8

B. 20-99 Workers: Manufacturing Durables 5,132 4.1 15.6 5.6 25.3 Nondurables 7,574 2.7 6.7 6.3 15.8 Total 12,706 3.3 10.3 6.0 19.6 Construction 3,934 4.4 36.9 4.3 45.7 Utilities 3,105 2.7 10.8 8.8 22.4 Service & other 5,906 3.8 10.6 20.1 34.6 Total 25,651 3.5 14.5 9.3 27.4

C. 100 & over Workers: Manufacturing Durables 48,192 4.0 12.7 2.8 19.4 Nondurables 138,730 1.9 8.3 3.1 13.3 Total 186,922 2.4 9.4 3.0 14.9 Consturction 4,955 1.8 18.7 3.1 23.6 Utilities 27,177 3.2 8.4 10.0 21.6 Service & other 24,391 2.0 4.0 17.0 23.1 Total 243,445 2.5 9.0 5.2 16.6

II. Non-covered Employment/ Federal 50,608 4.9 7.1 14.5 26.5 State & local 70,742 2.5 2.4 6.8 11.7 Other Non-covered-Si 20,592 1.1 6.3 10.7 18.1 Total 141,942 3.1 4.6 10.1 17.9

AV This is the total for the 155 jobs out of the 165 selected for study which reporced. V/ Covered in Job Insurance Program,of State of Georgia -II Includes transportation, communication, electric, gas and sanitary services. d/ Not covered under Georgia State Job Insurance Program but mostly under other types 9f job insurance. 4V Private hospitals, private educational institutions, religious organizations, and miscellaneous nonprofit organizations, and also railroads. -34- larger firms. Note that except for technicians 21/ in size firm 4 to 19 workers, the inverse correlation with size of firm is consistent with size of firm.

The differences are logical in view of the fact that almost any size operation must have one skilled or technical worker, and one clerical worker. For firms that vary in size from 4 to 19 workers, averaging about 10 workers, any one of these types would run a high ratio of technical or skilled workers. Another factor, of course, is that the larger firms tend to utilize more of labor saving machinery. Still a third factor is that the larger firms, particularly branches of manufacturing plants, employ great numbers of semi-skilled workers in assembly line and other types of production operations. Selling and transport services involve operations which employ professional and other types of workers mainly, and not so many of the skills included in this study.

In order to show the effect of industry type on the relative use of technical, skilled, and clerical workers, it is necessary to confine the comparisons to the size group 100 and over workers of the JI - Covered Cate- gory with the Non-covered Category in the last section of Table 8. The undesignated size of the Non-covered includes reporting establishments which employ 100 workers or over primarily. In general, the Non-covered in this classification are higher in technical and clerical workers than the JI -

Covered establishments of 100 workers or more, being 24 per cent and 94 per

22/ The irregular variation for firm size 4 to 19 workers appears to be a sampling variation because of the small employment represented. The self-employed is substantially higher in the use of technical and skilled workers than any size shown in Table 8. Data later on in the report on the self-employed confirm the greater need of small firms for technical and skilled workers.

-35- cent higher, respectively. The JI - Covered is 100 per cent higher in skilled workers. Considering all 8 major industrial groups in one comparison, it is noted that federal establishments are highest in technical workers, followed by durables, utilities, State and local governments, service, and construe-,

tion. In the skilled group, the leader is construction (18.7 per cent) followed by durables (12.7), utilities, non-durables, and Federal. The clerical category of workers shows the following order: service and other, Federal, other noncovered, utilities, and State and local governments. Construction ranks very high in skilled workers because of dominance of such skilled workers as carpenters, cement finishers, and plumbers. Federal and durable manufacturers rank high in the ratio of technicians. Federal employers are high because of such high user agencies as Internal Revenue, Federal Aviation

Agency, and Warner Robins Airplane Modification Center. Durables are high in both technicians and skilled workers because of the metal-working, fabricating industries, and aircraft manufacturers. Trade and service, Federal, other non-covered, and utilities are higher in the ratio of clerical workers because of the inherent nature of the business which involves a maximum of customer service and public relations work, requiring stenography, typing, bookkeeping, filing, and etc. V. TRAINING PROGRAMS

A. Company Training

Extent of Company Programs.

The questionnaire survey of companies in Georgia sought general information on company training programs and minimum educational requirements which the company had established for initial employment. Data on the number of workers currently in training and the number to complete company training were also obtained in that part of the questionnaire which dealt with specific skilled jobs as to current employment and expected future employment. The outline type questionnaire in Appendix B provides for reporting on training as follows: No formal training given, apprenticeship, on- the-job training, unit classroom, and executive development programs. The designated questions on educational level for employment varied with the skilled level, with classification as to educational level, varying according to the following classes: No educational requirements, eighth grade level, high school graduate, completion of on-the-job training, apprenticeship, and vocational or trade school training.

Table 9 presents in digest form the type of company training programs which companies replying to the questionnaire reported. The data are by size of firm with the Non-covered firms presented without specifications as to size, 24/ and comparable to the largest size firms in the Covered category.

The ratio of firms having one or more training programs in operation during the Summer of 1962 was as follows:

24/— The Non-covered firms which reported were primarily employers of 100 employees or over.

-37- Per Cent

Firms Covered Under Job Insurance: 4 - 19 workers 44 20 - 99 workers 58 100 - or more workers 72

Non-covered firms 67

The data show that participation in company training increased strongly with size of firm. The employers with 100 or more workers not only had 64 per cent more training but had a greater variety of programs underway. The universe as defined for this study included 17,186 firms. Applying the above ratios by size of firm indicate that at least 8,900 firms in Georgia are engaged in company training of one sort or another.

The type of program most popular with all companies was on-the-job training, of which about 57 per cent of all companies in the sample had such programs. This means, based on the universe in this study, that at least

8,45025 firms are engaged in on-the-job training. The second most popular program was apprenticeship training, and the ratio of companies with programs reporting did not vary significantly by size. However, the proportion of

Non-covered firms reporting programs in apprenticeship training was less than half as large as the Covered firms. Comparisons between industries in the

Covered categories show that the construction industry had by far the highest ratio of companies giving apprenticeship training. The number of middle-size companies (20-99 workers) was especially high in this respect. Durable goods manufacturing tended to be second to construction in the ratio with programs, although the relationship is not regular. Among the Non-covered employers, state and local government had the highest ratio of reporting firms with

2-5.1 Derived by applying participation ratios to the different size strata.

-38-

Table 9 Percentage of Companies by Size and Industrial Type Engaging in Company Training Programs, Summer of 1962

Total Total Per Cent Percentage of Total Size of Firm Number Number with One Companies in Sample of and of or More with Training ► Type of Industry Companies Companies Programs On- Appren- Unit All Reporting Reporting the- tice- Class- Others %se or More Job ship Room Programs

;overed Employment Companies with 4 to 19 workers: 1. Manufacturing a. Durables 97 31 32 28 12 2 3 b. Nondurables 70 34 49 46 13 0 3 TOTAL 167 65 39 35 13 1 3 2. Construction 129 52 40 33 15 0 2 3. Utilities 50 21 42 44 0 0 4 4. Trade & Service 326 157 48 47 5 3 10 TOTAL 672 295 44 41 8 .2 6 Companies with 20 to 99 workers: 1. Manufacturing a. Durables 112 64 57 57 9 0 1 b. Nondurables 151 88 58 57 11 3 5 TOTAL 263 152 58 57 10 2 3 2. Construction 100 43 43 33 35 3 1 3. Utilities 73 47 64 66 15 8 11 4. Trade & Service 170 107 63 56 10 11 22 TOTAL 606 349 58 54 15 5 9 Companies with 100 or over workers: 1. Manufacturing a. Durables 111 71 64 64 22 7 17 b. Nonduraoles 358 269 75 75 13 8 10 TOTAL 469 340 72 72 15 8 12 2. Construction 30 8 27 27 13 0 0 3. Utilities 51 39 76 76 12 12 14 +. Trade & Service 121 97 80 78 9 16 17 TOTAL 671 484 72 72 14 9 12

ion-Covered Employment L. Federal Government 328 272 83 77 5 16 14 1. State & Local Government 184 85 46 41 5 18 19 1. Other Non-Covered 60 24 40 37 18 10 3 TOTAL 572 381 67 61 6 13 15

iGG REGATE 2,521 1,509 60 57 11 _7 10

21 Percentages will be added to more than the ratio of number with programs because many com- mlifN5participated in one or more types of training programs. apprenticeship programs. Relative to the universe for the study, an estimated 1,800 companies in the Study Area have apprenticeship programs.

Unit Classroom, while relatively low in the ratio, is interesting to to this study because it sho's the extent to which companies are trying to meet the needs for changing skills in mass. Here the ratio of companies reporting programs with this type of training increases sharply with company size, with the Non-covered companies having the highest ratio of all. There are an estimated 650 firms in the Study Area operating Unit Classrooms.

Educational Preferences of Companies.

Analysis of three types of minimum requirements for initial employment reported by companies in the survey is presented in Table 10. These three minima are in terms of high school graduates, on-the-job or apprenticeship training, and vocational or trade school training for initial employment as semi-skilled, skilled, technical and clerical workers. Variations in requirements for different types of employment are given according to industry and by size of company in the Covered employment and Non-covered employment unspecified as to size. The ratios of requirements relative to the total number of firms in the sample show that requirements increase with level of skill and size of company. The percentage of firms specifying that skilled workers also have on-the-job training varies from 14 to 28 per cent between size of firms but without any definite relationship to size. The percentage of firms specifying that technical workers have vocational or trade school training varies from 21 to 25 per cent between size, and clerical workers from 10 to 19 per cent, but without either showing any clear relationship to size of firm.

The comparisons between kinds of industries, holding size of firm

-40- constant, indicate in general that construction companies have lowest speci- cations with reference to education while utilities have the highest requirements. Note that manufacturing, which ranks high in the use of semi-skilled workers, is next lowest to construction in educational requirements with

less than one-fifth (10 to 19 per cent) requiring a high school education.

The large Covered firms have higher educational requirements except

semi-skilled and skilled workers than the Non-covered companies. On the

other hand, the large Covered firms have significantly lower requirements

for either on-the-job and apprenticeship training or vocational training

than the Non-covered firms. Yet Federal Government requirements for previous vocational training of technical and skilled workers is lower than

any of the industrial categories in the large-size Covered firms, except utilities which required practically no vocational training of its clerical employees on initial employment. Compared to the Covered firms, Federal

Government ranks high in both types of requirements for skilled workers.

Table 10 Percentage of Companies by Size and Industrial Types Requiring High School Education and/or Vocational Training for Initial Employment Summer 1962

Percentage of Reporting Companies Percentage Specifying Size of Firm Specifying High School Graduate and on Initial Employment On-the- Vocational or Trad Type of Industry Job or School Training fo Semi- Tech- Appren- Technical Clerica Skilled Skilled nical Clerical ship for Workers Workers Workers Workers Workers Workers Sk. Workers

I. Covered Employment A. Companies with 4 - 19 workers: 1. Manufacturing 19 29 25 46 11 13 25 2. Construction 12 13 23 52 28 27 26 3. Utilities 24 45 43 76 7 25 5 4. Trade & Service 31 36 30 62 17 21 17 TOTAL 23 30 28 58 18 21 19

B. Companies with 20 - 99 workers: 1. Manufacturing 10 32 32 66 20 25 20 2. Construction 3 19 22 47 20 28 29 3. Utilities 32 57 58 81 16 19 13 4. Trade & Service 32 50 36 74 18 25 16 TOTAL 17 37 34 67 20 25 19

C. Companies with 100 or over workers: 1. Manufacturing 19 43 52 82 15 19 10 2. Construction 0 3 35 56 13 22 8 3. Utilities 37 78 71 92 8 21 2 4. Trade & Service 56 73 52 86 10 31 8 TOTAL 25 48 53 82 14 21 10

II. Non-Covered Employment 1. Federal Government 43 51 42 69 16 17 7 2. State & Local Government 27 40 34 65 15 34 16 3. Other Non-Covered 17 34 22 63 39 46 22 TOTAL 32 44 36 67 18 28 12

III. AGGREGATE 24 40 40 69 17 23 15 The following is a list of job titles for which companies requested

training programs in the questionnaire:

Skilled Category Number of and Companies Job Title Requesting I. TECHNICIANS:

001 Accountant, General and Cost 47 028 Estimator 24 025 Electronics 29 022 Draftsman, Structural 20 074 Time-Study II 17 053 Quality Control Technician 14 050 Production Planner 11 020 Draftsman, Electrical 10 021 Draftsman, Mechanical-Furniture 10

II. SKILLED:

241 Machinist 65 243 Maintenance Mechanic (Any industry) 50 221 Electrician 49 278 Welder 41 204 Auto Mechanic 35 212 Carpenter (Non-manufacturing) 24 242 Maintenance Man (Factory or Mill) 22 244 Mason (Brick, etc.) 21 266 Sewing Machine Repairman 21 203 Air Conditioning or Refrigeration Mechanic 19 262 Plumber (Construction) 15 273 Tool and/or Die Maker 15 267 Sheet Metal Worker 13 249 Printer 12 213 Cement Finisher (Construction) 10 218 Diesel Mechanic (Non-manufacturing) 10 253 Patternmaker (Furniture) 10

III. CLERICAL WORKERS:

402 Bookkeeper 125 406 Stenographer 117 401 Accounting Clerk 65 403 Bookkeeping Machine Operator 47 404 Key-punch Duplicator Operator 40 407 Tabulating-Machine Operator 29 405 Statistical Clerk 13

-43- Location of Georgia State Employment Offices and Vocational-Technical Schools

The accompanying map compares the location of the Georgia State Employ- ment offices with the location of currently operating and projected vocational-technical schools of local systems in cooperation with the Georgia

Department of Education. The 21 schools projected will also be in operation in the next few years. The employment offices will take the lead in placement of the skilled and technical workers trained by the area trade schools.

The close proximity of the employment offices to the area training centers will assist greatly the vital placement function.

LOCATION OF GEORGIA STATE EMPLOYMENT OFFICES AND VOCATIONAL — TECHNICAL SCHOOLS OF THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

l &OBS.V1y.,E / ( L...,. TOwNS ; TOOSA I .,. rANNI16 7 ....t. 71 \ _BLUE RIDGEoGE.i ,., N. . 1.-.1 I LEGEND : ! f"—' ()DALTON ' ---\ Ll F L/HITFIELD muRRAy GILMER -1 S. 1 2 / cIACLARkESVILLE WHITE FIABERSHAm / 0 EMPLOYMENT OFFICE /0 TOCCOA LumPKIN • / STEPHENS -- -- ---'-c GORDON !REAMS L. \,_ --)----(. ..----L_ -- DAW5oN -...." A VOCATIONAL—TECHNICAL C''T"C(') J SCHOOLS IN OPERATION 7- (BANKSK ( FRAN LIN HART nALL AO ROME I r- °GAINESVILLE F L Oro BARTC•H . CHEROKEE "_I FORsyTH 5----- ),___ / ./ )...•••• ...... II VOCATIONAL—TECHNICAL CARTERSVILLE° SCHOOLS PROJECTED / ) (-1 ../ L JACKSON • MADISON 1 ELBERT.. \Y. j ELBER TONTO I 7,,?...N. . t, POLK° 7 MAR ETTA •-••••' I SOUTHERN TECHNICAL INSTITUTE BARROW AT E RaSAII2 44 GwINNETT 1\- \ . CEOARTOWN,i 0 ", . t_Y-'-' IN OPERATION SINCE 1948 PAULDING ) COBB c, I /..s • -•----<, --- \,.E OGLE rHORFE / .. ,// \ -a Ni\ .000NEE N(/: j-- ...... ‹..;.\ . wiLKES \ LINCOLN HARALSON ii----.. WALTON \ -.1 I DOUGLAS ,..--- EAST POI NT' 11111-111K)447;_ 1111;6A.14111 '

C AR ROLL r/ \---- -----\--( L__./ '' NEWTON MORGAN GREENE \ .0. ,00 o`c 4fiRoLLyo, .' • . \ 1. 4 COLUMBIA ...." ) • \ \ '. 1. p] HENRY .,,,,\ r. , F, __--- FAYETTE • U . /4-.-- WARREN ) \ , AUGUSTA COWE TA RICHMOND GRIFFIN \ JASPER I PUTNAM HEW HANCOCK _\---t 1 SPALDING Bur TS •

GLAS7/ r " EDGEVI.LLE 1 i BURKE °LAGRANGE PIKE I LAMAR • y mato MERRNETHER JONES rkLDW' moN ROE \ -1,EFFERSON \) II WASHINGTON

UPSON I

k THOMASTON BIBS \ wiLKIN SON --- \ .,------L\ ..1---(-- JE NiuNs SC REv EN

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RANDOLPH L-1 TERRELL LEE -- -- ,-Ii BEN HILL JEFF DAVIS I APPLING r LONG -.... f I f u a N E R j • TN F '-l_____r--- -4 , _I—.,_ I -, -`-\ ALBANY Z.F-- ---,_ IRWIN • C OF F E E L BACON wAyNE / CALHOUN t DOUGH TY I WORTH ! n T .1-0 TON ,r1 0 DOUGLAS ‘1---1

.. PIERCE EARLY BAKER i BERRIEN i ATKINSON MOULTRIE OP T.- B RANTLEY ; GLYNN MILLER MITCHELL CO LOUITT ,,I. COOK • — W ATCROSS 010,-- BRUNSWICK r WARE F- \ \ .1----. -r— r —1-- t - .1._ )___,1,ANIER 1 \

BAINBRIDGE I L._ . I \ 7 i CHARLTON 1?,r , CAMDEN GRADY ST 11,i -\ CI-n*C" I i THOIAAS BROOKS „JLOWHOES ,1-4-4------• THOMASVILLE Opp I r \ f ECHOLS ' ) 7 /

-44- B. Public Training Programs

Georgia Department of Education, Vocational-Technical Schools.

The Division of Vocational Education, Georgia Department of Education, in cooperation with local systems, has a program to develop 26 area vocational-technical 21/ schools designed to train technical, skilled, and clerical workers. They are to be in the following areas: Albany, Atlanta,

Athens, Augusta, Columbus, DeKalb County, Griffin, Macon, Marietta, Moultrie,

Swainsboro, Savannah, Thomaston, Thomasville, Valdosta, and Waycross. In addition, there are two State operated schools at Clarkesville and Americus.

Study of the accompanying map of Georgia indicates that these points are well distributed geographically. Most of Georgia's post-high school men and women desiring training for technical, skilled, or clerical jobs are within reasonable commuting distance of these schools. Note from the map also the proximity of employment offices operated by the Georgia Department of Labor.

The close proximity of the employment offices of the area training centers will assist greatly the vital placement function.

The number of area vocational-technical schools in operation or projected to be in operation (including the 2 State Schools) are as follows:

September 1962 8 September 1963 20 September 1964 28

In June 1962, 502 certificates were granted by the two State and the eight area vocational-technical schools. By June 1963, the output is expected to be up to 1,387; June 1965, 3,821; and by June 1967, 5,788.

26/ A 27th Vocational-Technical Area School was announced January 19, 1963, to be located at Augusta, Georgia

-45- Projected output by the three categories is as follows:

YEAR 1963 1965 1967

Skilled Workers 745 2,242 3,570 Technical Workers 382 945 1,344 Clerical Workers 260 634 874

TOTAL Pre-employment . 1,387 3,821 5,788

In addition the number of students finishing public high schools with a high level competence in the clerical skills must be taken into account.

The number was 2,738 in 1961-1962, and projections for years in the study period are shown below:

1963 2,960 1965 3,500 1967 4,200

The total enrollment in all courses in business education during 1961-

62 was 108,680 in such courses as filing, typewriting, shorthand, office practice, business law, and 17 others, involving over 300 high schools, including adult classes and courses given in private schools. Many of these young people will take employment in clerical types of jobs in business after graduation from high school. Consequently, the demand for clerical workers in future years should be balanced against the output, not only of clerical workers from the vocational-technical schools and business education graduates but also in part against those persons in high school who are taking one or more courses in business education.

The Georgia Department of Education participates in a large number of special short-term training programs and offers a vast number of extension classes especially for employed workers to keep up with changing industrial methods. This is a very important activity designed to help workers keep

-46- up-to-date on changing technology.

Southern Technical Institute

The Southern Technical Institute, a unit of the Engineering Extension

Division, Georgia Institute of Technology, trains technicians in the fol-

lowing fields:

*Air Conditioning Engineering Technology *Building Construction Technology *Civil Engineering Technology *Electrical Engineering Technology (Electronics Option) *Electrical Engineering Technology (Power Option) *Gas Engineering Technology * Industrial Engineering Technology * Mechanical Engineering Technology

Electrical Engineering Technology (Telephone Option) Industrial Engineering Technology (Management Option) Textile Engineering Technology

Indicates accreditation. 221

The Institute plans to add, in the near future, an educational program

in Chemical Technology.

The Southern Technical Institute, founded in 1948, is an accredited two- year, coeducational, boarding, terminal, technical college offering the

Associate of Science Degree in the above eleven fields. The number of

Associate Science Degrees granted in June 1962 was 260. Mr. Hoyt L. McClure,

Director, Southern Technical Institute, has estimated (conservatively) that

the number of Associate of Science Degrees will rise to 375 by 1965 and to

555 by June 1967, if additional planned dormitory space is constructed to

support the larger demand anticipated in 5 years.

27 / Accredited by the Engineers' Council for Professional Development. The three curricula not indicated as accredited have not been in existence long enough to qualify for accreditation.

-47- Evening Schools.

Selected courses of study pertaining to some technical or skilled competence can frequently be obtained in a local high school or college, if proper inquiry is pursued. The best known sources of such courses, however, are in the Atlanta area, by the Georgia Institute of Technology and Georgia

State College. The courses, leading to an associate of science degree in technology, which may be obtained at Georgia Tech in the evening are:

Building construction, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, mechanical engineering, with supporting institute courses in drawing, English, mathematics, and physics. The above courses may be trans- ferred to Southern Technical Institute for credit toward an associate of science degree, or a student may pursue studies in the evening school at

Georgia Tech for 4 or 5 years, completing all the required courses for an associate of science degree in technology. In addition, a range of studies may be pursued in adult education subjects, such as mechanical drawing and welding. A variety of academic subjects are available also.

The Georgia State College offers courses only in its academic program in evening classes, but many subjects may Le taken to build up competence in several areas of technology. In a typical quarter, Georgia State College offers in its evening school the following courses: Mathematics through calculus, statistics, quality control, theoretical physics, electricity, basic electronics, basic chemistry, time and motion study, technical reporting and writing, public speaking, communication skills, accounting-- basic & cost, animal behavior, bacteriology, biology, biochemistry, instrumentation in biology and chemistry, logic, microbiology, organization theory, progrduLing, systems analysis, etc.

-48- Limited courses of study may be obtained in the evening from some of the other colleges in the area. Inquiry would show what is available. A person interested in pursuing study in some field of technology, or acquiring competence in a skill should also check for available courses with the superintendent of education in the area.

C. Apprenticeship Training

The Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, U.S. Department of Labor, assists industry in promotion and development of a broad, and growing program of apprenticeship training in Georgia industries. Georgia has no apprenticeship law governing policies and standards and is thus in a cooperative basis. The Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training promotes and helps companies develop programs for specific skills, and also registers workers for the programs. The Georgia Department of Labor's function is that of testing, screening, and referring workers.

For the period ending September 20, 1962, the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, U.S. Department of Labor, had 2,119 workers registered in 36 separate programs. 28/ The construction trades with 13 programs accounted for 83 per cent of the registrants; metals trades, 5 per cent; and printing trades, 4 per cent. The unaccounted for 8 per cent covered 11 programs of which about two-thirds were in two programs, i.e., maintenance mechanic- repairmen (3.7 per cent) and granite workers (1.9 per cent). Details on all apprenticeship programs in which the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training is cooperating are given in Appendix A.

28/_ Data provided to authors by Mr. J. O. Long, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, in letter, dated Oct. 24, 1962.

-49- The Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training also promotes programs for worker improvement. During the year ending September 30, 1962, it had in

existence 30 such programs, varying from 10 to 60 hours per program which

involved 1,000 workers. In this program, and also for those in registered

apprenticeship, the Georgia Department of Education cooperates by providing related classes in local vocational schools. It also helps in developing

interest, active support, and cooperation of vocational teachers and others

to stimulate apprenticeship and worker improvement programs.

D. Union Training Programs

Information 22/ on union activity in training indicates that a majority

of the apprenticeship training programs now underway in companies were pro- moted by unions. Often the initiative to begin such programs in companies

originates with unions. A number of trade unions have contracts, under collective bargaining, to supply skilled workers as needed by companies.

In such instances, the apprenticeship program is organized in union facilities, conducted, and managed entirely by unions. However, unions seldon initate their own programs without the assistance of the Bureau of

Apprenticeship and Training. The Bureau is available to help plan any training program needed, but it does not give training.

E. Relationship of Training to Employer Demand

The analysis from Table 9, previously discussed, indicates that 11 per cent of employers have apprenticeship training programs and 57 per cent have on-the-job training. Additional training is provided in unit classrooms and

29/— Loc. cit.

-50- executive development courses, both of which are fine for up-grading workers and managerial personnel. The questionnaire also obtained data on the number in training and how many workers under each job title would complete company training in 1 year and 3 years, the 5 year estimate being obtained by extrapolation of the rate between 1 year and 3 years.

The overall measures of training for these 3 time periods in relationship to employer job demands for technical, skilled, and clerical workers are given in Table 11. The data show that the highest percentage overall of total demand supplied through company training is for the skilled worker category where the apprenticeship program of the U.S. Department of Labor is particularly applicable. The lowest ratio of training is among the clerical workers where company training is least applicable, especially for typists and stenographers. The 1 year training ratio for skilled workers is 36 per cent and 21 per cent for clerical workers. The ratio for technicians is 43 per cent. For the technical category the training ratio declines about 26 per cent in 5 years, the skilled category 6 per cent, and for clerical 19 per cent. For the three groups compositely companies are training about 29 per cent of expected needs in one year and have underway or are planning a program which will train about one-fourth of expected job needs in 5 years.

This is very close to the ratio 80 large companies plan to train in terms of needs in 5 years for entirely new types of technicians. 32/

30/ See Section VI on "Impact of Changing Technology" on need for new technicians.

-51- Table 11 Size and Relative Importance of Company Training as a Source of Supply to meet Employer Demand for Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Workers in GeorgiaW during the Next Five Years

Items Occupational Category Technical Skilled Clerical Total

I. Current Employment 23,173 81,386 61,097 165,656

II. Expected Employment:hi 1 Year 24,982 88,196 65,058 178,236 3 Years 27,115 95,209 70,288 192,610 5 Years 29,251 102,220 75,520 206,991

III. Estimated Employer Demand!/ 1 Year 2,071 8,072 8,582 18,725 3 Years 4,737 17,621 19,547 41,905 5 Years 7,412 27,205 30,964 65,581

IV. Company Training as a Source of Supply for Technical, Skilled and Clerical Workers: A. Estimated Number to be Trained in Companies 1 Year 886 2,873 1,763 5,322 3 Years 1,415 5,458 3,171 10,044 5 Yearsli 2,363 9,114 5,296 16,773 B. Percentage of Total Demand to be Supplied by Company Training: 1 Year 43 36 21 29 3 Years 30 31 16 24 5 Years 32 34 17 25

V. Percentage of Total Demand to be Supplied from other Methods of Training: 1 Year 57 64 79 71 3 Years 70 69 84 76 5 Years 68 66 83 75

a/ Includes Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama. 11 Based on contemplated employment of Employers inflated to universe values, SI Estimated employer demand equals estimated increase in employment plus worker replacement requirements. di Based on extrapolating the rate of increase in number of trained personnel from 1 year to 3 years estimated by employers to a 5 year basis.

-52- VI. IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY ON NEED FOR NEW TYPES OF TECHNICIANS

Everywhere in the world, in our nation, and in Georgia industry, there

is a struggle to introduce the latest technological changes. This has a two-

fold objective: First, to capitalize on new technology and second, to get

ahead of competitors, or at least stay up with them. But introduction of new technology brings complications. It must be evaluated in terms of operations, and a plan must be worked out for its introduction. In the process, men must be re-trained, engineers and technicians up-dated, market demand

assessed, and investment requirements determined. In many cases the technicians needed are not available. A delay is caused while they are trained by the engineers and scientists concerned.

The personal interviews demonstrated that delays up to five years were being experienced by companies in adoption of technological change. Those who have studied the rate of diffusion 31/ of new technology have stated that on the average about ten years are required to enable adoption and completion of integration into operations of an industry of a completely new machine.

However, this period varies, depending upon profitability of the innovation, size of investment required, type of industry, including number of firms,

and also to some basic extent, durability of equipment replaced, rate of growth of industry's output, and how recent the development. The pace of

introduction of new technology in most cases now is undoubtedly less than

ten years because of: (1) The urgency of the cold war, (2) the pace of the

31/ Mansfield, Edwin: "Diffusion of Technological Change," Review of Data on Research and Development, National Science Foundation, No. 31, NSF # 61-52, October 1961.

-53- competition, and (3) favorable attitudes on the part of top management toward improved equipment, innovations, new products, etc., reflected by the large, active research and development programs of most companies.

To observe the effects of changing technology in Georgia's economy and its impact on the need for new technicians, interviews were held with management, scientists, and engineers in eighty firms, cutting across all major manufacturing and nonmanufacturing activities. These sample firms were drawn at random from companies employing 100 or more workers which were most likely to be strongly concerned with new types of technicians. 32 / In general, the sampling ratio was around ten per cent, although some industries, like communications, electric, and gas, were surveyed 100 per cent. The inter- yews started with top management and proceeded to the engineers, supervisors, technicians, research and development groups, and maintenance technicians intimately concerned with changing technology. The amount of time spent on an interview varied from a few hours in some of the simpler operations to three days in the larger, more complex companies.

We present below the results from these interviews in four parts:

First, there is a summary of the main technological trends currently underway in the different industrial categories; second, a presentation is made of the main technician types needed, with the overall areas of training specified; third, the need for technicians is assessed in terms of the probable numbers required in the next five years, and fourth, the significance of technicians is related to advance of technology and economic development of an area.

32/— The lumber and wood industries, furniture and fixtures, apparel, and many of the service industries were omitted for this reason.

-54- A. Industrial Trends

The following trends are summaries of information obtained from technical personnel in representative companies through personal interviews:

I. DURABLES - Manufacturing

A. Stone, clay, and glass products

1. Use of radioisotopes in measuring densities.

2. Automation of inspection systems to remove inspection from the realm of human error.

3. Use of ultrasonic or ultraviolet light systems in inspection.

4. The whole manufacturing process is moving toward mechanization and automation to increase volume and improve quality. This move results in the use of more sophisticated electrical controls and circuitry as well as pneumatic and hydraulic systems.

5. New methods of in-plant communication, particularly visual, are being sought.

6. Where human performance is essential, strides are being taken toward statistical evaluation and control performance.

7. Materials handling is becoming automated from the loading of furnaces to the movement of the finished product. Mixing is already automated.

8. The demand for mechanical engineers is growing.

9. Special applications of both AC and DC circuitry are being utilized.

B. Metals--Primary and fabricated

1. Growing use of automatic controls based on newer electronic concepts using transistors. Many sequence type operations will be controlled by static (or stationary) switching components, i.e., with transistors, etc.

2. Plastics and foil lined paper containers are replacing some metal type containers.

3. New types of metals or new characterisitcs for presently used metals are being developed.

4. Continuous operations are tending to replace job shop operations.

-55- B. Metals--Primary and fabricated (continued)

5. New chemical and physical tests are being developed and used at all stages of metals refining and fabrication. Spectrographic, X-ray techniques, magnetic particle inspection, and nuclear techniques; and ultrasonic devices or thickness measuring devices are some of these.

6. There is a continual emphasis on improving methods. A part of the stimulus for this results from competition with Belgians and Japanese.

7. Quality requirements with respect to dimension and content are becoming more rigid, and cleanliness, i.e., on products for use in missiles; also workmanship, as Class A welder required for missile structures.

8. Use of aluminum is growing in this area. Distance from the largest users of primary metals and fabricated metals makes lightness essential due to transportation costs.

9. Primary metals manufacturers are tending toward specialty metals.

10. Computer programs on tape or cards are being developed to control repetitive operations. The objective is to obtain accurately controlled production by mechanical methods through mass data processing by machine and the reduction of human judgement needed to a minimum.

11. Greater emphasis on the recovery of materials from waste and the development of by-products from waste materials.

C. Machinery

1. Capital equipment manufacturers are building both larger equipment and more precise equipment. The objective is to obtain greater capacity with equal or less weight per unit of capacity.

2. More use of electronic and hydraulic control mechanisms with a definite trend toward automatic controls is observable in new capital equipment. Much new capital equipment is tape controlled.

3. The growth of automation in manufacturing equipment means that capital equipment manufacturers are forced to do more work on a job shop basis.

4. The use of solid-state electrical components in control systems is growing.

5. In connection with the trend toward automation in some machine shop practices there is a sort of reverse trend to DC circuitry to get better speed control, due to solid-state power type components.

-56- C. Machinery (continued)

6. New metals and metal substitutes are being utilized. Aluminum alloys are being used for structural and decorative purposes. New plastics for bearings and for functions requiring high tensile strength are being utilized.

7. Use of individual motors as opposed to one large motor both in the manufacture of capital equipment and in the final equipment as assembled is growing.

8. In general, manufacturers of capital equipment are studying the functions to be performed in an effort to determine basic principles and perhaps develop radically new equipment.

9. More and more technicians are going to be required for the installation and servicing of new machine tools; also in production, inspection, and programming.

10. Growth in the use of metallic and non-metallic die-castings.

11. Statistical methods of quality control are becoming more widely used, and in certain cases are a condition for contract work with large national manufacturers.

12. Greater emphasis on design engineering, and there is an enlarged desire for engineers and technical persons with creative ideas and abilities to handle rapid changes in technology.

13. Increased influx of foreign machine tools.

D. Electrical Machinery

1. Where possible, automation is being applied to both the production and assembly of components. Automation is also being applied to the repair of electric motors and to quality control work in building electric motors.

2. Electrical and electronic controls are being miniaturized.

3. Trend to more static controls (stationary, i.e., circuit breakers, ets.).

4. Work on fuel cells, solar energy, and other technological developments continues.

5. Improvements in design of motors is occurring, using existing steel and wire.

6. New epoxy insulations and cleaning compounds are being used.

7. New types of batteries are being developed.

-57- 8. Use of atomic energy by government and private industry is expected to have some effect on type of equipment.

9. Remote control, fail safe systems are being employed.

E. Transportation Equipment (automobile and aircraft)

1. Growing use of exotic metals (alloys) such as stainless steel and aluminum honeycomb assemblies. Some of these are ultra strength materials requiring entirely new methods for fabrication and joining, including electronic welding.

2. Some of these new materials require entirely new methods of processing. Chemical milling, electronic beam welding and plasma sources will play a large part in this trend. Ultrasonic equipment is also involved.

3. Growing use of urethane and other plastics products. Some of these are used for insulation, others to reduce weight and provide strength.

4. Growing use of automatic operation of machine tools both new and modified. Tape controls will play a large part in this trend.

5. The use and maintenance of automated machinery, and programming are growing problems which will require technicians.

6. Some product units are becoming larger requiring changes in tooling, fabrication and joining skills.

7. Many processes require new levels of cleanliness as well as new levels of worker protection.' Some require remote manipulation.

8. New sources of energy are being investigated including nuclear energy and fuel cells.

9. The standards of precision required for manufacture are becoming more rigorous.

10. Some products require miniaturization and micro-miniaturization.

11. New devices such as lasers, masers, and new techniques such as thin- film techniques and cryogenic techniques are being used.

12. The use of pneumatic systems both as components of the final products and as testing devices is growing.

13. The use of automatic data processing for supply control is growing. F. Instruments and Miscellaneous Manufacturers

1. Growth in digital and analog electronic instrumentation. This isn't new except with respect to the growth in its use by manufacturers in Georgia.

2. Expanded use of electro-mechanical instrument accessories, as well as nuclear and ultrasonic devices.

3. New principles and thus new designs are being developed.

4. Greater use of automatic equipment both for parts production and assembly. Much of this equipment will be controlled electronically.

5. Growth in the use of technicians as supervisors of production units, sales and installation work, and as designers for installation of standard units.

6. Increased use of engineering technicians to back up engineering and research workers; more responsible assignments for engineering technicians.

7. Growth in automatic data processing.

8. New materials are being developed and used in both the product and its packaging.

9. There is a constant emphasis on the improvement of production methods and quality controls.

II. NONDURABLES - Manufacturing

A. Food and kindred products

1. Automation and tighter quality control measures are being moved back toward the food source or grower.

2. Automation is being applied to the processing line with respect to sorting and quality control.

3. Continued acceleration in volume of frozen foods.

4. Changing methods of preserving food. Freeze-dehydration is on the horizon. New use of radiation, including infra-red and gamma rays are under development.

5. Growth in the use of industrial weighing devices.

6. Growth in the amount of vertical integration within the industry. The direction has been from the processor back to the grower. Now, the processor may be thinking of moving into prepared foods.

-59- A. Food and kindred products (continued)

7. Growth of automatic data processing.

8. Use of computers to determine optimum combination of inputs for some processed foods such as sausages.

9. Growth in number of individual companies and laboratories. This will increase the number of food technologists and laboratory technicians needed.

10. Increased mechanization (and automation) in food production, i.e., feeding of animals.

B. Textile Mill Products

1. Improved raw materials involving synthetics. The trend is toward heavier denier in tire manufacturing with fewer plies. Methods of testing to determine qualities and characteristics of fiber are growing in importance.

2. Since size of unit for manual handling has reached the limit, the trend is toward automatic handling with expensive equipment.

3. In recent years a complete breakthrough in textile machinery has occurred, leading toward automation of textile operations. There are larger, more expensive continuous flow machines; this requires synchronization of machines, development of automatic transfer machines. This results in increased speed of operations, larger packages. All of this means more sophisticated process controls, electronic and mechanical, to maintain flow and product uniformity, including production scheduling.

4. The trend toward expensive, complex machinery, involving electronic mechanisms and often also hydraulic or pneumatic, enlarges the problem of preventive maintenance.

5. The finishing of fabrics is changing and chemical technology, including coating for some types of products, is becoming more important and also more complex.

6. The textile mills serving the automobile industry are striving for a fabric that will equal the normal life of the automobile. Tire manufacturers are pursuing development of a tire without fabric materials.

7. The computer is of growing importance for data processing and management controls. In time computer use for production planning will grow.

8. Greater emphasis on quality control, systems analysis, and the other tools of scientific management.

-60- B. Textile Mill Products (continued)

9. Emphasis on design and packaging will remain high. The style factor is becoming more important in all phases of industry.

10. The independent mills are not able to move as rapidly toward automation and computers as the larger integrated concerns. They are, however, going to high speeds and higher drafts, to machinery with anti-friction bearings, electronically controlled, coupled with hydraulic or pneumatic systems.

11. Work is being done on elimination of some of the processes--go from opening to cards, sliver to direct spinning, from coarse roving, and in chemical processes, elimination of slashing.

12. The large integrated textile companies are moving toward diversified types of production, involving in time lines of products not closely related to present products.

C. Paper and allied products

1. Movement toward continuous processing using different types of computers for control.

2. Increasing use of electronic instrumentation.

3. Growth in the use of electronic and pneumatic controls to automate and provide automatic transfer between present machines.

4. Greater use of engineering and technical talent.

5. Basic machinery is being developed to produce different products such as polyethelene and foil coatings. (This represents the marriage of plastics and paper).

6. The use of Beta ray thickness gauge, a nuclear measuring device, is growing.

7. Automation is being extended back to the woodlands through the use of bigger and more sophisticated mobile equipment.

8. Growth in the use of statistics and statistical analytical tools.

9. Growth of automatic data processing equipment.

10. Paper manufacturers are in forestry business, requiring forestry technicians.

11. More rigid "packaging" requirements are reflected back from the converter to the manufacturer requiring improved quality control and new product development.

-61- D. Printing and publishing

1. The use of magnetic ink has meant that quality of printing had to be improved.

2. Conventional typesetting equipment has been speeded up by use of tape controls.

3. A fast typesetting machine is needed and is probably on the way. This will eliminate entire detailed processes such as stereotype. Also, the objective is to eliminate the hot metals of setting type.

4. Application of electronics is being made in all areas of printing. For example, here are some of them:

a. Electronic machines are being developed which adjust paper to put colors in register. b. Electronic equipment is being used to determine the thickness of ink. c. Electronic equipment may be used for proofreading. d. Electronic equipment is also being applied to mechanical controls of printing equipment. e. A scanning device has been developed to separate color elements in a color transparency. f. Electronic screen process printing is perhaps on the horizon.

5. The industry is switching from sheet pad to roll pad to reduce costs.

6. New types of inks and new printing surfaces are being developed and utilized.

7. More versatile presses and also more specialized presses are becoming available to the industry.

8. More mergers in the industry may mean larger companies which can give more support to research and development.

9. Equipment is becoming easier to operate. Technical level people will thus be needed in supervision and in maintenance rather than in the operative level.

10. Facsimile transmission of pictures or pages by microwave methods.

11. Unintegrated parts or units of the printing system will be tied together for tighter control. Computers may play a part in this.

12. Greater use of production control techniques.

13. The application of computers to justifying copy is under study.

14. "In house" printing is increasing for both literature and packaging materials.

-62- E. Chemicals and allied products, rubber and plastics

1. Continued expansion of use of anhydrous nitrogen in agriculture.

2. More rigid standards require more chemical control and laboratory people.

3. Increased product development will require more laboratory technicians.

4. Automatic data processing in these firms is growing.

5. Use of automatic process controls is increasing.

F. Shoe Manufacturers

1. The use of rental shoe manufacturing equipment lingers, but in a few years ownership of equipment will be dominant. Many foreign makes of shoe manufacturing equipment, excellent types and cheaper types, are being imported. Any suitable, efficient new equipment will be adapted quickly.

2. Tremendous strides have been made in toe lasting machines. A new model just being adopted will provide an output of 100 dozen pairs per man-day, up 300 per cent from the early 1930's.

3. New electronic clickers (die-type cutters) will cut through any kind of material--one sheet or a telephone book--with personnel protective devices.

4. Moulding of shoes by mechanical methods is being developed. It will double output per man by consolidating many basic steps. The material used to mould shoes will outlast synthetic soles now widely used.

5. The industry is going to mechanized handling at the various work stages.

6. The research laboratories are perfecting a synthetic material for uppers that will breathe, with an evershine surface.

7. Research will have available in near future an imitation sole which will outlast the latest types of synthetic soles. III. CONSTRUCTION

A. Construction, building, and special trade contractors

1. The installation of various electrical, air conditioning, and mechanical systems, many of which have electronic control systems, has made building construction more complex. There is a growing need for technicians trained on a systems basis rather than on a "modular" or building block basis.

2. The use of concrete involving long spans and thin sections is growing and is spreading into new fields.

3. Growing use of building materials made of fiberglass and plastics. More of these type materials would be utilized if building codes were changed. In the long run, however, it is expected that there may be a return to traditional use of masonry.

4. Windowless buildings and plants are developing more and more because of air conditioning. Also, accurate light control is being increasingly recognized as important to quantity and quality of output.

5. The use of more and better prefabricated materials such as slabs, partitions, and for roofs is desired. Pre-assembled walls are being considered.

6. Electrical contractors are finding a growing demand for the application and installation of more electronic equipment, particularly in control applications. Increased use of new methods of temperature control, absorption cooling heat pumps.

7. Standard types of paints are being dropped. The industry is getting involved in the use of epoxy resins and synthetic plastics.

8. Painting equipment is becoming more complex and specialized to keep up with new painting materials, but it is not yet even with materials developed.

9. The tendency is to specify the thickness of paints rather than the number of coats.

10. The painting industry is having to broaden its base as to its capability, since new building materials are in many cases eliminating the need for painting.

11. Computers are presently being applied to accounting and cost accounting. Cost estimating by computer is on the horizon.

12. Computers are presently being used on some standard types of problems such as electrical circuits, and electrical distribution systems.

-64- B. Construction (excluding building)

1. Higher standards for road construction are being developed and are being enforced as never before.

2. New machinery is being developed so rapidly that old mechanics can't keep up with it.

3. Road contractors are required to have more engineering competence in their organization.

4. Construction projects are larger and more complex.

5. Road surface mixing mills are becoming more complex and require a larger and larger investment.

6. The design of rapid transit systems and appropriate equipment is a brand new field with new problems.

7. Computer programs are being used on some standard types of construction such as bridge spans and complicated structural situations.

8. Control work on expensive equipment is of growing importance.

9. Trend is to new materials such as epoxy compounds, for bonding, and also the use of new alloys from the steel industry.

10. New welding techniques are under consideration.

11. More complex problems in urban highway construction with changing type and character of traffic.

12. Quality control and inspection requirements are increasing (concrete pavement thickness and density measurement instruments).

IV. TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION, ELECTRIC, GAS & SANITARY SERVICE

A. Communications

1. Growth in microwave transmission with great improvement in antennae design.

2. Trend in industries is toward private wires with teleprinter services, including Wide Area service.

3. Growth in broad band switching centers with magnetic tape.

4. Utilization of stations in space.

5. Increased use of tele-processing of data at great distance, with growth in flexibility of methods.

-65- A. Communications (continued)

6. Scope of direct dialing is increasing, to include eventually world wide dialing.

7. Shifting from DC circuitry to AC circuitry in telephone systems.

8. Increased use of electronic devices to control traffic load, including electronic central office.

9. Expansion of mobile communication facilities, employing microwaves-- ship to shore, automobile telephone, etc.

10. Push-button type telephoning, followed by television viewing on telephone, will be here in 2 to 5 years.

11. The larger industries are moving to centralized private branch ex- changes.

B. Electricity, Gas, and Sanitary Services

1. Increased use of computers in accounting, management, and in certain aspects of operations.

2. Increased use of microwave technology in communications perhaps.

3. Increased use of electronic equipment in controls to protect systems against interruptions of flow; to change in switching equipment and techniques; and metering.

4. Concentration to fewer power plants for generation of electric energy; higher voltage transmission of energy, underground perhaps.

5. Application of higher temperature materials (steam power, conduction transformers, etc.); transmission materials will become more complicated.

6. Improved conduction and insulation equipment.

7. Adding more heat pumps.

8. There will be a greater use of the fuel cell.

9. Increased use of labor saving and automatic devices.

10. More complicated hydraulic systems and lifts.

11. Trend towards more complicated electrical appliances.

12. More widespread use of gas turbine as a source of power in industry, with individual building generators.

-66- 13. More use of cathodic protection for underground metallic pipe, with trend towards plastic pipe as price declines.

14. New heating techniques with gas in steel making;, also annealing, welding, heat treating.

15. Cost savings from mixtures of oil with gas.

C. Transportation (railroad and pipeline)

1. Increased use of microwave technology for communications.

2. Increased use of computers in management, various types of control and to monitor operations--freight car control and prime power, simulation of railroad system, and may eventually operate railroads automatically.

3. Growth in market analysis and to better concept of what services are wanted and how to tailor equipment and rates to meet these needs.

4. Automation of track maintenance is increasing, with pre-assembly of track units in shops.

5. More automatic signaling, to control track occupancy, including electronic scales to weigh cars and to determine rollability.

6. Increased emphasis on maintenance and programming of equipment by technician type workers, related to greater use of complicated test equipment.

7. The railroads are moving to container concept, not "piggy back" like trucks but to standard containers of 40 feet; they also are experi- menting with sub-multiples of this size. Big problem is lack of uniform movement in this direction by all railroads.

8. Increased use of lightweight materials in railroad rolling stock, i.e., aluminum hopper and aluminum box cars.

9. Remotely controlled pumping stations are widely in use in pipeline industry.

D. Transportation (airlines)

1. Increased use of computers in management work, inventory control, preventive maintenance, passenger reservations, and in operations-- flight simulators, and eventually for pre-flight program planning, to check circuitry, and all forms of data control.

2. Increased use of electronic equipment of growing order of complexity. (Maintenance of this equipment is a big problem). Example of new uses are as follows:

-67- D. Transportation (airlines---continued)

a. Selective calling in radio communications. b. Automatic identification on radio which will be based on a complete program of flight and which will use digital computers in a radar display. c. Automatic programming of data transmission devices, including plane to ground, for data exchange without human reaction. d. Use of slowed down video-techniques.

3. In communications going to leased line concept with satellite receiver transmitters, using microwave transmission systems.

4. Growing importance of knowing advanced welding technology and metallurgy, including exotic metals of very high tensile strength.

5. Increased use of plating processes to recondition parts, and methods of application of coating materials on exotic metals.

6. X-ray inspection of certain parts of plane before preventive maintenance is growing in importance.

7. Air conditioning and refrigeration are becoming more important.

8. Pneumatics is of great importance in jet planes...and there is a tendency to use this kind of power transmission.

9. The trend is from vacuum tube to solid-state electronics.

10. Will shortly be using transponders, giving a third dimension in flight, which is based on air pressure of plane while in flight.

11. Must work to closer tolerances all the time.

12. Sonic high frequency vibration of jet engine affects safety of plane and also well-being of people living near airport. Noise abatement is getting a lot of attention.

13. The problem of anti-collision of planes is now getting lots of research.

14. For the long run, much thought and advance planning are being given to development of a supersonic transport, which will travel 2 to 3 times the speed of sound.

15. Shifting from DC circuitry to AC circuitry; this has paralleled the shift from piston type engine to the jet.

-68- V. TRADE AND SERVICES (Banking, insurance, retailing, & miscellaneous services)

1. Automatic electronic data processing to cope with increased volume of paper handling. This requires systems analysis and development.

2. Elimination of transcription process by the use of magnetic ink character recognition and optical scanning devices.

3. Check clearance by magnetic tape rather than mailing of checks.

4. Development of new services from the total banking systems and analysis concept.

5. Tele-transmission of data.

6. Records storage on tape. (Moving from cards to tape).

7. Development of new insurance services from the total insurance program concept.

8. Application of computers not only to data processing but to provide a mass memory for communication and intelligence type data to improve business operations.

9. The underwriting function is becoming more complex due to technical problems in the commercial and industrial areas.

10. Selection and job evaluation are becoming more important with more attention and new tools being devoted to it.

11. Growing use of operations research approach to management. Availa- bility of computers has facilitated this course of action.

12. The problem of data retrieval is of increasing importance as well as the amount of effort given to it.

13. High grade technicians are now required to perform work or services not previously needed or non-existent a few years ago.

VI. MEDICAL AND RELATED SERVICES (Federal, State, local, and private)

1. Growing use of disposable items in hospitals. More items are being used by more different hospitals.

2. Recording of more data about patients electronically for processing by computer and the use of computers for diagnosis work.

3. Growing use of radioisotopes for diagnostic work on the patient and in the laboratory. This will require more supervision and control, also.

-69- VI. MEDICAL AND RELATED SERVICES (continued)

4. Growing use of medical-audio-visual communication and audio-visual devices.

5. Greater use of electronic equipment and instruments both for patient surveillance and for laboratory tests and diagnosis.

6. Growing use of micro-methods procedures.

7. Greater use of X-ray equipment and X-ray techniques; higher-power X-ray with automatic developing.

8. More attention being paid to environment including atmosphere and water. There will be more fall-out and reactor surveillance.

9. Automation of hospital accounting procedures is on the horizon depending in part upon the size of the hospital for its economic justification.

10. Growing use of inhalation therapy.

11. Increased emphasis on information retrieval and thus elimination, reduction, or change of function of libraries.

12. More research on animals.

13. Broadening field of drugs to control disease and reduce pain.

14. High grade technicians are now required to perform work or services not previously needed or non-existent a few years ago.

15. Growing use of "mechanical" substitute organs during surgical procedures and during therapy: For example, artificial heart, kidney, etc. B. General Summary of Overall State's Industrial Trends

Trends which cut across Georgia Industry broadly, if not comprehensively:

1. Microwave technology is being increasingly applied to communication problems. Examples are expansion of mobile communication facilities employing microwaves--ship to shore, automobile telephones, etc. Railroads are moving to an integrated system. Airlines are going to leased line concept with satellite transmitters. Data transmission to central office computing facilities from a network of data supply points or smaller computers is in the planning phase in some large national companies.

2. The trend is from DC circuitry to AC circuitry, although there is a reverse trend to DC where variable speed control is important.

3. There is a rapid move to a more intensive use $?f computers in practically all aspects of the Georgia economy. The most widespread uses are developing in managerial accounting and data processing and in machine tool operations with the use of programthed tape. The newest uses for computers are in freight car accounting, airplane reservations and wider areas of simulation--training of airline pilots, business simulation, mathematical models of railroads. In study of cell cytolysis, it is proposed to use computers with criteria to eliminate those slides which are not significant. Consideration is also being given to the use of computers for general diagnostic analysis. Computers are being used regularly to check out circuitry in airlines, to operate railroads and in rapid transit. Such systems are being programmed to a prescribed manner to be self-corrective. Tele-processing of data through computers located at great distances is increasing.

4. Use of electronic components and systems of all types is experiencing a phenomenal growth. In communication, there is a growth of the electronic central office. Greatly expanded use of electronic equipment in airlines exists with the automatic pilot getting better all the time. Transponders, showing the third dimension in flight are being introduced. The need for and the use of test equipment with heavy problems of development, construction and maintenance is widespread. There is an increased use of all sorts of instrumentation and electronic devices in medical research.

5. Electronic components are being added to many production machines and sub-systems.

6. Electronic components are tending to move toward solid-state circuitry from vacuum tube circuitry.

7. Automatic equipment, frequently electronically controlled, is replacing human effort in quality control, production, and the inspection processes.

-71- 8. Standards for product quality are growing more rigorous. Statistical procedures of quality control based on the use of sampling and control charts are becoming more predominant. This trend is broad and pervasive. It has been developed even as a tool for quality of performance in airplane maintenance.

9. New materials, new machines and new processes are being developed and used as soon as practical. This trend is well illustrated by synthetic textiles, shoe materials and exotic metals. It is also illustrated by developments in use of nuclear materials. Procedure for treatment of cancer of the abdomen by the use of such half-life isotopes of short duration as chlorine, which disintegrates quickly, even though large quantities are employed. Isotope tracing is of growing importance in communicable disease research. New materials such as these are also being adopted in industrial processes, as in two instances mentioned in the interviews: (1) Cobalt 60 to test the quality of the welding in highway bridges, and (2) use of a strontium 90 beam to test uniformity of composition of an industrial product. Research on a considerable scale is going forward to develop nuclear rockets.

10. X-ray inspection of airplane parts--assemblies and sub-assemblies before maintenance--is standard practice.

11. Mechanical handling of materials, both raw and finished products, is developing rapidly. The systems, generally electronically controlled, may involve mechanical and hydraulic components, with pneumatic systems tending to displace hydraulic systems. Mechanical handling is highly developed in stages, as for example, in the handling of shoe components from station to station.

12. In engineering design of industrial and some other types of buildings, the trend is to windowless buildings. This enables accurate light control to be maintained and lessens the cost of heating and air- conditioning. Accurate light control is being recognized increasingly as a very important factor in quality of output and output per man.

13. There is a growing recognition of the place of science and technology in faster industrialization and more rapid economic growth. The place of the educational system relative to the need for trained scientists, engineers, engineering and industrial technicians, and skilled workers is better appreciated.

14. Management in some companies is tending to apply the systems concept to the entire company operation rather than limiting it to small units of processing operations. In some cases the thought is that if the proper components of the system can be interrelated and programmed properly, much of the system can be controlled by computer.

-72- 15. There is constant emphasis on the improvement of methods and the use of new materials. Companies regard the costs of the basic factors of production and the prices of the finished product or products to be largely determined by competition. Improvements in the efficiency of methods and processes offer the most fruitful channel for profit improvement.

16. Company managements in some industries are giving more thought to diversification, even radically different from the current line.

17. The upgrading of technicians and the development of higher qualifi- cations for new technicians are necessary to keep up with advancing technology.

C. Research into Science and Technology

The following trends are those suggested by the work of university research organizations. As such they represent developments considerably ahead of those in industry. These trends may be expected to show up in any industry at a later period, from 3 to 10 years:

1. With respect to electronics and computers:

a. Equipment is being developed to perform in more stringent environments. This should mean cheaper and more trouble-free equipment for normal use in the future. b. Much of the work (electronics and many other fields) being done for the National Aeronautics and Space Agency is unclassified and thus is available to industry much quicker and easier. c. There will probably be an explosion of consumer products related to electronics. d. The application of electronics to medical problems or problems in the life sciences area is developing and should grow rapidly. Electronic instrumentation for bio-medical and biophysics uses is developing. e. Micro-minaturization and thin film circuitry is increasing computer capabilities. Computer will be applied to more types of problems due to increased speed and flexibility. Also, more equipment capability can be built into a smaller space. f. Information storage and retrieval is a growing field which is tending to become a science--informational science. g. Software (programming packages) for computers, making the equipment more flexible in use is changing the requirements for technicians to support the computer installation. h. Continued application of electronics to control machine processes and automated systems.

2. With respect to nuclear products:

-73- a. Small nuclear devices for producing electricity or heat are under development. b. Nuclear rockets are under development. c. Use of radiation for the production of new materials and for studying structure of matter is growing. New devices for measuring radiation are under development. Radiation increasingly used for inspection of materials. d. Radiation techniques based on radioisotopes and neutrons will be used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. e. Use of nuclear devices in process control as well as actual processing, e.g., food. f. Use of radiation for pest control. g. Utilization of radiation to accelerate selective mutations for crop improvement. h. Increasing knowledge about water, air, and food product pollution by radioactive materials.

3. With respect to the physical sciences:

a. High vacuum and micro-miniaturization techniques are being developed. b. Increased research in low temperature physics and chemistry with development of cryogenic techniques. c. New developments are occurring in the fields of solid electronics and molecular electronics. d. Expanded research in (1) Maser (Microwave Amplication by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), and (2) Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). e. New materials, such as plastics. f. New materials are being developed to withstand higher temperatures. g. Radiation of fibers is increasing.

D. New Technicians Required - 1963 to 1967

The discussion of technological trends in each industry, with top management, engineers and scientists, technical, and maintenance personnel led naturally to discussion of problems and personnel needs in order to capitalize in company operation and research and development on the emerging technological changes. The personal interview was used as a process in analysis, give and take, leading from vague concept, to a firm and enthusi- astic vision of future plans in the company for technicians not now employed.

Through this process 138 new technicians were discovered in the 80 companies studied intensively in this phase of the study. The word "new" does not

-74- necessarily mean new to all American industry but new to the companies under investigation. In fact, in many cases highly skilled, intelligent workers were in the process of partially filling these new types •of technician jobs.

Later in this report, a statistical summary shows to what extent companies expect to fill the need for new technicians from present personnel.

The following presentation represents a consolidation of the 138 technician job titles discovered, into 31 occupational categories. The number assigned is for identification purposes of this study; the corresponding

D.O.T. codes supplied by the U.S. Department of Labor are provided in Table

12.

The composite of what each type of technician will do is summarized in

Appendix A; the types of equipment with which he must be familiar are also given. The lists of jobs which follow the occupational titles were given by company personnel. The kind of training specified is given under major occupational summaries in Appendix A, beginning on Page 16. Table 12 Occupational Code Numbers Assigned by U.S. Department of Labor to New Technician Categories in Georgia Skilled Survey, Summer 1962 Occupational Title Occupational Skilled of Code Number Survey Code Technicians Assigned 2/ I. Job Categories Assigned Published Code Numbers: 04 Building Service Systems Technician 5-72.010 16 Environmental Health Technician 0-95.093 20 Industrial Water Filter & Sewerage Plant Tech. 7-54.621 28 Silk-Screen Process Technician 5-91.701

II. Job Categories Assigned New Code Numbers: 01 Animal Technician 0-50.019 02 Audio-Visual Technician 0-66.819 03 Biochemical Electronic Technician 0-50.049 05 Chemical Technician 0-50.909 06 Combustion and Furnace Technician 0-50.929 07 Communications Technician 0-67.119 08 Computer Programmer-Operator 0-69.989 09 Construction Technician 0-67.069 10 Cryogenics Technician 0-66.919 11 Electrical Technician 0-67.139 12 Electrical and Electronics Technician 0-67.129 13 Electronic Computer Maintenance Technician 5-83.449 14 Electronics-Mechanical Technician 0-67.109 15 Engineering Technician 0-67.059 17 Food Quality Control Technician 0-50.959 18 General Science Technician 0-67.049 19 Industrial Engineering Technician 0-67.149 21 Machine Tool and Die Technician 0-67.019 22 Metals Technician 0-50.519 23 Nuclear Technician 0-50.609 24 Plastics Technician 0-66.969 25 Pneumatics Technician 5-80.109 26 Poultry Technician 3-48.919 27 Quality Control Technician 0-50.339 29 Statistical Technician 0-66.829 30 Systems Analyst 0-69.929 31 Welding Technician 4-85.199

a/ Analysis on Coding the above Technician Categories was provided through the courtesy of the Bureau of Employment Security, U.S. Employment Service. E. Statistical Analysis of Demand for Technicians to Fill New Positions 1962 to 1963

The interviews with top management, research and development personnel, engineers, and technical maintenance personnel on their need for new technicians, the type of man desired and training required produced quantitative estimates of the demand. Information about whether the company was training a person to fill the position was also obtained. Since technicians are classified on the basis of whether they have the equivalent of two years training from a technical high school, some problems were encountered in evaluating the mathematical and scientific requirements. Yet, usually where a measure of company training was given to meet demand, it was clearly because the man had unusual aptitudes, was working with an engineer or scientist, and often was attending special courses.

The results of the statistical investigation are given in Table 13, classified into 31 categories. The ten categories of technicians that dominate requirements relative to the State's future economic growth are:

Communication Electrical-Mechanical General Science Chemical Statistical Biochemical electronic Engineering Electrical and electronics Audio-visual Computer-programmer-operator

Other important categories are: pneumatics, construction, industrial, building service systems, animal, and systems analysts. The estimated needs of 80 companies for the 31 major categories of technicians (138 job types) are shown in the following tabulation: Gross Neta/ 1 Year 517 357 3 Years 1,127 766 5 Years 1,737 1,172 a/ Net after number to be trained by company is deducted.

-77- Table 13 Summary of Technician Needs Which are Expected to Develop in 80 Georgia Companies, 1962 to 1967, and Extent to Which Company Training will Meet Requirements.

Number No. Number Company Net Number to Job Needed in will train be trainedh/ Categories 1 yr 3 yrs 5 yrs1/ Trns 1 yr 3 yrs 5 yrs 1 yr 3 yrs 5 yrs Animal 8 21 34 8 8 11 14 0 10 20 Audio-visual 6 40 74 0 0 25 50 6 15 24 Bio-Chemical Electronic 23 52 81 0 0 0 0 23 52 81 Building Service Systems 9 25 41 0 3 10 17 6 15 24 Chemical 28 61 94 1 5 16 27 23 45 67 Combustion & FurnaceS/ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Communications 97 229 361 22 41 91 141 56 138 220 Computer Programmer Operator 30 50 70 16 6 23 40 24 27 30 Construction 25 35 45 0 0 0 0 25 35 45 Cryogenics 9 18 27 3 0 3 6 9 15 21 Electrical 8 21 34 2 0 11 22 8 10 12 Electrical & Electronics 25 50 75 8 9 14 19 16 35 56 Electronic Computer Maintenance 7 12 17 2 3 3 3 4 9 14 Electrical-Mechanical 77 175 273 18 30 63 96 47 112 177 Engineering 26 51 76 10 12 18 24 14 35 52 Environmental HealthS/ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Food Quality Control 2 2 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 General Science 20 66 112 20 15 22 29 5 44 83 Industrial Engineering 27 34 41 2 5 3 1 22 31 40 Industrial Water Sewerage pit.EJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Machine Tool & Die Maker 3 7 11 3 3 2 1 0 5 10 Metals 9 15 21 0 0 0 0 9 15 21 Nuclear 6 12 18 2 4 6 8 2 6 10 Plastics 6 15 24 3 1 0 0 5 15 24 Pneumatics 9 28 47 15 3 12 21 6 16 26 Poultry 7 13 19 0 0 0 0 7 13 19 Quality Control 10 15 20 3 4 3 2 6 12 18 Silk-screen Process 1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 2 3 Statistical 29 56 83 0 0 7 14 29 49 69 Systems Analyst 9 19 29 3 7 15 23 2 4 6 Welding 1 3 5 0 0 3 6 1 0 0

TOTAL 517 1,127 1,737 142 160 362 566 357 766 1,172

2/ Estimate based on adding 3 year total to the change from 1 to 3 years. Number needed minus the number to be trained by the company. S. ' to estimate demand accurately.

-78- Only eighty firms are represented in the calculations. Eighty-nine

firms were drawn to represent the approximately 1200 employers in the State with 100 or more workers, and 80 cooperated in the study. In addition to size of company, another consideration was whether the industry would be strongly affected by technological trends. 31/ The sample design was set up in such a way as to reflect the variability of the industry. This meant that the sampling ratio varied from industry to industry but the overall sampling percentage was 28 per cent with an inflation of 3.60. Applying

appropriate industrial inflation ratios to the jobs reported in each industry raised the expected total employment of technicians in new jobs in five

years to 7,542, not including the two special types listed below. (Fifty-

one per cent of these workers will be needed in the Atlanta area). With

approximately one-fourth being trained in company programs, the net number which will need to be trained is 1,600 in one year and 5,500 in five years.

Since it is impossible to train a technician in one year, the planners would need to concentrate on the three-year and five-year requirements. See

Table 14.

In developing the estimates of new openings for technicians certain errors and biases are inherent; some tend to detract from the estimate, others add to it. The interviews with top management, engineers, and maintenance personnel in the 80 companies, amounting to about 300 persons, by skilled interviewers trained in economics and management theory undoubtedly

33/ These estimates of requirements are based on reports for 80 companies. The interviews also disclosed expected needs for 650 medical technicians and 450 invironmental health technicians, the latter a south-wide figure. One large company expected to employ 200 technicians yearly of standard type (from Southern Technical Institute, etc.) over the next 5 years.

-79- Table 14 Projection of Gross and Net Requirements for Newly Employed Technicians in Georgia, 1962 to 1967

Universe Value, Sample based on infla- of 80 tion of Sample Item Large Firms to large firms, with over 100 Workers Number Needed: 1 Year 517 2,122 3 Years 1,127 4,844 5 Years2/ 1,737 7,542 Number in Training Currently 142 358 Number Company will Train: 1 Year 160 530 3 Years 362 1,297 5 Years2/ 566 2,055 Net Number to be Trained: 1 Year 357 1,592 3 Years 765 3,547 5 Years2/ 1,172 5,487

2/ Estimate determined by adding to the 3 years total the change from 1 year to 3 years. helped company officers to come to grips with problems in their companies posed by rapid technological change. These officers gained a more complete concept of their technological problems and their possible solutions by the analysis which occurred during the interchange. This tended to raise the estimated needs for technicians because they were realized more quickly and completely. On the other hand many firms under 100 workers, omitted from the personal interview part of the study, also employ technicians. This is especially true of the smaller firms in printing and publishing, metal fabrication of all types, and electronics types of concerns. Omission of these companies tended to reduce the estimated number of technicians to be trained.

-80- Professor L. H. Taylor, Southern Technical Institute, thinks this may be a

fairly large omission, particularly in the air conditioning, refrigeration, and construction industries. He says that these types of industries are major employers of technicians in these fields from Southern Technical

Institute, and that often some of these companies which are unable to pay the hire of an engineer will compromise by employing a technician. It would seem therefore that the analytical bias from the interviews of company personnel in the 80 large companies is at least, and perhaps more than, counter- balanced by omission from the survey of the types of small companies which also employ technicians. This latter bias is enlarged by the tendency of many small manufacturing companies, or companies providing a service closely related to technology, to employ a technician instead of the more expensive engineer.

F. Course Specification for New Technicians

Course specifications for new types of technicians in the composite are presented in this section of the report. The course specifications for six groups of similar types of new technicians are summarized, however, in

Appendix A. The section immediately following explains how these data were obtained.

Methods of Procedure for Obtaining Data on Course Specifications

After the job specifications had been developed for each new type of technician with appropriate managers and specialists, each was asked to discuss the general specifications and characteristics needed by a person to fill this position. Next, the respondent manager or specialist was asked to indicate on a checklist the courses considered essential for initial employment. (This check list is included as a part of Appendix B). In some

-81- cases, the interviewee would on his own initiative add other courses in the

space provided before being invited to do so. In all cases an opportunity

for the addition of another course or courses was provided and many responded.

At the close of the data collection phase of the study a supplementary check-

list was developed, and the course requirements were tabulated from the ini-

tial checklist and from the additional courses requested by the respondents.

From these data a master table was prepared showing the number of companies

requesting specific courses for specific types of technicians. The tabular

data presented below and in Appendix A were developed from the master table.

Summary of Course Specifications for 31 New Technicians

Courses have been presented in three categories in Table 15. Category

I includes those courses required by 50 to 100 per cent of the new technician

jobs reported. Category II includes those courses requested for 25 to 49 per cent of the new technician jobs reported. Category III includes those

courses required by less than 25 per cent of the new technician jobs reported.

For general curriculum building purposes only those courses requested

for 25 or more per cent of the new technicians are probably meaningful.

Courses required by less than this per cent are probably needed for a special type technician and must be fitted into a specific curriculum, or more prob-

ably provided by company training programs.

As expected, the fundamentals of mathematics and technical reporting

and writing were included in Category I. The great number of requests for technicians in the electrical and electronic groups explains the high percentage (60 and 56) requesting electricity and electronics. Engineering drawing was requested by 53 per cent; however, this is not altogether a true picture. In many cases the respondent assumed that all technicians would

-82- Table 15

Course Specifications for 138 New Technicians Requested by 80 . Georgia Companies Participating in Survey, Summer 1962

Number of Per Cent of Category and Course Technicians Total Reported Technicians

I. Courses in High Frequency2/ of Requests: Mathematics through geometry 123 80 Technical reporting and writing 95 62 Electricity 92 60 Basic electronics 86 56

Industrial electronics 85 56 . Engineering drawing 82 53

II. Courses in order of Less Frequency:J=2/ Communication skills 76 49 Applied physics 61 40 Instruments technology 56 36 Mechanics 55 36 Machine shop 53 34 Circuit design 52 34 Basic chemistry 50 33 Standards and specifications 44 29 Hydraulics 43 28 Statistics 42 27 Welding technology 39 25

III. Courses of Compaatively Low order of Frequency:Si Public speaking 36 23 Metallurgy 35 23 Applied chemistry 33 22 Quality control 33 22 Computer technology 30 20 Theoretical physics 28 18 Engineering design 27 18 Heat treatment of metals 24 16 Advanced electronics 24 16 Radio and microwaves 23 15 Time & motion study 19 12 Microbiology 7 5 Bacteriology 6 4 Instrumentation - biology & chemistry 6. 4 Biology - applied 5 3 Chemistry - industrial 5 3

a/ Requested for 50 per cent or more new technician jobs reported. 17 25 to 49 per cent of new technician jobs reported. £1 25 per cent of the new technician jobs reported. have had this course and failed to check it as required for initial employment. This was brought out in later discussion.

Course Requirements for Specific Groups of Technicians

In order to facilitate the analysis for curriculum development, the 31 major technician types have been arranged into six categories, or groupings, based on similarity of course specifications by industry. These groupings are as follows:

1. The biology related group.

2. The chemistry and physics related group.

3. The computer, statistics, and systems group.

4. The electrical group.

5. The engineering, mechanical, and metals group.

6. The miscellaneous group.

Details on the composite course requirements for each group, as well as for each of the technicians categories constituting the group, are presented in tabular form in Appendix A, Tables A - F.

G. Relationship of Technicians to Scientific Progress and Technological Development

The fastest growing economies in Europe are West Germany and Russia.

It is widely acknowledged that in both countries more emphasis is given to the training of scientists, technicians, and skilled workers than in the

United States and the English speaking nations. Even during World War II, it was observed that every German city of any influence had a "technische hochschule." These were well equipped, fine buildings, occupying the most prominent spots in the cities. The German public school system trains technicians as a natural part of the educational program. It is believed that

-84- the speed of industrial progress and scientific discovery of Modern Germany, from about the turn of the Century, may be tied to this approach to education.

Data are lacking for proof, but this assertion will be presumed here. Through illustration, a later discussion will have a bearing on this point.

Mr. L. V. Johnson has stated that there is a need for three to six technicians for each engineer or scientist. 34/ The engineer (or the scientist) is broadly trained in theory. Building a pyramid of technicians and skilled workers around him would enable a more complete and quicker exploitation of basic theory. The technician understands theory but in a narrower field than the engineer. The technician's strong point is his ability to work with engineers and make developments, equipment, or tests to carry out and put into effect the engineer's theory. The technician, because of his inherent ability to put theory into practice, helps speed up technological innovation in industry. I shall give three examples below illustrating these points.

At the University of Virginia, in the late 1930's when Hitler was running wild in Europe, the physics department employed a couple of refugee

German instrument makers. These men worked in the physics department with highly theoretical men. Yet, about fifteen years later, as a result of this teamwork, the physics department of the University of Virginia was able to make a breakthrough in nuclear physics by demonstrating that an element could be separated into components or particles of different weights. This was done through the use of an ultra-high speed centrifuge, revolving at the rate of several million RPM's. From a concept, the German instrument makers had

34/ Johnson, L. V.: Technical-Institute Programs--Response to Techno- logical Challenge, and address to the Forty-fifth Annual Conference, National University Extension Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 26, 1960, pp. 11-12. The ratio of skilled craftsman to the engineering technician is 8-20 to 1.

-85- worked out the equipment to test the theory. Their important contribution and the success of the experiment was publicly acknowledged at an open house attended by the senior author in the late 1940's.

An example from the history of science also supports the point. In

1860, the noted English physicist, James Clerk Maxwell, developed the electromagnetic theory of light. This stated that light waves are electrical in nature and not mechanical. But Maxwell only gave a mathematical formulation as proof of his theory. Scientists would not accept his theory until it was proved in the laboratory. This was accomplished in 1888 by a young

German scientist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, 31/ in his technical High School

Laboratory in Karlsuhe where he was a professor of physics.

Both of the above are excellent examples of how scientific discovery and technological progress are forwarded by technicians. But we can also cite a case which we discovered in the course of our interviews. This illustration involves a company where lack of technicians is delaying an important research and development project in Georgia. The research involves hydrogen at low temperatures. The lack of cryogenics technicians has caused from a three to five year delay in the research while physicists and engineers waste time to train needed technicians from local high school graduates.

The project budget, involving millions of dollars of extra costs, has already been revised upward twice.

The fact that technicians are important to rapid scientific and technological progress and industrial growth has been demonstrated. The importance of technicians (and skilled workers) to maintenance work on complex

35/ Upton, Monroe: Electronics for Everyone, Signet Science Library Book, August 1962, pp. 124-134.

-86- types of equipment--even automobiles--is neither recognized nor appreciated in some of our arguments for expansion of technical type schools. Production type equipment designed with electronic controls and mechanical and hydraulic mechanisms, or those of a pneumatic type, is coming out in increasing volume.

Such equipment is expensive--it may involve a half-million dollars. Obvi- ously, many industries cannot afford "downtime" on such equipment. They want maintenance technicians who prevent breakdowns by proper inspections, or if breakdowns do occur, technicians who can move immediately to diagnose the trouble and make the equipment operative. This is beyond the ordinary skilled mechanic or maintenance man. A technician is needed who knows the theory of the mechanism and how it operates. A veritable boom is expected to develop for technicians to perform sophisticated maintenance work. Activity stretching across the entire economy is foreseen--even to maintenance work on household appliances and automobiles which products are fast becoming increasingly complex.

The importance of first class automobile maintenance and repair and the tragic effect of deficiencies in the training of such persons is illustrated by the following story from the Reader's Digest for June 1962, pp. 124-27.

In this report written by James Stewart Gordon, and entitled: "Hidden

Factors in Auto Deaths," the author has summarized the findings of a team of researchers of the Harvard University--United States Public Health Service project investigating highway deaths, University of California at Los

Angeles, and other sources. The results of the research in general of the

Harvard team is that many accidents attributed to high speed, alcohol or reckless driving may have had other causes as well. Studies at UCLA show also that high speed was not as important as had been thought in causing

-87- deaths. In experiments over a period of years (on over 60 cars under actual collision conditions) to determine the ability of cars and their occupants to withstand collision, tests have shown that speeds of 21 to 27 miles per hour can cause death on impact. The studies have shown, surprisingly, that shoddy repair work is a frequent cause of fatalities. Coupled with improper repair work is the dangerous indifference of many drivers to their car's condition, as for instance, tires. In many accidents which had been offi- cially attributed solely to drunken driving or speed, the simple mechanical fact that tires had failed at crucial moments was found to be a factor. VII. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF-EMPLOYED

The objective for this portion of the study was to determine the characterisitcs of firms of three or less workers with respect to the duration of the business and the output of the firm. The education and training of the operator in secondary schools and college programs were determined, as well as the role of various types of vocational education and training in his development. Original developments of these firms were also investigated.

A. Sample Selection and Response

The small firms in Georgia with three or less workers represent about

32,000 firms and 58,000 workers. While these firms may not constitute a great deal of employment in terms of the State total, it is believed that they are of great significance to the use of technical and skilled workers.

The hypothesis is strongly supported by the inverse relationship already established between size of firm and relative use of technical, skilled, and clerical workers. It was therefore thought that a study of the self- employed would add considerably, not only to our knowledge of the demand for technical and skilled workers, but also would provide information on small firms and how they may relate to the economic growth process through firm starts. The industries in which the study was concentrated were retail trade, manufacturing, repair services, business services, and construction.

Insufficient questionnaires were returned by the small construction firms to permit analysis.

Magnetic tape was obtained from the Bureau of Old Age and Survivors'

Insurance records office, Baltimore, Maryland, and addresses abstracted through computer programming on an IBM 1401. A random selection of the

-89- firms in selected industries, as discussed above, was chosen. The number of questionnaires mailed was 725. A questionnaire 36J designed to obtain basic background, formulated and field tested in the usual fashion, was mailed to the firms included in the sample, with a covering letter and return mailing pieces. Within 10 days, the cut-off date for mailed returns, 129 replies had been obtained. A telephone follow-up was pursued through the area labor market analysts. This brought in another 87 forms, or a survey total of 216.

B. Method of Analysis of the Data

The completed questionnaires were classified into four groups which were very similar in terms of the product or service and the characteristics of the operators and other personnel. These groups were Repair Work, Manu- facturing, Trade and Services, and General Business Services. The Standard

Industrial Classification Codes included in each group are provided as foot- notes to Table 16. The data were analyzed and classified on the basis of the variables of interest. Some significant findings appear in the next section.

C. Summary of Findings

Firms with three or less workers tend to be largely service oriented.

This service orientation is shown by the 55 per cent of the firms which provide only a service plus the 24 per cent which provide both a service and a product. Some of the manufacturing firms reported providing a service (30 per cent) or both a service and a product (24 per cent).

36/ See copy in Appendix R.

-90-

Table 16 Analysis of Characteristics of Self-Employed in Firms with 3 or Less Workers

Repair Manufac- Trade General ITEM Work2/ turing-. b/ and Business Composite Services./ Service& Number of Companies Reporting 52 50 67 47 216

Duration of Business in Georgia (Years) 13.2 12.0 11.3 9.4 11.5

Percentage of Companies Reporting Dependence of Business on: 1. Product 46.0 35.8 21.8 2. Service 55.8 30.0 40.3 100.0 54.6 3. Both Product & Service 44.2 24.0 23.9 23.6

Education & Training of Business Operator: 1. Less than 8th grade 11.5 3.0 6.5 12.0 2. Completion of 8th grade 7.7 6.0 11.9 4.3 7.9 3. One or more Years H.S. 32.7 16.0 6.0 4.3 14.3 4. High School graduate 23.1 38.0 26.9 2.1 23.0 5. One or more yr. college 17.6 19.2 10.0 17.9 23.4 6. College graduate 46.8 26.4 5.8 18.0 34.3 7. M. S. Degree 3.8 17.0 8. Ph. D. Degree 2.1 0.5

Other Sources of Education and Training of Business Operator:2/ 1. Vocational-trade school 27.0 14.0 7.5 8.5 13.9 2. Technical school 23.1 4.0 4.5 10.6 10.2 3. Private Business school 9.6 2.0 1.5 14.9 6.5 4. Apprenticeship 21.2 22.0 7.5 25.5 18.0 5. On-the-job, another co. 48.1 22.0 10.4 25.5 25.5 6. None 19.2 50.0 79.0 57.4 53.2

Vocational Background of Business Operator: 1. Technical 13.4 12.0 1.5 2.1 6.9 2. Skilled 78.9 54.0 16.4 6.4 38.0 3. Neither 7.7 34.0 82.1 91.5 55.1

Technical or Skilled Back- ground of Hired Personnel: 1. Technical 2.0 6.0 21.3 6.5 2. Skilled 80.8 60.0 10.4 4.3 37.5 3. Both technical & skilled 26.0 1.8 4. Neither tech, nor skilled 17.3 8.0 89.6 74.4 54.2

Reporting Inventions or Original Developments 5.8 10.0 4.3 4.6 (a) Repair Work SIC Codes 75 & 76, (b) Manufacturing SIC Codes 19-39, (c) Trade and Services odes 40-88, excluding 73, 75, 76, (d) General Business Services SIC Codes 73 and 89, (e) s will exceed 100 because of repeats in more than one kind of training.

-91- Many of these small firm operators have had considerable formal education. The 26 per cent completing a 4-year college program represents the largest single block. The highest percentage of college graduates among the self-employed is found in the General Business Services Group (47). This is due to the large number of professional type activities---accounting, archi- tecture, engineering, etc., found in this group. The next highest percentage of college graduates is found in the Trade and Services Group. High

School education is the most important type of schooling in manufacturing and repair work. Thirty-eight per cent of the operators in Manufacturing concerns have completed high school and 23 per cent of those in Repair

Services, but an additional 33 per cent of the Repair Group have completed one or more years of high school.

Sources of vocational education and training other than secondary schools and college programs are also important in the development of the operators of the firms. Over 44 per cent reported some training in one or more of the programs listed in Table 16. The group most heavily dependent upon these other programs of vocational education is Repair Services with

92 per cent having had some work in these programs. This type of education is least important in Trade and Services. The most frequent source of vocational education is on-the-job training with another company.

Since the major objective of the study of which this is a part is directed toward determining the need for technical and skilled personnel, the number of firm operators falling into these categories is particularly interesting. The group having the largest percentage of operators with a technical background is Manufacturing with 6 per cent; and having a background in a skill, Repair Services with 81 per cent. Operators with skilled

-92- training is also important in manufacturing (54 per cent). A background as a technician or as a skilled worker is relatively unimportant in the Trade and Services and General Repair Services Group.

The use of other personnel having a technical or skilled background follows the same pattern as that of the firm operator. More skilled workers are to be found in Repair Services (81 per cent) and in Manufacturing (60 per cent) than in any other group. Only manufacturing firms reported using both technical and skilled personnel.

More inventions or original developments were reported by Manufacturing

(10 per cent) and Repair Service (6 per cent). Most of these inventions or developments have to do with labor saving devices. Some unique products are also involved.

The following are examples of new products developed by some of these small firms: Electronic type barbecue machine, combination gang and edger to speed sawmill operations, textile speciality chemicals, new sound and thermal insulation materials, compressed air stapling gun, horizonatal power line switch, bags for coffee urns, manually operated outboard motor, and brake bleeding device that eliminates the need for two men in bleeding hydraulic brake systems. Examples of service developments or new processes are package finance service to small firms, special methods and tools for repair of refrigeration equipment, and use of acetylene torch to solder radiator cores with a new type of solder.

D. Significance of Findings to Main Report

The number of firms involved in the sample, while drawn according to random methods, are not of sufficient size to justify statistical inference to the main report. However, some gereralizations are appropriate.

-93- Irrespective of how one analyzes Table 16 or which category he tests, it is obvious that a comparatively high level of education and skilled training exists in the backgrounds of both the managers and the workers in these small firms. They are innovators of considerable scope as shown by number of inventions or developments reported. Their number, 32,000, and high turnover rate indicate that the opportunity to join the self-employed is fairly good provided one has the proper educational background---high school at least, and technical skills to maintain a high quality of product or service.

While it is not possible to employ usual statistical methods as in other parts of the report to show the annual need for technical and skilled personnel among the self-employed, it is obvious that the demand is considerable for firm starts and worker replacements. The conclusion is that self-employed firms not only are significant in numbers but also are especially high in ratio of employment of persons with skills and persons of considerable education. VIII. DEMAND-SUPPLY SUMMARIES FOR MAJOR SKILLED TYPES

In the analysis to this point, we have measured employers' demand for skilled categories and for job types for intervals up to five years. In one year total job openings for technicians are estimated at 2,071; skilled workers, 8,072, and clerical, 8,582. The five year estimates are 7,412 technicians, 27,205 skilled workers, and 30,964 clerical workers, with an aggregate total of 65,581. In addition there will be a demand for about 7,542 new technicians in five years. There are sizable training programs in existence to meet these demands. The Georgia Department of Education is in the process of developing twenty-seven vocational-technical schools in addition to two State schools to help supply the growing demand for skilled workers. Southern Technical Institute, operated by Georgia Tech, is graduating annually about 260 highly specialized technicians. The Bureau of

Apprenticeship Training, U.S. Department of Labor, operates a cooperative program with industry to train many skilled workers on-the-job.

The interrelationship of demand and supply for technical and skilled workers is presented in Table 17. The table provides information on the aggregate number of jobs employers expect to have open in 1, 3, and 5 years.

Information on company training, and also on the composite output of the educational system are shown. The data show that a somewhat higher percentage of the needs in the near future may be expected to be met by company training programs, while the opposite is true of the various educational programs, which will be more successful in meeting the requirements expected

in five years. Company programs include the Bureau of Apprenticeship Train-

ing. Rates of training output show that company programs are training about

886 technical workers yearly now; the educational system 677; for new

-95- Table 17 Balance Sheet of Demand and Supply for Technical and Skilled Workers Summer 1962

Technicians Period Survey New Total Skilled Defined TitlesA/ Workers Titles I. Total Employer AGGREGATE DENAND12/ 1 Year 2,071 2,122 4,193 8,072 3 Years 4,737 4,844 9,581 17,621 5 Years 7,412 7,542 14,954 27,205 II. Training Supply A. Company Training 1 Year 886 530 1,416 2,873 3 Years 1,415 1,297 2,712 5,458 5 Years 2,363 2,055 4,418 9,114 B. Educational SystemE/ 1 Year 677 0 677 745 3 Years 2,995 0 2,995 4,481 5 Years 6,508 0 6,508 10,957 III. Percentage Supplied A. Company Training 1 Year 43 25 34 36 3 Years 30 27 28 31 5 Years 32 27 30 34 B. Educational System 1 Year 33 0 16 9 3 Years 63 0 31 25 5 Years 88 0 43 40 C. Deficit 1 Year 24 75 50 55 3 Years 7 73 41 44 5 Years -20 d/— 73 27 26

V Based on field survey of 80 large firms. 21 Job Openings from increase in employment plus replacement demand, ignoring excess job with minus. —c/ By vocational-technical schools of Georgia Department of Education and Southern Technical Institute. Figures based on 26 area schools and 2 State vocational-technical schools. Data on the 27th school are not yet available. / This figure indicates an apparent training surplus of this class of technician, but many will be capable of filling job openings for new technicians, which shows a deficit in the training projections. technicians developing, companies expect to turn out 530 or 25 per cent of needs by mid-1963. In the case of skilled workers companies have in training,

2,873, and the educational system, 745 for mid-1963. The output by companies of technicians in five years will be stepped up 2.7 times for present types

-96- of technicians, and 3.9 times for new types of technicians; and the education system, because of the large increase in number of new training centers, will step up the current rate for technicians 9.6 times. Output of skilled workers by companies will go up 3.2 times from current rates and in the educational system, 14.7 times. The greatest gains in output of technicians and skilled workers is programmed for the educational system, in its timely program of Vocational-technical schools.

The overall balance of supply from company training and training in centers of the public educational system, including Southern Technical

Institute, will leave a deficit by mid-1963 of 50 per cent for technicians, representing 2,100 jobs open that cannot be filled. In five years the deficit will have narrowed to 27 per cent but there is likely to be 4,028 technical jobs seeking trained workers. In the case of skilled workers the situation is about the same but numbers are even larger. By mid-1963, the deficit of skilled workers is expected to be 55 per cent, representing 4,454 unfilled skilled jobs. By mid-1967, while the percentage deficit will be only one-fourth or 26 per cent, the unfilled openings for skilled workers may be as high as 7,134.

The deficits are probably not nearly as large as they seem because experts consider that companies tend to be optimistic in projecting the future.

The estimates should be regarded as on the high side. However, the size of the deficit and the need for greater output of technical and skilled workers to stimulate company starts indicate the need for a somewhat enlarged program from both the company and the public sectors.

The procedure to get a somewhat larger program requires: (1) Greatly stepped up company training through the Bureau of Apprenticeship Training,

-97.- U.S. Department of Labor, and (2) still higher training goals for the vocational-technical schools and also for Southern Technical Institute. IX. DEMAND-SUPPLY SUMMARIES BY AREAS

In this section employer job demand will carry the usual connotation employed in this report. It means the net number of job openings that may

be expected. Net number of job openings is determined by the net increase

in total employment during a given period plus replacement requirements of

current workers. Supply ordinarily would reflect the total number of work-

ers trained by companies and by the public school system through vocational-

technical training centers and technical institutes. While the questionnaire was able to spot company training in terms of job specifics, it has not been

possible to get job training specifics from the public school system because

over three-fourths of the schools are under construction and in the planning

stage. Aggregate projections have been provided in this section on the basis

of the instructional area that will be in operation by certain dates, and

the general demand-supply measure in terms of net of company training. The

results show what is required of the public school system by job titles.

The plan for this section of the report is to provide demand-supply di-

gests from the detailed tables in the appendix. Nine of these digest tables,

showing major titles, will be presented and a brief discussion given of the

job highlights. The tables consist of the summary table for the project

area, three main division tables, and five sub-area tables.

A. Project Area Total

Table 18 presents a demand-supply analysis for the important technical,

skilled, and clerical workers for the entire study area. 32/ Current

37/— Includes the entire State of Georgia plus Russell County, Alabama, and Aiken County, South Carolina.

-99- employment, employer demand or net job openings for 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years in the future, and net training requirements for 1 year, 3 years, and

5 years in the future are presented in this table. In terms of job titles,

12 technician types of jobs are listed, 25 skilled workers, and 5 clerical workers. These 42 jobs account for 82 per cent of total current employment,

80 per cent of the new job openings in 5 years, and 84 per cent of the net training requirements in 5 years. Thus about 85 per cent of the problem of

future demand-supply of skilled workers is concentrated in this table. De- tails on all jobs for the entire study area, showing age, sex, company training, job openings, and training needs, are given in Appendix C. Table 18 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967

PROJECT AREA (Total)

Current Skilled Category Employ- Employer Demand: Net Trainingg and Job Title ment Net Job Openings.) Sum 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years Technicians: 001 Acc i t-Gen & Cost 3,336 241 659 1,078 98 456 738 025 Electronics Tech 1,756 293 572 852 239 429 614 028 Estimator 1,414 164 347 532 131 273 408 050 Production Planner 1,111 106 251 397 75 193 299 035 Instrument Man 1,085 10 42 74 4 29 53 009 Civil & Const Tech 935 93 171 248 91 169 245 053 Quality Control Tech 923 68 172 276 46 136 216 021 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 878 90 221 353 43 149 232 056 Research Lab Analyst 840 9 25 41 8 21 35 033 Industrial Tech 833 66 168 271 10 37 51 022 Draftsman-Structural 751 96 171 246 43 115 153 034 Instructor-Trainees 692 59 132 206 15 82 123 Subtotal 14,554 1,295 2,931 4,574 803 2,089 3,167 Per Cent of Total 63 63 62 62 68 63 63 All others 8,619 776 1,806 2,838 382 1,233 1,884 Total 23,173 2,071 4,737 7,412 1,185 3,322 5,051 Skilled Workers: 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 6,780 980 2,019 3,062 800 1,653 2,451 204 Automobile Mechanican 6,159 379 1,034 1,693 240 781 1,271 221 Electrician 4,997 1,075 1,650 2,228 886 1,317 1,673 243 Maintenance Mechanic 4,969 197 646 1,097 55 350 604 241 Machinist 4,860 388 975 1,564 238 663 1,043 242 Maintenance Man 4,530 307 758 1,210 256 659 1,044 249 Painter 4,332 309 625 944 237 462 671 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 3,471 400 889 1,379 293 601 899 278 Welder 3,312 456 985 1,515 254 648 954 240 Loom Fixer 2,701 83 236 390 -99 -63 -109 244 Mason (Brick, etc) 2,415 215 519 825 162 429 675 205 Auto Body Repr-Paint 2,404 102 377 654 74 253 447 238 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 1,788 114 246 379 -10 -28 -77 210 Cabinetmaker I 1,748 81 292 504 63 234 407 262 Plumber 1,497 376 726 1,077 215 458 630 246 Millwright 1,431 76 160 244 24 94 135 213 Cement Finisher Const 1,374 377 664 951 316 541 746 276 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 1,336 93 278 464 32 176 294 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 1,266 244 433 622 177 331 453 218 Diesel Mech-Non-mfg 1,151 140 274 408 87 205 293 272 Structural Ironwkrs 1,134 75 148 222 75 148 222 268 Spinning Frame Fixer 1,021 40 138 236 -23 9 21 202 Aircraft Mechanic 983 33 127 221 22 96 169 203 Air'cond or Ref Mech 968 137 286 436 72 176 253 269 Stationary Engineer 737 16 60 104 -7 32 57 Subtotal 67,364 6,693 14,545 22,429 4,439 10,225 15,226 Per Cent of Total 83 83 83 82 85 84 84 All others 14,022 1,379 3,076 4,776 763 1,935 2,867 Total 81,386 8,072 17,621 27,205 5,202 12,160 18,093 Clerical Workers: 406 Stenographer 15,549 2,035 4,583 7,247 1,915 4,329 6,822 401 Accounting Clerk 13,117 1,519 3,638 5,864 1,249 2,964 4,737 1408 Typist 11,734 1,595 3,676 5,826 1,483 3,526 5,575 4,210 981 2,391 3,869 4.02-a makiamme m . 9,513 1,067 2,595 405 Statistical Clerk 4,344 494 1,293 2,127 420 1,079 1,770 Subtotal 54,257 6,710 15,785 25,274 6,048 14,289 22,773 Per Cent of Total 89 78 81 82 89 87 89 All others 6,840 1,872 3,762 5,690 772 2,087 2,895 Total 61,097 8,582 19,547 30,964 6,820 16,376 25,668 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 165,656 18,725 41,905 65,581 13,207 31,858 48,812 TOTAL FOR LISTED JOBS 136,175 14,698 33,261 52,277 11,290 26,603 41,166 PER CENT OF TOTAL 82 78 79 80 85 84 84

2/ Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separation effect9. This requirement is derived by substracting the number to complete company training by periods from the net number of job openings. The largest number of job openings and net training requirements in 5 years are as follows:

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Accountants--Gen & Cost 1,078 738 Electronics 852 614 Estimator 532 408 Production Planner 397 299 Subtotal 2,859 2,059 Skilled: Carpenter 3,062 2,451 Electrician 2,228 1,673 Auto Mechanics 1,693 1,271 Machinist 1,564 1,043 Welder 1,515 954 Sheet-Metal Worker 1,379 899 Maintenance Man 1,210 1,044 Subtotal 12,651 9,335 Clerical: Stenographer 7,247 6,822 Accounting Clerk 5,864 4,737 Typist 5,826 5,575 Bookkeeper 4,210 3,869 Subtotal 23,147 21,003 TOTAL 38,657 32,397

The fifteen jobs listed (four technicians, seven skilled, and four clerical workers) account for 59 per cent of the net job openings for the entire study area and 66 per cent of the training needs. The yearly number of job openings expected during the next five years from these 15 jobs average 7,731 and the yearly net training needs are 6,479.

B. Area Analysis

The original intent or the purpose of the study was to develop independent estimates of current use and future requirements for technical, skilled,

-102- and clerical workers for the six Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas 31/ in Georgia plus a total for all the rest of the State (referred to as Non-

Metropolitan Georgia). The sample was designed to permit separate inflation for each of the seven areas. However, response to the questionnaire32/ was insufficient to permit inflation separately for the five smaller metropolitan areas (Albany, Macon, Savannah, Augusta, and Columbus). The returns were sufficient, however, to inflate to the universe for the 5 areas as a whole.

Estimates were then prepared for each of the areas separately by allocation of the 5-area total by ratios based on the relative importance in each of these areas of 40 different industry categories 4.91 involved in the inflation process.

The three major divisions of the study inflated directly are Atlanta,

Non-Metropolitan Georgia, and five smaller Metropolitan Areas. Detailed data are given in Appendix .0 for each of these major divisions of the study. These data show current employment, sex, age, replacement effects; company training in 1, 3, and 5 years; and expected employment 1, 3, and 5 years; net number of job openings in 1, 3, and 5 years, and net training requirements in 1, 3, and 5 years. Each of the five smaller Metropolitan Areas

38/ Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas are integrated economic areas around cities, defined along county lines which have been defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget for purposes of statistical reporting referred to as Metropolitan Areas. The criteria for establishing such areas as SMSA's are given in United States Census of Population 1960, General Social and Economic Characteristics: United States Summary PC (1), U.S. p. x. The 6 city areas included from Georgia in the study qualify as SMSA's under these criteria. 32/ The main deficiency in the returns was among large firms which had a response of about 60 per cent. 0 See Appendix .B for a description of these.

-103- is derived from the 5-area composite total for each skilled occupationAli

The data provided are therefore more limited. Estimates are for current employment; net job openings in 1, 3, and 5 years; and net training requirements in 1, 3, and 5 years. Since these data were derived from an overall total by allocation procedures, they are only rough approximations but are believed sufficiently accurate for planning purposes.

The relative importance of the three major areas and the five sub-areas in explaining current employment of technical, skilled, and clerical workers is shown in Table 19. It is to be noted that Atlanta and Non-Metropolitan

Georgia account for 76 per cent of the aggregate employment reported for

155 classes of technical, skilled, and clerical workers. Non-Metropolitan

Georgia is one percentage point above Metropolitan Atlanta. But Atlanta is a substantially higher user of technical and clerical workers. New electronics types of industries and high government employment explain the higher ratios (41 per cent each) than Non-Metropolitan Georgia which, however, utilizes the highest number (41 per cent) of the skilled workers. The higher ratio among skilled workers is related to textiles, apparel, paper and pulp, and some wood using industries in outlying Georgia. The five smaller metropolitan areas, as a whole, are only about 63 per cent as large as either of the other areas. In the aggregate this area is also relatively high in skilled workers and relatively low in technical workers. The Macon and

Augusta SMSA's have about 6 per cent each of the study area total; the

Columbus and Savannah SMSA's, almost 5 per cent each, and Albany 2 per cent.

41/— Albany, Macon, Savannah, Augusta, and Columbus. The latter two are listed out of alphabetical order because they include Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama which required a more complex allocation procedure

-104- Table 19 Relative Use of Skilled Types of Workers in Different Areas, Summer 1962

Item Technician Skilled Clerical Total Workers Workers

Project Area Total 23,173 81,386 61,097 165,656 1. Atlanta SMSA 9,550 27,540 25,104 62,194 2. Non-Metropolitan 8,725 33,202 21,786 63,713 3. 5 Smaller SMSA's Total 4,895 20,631 14,204 39,730 SUB-AREA TOTALS: a. Albany 412 1,902 1,109 3,423 b. Macon 1,286 4,758 4,737 10,781 c. Savannah 845 4,017 2,717 7,579 d. Augusta 1,400 5,654 3,090 10,144 e. Columbus 947 4,301 2,550 7,798

Percentage of Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 1. Atlanta 41.2 33.8 41.1 37.5 2. Non-Metropolitan 37.7 40.8 35.7 38.5 3. 5 Smaller SMSA's Total 21.1 25.3 23.2 24.0 SUB-AREA RATIOS: a. Albany 1.8 2.3 1.8 2.1 b. Macon 5.5 5.8 7.8 6.5 c. Savannah 3.6 4.9 4.4 4.6 d. Augusta 6.0 6.9 5.1 6.1 e. Columbus 4.1 5.3 4.2 4.7

Macon tends to be relatively high in clerical workers (7.8 per cent) and

Augusta in skilled workers (6.9 per cent). The strong concentration of clerical workers in the former is due to the Warner Robins Air Modification

Center, and the high ratios of skilled workers in the Augusta Area is associated with the Savannah River Plant.

The effect of the degree of urbanization and city size on the relative

use of the three classes of skilled workers is shown by the following tabulation which relates relative size as to population in 1960 to the 1962 employment of technical, skilled, and clerical workers for the three major divisions in the study.

-105- Table 20 Percentage of Project Area Totals

1960 Skilled Survey, Summer 1962 Area Census of Technical Skilled Clerical Total Population Workers Workers Workers

1. Atlanta SMSA 25 41.2 33.8 41.1 37.5

2. Non-Metropolitan Georgia 53 37.7 40.8 35.7 38.5

3. Five Smaller SNSA's 22 21.1 25.3 23.2 24.0

TOTAL FOR PROJECT AREA 100 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0

The data show a striking concentration of all three skilled categories

of workers in Atlanta SMSA as compared to population. Relatively, the

Atlanta SMSA with 25 per cent of the Study Area's population has 37.5 per

cent of the skilled workers, a ratio of 1 to 1.5. The comparison shows

that concentration is highest in technicians and clerical workers and some-

what lower in skilled workers, but still relatively higher than either of

the other two divisions. The five smaller SMSA's in the composite also more

than than hold their own in the relative employment of skilled workers with

a ratio of 1 to 1.1. The use of technicians falls slightly below par.

In the case of Non-Metropolitan Georgia, the various industries here

fall far short compared to total population in the uses of the three cate-

gories of skilled workers, with a ratio of 1 to 0.7. Even in the use of

skilled workers, of which group this area has the largest number, the ratio

is short, 1 to 0.8. The conclusion is that the number of types of skilled

workers and relative employment of them increases more than proportionately with city size. This finding is in line with an analysis by Florence 112/ on the effect of size of city on concentration of engineers, scientists, and technological workers. These findings are consistent also with research by

Florence on the importance of skilled workers to economic growth. For three large metropolitan areas in the western world, he shows that the proportion of such specialized personnel is in multiples of the areas' labor force.

The three areas he has reference to are London, Paris, and New York, and I cite his data directly:

"In 1931 Greater London contained 19.5 per cent of the employed population of Great Britain. But it held 52.7 per cent of all workers engaged in making scientific instruments and apparatus other than photographic and electrical. . . .

In 1946, the Department of the Seine (the metropolitan area with its center at Paris) contained 12.2 per cent of the employed population of France but held: 36 per cent of the engineers, 37 per cent of the industrial designers, 34 per cent of the technological workers, 37 per cent of the labor workers, and 32 per cent of the chemists.

The New York Metropolitan area contained 11.2 per cent of the total employees in American manufacturing industries in 1947, but also held: 56.5 per cent of all workers employed in surgical manufacturers and medical instruments, 32 per cent of all workers employed in making electrical measuring instruments, and 17.5 per cent of all workers employed in making mechanical measuring instruments."

Atlanta SMSA. Data for 42 leading technical, skilled, and clerical workers in the Atlanta SMSA are given in Table 21. The jobs are all listed from highest current employment in descending order. The 12 technical types of workers account for 6,661 jobs or 70 per cent of the total current employment, 69 per cent of the net job openings in five years, and 67 per cent of

42/ — Florence, P. Sargent, "Economic Efficiency in the Metropolis," The Metropolis in Modern Life, (Edited by Robert Moore Fisher), Doubleday and Company, New York, 1955, page 106.

-107- the net training requirements in five years. The 25 types of skilled jobs account for 22,426 jobs current, or 81 per cent of the total employment of

77 classes of skilled workers in the Atlanta MBA, 84 per cent of net job openings in five years, and 90 per cent of net training requirements. The five classes of clerical workers listed account for 21,856 jobs currently or 87 per cent of the eight classes of clerical workers studied, 74 per cent of the job openings in five years, and 87 per cent of the net training requirements in five years.

The 42 jobs listed in Table 21 represent 50,943 jobs currently (Summer of 1962), and 82 per cent of the total employment reported by 155 job occupations in the study, 76 per cent of the new job openings in five years, and

86 per cent of the net training requirements in five years. Details on sex, age, company training, etc. for 155 job types in the Atlanta area will be found in Appendix C. Table 21 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967

ATLANTA SMSA

Current Skilled Category Employ- Employer Demand: Net Training and Job Title ment Net Job Openings a/- RequirementsE' Sum 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years Technicians: 001 Acc't-Gen & Cost 1,691 164 405 645 68 287 448 025 Electronics Tech 1,137 176 431 687 157 344 542 033 Industrial Tech 635 57 150 243 11 28 40 022 Draftsman-Structural 489 58 85 113 18 46 48 028 Estimator 460 69 107 144 67 99 132 021 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 432 46 100 155 32 64 94 014 Commercial Artist 338 20 83 147 6 56 101 009 Civil & Const Tech 322 61 79 98 59 78 95 045 Mechanical Tech 309 21 68 115 -3 44 74 050 Production Planner 300 19 64 109 5 36 62 049 Proc-Descrip Writer 274 6 17 28 -33 -22 -37 053 Quality Control Tech 274 33 80 127 21 65 103 Subtotal 6,661 730 1,669 2,611 408 1,125 1,702 Per Cent of Total 70 70 69 69 67 67 67 All others 2,889 319 754 1,182 200 552 846 Total 9,550 1,049 2,423 3,793 608 1,677 2,548 Skilled Workers: 249 Painter 2,442 172 271 372 111 169 202 221 Electrician 1,873 727 1,093 1,461 641 969 1,253 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 1,743 335 358 381 322 332 338 204 Automobile Mechanic 1,670 113 320 530 71 269 444 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 1,518 83 155 228 76 130 187 241 Machinist 1,379 134 355 576 125 304 491 205 Auto Body Repr-Paint 1,161 55 197 340 55 125 220 243 Maintenance Mechanic 1,037 50 141 234 26 115 189 242 Maintenance Man 967 92 197 303 82 180 274 244 Mason (Brick, etc) 958 36 24 13 36 -4 -34 278 Welder 921 116 268 420 79 221 342 202 Aircraft Mechanic 894 32 122 212 20 91 160 262 Plumber 767 303 524 746 156 292 359 218 Diesel Mech-Non-mfg 641 31 83 134 16 53 83 210 Cabinetmaker I 552 23 54 86 23 50 80 203 Air-cond or Ref Mech 522 95 189 284 45 115 160 246 Millwright 488 13 36 59 23 37 276 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 442 45 101 158 39 92 142 264 Printer-Compositor 419 5 41 77 3 17 37 257 Offset-Press Man 403 42 89 136 -3 26 31 216 Cylinder-press-Pr & Ph 369 70 120 171 24 59 69 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 336 192 326 459 162 264 357 272 Structural Ironwkers 319 8 19 31 8 19 31 234 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 305 12 31 50 10 30 48 238 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 300 3 19 35 -7 -30 -46 Subtotal 22,426 2,787 5,133 7,496 2,120 3,911 5,454 Per Cent of Total 81 85 84 84 89 89 90 All others 5,114 504 980 1,462 250 478 627 Total 27,540 3,291 6,113 8,958 2,370 4,389 6,081 Clerical Workers: 406 Stenographer 6,710 955 2;158 3,404 910 2,013 3,163 401 Accounting Clerk 6,049 672 1,689 2,754 557 1,310 2,120 408 Typist 5,097 844 1,912 3,006 782 1,823 2,857 402 Bookkeeper 2,273 299 715 1,151 255 608 973 405 Statistical Clerk 11,727 247 611 988 196 448 715 Subtotal 21,856 3,017 7,085 11,303 2,700 6,202 9,828 Per Cent Total 87 68 73 74 87 84 87 All others 3,248 1,390 2,656 3,939 407 1,140 1,407 Total 25,104 4,407 9,741 15,242 3,107 7,342 11,235 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 62,194 8,747 18,277 27,993 6,085 13,408 19,864 TOTAL FOR JOBS LISTED 50,943 6,534 13,887 21,410 5,228 11,238 16,984 PER CENT OF TOTAL 82 75 76 76 86 84 86

al Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separation effects. IV This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete company training by periods from net number of job openings. -109- The following tabulation shows the most important technical, skilled, and clerical jobs in the Atlanta Area on the basis of job openings and training requirements in the next five years.

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Electronics 687 542 Accountant-Gen & Cost 645 448 Industrial Tech 243 40 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 155 94 Subtotal 1,730 1,124 Skilled Workers: Electrician 1,461 1,253 Plumber 746 359 Machinist 576 491 Auto Mechanic 530 444 Pipe & Steam Fitter 459 357 Welder 420 342 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 381 338 Subtotal 4,573 3,584 Clerical Workers: Stenographer 3,404 3,163 Typist 3,006 2,857 Accounting Clerk 2,754 2,120 Subtotal 9,164 8,140 TOTAL 15,467 12,848

The totals from the above 14 jobs will account for.55 per cent of the job openings in five years and 65 per cent of the net training requirements. Non-Metropolitan Georgia. This includes all cities, towns, and counties outside five-county Metropolitan Atlanta, and nine counties 41/ in five other metropolitan areas, or a total of 147 Georgia counties. The old line textiles, lumber and wood products, and the newer apparel, pulp and paper industries dominate.

Table 22 gives a summary on the demand and supply condition during the next five years for 42 of the 155 jobs studied. The 12 technical type jobs add up to 6,359 jobs during the Summer of 1962, or 73 per cent of the total of 70 technical occupations represented. These 12 technical occupations also account for 59 per cent of the net job openings in five years and 61 per cent of the net training requirements in five years. The 25 skilled occupations out of 77 represent 29,218 jobs currently, or 88 per cent of the total, 85 per cent of the net job openings in five years, and 83 per cent of the net training requirements also in five years. The clerical type jobs employed 19,721 workers during the Summer of 1962, or 91 per cent of the total employment for the eight classes of clerical workers studied, 90 per cent of the job openings in five years, and 90 per cent of the net training requirements by 1967. The totals for all 42 job classes represented

55,298 jobs during the Summer of 1962, or 87 per cent, 84 per cent of the net job openings for skilled workers in Non-Metropolitan Georgia in five years, and 84 per cent of the training requirements also in five years. De- tails on all jobs, including information on sex, company training, expected employment, etc. will be found in Appendix C.

43/ Includes two counties outside Georgia, Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama. Table 22 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967 NON-METROPOLITAN GEORGIA

Current Skilled Category Employ- Employer Demand Net Training and Job Title merit Net Job Openings..2/ Requirementsa/ Sum 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years Technicians: 001 Acc't-Gen & Cost 1,028 50 201 353 6 129 232 035 Instrument Man 882 2 6 10 2 6 10 056 Research Lab Analyst 656 4 17 31 3 13 24 050 Production Planner 593 77 157 238 61 131 194 028 Estimator 522 52 128 205 29 82 127 023 Draftsman-Topo 508 2 8 13 2 8 13 053 Quality Control Tech 491 25 66 107 16 46 74 009 Civil & Const Tech 473 19 56 92 19 56 92 034 Instructor-Trainees 349 31 82 133 16 61 98 021 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 336 21 69 117 -5 42 72 025 Electronics Tech 305 44 75 106 21 52 69 057 Res Tech-Env Test 216 8 31 53 8 31 53 Subtotal 6,359 335 896 1,458 178 657 1,058 Per Cent of Total 73 50 57 59 52 58 61 All others 2,366 330 671 1,012 166 473 688 Total 8,725 665 1,567 2,470 344 1,130 1,746 Skilled Workers: 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 3,208 428 1,036 1,646 292 814 1,276 204 Automobile Mechanic 2,824 212 524 838 131 387 610 242 Maintenance Man 2,462 176 441 707 140 382 609 241 Machinist 2,103 174 401 627 65 223 331 243 Maintenance Mechanic 1,983 100 349 599 31 183 322 240 Loom Fixer 1,873 55 144 234 -55 -41 -76 221 Electrician 1,698 261 383 505 239 289 349 278 Welder 1,511 219 441 665 127 274 385 249 Painter 1,238 124 290 457 117 255 398 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 1,086 187 408 628 133 272 401 238 Lineman (1t, ht, pw) 1,056 62 150 239 -2 27 34 244 Mason (Brick, etc) 1,042 76 155 235 65 135 202 210 Cabinetmaker I 961 40 170 301 34 128 230 205 Auto Body Repr-Paint 839 30 128 226 9 98 176 272 Structural Ironwkers 709 65 124 183 65 124 183 268 Spinning Frame Fixer 689 13 53 94 -13 17 34 213 Cement Finisher Const 624 239 437 635 178 323 445 266 Sew Machine Repair 584 46 98 150 23 57 82 276 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 565 20 88 157 -26 32 64 246 Millwright 475 29 54 79 17 37 50 262 Plumber 448 18 51 85 15 37 61 263 Power-Shovel Oper 323 28 63 98 25 60 92 218 Diesel Mech-Non-mfg 320 84 141 199 57 115 154 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 320 12 36 60 -2 20 34 237 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 277 23 54 85 12 38 59 Subtotal 29,218 2,721 6,219 9,732 1,677 4,286 6,505 Per Cent of Total 88 86 85 85 86 84 83 All others 3,984 433 1,059 1,685 279 822 1,295 Total 33,202 3,154 7,278 11,417 1,956 5,108 7,800 Clerical Workers: • 406 Stenographer 5,606 747 1,653 2,606 711 1,603 2,522 402 Bookkeeper 5,075 558 1,368 2,224 520 1,295 2,101 401 Accounting Clerk 4,290 581 1,300 2,056 451 1,080 1,689 408 Typist 3,031 382 938 1,511 348 896 1,441 403 Bookkeeping Mach Op 1,719 230 534 849 152 432 679 Subtotal 19,721 2,498 5,793 9,246 2,182 5,306 8,432 Per Cent of Total 91 91 90 90 89 90 90 All others 2,065 256 658 1,074 266 604 986 Total 21,786 2,754 6,451 10,320 2,448 5,910 9,418 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 63,713 6,373 15,296 24,207 4,748 12,148 18,964 TOTAL FOR LISTED JOBS 55,298 5,554 12,908 20,436 4,037 10,249 15,995 PER CENT OF TOTAL 87 84 84 84 85 84 84

a/ Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separation effect. =)-( This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete company training by periods from net number of job openings. The following tabulation is a ranking of the most important technical, skilled, and clerical jobs from the standpoint of net job openings and net training requirements in five years.

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Accountant-Gen & Cost 353 232 Production Planner 238 194 Estimator 205 127 Subtotal 796 553 Skilled Workers: Carpenter (non-mfg) 1,646 1,276 Auto Mechanic 838 610 Maintenance Man 707 609 Welder 665 385 Cement Finisher Const 635 445 Sheet-Metal Worker 628 401 Machinist 627 331 Subtotal 5,746 4,057 Clerical Workers: Stenographers 2,606 2,522 Bookkeeper 2,224 2,101 Accounting Clerk 2,056 1,689 Subtotal 6,886 6,312 TOTAL 13,428 10,922

The 13 jobs listed above represented 55 per cent of the net job openings and 58 per cent of the net training requirements in 5 years for Non-Metro- politan Georgia. 5-Smaller SMSA's. The five smaller SMSA's include the one-county areas with Albany and Savannah, and the two-county areas with Augusta, and Macon, and the three-county areas with Columbus. Yet the composite of these five city areas account for less than one-fourth (24 per cent) of the total employment reported for the Summer of 1962 in 155 technical, skilled, and clerical job types.

Summary of the demand and supply conditions for the leading jobs in this five-metropolitan complex is given in Table 23. The twelve technician types listed employed 3,212 workers in the Summer of 1962, or 66 per cent of the total employment, 63 per cent of net job openings in five years. The

25 skilled occupations listed were responsible for 18,051 jobs during the

Summer of 1962, or 87 per cent of the total represented by 77 skilled occupations, 88 per cent of the net job openings in five years, and 90 per cent of the net training requirements in five years. Five clerical jobs out of

8 types studied are listed. They accounted for 12,765 jobs in the Summer of 1962, or 90 per cent of the total, 89 per cent of net job openings in five years, and 89 per cent also of net training requirements in five years.

The total of all the jobs represented by the 42 jobs listed was 34,028 workers during the Summer of 1962, or 86 per cent of the total for all the

155 job studied, 87 per cent of net job openings in five years, and 88 per cent of the net training requirements in five years. Additional details on all jobs, showing sex, age, company training, expected employment, etc., will be found in Appendix C. Table 23 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967

5-SMALLER SMSA'a Current Skilled Category Employ- Employer Demand: Net Training and Job Title ment Net Job Openings-. a/ Requirements2/ Sum 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years Technicians: 001 Acc't-Gen & Cost 617 27 54 81 24 40 58 028 Estimator 432 42 112 183 35 92 150 039 Lab Ass't-Metal 390 2 7 13 2 7 13 025 Electronics Tech 314 73 66 59 61 33 3 034 Instructor-Trainees 257 10 25 40 -8 7 10 050 Production Planner 217 10 30 49 9 26 44 022 Draftsman-Structural 196 28 71 113 16 56 88 027 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 184 6 14 22 6 8 11 054 Radio/TV Trans Tech 177 5 18 31 1 6 10 053 Quality Control Tech 158 11 26 42 9 25 39 009 Civil & Const Tech 140 13 36 58 13 36 58 045 Mechanical Tech 130 9 22 35 9 17 27 Subtotal 3,212 236 481 726 177 353 511 Per Cent of Total 66 67 64 63 78 68 68 All others 1,683 117 269 420 49 164 244 Total 4,895 353 750 1,146 226 517 755 Skilled Workers: 243 Maintenance Mechanic 1,948 47 155 265 -2 52 93 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 1,828 217 626 1,035 187 507 837 204 Automobile Mechanic 1,665 54 189 326 38 125 217 221 Electrician 1,426 87 174 262 6 59 70 241 Machinist 1,378 79 220 361 47 136 221 242 Maintenance Man 1,100 39 119 200 34 96 161 278 Welder 881 122 276 430 48 154 227 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 867 130 326 523 84 .199 311 249 Painter 651 13 63 114 9 38 71 240 Loom Fixer 644 18 67 115 -52 -46 -72 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 610 40 71 103 17 47 62 213 Cement Finisher Const 518 65 173 282 65 164 266 224 Elect-Instr Repair 505 6 18 30 6 18 30 246 Millwright 468 33 70 107 6 35 48 238 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 432 48 77 106 -1 -25 -65 244 Mason (Brick, etc) 415 103 339 577 61 298 507 205 Auto Body Repr-Paint 404 17 52 88 10 29 50 259 Plasterer Const 376 138 210 283 134 206 277 269 Stationary Engineer 357 9 31 53 -9 8 14 276 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 329 28 89 150 19 52 88 262 Plumber 282 55 150 246 45 129 210 203 Air-Cond or Ref Mech 272 39 77 115 24 41 56 268 Spinning Frame Fixer 269 26 82 137 -11 -11 -18 210 Cabinetmaker I 235 18 68 117 6 55 97 239 Linotype Operator 191 5 10 16 3 7 10 Subtotal 18,051 1,436 3,732 6,041 774 2,373 3,768 Per Cent of Total 87 88 88 88 88 89 90 All others 2,580 191 491 786 101 280 436 Total 20,631 1,627 4,223 6,827 875 2,653 4,204 Clerical Workers: 408 Typist 3,607 369 826 1,308 353 807 1,276 406 Stenographer 3,233 333 772 1,237 293 713 1,137 401 Accounting Clerk 2,777 266 649 1,054 240 573 928 402 Bookkeeper 2,164 210 512 835 206 488 795 405 Statistical Clerk 984 85 223 370 72 203 337 Subtotal 12,765 1,263 2,982 4,804 1,164 2,784 4,473 Per Cent of Total 90 89 89 89 89 89 89 All others 1,439 158 373 597 140 340 542 Total 14,204 1,421 3,355 5,401 1,304 3,124 5,015 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 39,730 3,401 8,328 13,374 2,405 6,294 9,974 TOTAL FOR LISTED JOBS 34,028 2,935 7,195 11,571 2,115 5,510 8,752 PER CENT OF TOTAL 86 86 86 87 88 88 88

Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separation effect9. -J This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete company training by periods from the net number of job openings. -115- The following are the most important technicians, skilled workers, and clerical workers in the five metropolitan area complex, determined according to net number of job openings and net training requirements in five years.

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Estimator 183 150 Draftsman-Structural 113 88 Accountant-Gen & Cost 81 58 Subtotal 377 296 Skilled Workers: Carpenter (non-mfg) 1,035 837 Mason (Brick, etc) 577 507 Sheet-Metal Worker 523 311 Welder 430 227 Machinist 361 221 Auto Mechanic 326 217 Plaster Const 283 277 Subtotal 3,535 2,597 Clerical Workers: Typist 1,308 1,276 Stenographer 1,237 1,137 Accounting Clerk 1,054 928 Subtotal 3,599 3,341 TOTAL 7,511 6,234

The 13 jobs given above account for 56 per cent of the new job openings and 63 per cent of the net training requirements in five years for the five- other metropolitan areas in the study area. Albany SMSA. The Albany SMSA consists of the City of Albany and Dougherty County. In 1960 total population was 75,680 and employment 28,135, including members of the armed forces (5,309), giving a net employment of 22,726. The skilled study for 155 classes of jobs showed 3,423 for the Albany SMSA. A ranking of the 24 most important technical, skilled, and clerical jobs in the Albany SMSA is given in Table 24. These 24 jobs accounted for 74 per cent of the employment during the survey period (Summer of 1962), 75 per cent of the new job openings in 5 years, and 77 per cent of the net training requirements in 5 years. Details on all job classes4 4/ in the Albany SMSA will be found in Appendix C.

The following tabulation shows the leading jobs by types according to expected job openings and training needs in 5 years.

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Estimator 29 25 Accountant-Gen & Cost 9 6 Electronics 9 4 Subtotal 47 35 Skilled: Carpenter 204 170 Mason 122 113 Cement Finisher 55 52 Sheet Metal Worker 50 29 Machinist 46 29 Auto Mechanic 33 23 Electrician 28 10 Subtotal 538 426 Clerical: Stenographer 118 106 Typist 94 92 Bookkeeper 86 82 Subtotal 298 280 TOTAL 883 741

The 13 job classes listed account for 62 per cent of expected job openings and 66 per cent of net training requirements of skilled workers in the area in 5 years.

44/ Separate tabulations are not given for jobs with 4 or less workers in Appendix C, because of variations in estimates due to the method of allocation.

-117- Table 24 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967

Albany SMSA Current Employer Demand: Net Training Skilled Category Employment Net Job Openings2' Requirements?' and Job Title Summer 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Year

Technical Workers: 001 Acc't-Gen & Cost 62 3 6 9 2 4 6 028 Estimator 60 7 18 29 6 15 25 025 Electronics Tech 33 2 6 9 1 2 4 034 Instructor-Trainees 32 1 4 6 -2 1 1 045 Mechanical Tech 19 1 3 5 1 3 4 054 Radio/TV Trans Tech 18 1 2 3 1 1 050 Production Planner 16 2 3 2 3 053 Quality Control Tech 14 1 3 4 1 3 4 Subtotal 254 16 44 68 9 31 48 Per Cent of Total 62 53 54 54 47 53 52 All others 158 14 38 58 10 28 45 Total 412 30 82 126 19 59 93 Skilled Workers: 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 340 42 123 204 38 103 170 204 Automobile Mechanic 182 5 19 33 4 13 23 221 Electrician 131 10 19 28 2 8 10 241 Machinist 107 11 28 46 7 18 29 243 Maintenance Mechanic 97 3 9 15 3 4 249 Painter 93 2 9 16 2 6 11 213 Cement Finisher Const 82 10 33 55 10 31 52 242 Maintenance Man 77 3 8 14 3 6 11 244 Mason (Brick, etc) 65 19 70 122 14 65 113 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 56 13 31 50 9 19 29 278 Welder 52 6 14 22 4 9 14 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 51 5 8 11 2 5 7 Subtotal 1,333 129 371 616 95 286 473 Per Cent of Total 70 68 73 74 72 76 77 All others 569 60 138 220 37 91 140 Total 1,902 189 509 836 132 377 613 Clerical Workers: 406 Stenographer 286 32 73 118 27 66 106 408 Typist 235 26 59 94 25 58 92 402 Bookkeeper 209 20 52 86 20 50 82 401 Accounting Clerk 202 19 49 81 18 43 70 Subtotal 932 97 233 379 90 217 350 Per Cent of Total 84 84 83 83 83 83 83 All others 177 19 49 79 18 45 72 Total 1,109 116 282 458 108 262 422 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 3,423 335 873 1,420 259 698 1,128 TOTAL JOBS LISTED 2,519 242 648 1,063 194 534 871 PER CENT OF TOTAL 74 72 74 75 75 77 77

#' Equals net increase in Employment based on employer expectations plus age separatiol effects. This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete company training by periods from net number of job openings.

-118- Macon SMSA. The Macon SMSA consists of the City of Macon and 2 counties, Bibb and Houston Counties, and the total population of the area in 1960 was 180,403, with corresponding employment of 67,333 of which 2,416 were in the armed forces. The total number of skilled workers estimated for the Macon SMSA from the study of 155 job classes is 10,781.

The accompanying table, Number 25, contains 24 of the most important skilled jobs in the Macon SMSA listed in order of importance according to current employment. The 24 job types (8 technical, 12 skilled, and 4 clerical) represent 7,969 jobs or 74 per cent of the total for the area. They also account for 70 per cent of the new job openings in 5 years and for 74 per cent of the net training requirements in 5 years. Detailed data on all jobs in the report will be found in Appendix C.

The following tabulation shows the 13 most important job types for the Macon SMSA. They account for 60 per cent of expected job openings and 64 per cent of the training requirements in 5 years.

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Estimator 41 32 Draftsman-Structural 31 23 Accountant-Gen & Cost 16 11 Subtotal 88 66 Skilled: Carpenter 221 177 Sheet Metal Worker 140 97 Auto Mechanic 88 55 Machinist 71 50 Welder 67 51 Electrician 66 20 Cement Finisher 57 54 Subtotal 710 504 Clerical: Typist 538 527 Accounting Clerk 329 302 Stenographer 326 305 Subtotal 1,193 1,134 Total 1,991 1,704

The 13 job types given in the tabulation accounted for 60 per cent of the expected job openings and 64 per cent of the net training requirements in 5 years for the Macon SMSA.

-119- Table 25 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967 MACON SMSA Current Employer Demand: Net Training Skilled Category Employment Net Job Openinga.4./ RequirementaY and Job Title Summer 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years l'Year 3 Years 5 Yes

Technical Workers: 001 Acc f t-Gen & Cost 136 6 11 16 5 8 1] 028 Estimator 118 10 25 41 8 20 3: 049 Proc-Descrip Writer 101 1 2 4 1 2 i 022 Draftsman-Structural 84 8 20 31 4 15 2: 025 Electronics Tech 80 56 16 -24 53 8 -3' 052 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 76 1 2 3 1 2 050 Production Planner 60 2 7 11 2 6 11 033 Industrial Tech 57 1 2 3 2 Subtotal 712 85 85 85 74 63 4 Per Cent of Total 55 74 52 41 84 56 3 All others 574 30 79 123 14 50 8 Total 1,286 115 164 208 88 113 12 Skilled Workers: 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 433 33 86 140 24 61 9 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 430 47 134 221 40 107 17 204 Automobile Mechanic 421 16 52 88 8 32 5 241 Machinist 372 15 43 71 10 30 5 221 Electrician 365 22 44 66 2 16 2 243 Maintenance Mechanic 328 9 30 51 -2 7 1 242 Maintenance Man 271 10 31 51 9 27 1 269 Stationary Engineer 160 2 7 11 -2 1 278 Welder 145 15 41 67 10 31 ' 249 Painter 129 3 13 24 2 7 213 Cement Finisher Const 117 15 36 57 15 34 .,

257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 106 9 15 21 5 10 Subtotal 3,277 196 532 868 121 363 5' Per Cent of Total 69 56 59 59 60 61 All others 1,481 155 375 601 82 234 3 Total 4,758 351 907 1,469 203 597 9 Clerical Workers: 408 Typist 1,636 156 342 538 151 336 5 401 Accounting Clerk 924 88 205 329 82 189 3 406 Stenographer 915 88 204 326 81 191 3 402 Bookkeeper 505 49 115 185 48 110 1 Subtotal 3,980 381 866 1 378 362 826 1,3 Per Cent of Total 84 85 84 84 85 84 All others 757 68 165 270 63 155 2 Total 4,737 449 1,031 1,648 425 981 1,5 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 10,781 915 2,102 3,325 716 1,691 2,6 TOTAL JOBS LISTED 7,969 662 1,483 2,331 557 1,252 1,S PER CENT OF TOTAL 74 72 71 70 78 74

4V Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separat: effects. This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete company traini: by periods from the net number of job openings.

-120- Savannah SMSA. The Savannah SMSA includes the City of Savannah and the County of Chatham. The total population of this Metropolitan Area in the 1960 Census was 188,299 and total employment, 66,470 , of which 5,089 were in the armed forces. The study of 155 skilled type jobs resulted in allocation of 7,579 skilled workers to the Savannah SMSA. As compared to the Macon SMSA, this is a comparatively low number of skilled workers, which is probably due to lack of a high user of all types of skilled workers as Warner Robins in the Macon Area.

Table 26 presents 24 of the most important job types in the area ranked in order of importance in each category. The data show that these 24 occupations (8 technical, 12 skilled, and 4 clerical) represented 5,567 workers during the Summer of 1962, or 73 per cent of the total, 71 per cent of the job openings expected in 5 years, and 69 per cent of the net training requirements in 5 years. Detailed data on all jobs in the study are given in Appendix C.

Below is listed the most important jobs from this tabulation, arranged according to number of job openings expected and net training requirements in 5 years.

Net Job Net Trainings Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Estimator 36 28 Draftsman-Structural 31 23 Electronics 25 11 Subtotal 92 61 Skilled: Welder 232 79 Carpenter 184 145 Sheet Metal Worker 141 71 Auto Mechanic 66 44 Electrician 61 13 Maintenance Mechanic 56 14 Cement Finisher Const 50 48 Subtotal 790 414 Clerical: Stenographer 250 229 Accounting Clerk 243 202 Typist 198 190 Subtotal 691 621 TOTAL 1,573 1,097

The data on 13 skilled types of workers account for 56 per cent of the total job openings expected and 57 per cent of net training requirements of the Savannah SMSA in 5 years.

-121- Table 26 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to.1967 SAVANNAH SMSA

Current Employer Demand: Net Training Skilled Category Employment Net Job Openings±t/ Requirementsbi and Job Title Summer 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Yez

Technicians: 001 Acc't-Gen & Cost 138 5 13 20 5 9 1! 028 Estimator 84 8 22 36 6 17 21 025 Electronics Tech 66 5 15 25 2 7 1: 053 Quality Control Tech 45 1 3 5 1 3 054 Radio/TV Trans Tech 44 1 5 8 1 022 Draftsman-Structural 39 8 19 31 4 15 2 034 Instructor-Trainees 36 1 3 1 048 Paper Tester 34 3 6 -3 Subtotal 486 28 81 134 15 53 8 Per Cent of Total 58 56 52 53 56 54 5 All others 359 22 74 120 12 45 7 Total 845 50 155 254 27 98 16 Skilled Workers: 278 Welder 390 74 153 232 15 61 7 243 Maintenance Mechanic 327 12 34 56 3 9 1 221 Electrician 323 20 40 61 1 12 1 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 309 39 112 184 33 88 14 204 Automobile Mechanic 308 12 39 66 9 26 4 241 Machinist 294 10 30 50 4 10 1 242 Maintenance Man 186 7 24 40 6 14 2 249 Painter 141 3 14 25 1 7 1

267 Sheet-Metal Worker 139 37 89 141 19 47 246 Millwright 119 7 15 24 -5 -2 - 238 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 108 11 18 25 -3 -12 -; 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 106 9 15 21 -2 4 213 Cement Finisher Const 99 13 32 50 13 30 i Subtotal 2,849 254 615 975 94 294 4i Per Cent of Total 71 66 66 66 57 57 .i All others 1,168 129 321 513 72 219 3:

Total 4,017 383 936 1,488 166 513 7 ' Clerical Workers: 401 Accounting Clerk 644 59 148 243 50 123 21 406 Stenographer 616 66 155 250 59 143 2 408 Typist 489 56 125 198 51 120 1 402 Bookkeeper 483 47 116 189 47 109 '1 Subtotal 2,232 228 544 880 207 495 7 Per Cent of Total 82 82 82 82 83 82 All others 485 50 122 198 42 109 1 Total 2,717 278 666 1,078 249 604 9 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 7,579 711 1,757 2,820 442 1,215 1,9 TOTAL JOBS LISTED 5,567 510 1,240 1,989 316 842 1,3 PER CENT OF TOTAL 73 72 71 71 71 69

1/ Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separati effects. IV This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete eompany trainir by periods from the net number of job openings.

-122- Augusta SMSA. The Augusta SMS/02/ consists of the City of Augusta and two counties, Richmond County, Georgia, and Aiken County, South Carolina. The total population as of the Census of 1960 was 216,639 and total employment was 80,109, of which 13,057 were military workers. The study survey of 155 applicable skilled job types disclosed a total of 10,144 workers (technical, skilled, and clerical) for the Summer of 1962.

Table 27 presents the 25 most important jobs for the Augusta SMSA ranked from the highest employment during the study period by major skilled category. The data show that these jobs accounted for 75 per cent of total current employment of all the skilled classes studied, 64 per cent of expected job openings in 5 years, and 68 per cent of net training requirements of the Augusta SMSA in 5 years. Detailed data for all jobs in the report will be found in Appendix C.

The following tabulation presents the job types in order of importance which will provide the most job openings and have highest training requirements for the area in 5 years.

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Estimator 34 29 Electronics 24 14 Accountant-Gen & Cost 18 13 Subtotal 76 56 Skilled: Carpenter 210 173 Maintenance Mechanic 97 56 Auto Mechanic 70 49 Maintenance Man 55 50 Electrician 52 13 Machinist 43 28 Welder 32 24 Subtotal 559 393 Clerical: Stenographer 301 277 Typist 263 257 Accounting Clerk 204 179 Subtotal 768 713 TOTAL 1,403 1,162

The above jobs listed (13) represent 49 per cent of net job openings expected and 54 per cent of the net training requirements for the Augusta SMSA in 5 years.

45/ -- The Augusta and Columbus SMSA's are treated at the end of this section, because the inclusion of counties from adjacent states complicated the allocation procedures.

-123- Table 27 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967 AUGUSTA SMSA Current Employer Demand: Net Training Skilled Category Employment Net Job Openings:a/ Requirements2/ and Job Title Summer 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Yea, Technicians: 039 Lab Ass't-Metal 389 2 7 13 2 7 13 001 Acc't-Gen & Cost 150 5 11 18 5 8 13 028 Estimator 81 7 20 34 6 17 29 027 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 78 1 4 7 1 4 6 025 Electronics Tech 67 5 15 24 3 9 14 034 Instructor-Trainees 66 2 4 7 1 3 5 050 Production Planner 51 4 9 15 3 8 12 021 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 45 5 11 17 5 10 16 053 Quality Control 39 3 7 12 2 7 10 Subtotal 966 34 88 147 28 73 118 Per Cent Total 69• 52 56 58 70 62 63 All others 434 31 70 107 12 44 68 Total 1,400 65 158 254 40 117 186 Skilled Workers: 243 Maintenance Mechanic 876 15 55 9i 2 31 56 224 Elect-Instr Repair 479 6 17 28 6 17 28 204 Automobile Mechanic 383 11 41 70 9 28 49 212 Carpenter (non-mfg) 381 43 126 210 38 104 173 242 Maintenance Man 335 11 33 55 10 30 5C 221 Electrician 325 16 34 52 11 13 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 270 10 20 31 6 17 25 241 Machinist 248 0 26 43 5 17 2E 240 Loom Fixer 244 7 25 44 -20 -17 -2i 246 Millwright 234 8 19 31 4 14 2i 249 Painter 161 3 14 25 2 9 1; 278 Welder 139 9 20 32 6 16 2/ Subtotal 4,075 148 430 718 68 277 45f Per Cent Total 72 47 50 51 42 51 5: All others 1,579 166 422 690 95 263 42f Total 5,654 314 852 1,408 163 540 88i Clerical Workers: 406 Stenographer 810 82 188 301 72 174 27 . 408 Typist 729 73 165 263 70 161 25' 401 Accounting Clerk 517 52 126 204 47 110 17! 402 Bookkeeper 473 47 111 180 46 106 17 Subtotal 2,529 254 590 948 235 551 88, Per Cent Total 82 82 81 80 83 81 8 All others 561 57 141 230 49 128 20 Total 3,090 311 731 1,178 284 679 1,09 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 10,144 690 1,741 2,840 487 1,336 2,16 TOTAL JOBS LISTED 7,570 436 1,108 1,813 331 901 1,46 PER CENT OF TOTAL 75 63 64 64 68 67 6

1/ Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separatio effects. 11 This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete company training by periods from net number of job openings.

-124- Columbus SMSA. The Columbus SMSA includes the City of Columbus and 3 counties, Chattahoochee and Muscogee in Georgia, and Russell County, Alabama. The 1960 Census shows 217,985 population and 84,206 employment for the entire Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area of Columbus. The employment total, however, included 26,286 members of the armed forces. The survey disclosed 7,798 workers in the 155 skilled job types reported in the questionnaire form. The Columbus SMSA is relatively low in skilled workers compared to the Macon and Augusta SMSA's because of the very large number of the work force accounted by the armed forces in the area.

The most important skilled occupations in the area are given in Table 28, ranked in order of importance by major skilled category. The 25 job types listed in the table represent 71 per cent (5,547 jobs) of the total employment of the skills studied during the Summer of 1962. They also account for 6.7 per cent of the job openings in 5 years and 67 per cent of net training needs of the Columbus SMSA in 5 years. Details on all skilled jobs studied in the area are presented in Appendix C.

The following tabulation isolates the jobs with the highest number of job openings expected in 5 years. Data on net training requirements are also listed.

Net Job Net Training Openings Requirements in 5 Years in 5 Years

Technicians: Estimator 43 36 Electronics 24 12 Accountant-Gen & Cost 20 14 Subtotal 87 62 Skilled: Carpenter 216 172 Machinist 151 97 Sheet Metal Worker 117 65 Welder 77 58 Auto Mechanic 69 47 Cement Finisher 65 61 Electrician 55 15 Subtotal 750 515 Clerical: Stenographer 243 219 Typist 215 210 Accounting Clerk 195 187 Subtotal 653 616 TOTAL 1,490 1,193

The 13 jobs listed above account for 50 per cent of the job openings expected in 5 years and 56 per cent of the net training requirements for the Columbus SMSA in 5 years.

-125- Table 28 Analysis of Employer Demand and Net Training Requirements for Important Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Job Titles By Periods, Summer 1962 to 1967 COMUMBUS SMSA

Current Employer Demand: Net Training Skilled Category Employment Net Job Openings—/a Requirements•/ and Job Title Summer 1962 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years 1 Year 3 Years 5 Yea]

Technicians: 001 Acct-Gen & Cost 130 7 13 20 7 10 14 028 Estimator 90 11 27 43 9 22 36 034 Instructor-Trainees 73 4 11 18 -6 025 Electronics Tech 67 5 14 24 2 7 12 050 Production Planner 59 2 8 14 1 7 12 045 Mechanical Tech 50 5 11 17 5 9 13 054 Radio/TV Trans Tech 37 1 4 6 1 2 053 Quality Control Tech 35 4 9 13 4 9 13 009 Civil & Const Tech 33 3 8 14 3 8 14 Subtotal 574 42 105 169 25 73 116 Per Cent Total 61 51 56 57 63 60 62 All others 373 40 83 128 15 48 71 Total 947 82 188 297 40 121 187 Skilled Workers: 204 Automobile Mechanic 370 10 39 69 9 26 4; 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 369 46 131 216 39 105 172 241 Machinist 357 35 93 151 22 60 9; 243 Maintenance Mechanic 320 9 27 46 -5 3 ( 221 Electrician 283 19 37 55 2 13 1! 240 Loom Fixer 275 8 28 49 -22 -20 -3: 242 Maintenance Man 231 8 24 39 7 19 3: 278 Welder 154 18 48 77 14 36 5 • 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 141 28 73 117 18 41 6. 249 Painter 128 3 13 24 2 8 1 213 Cement Finisher Const 123 14 39 65 14 37 6 268 Spinning Frame Fixer 115 11 35 59 -5 -5 - Subtotal 2,866 209 587 967 95 323 52 Per Cent Total 67 54 59 60 45 53 5 All others 1,435 177 411 653 117 289 45 Total 4,301 386 998 1,620 212 612 98 Clerical Workers: 406 Stenographer 606 65 152 243 55 138 21 408 Typist 518 58 135 215 56 131 21 402 Bookkeeper 493 47 119 195 46 114 lE 401 Accounting Clerk 490 48 120 197 44 108 1; Subtotal 2,107 218 526 850 201 491 7S Per Cent Total 83 82 82 82 83 82 i All others 443 48 118 192 40 107 1; Total 2,550 266 644 1,042 241 598 9( TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 7,798 734 1,830 2,959 493 1,331 2,1: TOTAL JOBS LISTED 5,547 469 1,218 1,986 321 887 1,4: PER CENT TOTAL ./.. 64 67 67 65 67 I

a/ Equals net increase in employment based on employer expectations plus age separat erfects. 11 This requirement is derived by subtracting the number to complete company traini by periods from net number of job openings. -126- X. GEORGIA TRENDS IN DEMAND FOR SKILLED WORKERS

A. Major Skilled Categories

Since the entire project area included areas outside Georgia, this section of the report is presented in order to give some perspective to the

State of Georgia. As a matter of fact, Georgia data dominate the study most significantly. This is shown by the proportion of total employment estimates associated with Georgia. For the 70 classes of technical workers, the

Georgia percentage of the total in the study area was 96 per cent; 77 skilled worker classes, 96 per cent; and 8 clerical types, 98 per cent. In fact, only 5,036 of the total employment in the study was outside Georgia, or 3 per cent.

Table 29 gives a summary of the relative importance of major industrial categories in the current utilization of technical, skilled, and clerical workers. In general, about one-third of the total of the three types of skills is found in manufacturing. The clerical class is lowest, or one-fifth.

Skilled worker use is 40 per cent, and technical workers, 35 per cent in manufacturing. Skilled worker use is second heaviest in construction which accounted for 29 per cent of the skilled workers during the Summer of 1962.

Trade and services employ the largest number of clerical workers or 30 per cent. The Non-Covered governments (federal, state, and local) employ relatively large numbers of technicians and clerical workers, and have relatively little use for skilled workers. Yet in general, the Non-Covered industries (which are mainly governments) have comparatively fewer of the job types included in the study. This is shown by the relative size of the universe and relative number of skilled workers employed. While the Non-

Covered industries accounted for 28 per cent of the universe studied, these

-127- Table 29 Number and Relative Importance of Use by Major Industrial Categories of Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Workers in Georgia, Summer 1962

Industrial Class of Skilled Workers Category Technical Skilled Clerical Total

I. Number Employed: A. Covered Employment 1. Manufacturing 7,873 31,408 13,360 52,641 2. Construction 1,883 22,532 3,085 27,500 3. Transportation, Communication, Electric, Gas, etc. 1,507 4,239 4,808 10,554 4. Trade and Services 3,842 11,053 17,970 32,865 Total 15,105 69,232 39,223 123,560

B. Non-Covered Employment 1. Federal Government 3,230 4,726 9,902 17,858 2. State & Local Government 3,808 2,983 8,486 15,277 3. All other 221 1,325 2,379 3,925 Total 7,259 9,034 20,767 37,060 TOTAL OF AGGREGATE 22,364 78,266 59,990 160,620

II. Percentage of Total: A. Covered Employment 1. Manufacturing 35.2 40.1 22.3 32.8 2. Construction 8.4 28.8 5.1 17.1 3. Transportation, Communication, Electric, Gas, etc. 6.7 5.4 8.0 6.6 4. Trade & Services 17.2 14.1 30.0, 20.5 Total 67.5 88.4 65.4 77.0

B. Non-Covered Employment 1. Federal Government 14.4 6.0 16.5 11.1 2. State & Local Government 17.0 3.8 14.1 9.5 3. All other 1.0 1.7 4.0 2.4 Total 32.4 11.5 34.6 23.0 TOTAL OF AGGREGATE 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 categories have only 23 per cent of the established number of technical, skilled, and clerical workers employed. However, in specific categories, the Non-Covered group has more than its share of technicians (32 per cent) and clerical workers (35 per cent).

Table 30 gives a distribution of current employment in the three major skilled categories for the 13 manufacturing industries. It is seen that durable goods manufacturing is relatively high in the use of technical and skilled workers. Less than one-third of total manufacturing employment in

Georgia is durable goods manufacturers. Yet this category of manufacturing accounted for 49 per cent of the technical workers in manufacturing and 45 per cent of the skilled workers. The use of clerical workers, only 33 per cent, is still comparatively high for durables.

The manufacturing industries among the durable industries, ranking high in the use of technicians, are fabricated metals, machinery (both electrical and others), and transportation equipment. In non-durables, textiles and apparel; pulp, paper, printing and publishing; and chemicals are highest.

In the case of skilled workers, non-durables dominate, and highest user industries are textiles and apparel, and pulp, paper, printing and publishing.

For durables, great concentration in use of skilled workers is found in transportation equipment and machinery except electrical, with lesser relative use in lumber, furniture and fixtures, and fabricated metals. The employment of clerical workers is relatively low in durables, being only one-half as great relatively as non-durables. Textiles and apparel; food; and pulp, paper, printing and publishing alone employ 55 per cent of all the clerical workers in manufacturing, although even this ratio is not so high relatively since about one-half of Georgia's total manufacturing is concentrated in these industries.

-129- Table 30 Number and Relative Importance of Use by Major Manufacturing Industries of Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Workers in Georgia, Summer 1962

Industrial Class of Skilled Workers Category Technical Skilled Clerical Total

I. Number Employed A. Durables 1. Lumber 443 1,813 1,115 3,371 2. Furniture & Fixtures 221 1,811 563 2,595 3. Stone, clay, and glass 240 696 506 1,442 4. Primary metals 163 674 179 1,016 5. Fabricated metals 594 1,604 474 2,672 6. Machinery, excl. electrical 669 3,116 653 4,438 7. Electrical Machinery & Instr. 373 657 385 1,415 8. Transportation Equipment 1,153 3,652 528 5,333 Total 3,856 14,023 4,403 22,282

B. Non-durables 1. Food 565 2,057 2,046 4,668 2. Textiles & Apparel 2,024 8,518 3,796 14,338 3. Pulp, paper, printing & pub. 666 5,731 1,907 8,304 4. Chemicals 555 784 929 2,268 5. All other 207 295 279 781 Total 4,017 17,385 8,957 30,359 TOTAL OF AGGREGATE 7,873 31,408 13,360 52,641

II. Percentage of Total A. Durables 1. Lumber 5.6 5.8 8.3 6.4 2. Furniture & Fixtures 2.8 5.8 4.2 4.9 3. Stone, clay & glass 3.0 2.2 3.8 2.7 4. Primary metals 2.1 2.1 1.3 1.9 5. Fabricated metals 7.5 5.1 3.5 5.1 6. Machinery, excl. electrical 8.5 9.9 4.9 8.4 7. Electrical Machinery & Instr. 4.7 2.1 2.9 2.7 8. Transportation Equipment 14.6 11.6 4.0 10.1 Total 49.0 44.6 32.9 42.2

B. Non-Durables 1. Food 7.2 6.5 15.3 8.9 2. Textiles & Apparel 25.7 27.1 28.4 27.2 3. Pulp, paper, printing & pub. 8.5 18.2 14.3 15.8 4. Chemicals 7.0 2.5 7.0 4.3 5. All other 2.6 0.9 2.1 1.5 Total 51.0 55.2 67.1 57.7 TOTAL OF AGGREGATE 1)0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 B. Current and Future Employment of Major Job Types

The Georgia employment of the 155 classes of technical, skilled, and clerical workers during the Summer of 1962 was 160,620; by mid-1967 employers expect an increase to 201,551, up 25 per cent, and at an annual rate of increase of almost 8,200 jobs yearly. The trends for important job types are given in Table 31. These jobs have been arrayed from highest down, and include the most important, interesting jobs for each category. According to this criteria, 10 job titles are given under technicians, 24 under the skilled worker category, and 8 under the clerical. The highest ranking technical job shows 3,279 jobs in 1962 for accountant-general and cost; 6,621 carpenters for the skilled group, and 15,236 stenographers for the clerical group. The job types which employers expect to grow most rapidly in the technicians group are electronics technicians (45 per cent), draftsman (37 per cent), and estimator (30 per cent). In the skilled worker category, the fastest growing job types expected by employers are plumbers (63 per cent), cement finisher-construction (63 per cent), pipe and steam fitters (47 per cent), welder (40 per cent), air-conditioning and refrigeration mechanic

(39 per cent), electrician (39 per cent), carpenter-non-manufacturing (36 per cent), and sheet metal worker (33 per cent). Note that the construction type jobs not only tend to have the highest projection growth but dominate also the jobs listed. This is due to the strong growth expected by the managers of firms in the construction industry. Table 31 Current Use and Expected 1967 Employment in Georgia of Highly Important Job Types by Skilled Categories

Number Number Per Cent Skilled Category Employed Expecteda/ IncreaseW and Summer to be Job Title 1962 Employed Mid-1967 Technicians: 001 Accountant-General & cost 3,279 4,048 23 025 Electronics 1,748 2,533 45 028 Estimator 1,383 1,803 30 050 Production Planner 1,090 1,384 27 035 Instrument Man 1,083 1,140 05 009 Civil & Construction 929 1,135 22 053 Quality Control Tech 907 1,133 25 021 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 844 1,159 37 056 Research Lab Analyst 839 860 03 033 Industrial Tech 825 1,056 28 Subtotal 12,927 16,251 26 Per Cent of Total 58 57 All others 9,437 12,195 29 Total 22,364 28,446 27 Skilled Workers: 212 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 6,621 9,026 36 204 Automobile Mechanic 6,067 7,329 21 221 Electrician 4,856 6,756 39 241 Machinist 4,719 5,825 23 242 Maintenance Man 4,357 5,158 18 243 Maintenance Mechanic 4,302 4,988 16 249 Painter 4,257 4,821 13 267 Sheet Metal Worker 3,437 4,577 33 278 Welder 3,240 4,532 40 240 Loom Fixer 2,551 2,641 04 244 Mason (Brick, etc) 2,388 3,076 29 205 Auto Body Repair-Paint 2,384 2,881 21 238 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 1,737 2,036 17 210 Cabinetmaker I 1,729 2,076 20 262 Plumber 1,486 2,428 63 213 Cement Finisher Const 1,340 2,180 63 276 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 1,319 1,680 27 246 Millwright 1,230 1,315 07 218 Diesel Mech (Non-mfg) 1,134 1,415 25 272 Structural Ironworkers 1,078 1,190 10 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 1,050 1,540 47 202 Aircraft Mechanic 983 1,130 15 268 Spinning Frame Fixer 959 1,048 09 203 Air-cond or Ref Mech 955 1,323 39 Subtotal 64,179 80,971 26 Per Cent of Total 82 82 All others 14,087 17,798 26 Total 78,266 98,769 26 Clerical Workers: 406 Stenographer 15,236 18,252 20 401 Accounting Clerk 12,961 15,346 18 408 Typist 11,435 13,895 22 402 Bookkeeper 9,404 11,186 19 405 Statistical Clerk 4,232 5,215 23 403 Bookkeeping Mach Oper 3,371 3,967 18 404 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 1,771 3,636 105 407 Tabulating Mach Oper 1,580 2,839 80 Total 59,990 74,336 24 TOTAL FOR AGGREGATE 160,620 201,551 25 TOTAL FOR LISTED JOBS 137,096 171,558 25 PER CENT OF TOTAL 85 85

a/ Obtained by extrapolation the 1 year to 3 year rate to 5 years. All percentages are positive except where indicated by a minus. XI. FACTORS RETARDING TECHNICAL EDUCATION

The basic cause retarding a broader program of technical education is of course the slowness of educators, business leaders, and others to accept the importance of the place of scientists, engineers, and technicians in a world which seems increasingly oriented toward changing science. The after- math of Sputnik I has demonstrated this. A few are now convinced that we

lack facts to move promptly and adequately in the right direction. This

study is an attempt to remedy factual barriers to the program. But there

are other much more serious problems. Some big companies refused to cooper-

ate in this study because they had training programs which they felt would meet all their foreseeable needs. A few labor unions may oppose the move to a bigger program of skilled training in public education for a variety of reasons.

Bad as these problems are, they do not approach either in scope or seriousness "the college status symbol" problem and the belief that college is the major road to success. College is not the only road to success, and is certainly not the best road to success if the child does not possess the aptitude for college work; too much force on the part of the parents for a college education could lead to maladjustments and failure in higher education. The problem of college drop-outs is dramatically illustrated by a recent study by the Dean of Faculties, Georgia Institute of Technology, The report is an evaluation studyki of the Freshman Class of 1957.

This class constituted 1,059 students at the beginning of the fall of

46./ Research Memorandum 62-5, "Longitudinal Analysis of Academic Performance," Office of the Dean of Faculties, Georgia Tech, June 1962, p. 9.

-133- 1957. In June 1961, when this class should have graduated, 191 or 18 per

cent received their Baccalaureate Degree, 301 or 28 per cent were still in

college and in a passing status. The other 667 or 54 per cent had withdrawn

for various reasons. We wonder how many would have been better off it they

had aimed at getting a technical school training or other type training more

suited to their capabilities. They could have been happier.

Often prestige factors on the part of parents, sometimes ignoring the

welfare of the child, are at stake. The delusions, and even tragedy, of this

form of thinking is succinctly summed up by Dr. Walter M. Lofton, former

Professor, University of Illinois, and now Director of Guidance Publications

and Services, Science Research Associates, in the Reader's Digest for

September 1962, pp. 250-251, under the title: "Will College be Wasted on

Your Child?" According to Dr. Lofton, for many boys and girls, college is

a cruel mirage. Many of those who do enter college will learn only the

bitterness of failure. Fewer than four out of ten freshmen are destined to

be graduated after four continuous years in the same institution. Of those who do earn bachelors degrees, many will find that four college years have

been a waste of time. Despite these hard facts, the parents of nearly 70

per cent of all children under 18 expect their youngsters to go on to higher

education. The chief victims of this unwarranted emphasis are teenagers with

aptitudes outside traditional academic areas.

He illustrates:

"Jimmy, a boy who grew up in our neighborhood, enjoyed making model airplanes and boats with his dad. Unfortunately, his parents saw college as a road to s'ccess, so though Jimmy's scholastic ability was limited, his parent' made him repeat his senior year of high school three times until he was finally admitted to college. His reward after four more years was a college degree and a job as a salesman. His next job was in sales too, as were his next and his next."

-134- "At one company, however, a capable personnel manager discovered Jimmy's talent for working with his hands and his interest in making mechanical models. He discussed with the young man the possibility of his doing that kind of work. Jimmy tried it--and now he's happy and successful after eight needlessly wasted years."

The conclusion from all this is that children with the aptitude can profit greatly from a technical school education and be of real service to industry. Starting pay is from $450 to $550 per month, with advancement opportunities that compare with many types of college programs. This report has shown job openings of 12-15,000 jobs annually in Georgiafor those with training in the technical, skilled, and clerical areas. In addition, vacan- cies exist for unusual types of jobs for those with the interest to take the time and effort to qualify. That opportunities exist in unexpected lines of endeavor is illustrated in an amusing way by a little story in Life. In the September 29, 1962 issue, page 9, eleven unusual trades are listed in which applicants are needed and for which Training Schools exist at various points in the United States. These jobs and educational opportunities are in Auctioneering, Bartending, Chick Sexing, Confectionary Work, Cooking,

Diving, Dry Cleaning, Gemology, Horticulture, Musical Mending, Mending, and

Umpiring. The training programs range from a few weeks up to two full years of training with starting pay ranging up to $9,000 yearly earnings. The

Editor of Life comments that, "there are dozens of such private schools which offer exceptional opportunities: the chance to learn an unusual trade or to get ahead is expanding, far-from-crowded fields. The sample of jobs above is not nearly exhaustive but suggests, in its variety, opportunity about which non-college-bound youngsters and semi-skilled workers may never have thought. "47/

47/ See also Velie, Lester, "Why Johnny Can't Get a Job," Reader's Digest, January 1963, pp. 149-154. -135- Other barriers to expanded program of vocational-technical training ex-

ist in the ranks of labor unions, even among companies. Unions sometimes

see a threat to union security. Jobs filled by vocational-technical schools

are viewed as perhaps preventing up-grading of older union workers to these

jobs. It also threatens their authority from the standpoint of company hiring skilled workers trained in specific union apprenticeship training programs. Some national companies showed a hostility to the program during

the survey, because vocational-technical training in area schools posed a

threat to company training. Some refused to cooperate in filling out the questionnaire. The usual excuse given in these fairly rare cases, fortunately, was that the company employed unskilled workers whom it develops through company training, including all types of workers---semi-skilled, skilled,

and technical workers, depending upon the aptitude and interest of workers

in the program. Obviously, some threat to the company training program may exist but not as much as it seems, because all graduates from vocational- technical schools will still require on-the-job training for a period to adjust to company Standard Operating procedures and to learn the practical aspects of the type of work in which engaged. Furthermore, in an age of rapidly changing science and technology, the updating of skilled and particularly technical workers would seem to be a large and continuing problem. From the standpoint of the relationship of the public school system, companies stand to gain indirectly from a strong program through a steady rise in the level of education of society as the whole school system strives to keep up with the vocational-technical s%,hools. The Atlanta Journal of October 7, 1962, carried a story on the search by American industries for scientific and technical talent in Europe to back up space age and relat:, i research. This is a commentary on the urgency of

-136- the problem facing all of us in education, from the first grade through a

graduate Ph. D. Recently, at a meeting of the International Society for

Economic Development in Washington, at which many foreign countries were

represented, the very profound overriding conclusion of over two days of

deliberations was that human development properly guided held the key to

more rapid development of nations. Interpreted to the institutions in

Georgia, the South, and the nation, this means, it seems, that the predomi-

nant objective of a democratic society as the one in which we live should

be the maximum development of the inherent abilities of each individual to

his or her mental and skilled capacities. Any other program is a sacrifice

of the worth of the individual to society, and an injustice to the person

involved. It is obvious that a strong, well planned program of vocational-

technical training for those who have natural aptitudes for such training will be a gain to society. For the individual, it will make for a more

satisfying and complete life.

Tailoring education to the aptitude needs of the individual is not a

new concept. Technically, we have the know-how to do the job. The difficulty resides probably in lack of public support for the idea that education should

fit the abilities and needs of the individual. The basic problem then is

education of the public-parents first and legislators second--to the needs

of children for this type of training and the requirements of public educa-

tion for financial support. This is a problem for the public relations experts. They will need to produce a program of public relations aimed at high

school pupils, their parents, legislators, businessmen, and all others who

know that what is the best for the child is best for society---and for the

long run economic development of the State. It would seem that the ultimate

objective of the entire educational system is development to a maximum the

-137- capacity of each individual, starting with the child and on through adult- hood. This means that there is no one type of education that can be prescribed for society as a whole.

The program of publicity envisioned will require a great deal of in-

formation on the nature, place, pay, and glamour of jobs now held by skilled workers and will be available to the person highly qualfied as a skilled or technical type worker. The public will need to be informed on the place of vocational-technical education to the future growth of the State's economy.

Specific information will be needed also on the manpower requirements of the complex, newer types of industries in the chemical, electronics, and other industries directly related to the Space Age. XII. CONCLUSIONS

1. The very great need for a long list of skilled workers and technicians,

and even new types of technicians, poses to Education in Georgia a challenge which is without precedent as to scope and significance to the future devel-

opment of the State.

2. The growing complexity of industry and its consumer and industrial pro-

ducts means a new and enlarged significance for the skilled worker and technician. They are needed to keep our economy going, and to keep customers

satisfied with the performance of a growing variety of machines. Because

of the growing complexity of automobiles, the automobile mechanic gains new

importance, as he prevents an enlarged slaughter of humans resulting from

inadequate maintenance and repair of automobiles.

3. As a result of growth in control mechanisms involving electronics, mechanics, and hydraulic devices, work with industrial types of equipment requires a person with some basic knowledge of the theories involved in these

fields. Such knowledge can be obtained only in a two-year program in a first class vocational-technical school. The problem of maintaining some of our

industrial mechanisms (even the problem of a means of transport) is also a et9— topic of increasing interest for graduate engineers. A principal finding

from the field survey in Georgia is that top management neither properly

anticipates the need nor plans to employ technicians and even engineers with

sufficient lead time to meet changing technology head-on.

4. Industrialists and nonmanufacturing types of businesses are increasingly concerned over the need to keep skilled and technical workers up-dated. Many

-139- large firms have their own programs for this; although, it is not certain

that they are effective in many cases. The answer is a broadened program

of adult education in high schools, vocational-technical schools, and also

in evening schools. The problem of financing these courses is a knotty one.

Perhaps the State should provide the space and equipment, the tuition being

provided by the company or by the adult, except in special circumstances.

Such a plan would preserve the spirit of learning as a continuous process

and would condition the worker to meet the need for retraining when it

occurs. Big job shifts would be met without serious difficulty because the

workers would have retained the habit of learning. Such workers would

seldom fail to reflect the aptitudes or attitudes now so widely expected

from and lacking among retrainees for the Retaining Program of the U.S.

Department of Labor.

5. While findings indicate that some types of company training programs are

in effect, these programs are not proving to be broad and comprehensive, and

are not sufficient in size. Real effort is required here to cope with fu-

ture company needs for skilled and technical workers. It will require planning and bold projections into the future. The Bureau of Apprenticeship and

Training, U.S. Department of Labor, has a good program and highly competent men to help companies develop many types of effective Apprenticeship Training

Programs.

6. The biggest growth will be in the demand for technicians. The U.S. is

estimated to need 200,000 of these te-hnicians yearly, but only 15,000 are

being trained. A technician must be proficient in mathematics and the

sciences, and be prepared to sp-ld two years beyond high school preparing

-140- himself in a specialized field involving necessary theory, with greatest

emphasis on the applied aspects of his area of specialization. His IQ will

be 115 or above. He could, in many cases, finish college, but because of

lack of funds, or time, or a distaste for so much theory, he will prefer and

will be happier as a technician, working with engineers and scientists. He

will show unusual aptitude in understanding complex theory and in making

equipment, or otherwise carrying out the tests desired by the scientists.

He will normally operate in a sector of the broader field of the scientist,

or engineer. This supplementation of the scientist will enable greater

speed by industry in adopting technological trends. The use of technicians,

therefore, may be expected to become a competitive factor in the progress

and even survival of companies in an industry where technological change is

significant to operations, to new products, and to improvements in industrial

equipment processes.

7. The public information services--newspapers, radio and television--have

an important place in reporting, in non-technical language, scientific and

technological changes which have wide impact. They also have a most impor-

tant place in helping to build a Status Image for the skilled and technical worker. The skilled or technical worker has much to contribute, not only

to more satisfaction to all, but to care and supervision of the wide range

of equipment which most of us own. He has an even more important contribu-

tion to a more rapid economic growth of the State through helping industri-

alists see the significance of new technologies to their own business, and

in helping them to adopt these new technologies with all possible speed.

8. Public education also has an obligation, and must have the facilities,

equipment, and teachers to stay on the Frontier of Changing Science and

-141- Technology in curricula, counseling, testing, public information to students,

and in fact, to most of the activities of schools as much. This responsibility poses a particular problem for the small school which cannot hope to compete with the larger high schools. A solution here would seem to be a consolidated or area school, with equipment for the last two and perhaps three years of high school equal to the largest and best metropolitan high

schools.

9. The Study holds tremendous implications for guidance and counseling in high schools. The figures on job opportunities not only may serve as a basis for suggestions to doubtful pupils, but may give them a goal and thereby improve motivation. Adoption of programs could feasibly appear early in high school for those students incapable of carrying an academic curriculum through high school. Some types of clerical and many types of skilled worker categories may be filled by children with little aptitude for an academic education, provided they have aptitudes in dexterity and manual skills.

This means broad and comprehensive programs of aptitude testing.

10. Drop-outs, because of the high rate of unemployment resulting in delin- quency and eventually in serious crime, pose an unusual problem for counselors. It is recommended that an approach similar to that of California be employed. According to the method there, a record of drop-outs is kept for each school, and certain persons have the responsibility of following up on them in about 2 to 3 years, to persuade them to return to school, either academic or to some vocational-teClnical school. A high percentage of the

California drop-outs return and successfully complete the course of study, and become responsible citizens. See: "I was a Drop-Out," Readers' Digest,

December 1962, pp. 203-207.

-142- 11. Personal interviews by professional experts in management and labor economics with top management personnel demonstrated the value of analysis in getting companies to come to grips with personnel problems in connection with changing technology that affected their particular industry. The pace of technological change is not likely to lessen in the foreseeable future, in fact, all evidence indicates that it will accelerate. In order to advance and capitalize on changes in technology, and to meet competition, companies will need to recognize promptly their need for technicians in order that the educational system can train them to meet foreseeable needs. Since the analytical help proved so effective in meeting this problem with the eighty companies participating, it is recommended that analysts of an equivalent background be made available to companies in Georgia in the future, either through a State agency or through private consultants.

12. Study of the self-employed disclosed a great dependence of these small firms on the technical and skilled training, both of the managers and workers in these companies. The self-employed, it is believed, have an important bearing on the economic development of Georgia. Most new firm starts fall in this size class. While the failure rate is high, many of this size firm succeed and grow into larger firms, employing significant numbers of workers.

Analysis showed the high significance of technical and skilled workers to the kind of products or types of services marketed, and to the success of the enterprise. This indicates that many technical and skilled workers will become operators of small firms. Their success and contribution to the economic growth of Georgia can be materially greater if they happen to be good managers as well as technicians. This can be assured if their basic training is broadened to include also basic accounting and the principles of company

-143- organization.

13. One of the most notable findings from the intensive surveys is that there is an absence of coniniunication between educators and company management.

This problem exists at two levels in the educational setup of the State.

There is first the problem of communication at the college level between professors and researchers on the one hand, and company management and research and development personnel in companies on the other. The second area needing better communication is between (1) the high school and technical school teachers and (2) those personnel who not only employ skilled, technical, and clerical workers, but those who also supervise them closely in their work. It is proposed that a series of summer institutes be sponsored by the two echelons of education for their opposites in companies. These institutes should be organized in such a way as to promote a maximum of interchange between educators and company personnel concerned with changing technology.

An institute is conceived first as a plan where papers would be presented by professors, college researchers, and company research and development personnel. Then a series of round tables would take place, discussing changing technology in terms of company prospects. The institutes in the technical schools would be confined to panels and exhibits of newer types of test equipment beginning to be developed in industry. This whole program could be bound together in a dynamic organization by a publication devoted to reporting changing technology as it affects Georgia Industry.

14. Scientists, engineers, college teachers, and others have problems of keeping up with an accelerating science and technology. The answer here is a Sabbatical leave not less frequent than each seven years, and preferably

-144- every five years. This means an enlarged teaching faculty because so many would be away on study at all times. If educators are to keep up and be of maximum usefulness to society and to the economy, industrialists and other groups with which they are in constant contact, there is no other way. The question then comes to this point: Are we as a State, region, or nation prepared to pay the price for this phenomenal gain to economic growth by thus enlarging our budgets?

15. Changes in technology, and particularly those changes in technology that tend to be drastic in their consequences, pose serious difficulties to the average company, and this is particularly true of the smaller companies in

Georgia. To meet this problem, it is proposed that the State provide through some agency, preferably Georgia Tech, an engineering consultation service to help companies work out answers to such rapid changing technology. It may be financed in some part by State appropriations, but in large part by company reimbursement for the cost of the services.

16. If we are to meet effectively the need in future years for technicians, especially because of the lead time required in their training, it would seem that the current survey as a model in determining requirements would need to be repeated at intervals in order to keep jobs by type and in quantitative terms under continuous process of assessment. The repeat interval should be 2 to 3 years, which would enable some corrective overlap on the five year projections. Both the company projections of requirements and those based on economic projections should be provided in order to preserve a proper balance in estimates of a demand without dependence on any one set of figures.

A weakness of the present study was lack of the fullest cooperation on the

-145- part of company top management in helping personnel people in projections of company needs for a few years in the future. However, as the survey comes to be recognized as a development device for the State's economy, it is believed that company disinterest in this type of study will disappear and be embraced instead with enthusiasm.

17. And a final conclusion, constituting also a prophecy, is that a gigantic growth is expected in demand, as a result of rapidly changing technology, for design engineers and technicians on the one hand, and for maintenance- type technicians to service the sophisticated products and equipment on the other. Between the design work and maintenance of final products and equipment is the production process in which the need for skilled workers is declining. Technicians, however, will be increasingly utilized, either in very special positions or as supervisors. Yet, the trend is so strong that the need for maintenance type technicians, supported by skilled workers, will undoubtedly counterbalance in time the decline of employment of skilled workers on the production line. This does not count the growth in the demand for the design function which is growing steadily more complex as it accel- erates. The fact is that, as the study has demonstrated at several points, there is a growing investment in production type machines which reflects the need for electronic controls, tied to mechanical mechanisms, often involving also hydraulics and/ or pneumatics. The same complexity is also appearing in consumer type goods. The expensive production equipment must be kept in production as a matter of sheer economics. This means the maintenance person who acts in the dual role of preventive maintenance expert and diagnostician must have some basic knowledge of theory in the areas of electronics and mechanic ,: and often hydraulics, even perhaps pneumatics.

-146- His main job is to prevent breakdowns, but if they occur, he must move promptly to diagnose the trouble and then to supervise its repair.

In the area of consumer durable goods, a complexity also exists and while the size of investment is not as large in absolute dollars, it is relatively large and often a critical need exists to keep them in operation.

The relationship of consumer goodwill to secure market demand has never been more important and is steadily growing even more critical in this sense.

High class, quick, dependable maintenance work on such equipment is of such importance, and the job is growing so much more complex, that the day of the maintenance technician is emerging. He will be required to have basic theory, a practical working knowledge of test equipment, have the desire to keep up, and will be in great demand. He will command good pay because of his 2-year technical training in the first instance, but momparticularly because of the accelerating demand for his services. APPENDIX A: NEW TECHNICIANS APPENDIX A: NEW TECHNICIANS

Page

1. List of Job Titles 2

2. Job Specifications for New Technicians 3

3. Summary of Course Requirements 15

4. Specific Apprenticeship Training Programs in Georgia 25 1. List of Job Titles, New Technicians

Skilled Occupational Title Occupational Survey Code of Code Number Technicians AssignedA/

1. Job Categories Assigned Published Code Numbers: 04 Building Service Systems Technician (41).h/ 5-72.010 16 Environmental Health Technician (0) 0-95.093 20 Industrial Water Filter & Sewerage (0) 7-54.621 Plant Technician 28 Silk-Screen Process Technician ( 3 ) 5-91.701

II. Job Categories Assigned New Code Numbers: 01 Animal Technician (34) 0-50.019 02 Audio-Visual Technician (74) 0-66.819 03 Biochemical Electronic Technician (81) 0-50.049 05 Chemical Technician (94) 0-50.909 06 Combustion and Furnace Technician (0) 0-50.929 07 Communications Technician (361) 0-67.119 08 Computer Programmer-Operator (70) 0-69.989 09 Construction Technician (45) 0-67.069 10 Cryogenics Technician (27) 0-66.919 11 Electrical Technician (34) 0-67.139 12 Electrical & Electronics Technician (75) 0-67.129 13 Electronic Computer Maintenance Tech (17) 5-83.449 14 Electronics-Mechanical Technician (273) 0-67.109 15 Engineering Technician (76) 0-67.059 17 Food Quality Control Technician (2) 0-50.959 18 General Science Technician (112) 0-67.049 19 Industrial Engineering Technician (41) 0-67.149 21 Machine Tool and Die Technician (11) 0-67.019 22 Metals Technician (21) 0-50.519 23 Nuclear Technician (18) 0-50.609 24 Plastics Technician (24) 0-66.969 25 Pneumatics Technician (47) 5-80.109 26 Poultry Technician (19) 3-48.919 27 Quality Control Technician (20) 0-50.339 29 Statistical Technician (83) 0-66.829 30 Systems Analyst (29) 0-69.929 31 Welding Technician ( 5 ) 4-85.199

a/ Analysis on Coding the above Technician Categories was provided through the courtesty of the Bureau of Employment Security, U.S. Employment Service. b/ Numbers in parenthesis indicate number of job openings expected by 80 large companies in 5 years. -2- 2. Job Specifications for New Technicians

01--ANIMAL TECHNICIAN

Conditions animals for and then handles them during laboratory experiments; prepares diets based on feed, exercise, and any other instruments; makes innoculations, harvests materials, bleeds, keeps records; may also handle radioisotopes. Uses same equipment for animals as nurse does for humans, such as syringes, thermometers, etc.

Plant job titles: Animal Technician Primate Technician (Animal)

02--AUDIO-VISUAL TECHNICIAN

Produces audio and visual aids; works with authors to get the ideas to be developed or displayed; does creative work in writing and graphic arts. Uses all sorts of photographic instruments and graphic arts equipment. Does photo laboratory processing.

Plant job titles: Audio-Visual Technician

03--BIOCHEMICAL ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN

Operates electronic equipment used in patient treatment and care including also electronic equipment used in controlling and measuring dosages of radioisotopes or radiation; sets up equipment in operating room or wherever is needed for patient surveillance or treatment; maintains and calibrates equipment; administers prescribed dosages of isotopes or radiation; calculates intensity and time required for radiation dosage and records daily dose-intensity, time and dose; evaluates radiation treatments. Uses simple chemical equipment, time-pulse-respiration recorders, spectrophotometer, central axis depth dose tables, radiation meters, centrifuges, and fine optical instruments.

Plant job titles: Biochemical Technician Bio-Electronics Technician Radio Therapy Assistant Medical Electronic Equipment Technician Radioisotope Assistant 04--BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS TECHNICIAN

Coordinates installation and/or operation of various building service systems; establishes desired relationships between installation of systems; checks shop drawings against specifications; operates and maintains, including development of a preventive maintenance program for motors, generators, air condition, heating, and lighting equipment in buildings. Uses testing equipment for electrical circuits, refrigeration equipment including air measuring devices.

Plant job titles: Air Conditioning and Ventilating Technician Building Power and Gas Mechanical and Electrical Coordinator

05--CHEMICAL TECHNICIAN

Plans and controls the use of chemicals in manufacturing operations; tests new chemicals on the market and new chemicals being introduced into processing operations by laboratory analyses; maintains purity and strength of chemicals in bulk or in solution; checks purity of water; reclaims chemicals; runs chemical tests using conventional chemical laboratory equipment and in addition other specialized tests as follows: colorimeters, resilience tests, density tests, hardness tests, pyrometers, oxygen analyzers, microscopes,fadeometers, and viscosimeters.

Plant job titles: Chemical Control Man Chemical Process Control Technician Chemical Technician Chemical Testing Technician Glass Technology Laboratory Technician Rubber Technician Process Materials Recovery Technician Textile Chemical Technician Textile Finishing Technician

06--COMBUSTION AND FURNACE TECHNICIAN

Analyzes incoming raw materials, mixes and melts batch in glass manufacturing, and checks the resulting product for conformance to quality standards; tests raw materials for chemical content; sets up the instrumentation to maintain controls of the combustion process; supervises work force of semi- skilled people; takes "seed counts" and analyzes "cords." Uses pyrometers, oxygen analyzers, microscope, mechanical screens, and glass saws; also does some chemical analysis.

Plant job title: Combustion and Furnace Technician

-4- 07--COMMUNICATIONS TECHNICIAN

Participates in the planning and programming of equipment, then installs and maintains complicated communications and computing equipment; works to convert engineering sketches to a part or component for testing; installs equipment and circuits; monitors and interprets data from the equipment; maintains and repairs the equipment as needed; plans the use of the equipment. Uses electrical and electronic equipment including wave meters, oscillators, oscilloscopes, vacuum tube voltmeters, signal generators, recorders, slide rules, calculators, bridges, wide band power and voice measuring devices, and pulse generators.

Plant job titles: Communication Technician Electronic Transmission Technician Microwave and Antennae Technician Microwave Maintainer Apprentice Telegraphic Computer Technician Trunk Engineering Assistant

08--COMPUTER PROGRAMMER-OPERATOR

Prepares and maintains programs and operates the computer and peripheral equipment; keeps up with and maintains new computer routines and new types of equipment as available; writes programs not requiring advanced mathematics; follows specific instructions, e.g., engineering, or accounting, in preparing programs for specific problems; assembles program and data and processes through input devices, computers, and output devices. Utilizes various types of programs, instructional manuals, and input-output equipment.

Plant job titles: Accounting Computer Technician Computer Analyst Computer Librarian Computer Operator Programmer Computer Process Control Technician Data Processing Supervisor's Assistant Programming Standards Technician Programming Technician Computer Programmer or Systems Analyst 09--CONSTRUCTION TECHNICIAN

Plans and coordinates construction project work under direction of civil engineer; studies specifications and programs operations on project by scheduling work and use of resources such as men, materials, and equipment; handles and supervises surveying instruments and work; calibrates concrete and asphalt mix plants; supervises concrete and steel reinforcing work; calculates equipment and bearing values; calculates cost by cost accounting methods; develops preventive maintenance program and directs maintenance on mechanical equipment, including diesel and gasoline engines. Uses surveying equipment, calculators, accounting forms, and mechanical equipment, including diesel and gasoline engines.

Plant job titles: Instrument Man for Surveying Work Paving Construction Technician Construction Technician

10--CRYOGENICS TECHNICIAN

Designs, assembles, and operates a system (storage, refrigeration, pumping, and instrumentation) to achieve extremely low temperatures; stores cryogen fluids in tanks at proper pressure; uses pumps to cause liquids to flow; keeps fluids flowing properly at the correct pressure and temperature; must be able to carry out instrumentation to tell what is happening in the systems.

Plant job titles: Cryogenics Technician

11--ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN

Develops, designs, and prepares layouts for electrical installations and electrical equipment and tests after fabrication and installation; may work under direction of electrical engineer and expand basic engineering design into final product; supervises installation; corrects failures in equipment by testing, diagnosing difficulties, and making repairs as needed. Uses drawing instruments, electrical and electronic test equipment such as voltmeters, ammeters, and stroboscopes.

Plant job titles: Electrical Control Technician General Field Superintendent Electrical Motor Technician Test Technician 12--ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNICIAN

Installs, adjusts, and maintains electrical and electronic components of all types of manufacturing and industrial control equipment; follows procedures of design engineer in testing and installing electrical and electronic equipment; follows prescribed engineering testing procedures for acceptance and evaluation tests and prepares reports; develops preventive maintenance program; observes, diagnoses and either corrects or instructs electrician to modify and make repairs on equipment. Uses circuit testers, voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, oscilloscopes, stroboscopes, signal generators, resistance and capacity bridges, and frequency counters.

Plant job titles: Electrical and Electronic Technician Electrical Technician Electronic Control Technician Electronic Technician Electronic and Electrical Maintenance Technician Electronic Maintenance Technician Electronics Assistant Electronics Research Technician Flight Simulator Technician Radiation Equipment Technician Technical Draftsman for Electronics Work Transponder Altimetry Technician

13--ELECTRONIC COMPUTER MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

Services and does minor repair work on computers and all peripheral equipment including tabulating equipment; does routine maintenance and service; installs mechanical and electronic parts. Uses electronic measuring instruments, mechanical tools, logic diagrams, and circuit drawings.

Plant job titles: Electronic Computer Maintenance Technician Tabulating and Electronic Equipment Technician

14--ELECTRONICS-MECHANICAL TECHNICIAN

Assists in fabricating, installing, and maintaining equipment with mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic sub-systems controlled largely by electronic components or systems; reads prints, does corrective design work, and does layout work; develops preventive maintenance program; observes, diagnoses and corrects failures in equipment. Uses small mechanical tools, circuit testers, ohmmeters, voltmeters, amperage meters, oscilloscopes, micrometers, calipers, and may be called upon to use basic machine tools. 14--ELECTRONICS-MECHANICAL TECHNICIAN (continued)

Plant job titles: Advanced Maintenance Technician Agricultural Implement Technician Automated Equipment Technician Automated Machine Maintenance Technician Automatic Milling Technician Automation Technician Electro-Mechanical Technician Electro-Mechanical Testing Technician Electronics Maintenance Man Field Service Engineer Foreman of an Automated Assembly Section Foreman of an Electro-Mechanical Devices Department Gin Service Technician Industrial Electrical Maintenance Technician Machine Tool Programmer Mechanical Electronics Packaging Technician Mobile Equipment Maintenance Technician Packaging Service Technician Technical Maintenance Supervisor Technician for Pulp and Paper Industry Textile Equipment Technician

15--ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN

Does sub-design work, testing, and estimating to turn an engineer's basic design into a workable product; prepares engineering drawings and fills in components and methods to conform to company procedures under direction of project engineer; does estimating of performance and costs; examines difficulties and makes recommendations about design changes in product. Utilizes drafting tools, calculating equipment, machine tools and equipment, and handbooks on weights and strength; may also use other specialized equipment such as surveying or electronic equipment.

Plant job titles: Cotton Gin Engineering Technician Engineering Technician Gin Sales Technician Machine and Tool Designer Materials Handling Technician Mechanical Design Technician Textile Equipment Installer Yarn Carrier Research and Development 16--ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TECHNICIAN

Assesses and corrects or recommends corrective action for environmental health problems; does routine inspections of water waste and selected industrial hazards; determines insect and rodent infestation; inspects food and dairy plants. Uses ph-meters, chlorimeters, thermometers, and drafting instruments and equipment.

Plant job title: Environmental Health Technician

17--FOOD QUALITY CONTROL TECHNICIAN

Develops procedures for testing food products and packaging materials during processing to insure conformance with quality standards; formulates quality control system; runs biological and weight tests on in-process birds; tests packaging materials before and after this operation is completed. Uses microscope, test tubes, bacteriology tests and various other laboratory procedures; also uses shear test for tenderness, scales, and various other measuring devices, including spectrometers.

Plant job titles: Biological and Quality Control Technician Food Technician

18--GENERAL SCIENCE TECHNICIAN

Establishes or follows directions of scientist or engineer in the establishment and accomplishment of testing programs in the various fields of science; follows standard laboratory procedures or instructions of superior in testing and measuring in the areas of electricity, chemistry, and mechanics. Uses standard measuring devices such as micrometer, calipers, potentiometer, flow transducers, and pressure transducers.

Plant job titles: Engineering Research Technician General Science Technician Heat Transfer Technician Test Department Technician 19--INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN

Assists industrial engineer or does some industrial engineering work as specified and may also be considered for supervisory work in manufacturing departments; does studies involving the establishment of work standards by either conventional stop watch methods or work sampling procedures; develops standards for either existing or changed jobs; develops plant layouts, inspection programs, and maintenance programs; may also coordinate production activities by scheduling and supervision. Uses stop watch, handbooks on methods engineering, statistical tables, and may also use more specialized equipment such as precision gauges or testing fixtures peculiar to particular firm.

Plant job titles: Assistant to Industrial Engineer Departmental Manager Industrial Engineering Technician Methods and Standards Technician Printing Supervisor Production Supervisor Trainee Supervisory Trainee Time and Motion Technician

20--INDUSTRIAL WATER FILTER AND SEWERAGE PLANT TECHNICIAN

Operates water filter and sewerage treatment plant; would operate plant during day and be responsible for those operating plant at night; applies and controls the use of chemicals in the treatment of industrial wastes. Uses water pumps, pressure flow meters, and basic chemical tests.

Plant job title: Industrial Water Filter and Sewerage Plant Technician

21--MACHINE TOOL AND DIE TECHNICIAN

Develops and fabricates jigs, fixtures, tools, and dies in accordance with plant needs; develops parts from engineering instructions and blueprints, templates, or a piece already made; may do supplemental design work; instructs skilled workers in the fabrication of parts. Uses drafting equipment and all standard shop equipment such as lathes, grinders, boring mills, drills, etc.; also makes use of reference books and catalogues.

Plant job titles: Die-sinker at the technical level Tool and Die Maker Tool Design Technician 22--METALS TECHNICIAN

Tests and assists in processing particularly plating, of metals and metal products; runs mechanical and chemical tests on metals; and chemical tests on plating solutions; develops testing equipment for specific types or adaptations of basic tests. Uses the following equipment: spectrograph and spectrophotos,ampen hour meters, hull cells, strain testers, elongation testers, tensile testers, hardness testers, compression testers, and any type of machine tool to be found in the typical machine shop.

Plant job titles: Chemical Plating Technician Coating, Finishing and Plating Technician Exotic Metals Coating Technician Metals Laboratory Technician Mechanical Laboratory Technician Metals Testing Technician

23--NUCLEAR TECHNICIAN

Operates equipment using either high or low power nuclear energy devices for research or industrial purposes; manipulates electro-mechanical controls to obtain energy needed; uses radiation equipment to test perfection of welds, thickness of paint, quality of asphalt, and determine the density of soils; constructs and maintains (including preventive maintenance) specialized equipment for research purposes. Uses nuclear sources such as reactor, or Cobalt 60 and similar type nuclear energy source, reactor control instruments, calibration instruments, radiation detection instruments, vacuum equipment, cryogenics equipment; may also use pumps and motors and special devices such as paint thickness gauges, and asphalt thickness gauges.

Plant job titles: Nuclear Reactor Operator Nuclear Test Technician Radiation Laboratory Technician

24--PLASTICS TECHNICIAN

Develops designs for and fabricates products made of or finished with plastics materials or components; turns engineering ideas into real product through hand lay-up, use of compression molding equipment, and plastics machine tools; does plastics applications in construction or industrial firms; checks usage of plastics to insure application within material capabilities. Uses machine flow meters, pressure gauges, pilot air valves, air motors, plastics machine tools, and injection molding equipment. Also, uses a slide rule and accurate measuring devices such as scales and balances.

Plant job titles: Building Plastics Technician Frothing Technician Plastics Technician 25--PNEUMATICS TECHNICIAN

Maintains, overhauls, modifies, and tests pneumatics systems; performs trouble shooting, testing, and performs corrective action; may remove part from basic equipment, shop test, and restore to basic equipment; improves system to keep up with advancing technology. Uses exotic metals, ceramics, stainless steels, and aluminum; also uses manometers, humidifiers, seals, and filters.

Plant job title: Pneumatics Technician

26--POULTRY TECHNICIAN

Establishes and checks on maintenance of standards for poultry growing conditions. Works with contract or wholly owned poultry growing operations giving counsel and inspecting for conformance with standards. Checks on environment, feed, and growth of birds. May also work with environmental control equipment, automatic bird feeding equipment, medicines, and antibiotics used in the poultry industry, scales, thermometers, and laboratory testing equipment.

Plant job titles: Agriculture Poultry Technician Broiler Serviceman or Technician

27--QUALITY CONTROL TECHNICIAN

Develops and/or administers quality systems for maintaining standards of quality in incoming materials, processing operations, and finished products; runs various types of tests on incoming materials, materials in-process, and finished products; develops control charts for in-process control systems, may make recommendations about correcting process difficulties. Uses statistical tables and specialized measuring instruments and tests, depending upon the industry such as Rockwell hardness, optical comparator, sonic X-ray or Magnaflux to test castings, mullen tester, flat crush tester, and Beach puncture test on paper or moisture meters, oil extraction tests, and twist checks in the textile industry.

Plant job titles: Quality Control Technician Textile Quality Control Technician 28--SILK-SCREEN PROCESS TECHNICIAN

Advises on technical capability of silk-screen process, plans the work and supervises reproduction by silk-screen process; works with art and photo department; consults with the sales department; may actually do the layout work, photo-color separation, and stencil cutting; assists in or does the setup work on presses; supervises production employees. Uses photographic equipment such as darkroom camera, vacuum beams, arc lamps, developers, enlargers, and special chemicals and paper; also works with screens, stencils, and presses.

Plant job titles: Photographic Technician for Silk-Screen Printing Production Supervisor for Silk-Screen Silk-Screen Printing Press Technician

29--STATISTICAL TECHNICIAN

Assembles, analyzes, and classifies data using statistical tools to provide a basis for decision making; may accumulate data from records or in the field; transposes data to machine records; analyzes and classifies data on appropriate bases; may assist in design of experiments. Uses mathematical, statistical, and probability tables; also uses slide rules, calculators, machine record equipment, graphing, and tabulation equipment.

Plant job titles: Engineering Assistant Engineering Forecast Technician Statistical Technician Urban Traffic Analyst

30--SYSTEMS ANALYST

Analyzes existing systems of accomplishing work and develops improved systems; surveys relationships among personnel, materials, equipment, and procedures in existing systems by block diagramming and flow charting; does procedures design work; applies computer services where desired and applicable in systems. Uses libraries of forms, books, and manuals, including layout forms and flow charts.

Plant job titles: Assistant to Systems Analyst Business Systems Analyst Financial Systems Analyst and Programmer Systems Analyst 31--WELDING TECHNICIAN

Programs, operates, and maintains electron beam and maser equipment; adjusts equipment for operation to be performed; keeps highly technical records; does preventive maintenance work and repair work on machine; adjusts and adapts machine to keep it updated with new development or to new jobs. Uses vacuum furnace, holding fixtures, electron beam welding equipment, and masers.

Plant job titles: Electron Beam Cutting and Welding Technician Welding Technician (Emphasis on electronic welding) Maser Beam Welder 3. Summary of Course Requirements

The following Tables, A - F, give a list of courses specified for 31 technicians types requested by 80 larger companies in personal interviews during the Summer of 1962. The technicians have been grouped into tables, for summary purposes, according to similarities in job specifications requested by these companies. Table A Course Specifications for Technicians in the Biology Related Group

Total Number of Jobs in Each Category 5 3 2 2 1 13 Bio- Food Environ- Chemical Animal Quality mental Courses Electronic Technician Control Poultry Health Composite No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Basic electronics 5 100 2 67 7 54 Industrial electronics 5 100 2 67 7 54 Instrumentation-biology-chemistry 5 100 5 38 Mathematics through geometry 4 80 2 67 1 100 7 54 Statistics 3 60 2 67 1 50 1 50 1 100 8 62 Applied physics 3 60 3 23 Nuclear physics 3 60 3 23 Electricity 3 60 1 50 4 31 Basic chemistry 3 60 2 67 1 50 1 50 7 54 Technical reporting & writing 3 60 2 67 2 100 2 100 1 100 10 77 Biology- applied 3 60 2 67 5 38 Chemistry-bio-chemistry 3 60 3 23 Micro-biology 3 60 2 67 1 50 1 100 7 54 Applied chemistry 2 40 2 67 1 50 5 38 Public speaking 2 40 1 100 3 23 All others 2 40 2 100 2 100 6 46 Engineering drawing 1 100 1 8 Time and motion study 1 50 1 8 Communication skills 1 50 1 50 2 15 Bacteriology 3 100 2 100 5 38 Biology--general 1 50 1 8 Animal behavior 3 100 3 23 Animal husbandry 3 100 3 23 Pathology 3 100 3 23 Comparative anatomy 2 67 2 15 Genetics 2 67 2 15 Physiology 2 67 2 15 Radio-metering 2 67 2 15 Animal anatomy and physiology 1 33 1 8 Psychology 1 33 1 8 Table A (continued)

Quality control-statistical 1 50 2 100 3 23 Refrigeration 1 50 1 8 Laboratory Processes and tech. 1 50 1 8 Air conditioning 1 50 1 8 Standards and specifications 2 100 2 15 Poultry husbandry 2 100 2 15 Surveying 1 100 1 8 Industrial hygiene 1 100 1 8 Medical entomology 1 100 1 8 Milk and food technology 1 100 1 8 Water filtration & sewerage treatment 1 100 1 8

Table B Course Specifications for Technicians in the Chemistry and Physics Related Group

Total Number of Jobs in Each Category 10 4 4 3 1 1 1 24 Industrial Combustion Water Filter Courses General and and Sewerage Chemical Science Plastics Nuclear Furnace Cryogenic Plant Composite No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Mathematics thru geom 10 100 4 100 4 100 2 67 1 100 1 100 1 100 23 96 Basic chemistry 10 100 3 75 4 100 2 67 1 100 1 100 21 88 Applied chemistry 8 80 1 25 3 75 1 33 1 100 14 58 Tech reporting & writing8 80 2 50 1 25 2 67 1 100 14 58 Standards & specs. 7 70 3 75 10 42 All others 7 70 3 75 3 100 1 100 14 58 Quality control (stat) 6 60 1 25 1 25 1 33 1 100 10 42 Statistics 6 60 1 25 7 29 Instruments technology 4 40 3 75 1 25 1 33 1 100 1 100 11 46 1 Communications skills 4 40 2 50 2 50 2 67 10 42 Electricity 3 30 2 50 3 75 2 67 1 100 11 46 Basic electronics 3 30 2 50 3 100 1 100 9 38 Engineering drawing 3 30 2 50 4 100 2 67 11 46 Plastics theory 3 30 4 100 7 29 Mechanics 3 30 2 50 3 75 8 33 Industrial electronics 3 30 2 50 3 100 1 100 9 38 Algebra--higher 3 30 1 33 4 17 Chemistry-industrial 3 30 1 100 4 17 Applied physics 3 75 3 75 1 33 1 100 8 33 Theoretical physics 1 25 2 50 1 100 4 17 Circuit design 1 25 1 100 2 8 Engineering design 1 25 3 75 1 33 5 21 Metallurgy 1 25 1 100 2 8 Machine shop 1 25 3 75 1 100 5 21 Welding technology 1 25 1 33 1 100 3 13 Heat treatment of metals 1 25 1 100 2 8 Hydraulics 1 25 2 50 1 100 4 17 Computer technology 1 25 1 100 2 8 Refrigeration 2 50 1 100 3 13

Table B (continued)

Total Number of Jobs in Each Category 1 0 4 4 3 1 1 1 24 Industrial Combustion Water Filter Courses General and and Sewerage Chemical Science Plastics Nuclear Furnace Cryogenic Plant Composite No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Methods engineering 2 50 2 8 Time & motion study 2 50 2 8 Construction methods 1 25 1 4 Public speaking 1 25 1 4 Organization theory 1 25 1 4 Nuclear physics 3 100 3 13 Math thru calculus 1 100 1 100 2 8 Combustion engineering 1 100 1 4 1— Thermodynamics 1 100 1 4 Plant layout 1 100 1 4 Water filter & 1 100 1 4 sewerage Table C Course Specifications for Technicians in the Computer, Statistics, and Systems Group

Total Number of Jobs in Each Category 9 5 5 4 23 Computer Programmer Quality Systems Courses Operator Control Statistical Analyst 1/ Composite No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Mathematics through geometry 9 100 2 40 3 60 4 100 18 78 Computer technology 8 89 2 40 2 50 12 52 Technical reporting & writing 7 78 2 40 5 100 4 100 18 78 All others 7 78 3 60 10 43 Communication skills 6 67 4 80 3 60 1 25 14 61 Statistics 3 33 3 60 5 100 3 75 14 61 Quality control (stat) 3 33 4 80 2 50 9 39 Electricity 3 33 1 25 4 17 Basic electronics 3 33 2 40 2 50 7 30 1 1■3 Methods engineering 3 33 4 100 7 30 o i Time & motion study 3 33 2 40 3 75 8 35 Industrial electronics 3 33 2 40 2 50 7 30 Programming 3 33 3 13 Standards and specificatt.ins 4 80 4 17 Machine shop 3 60 3 13 Basic chemistry 2 40 2 9 Metallurgy 2 40 2 9 Welding technology 2 40 2 9 Engineering drawing 4 80 2 50 6 26 Applied physics 2 40 2 9 Applied chemistry 2 40 2 9 Public speaking 2 40 2 50 2 9 Systems analysis 2 50 2 9

a/ For systems analyst, companies reported in addition the need for one each of the following courses of study: Mathematics through calculus, advanced electronics, radio and microwaves, television, communications technology, plant layout, telemetry, basic accounting, machine accounting procedures, and organization theory.

Table D Course Specifications for Technicians in the Electrical Group

21 18 9 54 Total Number of Jobs in Each4 Category 2 Electrical Electronic Electronics- and Communi- Computer Courses Mechanical Electronics cations ElectricaLg Maintenance Composite No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Mathematics through geometry 20 95 15 83 7 78 3 75 1 50 46 85 Electricity 19 90 18 100 7 78 4 100 2 100 50 93 Basic electronics 19 90 18 100 8 89 4 100 2 100 51 94 Mechanics 19 90 4 22 1 25 1 50 25 46 Industrial electronics 19 90 18 100 8 89 4 100 2 100 51 94 Machine shop 18 86 2 50 1 50 21 39 Hydraulics 17 81 5 28 1 50 23 43 Communication skills 17 81 5 28 5 56 27 50 Engineering drawing 15 71 12 67 3 33 2 50 1 50 33 61 Technical reporting & writing 15 71 6 33 6 67 2 50 29 54 Applied physics 14 67 10 56 3 33 2 50 29 54 Instruments technology 14 67 14 78 3 33 1 50 32 59 Welding technology 13 62 1 25 14 26 Circuit design 11 52 16 89 4 44 4 100 2 100 37 69 Theoretical physics 9 43 9 17 Heat treatment of metals 9 43 9 17 Metallurgy 8 38 8 15 Public speaking 7 33 6 67 2 50 15 28 Engineering design 1 25 1 2 Advanced electronics 8 44 6 67 2 50 1 50 17 31 Radio and microwaves 7 39 8 89 1 25 1 50 17 31 Computer technology 5 28 5 56 1 25 2 100 13 24 Television 4 22 3 33 7 13 Communications technology 8 89 2 50 10 19 Telemetry 4 44 1 25 5 9

Ali For electrical, companies reported in addition the need for one each of the following courses of study: Refrigeration, air conditioning, methods engineering, plant layout, construction,methodology, standards and specifications, and blue print reading. Table E Course Specifications for Technicians in the Engineering, Mechanical, and Metals Group

Total Number of Jobs in Each CatesorV

9 8 6 3 3 3 1 33 Industrial Build. Ser. Machine Courses Engineering Engineering Metals Systems Tool & Die Welding Pneumatics Composite No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Engineering drawing 9 100 4 50 4 67 3 100 2 67 1 100 23 70 Electricity 7 78 2 25 3 50 3 100 1 33 1 100 17 52 Mechanics 7 78 4 67 2 67 1 33 2 67 1 100 17 52 Technical report & writ. 6 67 5 63 6 100 2 67 1 33 2 67 1 100 23 70 Communication skills 6 67 5 63 5 83 1 33 1 33 1 100 19 58 Basic electronics 5 56 2 67 3 100 10 30 Circuit design 5 56 1 33 3 100 1 100 10 30 Metallurgy 5 56 5 83 1 33 3 100 3 100 1 100 18 55 Machine shop 5 56 2 25 3 50 3 100 3 100 1 33 17 52 Welding technology 5 56 3 50 3 100 1 33 1 33 1 100 14 42 Industrial electronics 5 56 2 67 3 100 10 30 'Theoretical physics 4 44 2 33 1 33 7 21 Applied physics 4 44 4 67 3 100 1 33 1 100 13 39 Engineering design 4 44 3 50 2 67 1 100 10 30 Heat treatment of metals 4 44 4 67 1 100 9 27 Hydraulics 4 44 3 50 2 67 1 33 10 30 Public speaking 4 44 2 33 1 33 7 21 All other 4 44 3 38 2 33 1 33 1 33 11 33 Standards & specification 3 33 6 75 4 67 3 100 1 33 1 100 18 55 Math thru geometry 7 88 6 100 3 100 3 100 2 67 1 100 22 67 Plant layout 7 88 7 21 Methods engineering 6 75 1 100 7 21 Time and motion study 6 75 6 18 Statistics 5 63 2 33 7 21 Quality control (stat) 4 50 3 50 1 33 1 100 9 27 Accounting--cost 2 25 2 6 Labor relations 2 25 2 6 Basic chemistry 5 83 1 33 6 18 Plastics theory 4 67 1 33 5 15 Table E (continued)

Total Number of Jobs in Each Category 9 8 6 3 3 3 1 33 Industrial Build. Ser. Machine Courses Engineering Engineering Metals Systems Tool & Die Welding Pneumatics Composite No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Applied chemistry 3 50 3 9 Instruments technology 3 50 2 67 1 33 1 100 7 21 Refrigeration 3 100 1 100 4 12 Air conditioning 3 100 1 9 Construction methodology 2 67 2 6 Communication technology 1 33 1 3 Gas power plant tech 1 33 1 3 Pneumatics 1 33 1 100 2 6 Math thru calculus 1 33 2 67 1 100 4 12 Advanced electronics 2 67 2 6 ,:3 Nuclear physics 1 33 1 3 Radio and microwaves 1 33 1 3 Table F Course Specifications for Technicians in the Miscellaneous Group

Total Number of Jobs in Each Category 3 3 1 Silk-screen Audio- Courses Construction Process Visual No. Per No. Per No. Per of Cent of Cent of Cent Cos. of Cos. of Cos. of Rep. Total Rep. Total Rep. Total

Mathematics through geometry 3 100 3 100 Engineering drawing 3 100 1 33 1 100 Construction methodology 3 100 Surveying 3 100 Applied physics 2 67 1 33 Engineering design 2 67 Electricity 2 67 2 67 1 100 Machine shop 2 67 Welding technology 2 67 Standards and specifications 2 67 Communication skills 2 67 1 100 Theoretical physics 1 33 Heat treatment of metals 1 33 Mechanics 1 33 1 33 Hydraulics 1 33 Plant layout 1 33 1 33 Instruments technology 1 33 Technical reporting and writing 1 33 Accounting-cost 1 33 Algebra-higher 1 33 1 33 Basic chemistry 2 67 1 100 Mathematics through calculus 1 33 Applied chemistry 1 33 Methods engineering 1 33 Time and motion study 1 33 Graphic arts 1 33 1 100 Labor relations 1 33 Photography 1 33 1 100 All other 1 33 Basic electronics 1 100 Radio and microwaves 1 100 Television 1 100 Communication technology 1 100 Circuit design 1 100 Sound engineering 1 100 Industrial electronics 1 100 4. Specific Apprenticeship Training Programs in Georgia

REPORT ON APPRENTICE REGISTRATION ACTIONS for Calendar Quarter Beginning 7/1/62 Ending 9/30/62 ate or Area: GEORGIA STATE REPORT Active at Actions During Period Covered Active at Beginning End of New Cancellations of * Trade Classification Period Registra- Completions (including Period tions suspensions) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) istruction Trades Group Bricklayer, stone mason 148 8 4 6 146 Carpenter 340 21 1 360 Cement mason 18 1 19 Electrician 400 37 2 8 427 Floor coverer 6 1 7 Glazier Lather 42 42 Operating engineer Painter-decorator 138 25 163 Plasterer 28 3 31 Plumber-pipe fitter 306 14 1 3 316 Roofer 24 1 3 22 Ironworker erector 26 11 37 Sheet-metal worker 136 19 2 153 Sprinkler fitter 29 12 1 9 40 Tile and terrazzo worker Misc. construction trades al Trades Group Aircraft mechanic 21 15 3 33 Automotive body builder-repairman 3 3 Automotive mechanic 34 1 33 Blacksmith Boilermaker 10 10 Electroplater Engraver Heat treater Heavy-duty equipment mechanic Lead burner Aachinist 18 18 Aolder-coremaker ?atternmaker & model maker Ironworker-fabricator Cool-and-die maker 12 1 13 4isc. metal trades iting Trades Group lookbinder, bindery worker ;ompositor (printer) 58 3 2 59 'electrotyper 6 6 .ithographer 1 1 hailer 'hotoengraver 'rinting pressman 6 3 9 fterotyper 12 12 iisc. printing trades 7 7

(continued on next page) Continued Active at Actions During Period Covered Active Beginning Enc of New Cancellations of Trade Classification Period* Registra- Completions (including Peric tions suspensions) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6: Other Selected Trades 43. Baker 44. Butcher-meat cutter 45. Cabinetmaker 13 46. Carman 47. Draftsman-designer 48. Electrical worker (light & power) 49. Cable splicer 50. Lineman 6 2 51. Powerhouse electrician 52. Electrical worker (other) 2 53. Glazier--glass worker 54. Maintenance mechanic-repairman 78 55. Metal polisher - buffer 56. Millwright 4 57. Optical technician 58. Orthopedic - prosthetic technician 1 59. Dental technician 1 60. Painter (except construction) 61. Photographer 62. Powerhouse engineer 63. Powerhouse operator 64. Stationary engineer 65. Telephone lineman 66. Telephone worker Other Trades Not Included Above (Specify) 67. Granite workers 41 68. Candy maker 3 1 2 69. Radio & TV Repairman 1 70. Upholsterer 7 TOTAL ALL TRADES 1,986 175 13 29 2,]

Number of apprentices active beginning of calendar quarter should agree with number reported for end of previous calendar quarter. If Different, give reasons for differences using space below.

This report was prepared by Mr. James O. Long, Supervisor, Georgia State Bureau of Apprenticeship Training, U.S. Department of Labor, October 8, 1962.

-26- APPENDIX B: METHODOLOGY TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. Basic Procedure 2

II. Definitions 13

III. Specific Occupations included in Study 14

IV. Questionnaires 19

V. Publicity 46

VI. Letters 50

VII. Use of Computers in Processing Data 57

VIII. Sample Inflation and Related Statistical Analysis 67 APPENDIX B: METHODOLOGY

I. Basic Procedure

The basic statistics on the supply and demand situation in seven areaal/

for skilled, technical, and clerical workers were obtained by a mailed ques-

tionnaire for 165 categories of workers considered critical for future growth

of Georgia's economy. Since not all jobs would apply to each industry, those

jobs applicable were selected and entered in a 2-part questionnaire. The

jobs entered on the questionnaire for each industry were those considered most important for each industry and were selected with the assistance of

industry advisers. Definitions for each job and explanation of how to fill

out the questionnaire were included in separate material. Follow-up by let-

ter, telephone calls, and finally by personal interviews with some of the most critical large firms was employed. In addition, a large sponsoring committee was obtained, the members of which have been listed in the acknowledgements.

Publicity relative to the progress of the study was issued at intervals.

In each of the larger metropolitan areas where separate figures were to be provided news releases were made and tied into that area particularly. De-

spite all this effort some large firms refused to cooperate.

Data on the self-employed were obtained by mailed questionnaires. The nature and impacts of rapidly changing technology on new types of technicians were obtained by personal interviews with top management in 80 companies.

The 220 Datatron at Georgia Institute of Technology was employed impor-

tantly to develop universe values from the sample of 2,521 firms and to

—1/ Already outlined in the introduction.

-2- obtain other valuable statistics for the analysis.

Sample Analysis

Sample Ratio. The basic methodology involved questionnaire surveys of a sample of firms selected at random, and in certain sampling ratios, from a finite universe of approximately 16,000 firms under the job insurance pro-. gram plus 815 firms in several Non-Covered categories. The standard sample ratio recommended by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment

Security, is as follows:

Size Sample ratio

Firms of 4-19 workers 4% Firms of 20-99 workers 25% Firms of 100 workers or over 100%

For the first two categories, the sampling ratios were doubled approximately in order to allow for nonresponse from a mailed questionnaire. The counts according to universe, sample selection, and sample response, showing both number of firms and total employment for each category by areas, are given in Table A.

Overall Sample Response. The data in Table A show that the highest sample response, based on employment of the responding firms to the universe employment of all firms, was obtained from the 5-Smaller SMSA's and the lowest from Non-Metropolitan Georgia. The overall response for the entire study areas was 52 per cent in terms of universe employment. Table A Analysis of Sample Relative to Sample Selection and Sample Response by Employmnet Category and Area

Percentage of Response Employment Type Universe Values Sample Selection Sample Response in Terms of by Number Sept. 1961 Number Sept. 1961 Number Sept. 1961 Sample Area of Employment of Employment of Employment Universe Selected Firms Firms Firms

I. JI-Covered Employment2/ 1. Atlanta SMSA 4,874 194,026 1,079 141,648 523 98,721 51 70 2. Non-Metropolitan Georgia 8,239 261,500 1,635 184,849 833 113,869 44 62 3. Five-Smaller SMSA's 3,258 113,877 1,202 95,518 593 62,680 55 66 Total 16,371 569,403 3,916 422,015 1,949 275,270 48 65

II. Non-Covered Employmenth/ 1. Atlanta SMSA 242 69,545 242 65,282 171 59,010 85 90 2. Non-Metropolitan Georgia 393 91,060 393 40,134 275 34,897 38 87 3. Five-Smaller SMSA's 180 62,118 180 51,044 126 44,247 71 87 Total 815 222,723 815 156,460 572 138,154 62 88

III. Summary of both Components of Universe 1. Atlanta SMSA 5,116 263,571 1,321 206,930 694 157,731 60 76 2. Non-Metropolitan Georgia 8,632 352,560 2,028 224,983 1,108 148,766 42 66 3. Five-Smaller SMSA's 3,438 175,995 1,382 146,562 719 106,927 61 73 Total 17,186 792,126 4,731 578,475 2,521 413,424 52 71

Al Those establishments in Georgia which are covered under the Job Insurance Program of the Employment Security Agencg, Georgia Department of Labor. This category of firms is outside the Job Insurance Program of the State of Georgia. Many of these firms, however, have job insurance under other programs such as the Federal Government or the Railroad Retirement Board. Sample Response by Industry and by Area. Table B provides detailed data on the number of firms and employment in the universe, sample data on firms reporting, and September 1961 and Summer 1962 employment are compared.

Comparisons are given by industry and also for major areas with three subdivisions under each area.

The data show that the poorest sample response was by construction firms and by trade and service establishments. The highest response was found among Other Non-Covered, Federal Government, utilities, and manufacturing in that order. Response ratios of areas have been discussed above but some broad industry comparisons will be revealing. The Five-Smaller SMSA's had the highest response in terms of universe employment which is seen from

Table B to be related to the returns from manufacturing which was higher for this area where manufacturing is also relatively more important than the Atlanta MCA. This area is higher in the other two industrial categories than the Five-Smaller SMSA's combined.

In the aggregate, 15 per cent of the firms of the universe reported

(about 53 per cent of those canvassed), and 52 per cent of the universe employment is represented. Non-Covered firms have a substantially higher ratio of response than the JI-Covered Firms.

Comparisons of employment of Summer of 1962, with the previous September's employment, show that employment during the survey period was only one per cent above the September 1961 employment of firms turning in the questionnaire forms. Table B Sample Analysis for Skilled Study Summer 1962

Employmer Number Employment of of Sept. 1961 Sample Fii Firms Sept. 1961 Summer 19( Universe Sample Sample Employment Type Universe Sample Per Employ- Employ- Per Employ- PE by Industry Count Count Cent ment ment Cent ment C( by Area Sept. Sept. Summer SE 1962

JI-COVERED EMPLOYMENT:

Manufacturing A. Durables 2,813 320 11.4 97,178 48,927 50.3 54,221 1 B. Non-durables 2,247 579 25.8 253,739 146,807 57.9 147,224 11 Total 5,060 899 17.8 350,917 195,734 55.8 201,445 1(

Construction 3,654 259 7.1 51,864 9,999 19.3 10,410 11

Utilities1/ 1,195 174 14.6 54,374 31,657 58.2 30,721

Trade and Services 6,462 617 9.5 112,248 37,880 33.7 33,085 Total 16,371 1,949 11.9 569,403 275,270 48.3 275,661 1 NON-COVERED EMPLOYMENT:

Federal Government 479.2/ 328 68.5 63,812 47,581 74.6 50,608 1

State & Local Governments 246.E/ 184 74.8 133,980 69,074 51.6 70,742 1

All otherh/ 90E/ 60 66.7 24,931 21,499 86.2 20,592 Total 815 572 70.2 222,723 138,154 62.0 141,942 1 AGGREGATE TOTAL 17,186 2,521 14.7 792,126 413,424 52.2 417,603 1 AREA 1 (ATLANTA SMSA) Manufacturing 1,082 195 18.0 82,473 49,140 59.6 52,245 1 All other - covered 3,792 328 8.6 111,553 49,581 44.4 45,433 Non-Covered 242E/ 171 70.7 69,545 59,010 84.9 62,537 1 Total 5,116 694 13.6 263,571 157,731 59.8 160,215 1

AREA 2 (NON-METROPOLITAN) Manufacturing 3,291 497 15.1 197,601 99,928 50.6 101,838 1 All other - covered 4,948 336 6.8 63,899 13,941 21.8 12,754 Non-Covered 393E/ 275 70.0 91,060 34,897 38.3 34,402 Total 8,632 1,108 12.8 352,560 148,766 42.2 148,994 1

AREA 3 (5-Smaller SMSA's) Manufacturing 687 207 30.1 70,843 46,666 65.9 47,362 1 All other - covered 2,571 386 15.0 43,034 16,014 37.2 16,029 1 Non-Covered 184E/ 126 70.0 62,118 44,247 71.2 45,003 1 Total 3,438 719 20.9 175,995 106,927 60.7 108,394 1 AGGREGATE TOTAL 17,186 2,521 14.7 792,126 413,424 52.2 417,603 1

-a/ Includes transportation, communication, electric, gas, and sanitary. -b/ This category includes private hospitals, educational institutions, relig ious organi zation , railroads, and miscellaneous nonprofit institutions. .S1' This is a count of firms contacted. The universe count is not available. -6-

Industries Studied. The following is a listing of the industries in-

cluded in the Universe for the study.

Major Category Groups of Industries

SIC Code Description

I. JI-Covered Employment

Construction 15 General contractors, building 16 General contractors, except building 17 Special trade contractors

Manufacturing - Durables 19 Ordnance and accessories 24 Lumber and wood products 25 Furniture and fixtures 32 Stone, clay and glass products 33 Primary metal products 34 Fabricated metal products 35 Machinery, except electrical 36 Electrical machinery 37 Transportation equipment 38 Instruments and related products 39 Miscellaneous manufacturers

Manufacturing - Nondurables 20 Food and kindred products 21 Tobacco manufacturers 22 Textile mill products 23 Apparel and related products 26 Paper and allied products 27 Printing and publishing 28 Chemicals and allied products 29 Petroleum and coal products 30 Rubber and plastic products, n.e.c. 31 Leather and leather products

Utilities 41 Local passenger transportation 42 Trucking and warehousing 45 Transportation by air 46 Pipe line transportation 48 Communication 49 Electric, gas, and sanitary service

Major Category Groups of Industries

SIC Code Description

I. JI-Covered Employment (continued)

Trade and Service (all sizes) 52 Building materials 57 Furniture and house furnishings 55 Automotive dealers and service stations 60 Banking 63 Insurance carriers 73 Miscellaneous business service 75 Automobile repair (services & garages) 76 Miscellaneous repair services 80 Medical and other health services Trade and service (large size firms, 100 workers or over) 50 Wholesale trade 53 General merchandise 54 Food 56 Apparel and accessories 61 Credit agencies other than banks

II. Noncovered Employment

Government 91 Federal 92 State 93 Local

Other Noncovered 40 Railroads 83 Educational institutions, private 86 Other nonprofit institutions (mainly private hospitals) Listed below are the industries wholly or partially excluded from the universe.

Industries Wholly Excluded Industries Included but with Large Firms having over 100 Workers SIC SIC Code Description Code Description

07 Agricultural services 50 Wholesale trade 08 Forestry 53 General merchandise 09 Fisheries 54 Food 10 Metal mining 56 Apparel and accessories 14 Non-metallic minerals, 61 Credit agencies other than banks except fuels 44 Water transportation 47 Transportation services 58 Eating and drinking places 62 Security and commodity brokers 64 Insurance agents, brokers and service 65 Real estate 66 Combined real estate and insurance 67 Holding and other investment companies 72 Personal services 78 Motion pictures 79 Amusement and selected services 81 Legal services

The total employmentli represented by the first group is roughly 73,000 and by the second group 119,000. Firms of three or less workers, mostly self-employed, however, were not included as a normal part of the regular statistical processes here analyzed. This group represents 58,000 workers.

It was studied by a special questionnaire.

2/ Excludes firms of 3 or less workers.

-9- Special Studies

Small Firms (BOASI)3( A special aspect of the study involved an analysis of characteristics of the self-employed, including firms of 3 or less workers.

The purpose of this part of the study was to learn the extent to which the self-employed use skilled or technical workers, or professionally trained persons.

According to County Business Patterns 1959, reflecting data from the

Bureau of Old Age and Survivors' Insurance, there are about 32,000 of these small firms, including the self-employed. The number of firms is thus about

10 per cent larger than the Job Insurance and the Non-Covered firms but only 58,000 workers are represented.

For this part of the study, a sample selection was made of firms from

BOASI tapes. The selected firms were canvassed by mailed questionnaire and by personal calls of area labor market anal,ysts. Limited information on the background, training, and experience of operators and their skilled employees was obtained.

Field Interviews of Selected Large Firms. Another special study and from some extent the most important, and certainly the most interesting, was the field interviews designed to discover the nature of technological changes in different industries as they are occurring now and as expected for a period of 3 to 5 years in the future. The effect of these changes on new job openings for technicians needed by companies to capitalize on changing technology was assessed, as well as the type of training such workers would require, nature of the courses needed for this training and the type of equipment for

—3/ Bureau of Old Age and Survivors' Insurance.

-10- which technicians must be trained. This problem was approached by drawing a small sub-sample of 89 firms from the larger firms of over 100 workers.

The sample selection was based on random selection from a stratified universe according to type of industry and location in the State. Summary of the sample selection and response to personal interviews are shown on next page. Sa,uple Selection

I. Breakdown by Industry Number of Number of Firms in Firms Sample Cooperating

Manufacturing A. Durables 28 23 B. Nondurables 26 22

Construction 9 9

Transportation 7 7 Couuuunication, electric & gas

Trade and Services 9 9

Government: Federal, 7 7 local, state

Other 3 3

Total 89 80

II. Breakdown of Sample by Areas

1. Albany 1 1

2. Atlanta 46 44

3. Augusta 3 3

4. Columbus 4 4

5. Macon 1 1

6. Savannah 5 4

7. Balance of State 29 23

Total 89 80

Appointments by letter were arranged, often supplemented by telephone calls. Two types of questionnaires were used, one to elicit information on technological trends and the other to obtain information on new types of technicians which would be needed and type of training recommended.

-12- II. Definitions of Major Categories of Occupations Surveyed.

Technicians. A technician is one who performs tasks which are parts of scientific or engineering activities. Technicians are more intensively trained in fundamentals than craftsmen. They occur between engineers and scientists, on the one hand, and craftsmen on the other. Their work is usually in a specialized field of research design, development and/or construction; in exploration, measurement and analysis and/or application of basic scientific concepts; and in control of production facilities and manpower.

A technician must have knowledge of the underlying scientific engineering and/or mathematical principles related to the specialized field of work; and he must be able to make applications of established scientific techniques and methods toward the solution of specialized problems. Technicians usually become qualified through formal technical training, on-the-job training, or a combination of both.

Skilled Workers or Craftsmen. This group includes occupations predomi- ately requiring a thorough knowledge of processes of the work. They must be able to exercise judgement involving a high degree of dexterity, and be responsible for valuable products or machines. They become qualified by serving apprenticeship training periods.

Clerical Workers. This group includes those jobs concerned with the preparation, transcribing, transferring, systematizing, or preserving of written communications and records in offices, shops, and other places of work where such functions are performed. Mental and manual processes are required. A few include the use of equipment such as bookkeeping and calculating machines.

-13- III. Specific Occupations included in Survey.

Survey D. O. T. Code Title Coded/

Technicians:

001 Accountant, General and Cost 0-01.10 & 0-01.20 002 Aerodynamics Analyst 0-19.03 003 Air Conditioning Technician: 5-00.943 Refrigeration Technician 004 Analytical Research Technician, Resins & Adhesives 0-07.81 005 Baker, Laboratory 0-50.64 006 Ceramics Analyst 0-15.11 007 Chemical Technology Technician, Radiation 0-07.21 008 Chemist, Assistant 0-50.22 009 Civil and Construction Technician 0-16.01 010 Clerical Technician 1-36.01 011 Cloth Designer 0-46.91 012 Clothes Designer 0-46.01 013 Cloth Tester or Cloth Tester Quality 0-50.22 014 Commercial Artist 0-44.21 015 Computer Laboratory Technician 5-83.444 016 Cost Technician 1-01.35 017 Design Draftsman, Ram-Jet Engine 0-48.11 018 Development Instrumentation Technician Aircraft 0-17.01 019 Die Designer 4-76.01 020 Draftsman, Electrical 0-48.11 021 Draftsman, Mechanical 0-48.18 & 0-48.01 Detail Man, Furniture 022 Draftsman, Structural 0-48.25 023 Draftsman, Topographical (Civil) 0-48.26 024 Electric Power Technician 5-83.444 025 Electronics Technician 5-83.444 026 Engine Development Technician, Internal Combustion 0-17.01 027 Engineering Assistant, Mechanical Equipment 0-48.18 028 Estimator 0-68.64 029 Estimator and Draftsman 0-67.68 030 Fixture Designer 0-46.11 031 Flutter and Vibration Technologist, Aircraft 0-19.03 032 Furniture Designer 0-46.11 033 Industrial Technician 0-18.01 034 Instructor of Trainees (Any industry) 0-32.30 035 Instrument Man 0-64.30 036 Instrumentation Technician 1-35.01 037 Insulator Tester 0-50.74 038 Laboratory Assistant I 0-50.71 039 Laboratory Assistant, Metallurgical 0-50.27

From the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, published by the Bureau of Employment Security, U.S. Department of Labor, March 1949.

-14- Survey D. 0. T. Code Title Codes

Technicians: (continued)

040 Laboratory Assistant (Scientific Helper) 0-50.23 041 Laboratory Assistant, X-ray Equipment 0-50.40 042 Laboratory Tester 0-50.93 043 Mathematics Technician 0-35.76 044 Mechanical Engineering Technician, Steam Turbine 0-19.01 045 Mechanical Technician 0-19.01 046 Metal-Furniture Model-Maker 0-19.01 047 Paint Tester 0-50.38 048 Paper Tester 0-50.50 049 Process-Description Writer 0-18.01 050 Production Planner 0-68.50 051 Programmer 0-69.981 052 Project Planner, Data Processing System 1-25.67 053 Quality Control Technician 0-5).22 054 Radio/Television Transmitting Technician 5-83.444 055 Radioisotope Production Operator 5-83.444 056 Research Laboratory Analyst 0-50.22 057 Research Technician, Environmental Test 5-83.444 058 Research Writer 0-06.85 059 Safety Technician 0-95.93 060 Sanitation Technician 0-66.41 061 Sheet Metal Technician 0-19.01 062 Sheet Tester 0-50.37 063 Soda Tester 0-50.35 064 Specification Writer, Electrical Devices 0-68.61 065 Spectroscopist 0-50.44 066 Statistician I 0-36.51 067 Stress Analyst 0-19.03 068 Systems Analyst 0-69.98 069 Systems Engineering Technician, Computer 0-69.98 070 Systems Testing Laboratory Technician 0-69.98 071 Technical Writer, Electronic Service Publications 0-06.90 072 Tester 0-50.55 073 Testing Laboratory Technician, Temperature Controls 0-19.01 074 Time-Study II 0-68.73 075 Tool Designer 0-48.41 076 Welding Technician 4-85.040 077 X-ray Technician, Industrial 0-50.40 078 Yarn Tester 0-50.43

Skilled Occupations:

201 Aircraft Engine Mechanic 5-80.130 202 Aircraft Mechanic 5-80.120 203 Air Conditioning Mechanic or Refrigeration Mechanic 5-83.941 204 Automobile Mechanic 5-81.010 205 Automobile Body Repairman and/or Painter 5-81.510

-15- Survey D. 0. T. Code Title Code

Skilled Occupations: (continued)

206 Baker, foods 4-01.100 207 Bleacher, Chlorine-hypochlorite System (Paper) 4-41.051 208 Boilermaker 4-83.100 209 Bookbinder 4-49.010 210 Cabinetmaker I 4-32.100 211 Carpenter, Maintenance (Any industry) 5-25.830 212 Carpenter (Non-manufacturing) 5-25.150 & 5-25.230 213 Cement Finisher or Worker Construction 5-26.100 214 Compositor (Hand) 4-44.010 215 Cutting and Creasing Pressman (Paper goods) 4-42.315 216 Cylinder-press Man (Print and Pub.) 4-48.010 217 Die Maker (Paper goods) 4-42.301 218 Diesel Mechanic (Non-manufacturing) 5-83.931 219 Dragline Operator (Any industry) 5-73.320 220 Dyer, Master (Textiles) 5-18.010 221 Electrician 4-97.010 222 Electrical Adjuster (Electrical Equipment) 5-00.933 223 Electrical Appliance Repairman (Any industry) 7-83.058 224 Electrical-Instrument Repairman 5-83.975 225 Electrical Inspector (Aircraft Mfgr.) 4-97.930 226 Electrotyper (Print and Pub.) 4-45.010 227 Elevator Installer or Elevator Repairman 5-83.351 228 Engineering Clerk (Aircraft) 1-35.01 229 Finisher (Furniture) 5-16.710 230 Furnace Installer and Repairman-Hot Air (Any industry) 5-83.023 231 Gas-Appliance Serviceman (Any industry) 5-83.040 232 Heat Treaters, Annealers, Temperers 4-87.020 233 Instrument Repairman (Any industry) 5-83.971 234 Jig and Fixture Builder 4-76.210 235 Job Setter (Machine) 4-75.160 236 Knife Grinder (Woodworking-furniture) 5-84.130 237 Knitting-machine Fixer (Textiles) 5-83.322 238 Lineman (Light, Heat, and Power) 5-53.420 239 Linotype Operator (Print and Pub.) 4-44.110 240 Loom Fixer (Textiles) 4-16.010 241 Machinist 4-75.010 242 Maintenance Man (Factory or Mill) 5-83.610 243 Maintenance Mechanic (Any industry) 5.83.641 244 Mason (Brick, stone, cement blocks, etc.) 5-24.110 245 Molder 4-81.010 Coremaker 246 Millwright (Any industry) 5-78.100 247 Offset-Press Man 4-48.050 248 Optical Laboratory, Mechanics 5-08.010 249 Painter 7-27.010 250 Pattern Cutter (Apparel, Textile) 4-27.431 251 Patternmaker (Aircraft Mfgr.) 4-27.432

-16- Survey D. 0. T. Code Title Code

Skilled Occupations: (continued)

252 Patternmaker (Apparel, Textiles) 4-27.431 253 Patternmaker (Furniture) 5-17.080 254 Patternmaker, Metal (Foundry) 5-17.010 255 Photoengraver (Printing & Pub.) 4-47.100 (Engraving Operator) 256 Photolithographer (Printing & Pub.) 4-46.200 Cameraman, Lithographic 257 Pipe Fitter 5-30.010 Steam Fitter 258 Plater: Electroplater 4-74.010 259 Plasterer (Construction) 5-29.100 260 Plastics Molder (Fabric, Plastics Products) 5-10.014 261 Platen-Press Man (Printing & Pub.) 4-48.020 262 Plumber (Construction) 5-30.210 263 Power-Shovel Operator (Any industry) 5-73.210 264 Printer: Compositor (Machine) 4-44.010 265 Refrigerating Engineer (Any industry) 5-72.310 266 Sewing Machine Repairman (Apparel, Furniture, Textiles) 5-83.641 267 Sheet Metal Worker 4-80.010 268 Spinning Frame Fixer 5-83.324 269 Stationary Engineer (Any industry) 5-72.010 270 Sterotyper (Printing & Pub.) 4-45.210 271 Street-Light Serviceman or Repairman 5-53.945 (Light, Heat, and Power) 272 Structural Ironworkers 4-84.610 273 Tool and/or Die Maker 4-76.040 274 Tool-Grinder Operator 7-84.110 275 Tractor Mechanic (Any industry) 5-81.040 276 Truck Mechanic (Non-manufacturing) 5-81.030 277 Upholsterer (Any industry) 4-35.720 278 Welder 4-85.040 279 Web-Press Man (Paper Goods) 4-48.030

Cleric alb/

401 Accounting Clerk (Clerical) 1-01.31 402 Bookkeeping (Clerical) 1-01.02 403 Bookkeeping Machine Operator (Clerical) 1-02.01 404 Key-Punch-Duplicator Operator 1-25.62 405 Statistical (Clerical) 1-36.01 406 Stenographer 1-37.12 407 Tabulating-Machine Operator (Clerical) 1-25.64 408 Typist 1-37.32

6 / The clerical jobs were considered standard for all industries and were listed without variations in all questionnaires.

-17- Additional Job Titles Reported jay Employers

In addition to the survey job types, many additional jobs of a skilled nature were reported by companies. The most important of thes, were as follows:

Automotive Electrician, Auto Generator & starter Repairman, Batteryman Asphalt-Plant Operator Carver, Stone-cutter Combination, Test Boardman, Switchman Wireman, Installer Repairman Digester Operator Field Mechanic Fourdrinier Machine Tender, Paper Machine Tender Hydraulic-control-unit assembler Hydraulic Press Operator, Sectional Kiln Operator Leather Cutter Lumber Grader Motorboat Mechanic Office-machine serviceman Ovenman, bake, prod. Pipe Coverer Sandblaster Telegraphic-Typewriter repairman Treating engineer Weaver Colorer, colorist

Since all companies having some of these workers obviously did not report because they were not in the list of related jobs, it was considered hazardous to inflate them to universe values. The estimated numbers contained in the Georgia economy are, therefore, not provided. IV. Questionnaires

Three major types of questionnaires were employed. First, a comprehen-

sive or basic questionnaire was employed through a mailed survey to solicit

information from firms on current use, future requirements, training programs, and minimum requirements for employment by the firms in the large

sample; selection was by random numbers from a stratified universe. Second,

a questionnaire was designed for use with top management in large companies by personal interviews to obtain data on technological trends and their impact on new types of technicians. Third, a mailed questionnaire was used to study characteristics of the self-employed.

Comprehensive Mailed Survey of Large Sample

Th -T.s questionnaire was designed to obtain broad and comprehensive information of company use, future needs, training programs, hiring requirements, and other related information. The form was printed on a two-page, folded questionnaire, with loose supplementary pages. Another feature of the design was the address box found on page 1 and again repeated on page 3.

Address labels were prepared with an IBM 407 printer with analytical codes established and forming part of the label on both pages. Such analytical codes as area, size of firm, SIC code, company serial number, and September

1961 employment (the sample bench mark) were thus pre-coded as the mailing

labels were prepared. This procedure associated accurately with each company all basic information needed for the classification and analytical work on the computer at a later date. Obviously, it saved time and errors later from longhand entries by persons editing the questionnaires.

The questionnaire was designed in 2 sections to be mailed and received

as one form. It was cut into separate parts for independent processing.

-19- The first section referred to as the JS-1 part obtained general information

and was punched on an identifying card. The second section, containing at

least two pages, and sometimes a supplemental page, was referred to as the

JS-2 part. It contained company identifying information. Details on all

specific clerical, technical, and skilled workers were obtained, showing current use, sex, age distribution, extent of training, and future needs.

A card was punched for each job title, showing all related information, as well as the company identifying data.

In order to improve response of companies to the questionnaire, the section JS-2 part of the questionnaire, which contained space for reporting on each job completely, was tailored to each major industry type. This means that only those skilled and technical worker titles were selected which were most important to the industry for which the questionnaire was designed.

All eight classes of clerical workers were included as a standard procedure in each specific type questionnaire. In the special design of the JS-2 part of the questionnaire for an industry, the assistance of occupational specialists of the Georgia Department of Labor and industry advisers were employed. In all, 23 different types of questionnaires for the JS-2 section were designed. A different form number was assigned, as well as a subject name for each questionnaire. The 23 types of questionnaires, with descrip- tive information, are as follows: Form SIC Number Description Codes Applicable

S-1 Special Contract Construction 15-17 (Small firms) S-2e2/ General Contact Construction 15-17 (Medium & large firms) S-3c Local government, services or general 89, 93 & noncovered S-4c Government, State & Federal 91, 92 S-5 General manufacturing 19, 21, 29-31, 39 S-6 Food and kindred products 20 S-7 Stone, clay, and glass 32 S-8 Instruments & related products 38 S-9 Selected finance 60-61-63 S-10 Miscellaneous business services 73 S-11 Automobile repair shops 75 S-12 Miscellaneous repair services 76 S-13 Medical & other health services 80 S-14c Textile & apparel & related industries 22-23 S-15 Lumber & wood products, furniture 24-25 and fixtures S-16c Paper and allied products, printing 26-27 and publishing S-17 Chemicals & allied products 28 S-18c Metals 33-36 S-19c Transportation equipment 37 S-20c Transportation 41-47 S-21c Communications 48 S-22c Electric, gas & sanitary services 49 S-23c Trade 50,52-57, 59

a/ The "c" denotes a continuation sheet. Sample Questionnaires

Two samples of the questionnaire are as follows: First is given the shortest form (ESA-S-1), which was designed for small construction firms.

The title of this form is "Special Contract Construction," and it required reports on 21 jobs. The second questionnaire is ESA-S-19c, which applies to the manufacturers of transportation equipment and included the large automobile assembly plants and aircraft manufacturing. Its title is

"Transportation Equipment," and 80 jobs are listed. Space for open-ended answers to jobs was permitted so that companies could add any of the 165 defined job titles, as well as any other jobs considered important to any industry.

Georgia Department of Education Georgia Department of Labor Georgia Institute of Technology Employment Security Agency

JS-1 JOI3 SURVEY GENERAL INFORMATION

SPECIAL CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Please answer all of the questions for this establishment as completely and as accurately as possible. The information you furnish will be treated strictly confidential. If you have any questions telephone the nearest office of the Georgia State Employment Service. The completed form should be mailed to the Georgia Department of Labor, State Labor Building, Atlanta 3, Georgia. The envelope enclosed for your reply requires no postage. The "EMPLOYER'S COPY" of this form is for your use.

EXPLANATIONS FOR ENTERING DATA

1. Current employment, this establishment (Total)

2. Estimate the total number of workers you expect Before making estimates for job needs for 1963 and 1965 will be working In this establishment. and expansion plans, if any, take into account the growth a. One year from now prospects of ,the State, your industry and your company. b. Three years from now Confer with appropriate officials to determine these answers.

3. Does the company management plan to open this type operation at another location In Georgia? a. Within 1 year (Check) Yes No If "Yes", estimate total employment, new branch b. Within 3 years (Check) Yes No If "Yes", estimate total employment, new branch

4. Show below the type of formal company training regularly provided. (Check as appropriate.) No formal training a. Formal training is defined here to include all planned types Apprenticeship b. of training by the company management. Workers attend class c. On-the-job training or they are in a program of apprenticeship or on-the-job d. Unit class room training with time regularly scheduled. The purpose is to e. University executive impart skills or techniques to the workers, qualifying them development courses for more responsible and important jobs. f. Other types: (Specify below)

(Over) Form ESA-S-1

—23* -2-

What are your company's minimum educational EXPLANATIONS FOR ENTERING DATA requirements for hiring the following classes of workers? (Check one space in each group below).

5. Unskilled workers: Unskilled group includes workers with little skill or a. Education is not a factor training. They do the casual labor types of jobs. Their b. No educational requirement established work may not require training.

6. Semi-skilled workers: a. No educational requirement established Semi-skilled workers are those given simple routine, b. At least eighth grade mechanical-motion types of training, such as production c. High school graduate line work. Involves mechanical-type, repetitive work, d. Other (Specify) that may tend to be monotonous.

7. Skilled workers: a. No educational requirement established Skilled workers must have a comprehensive knowledge b. At least eighth grade of processes involved in the work. They exercise c. High school graduate considerable judgment involving a high degree of d. Completion of on-die-job training manual dexterity, and often ha e extensive responsibility e. Apprenticeship training for valuable products or equipment. f. Other (Specify)

8. Technicians (not professional): Technician type workers perform specific tasks which a. No educational requirement established are functional parts of scientific or engineering activities b. At least eighth grade that require knowledge of fundamental theory. They work c. High school graduate with engineers or scientists or do such work. Must have d. Post-high school vocational knowledge of engineering, scientific and/or mathematical or trade school training principles.

9. Clerical: a. No educational requirement established Clerical workers are concerned with preparation, b. At least eighth grade transcribing, transferring, systematizing, or pre- c. High school graduate serving of written communications in offices, shops, d. Post-high school vocational training etc. Both mental and manual processes are required.

10. List below types of technical, skilled, The Manpower Development and Training Act may make or clerical jobs for which you think it possible to supplement present training facilities and training courses should be established. provide more occupational training.

Job Title Job Title Job Title Technical Skilled Clerical a k.

b. g. 1 c. m.

d. i n. e i • o.

Completed by Date

Title

DO NOT USE THIS SPACE

Editor Date Geese's Deoanusent of Education Georgia Department of Labor

Georgia Institute of Technology Employmen t Security Agency

JS-2 JOB SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE CLERICAL, TECHNICAL, AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS

SPECIAL CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION

Expected Total Number Expected Current ,umber in to Complete Company Age Distribution Employment Training Employment Company This Job Type This Job Type ob To tal This Job Type Training Under 45 and 1 Yr. 3 Yrs. Within Within ode Occupation Total Women 35 35 - 44 Over from now from now Now 1 Yr. 3 Yrs. l) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (1Z :LERI CAL 101 Accounting clerk

102 Bookkeeper

103 Bookkeeping machine operator

104 Key,puncb-duplicator operator

105 Statistical clerk

106 Stenographer

107 Tabulating machine operator

108 Typist TECHNICIANS 101 Accountant, General and Cost

128 Estimator SKI_LED OCCUPATIONS n2 Carpenter

!13 Cement Finisher

!43 Maintenance Mechanic

!44 Mason

!49 Painter

159 Plasterer

!62 Plumber

!63 Power- Shovel Operator

!67 Sheet-Metal Worker

:76 Truck Mechanic

78 Welder SPECIAL CONTRACT CONSTRUCT

CLERICAL, TECHNICAL, AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS - continued

Expected Total Number Expected Current Number in to Complete Company Age Distribution Employment Training Employment Company This Job Type This Job Type Total Training Job This Job Type Within Under 45 and 1 Yr. 3 Yrs. Within Code Occupation Total Women 35 35 - 44 Over from now from now Now 1 Yr. 3 Yrs.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

TECHNICIANS (Other) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

SKILLED OCCUPATIONS (Other) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Georgia Department of Education Georgia Department of Labor Georgia Institute of Technology Employment Security Agency

JS.1 J013 SURVEY GENERAL INFORMATION

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

EXPLANATIONS FOR ENTERING DATA

1. Current employment, this establishment (Total)

2. Estimate the total number of workers you expect Be/ore making estimates for job needs for 1963 and 1965 will be working in this establishment. and expansion plans, if any, take into account the growth s. One year from now prospects of the State, your industry and your company. b. Three years from now Confer with appropriate officials to determine these answers.

3. Does the company management plan to open this type operation at another location in Georgia? a. Within 1 year (Check) Yes No If "Yes", estimate total employment, new branch b. Within 3 years (Check) Yes No If "Yes", estimate total employment, new branch.

4. Show below the type of formal company training regularly provided. (Check as appropriate.)

e. No formal training Formal training is defined here to include all planned types b. Apprenticeship of training by the company management. Workers attend class c. On-the-job training or they are in a program of apprenticeship or on-the-job Unit class room d. training with time regularly scheduled. The purpose is to e. University executive impart skills or techniques to the workers, qualifying them development courses for more responsible and important jobs. f. Other types: (Specify below)

(Over) Form ESA-S-19 -2-

What are your company's minimum educational EXPLANATIONS FOR ENTERING DATA requirements for hiring the following classes of workers? (Check one space in each group below).

7. Skilled workers: a. No educational requirement established Skilled workers must have a comprehensive knowledge b. At least eighth grade of processes involved in the work. They exercise c. High school graduate considerable judgment in .olving a high degree of d. Completion of on-the-job training manual dexterity, and often have extensive responsibility e. Apprenticeship training for valuable products or equipment. f. Other (Specify)

8. Technicians (not professional): Technician type workers perform specific tasks which a. No educational requirement established are functional parts of scientific or enginee ,-ing activities b. At least eighth grade that require knowledge of fundamental theory. They work c. High school graduate with engineers or scientists or do such work. Must have d. Post-high school vocational knowledge of engineering, scientific and/or mathematical or trade school training principles.

Job Title Job Title Job Title Techc;cal Skilled Clerical a k. b. g. c. d. i n. e. i• o.

Completed by Date

Title

DO HOT USE THIS SPACE -28- Editor Date TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

CLERICAL, TECHNICAL, AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS - continued

I xpected Total Number Expected Current Number in to Complete Company Age Distribution Employment Training Employment Company This Job Type This Job Type Total Job Training . . This Job Type Within Under 45 and 1 Yr. 3 Yrs. WI thin Code Occupation Total Women 35 35 - 44 Over from now from now Now 1 Yr. 3 Yrs.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

204 Automobile mechanic 205 Auto body repairman and/or painter 221 Electrician

224 Electrical-instrument repairman 225 Electrical inspector

228 Engineering clerk

232 Heat treaters, annealers,temperers 133 Instrument repairman

234 Jig and fixture builder

05 Job setter (machine) !41 Machinist

!42 Maintenance man !43 Maintenance mechanic !46 Millwright 151 Patternmaker (model maker)

57 Pipe fitter; steam fitter

65 Refrigerating engineer 67 Sheet-metal worker

69 Stationary engineer

73 Tool and/or die maker

74 Tool-grinder operator 78 Welder

ECHNICIANS (Other) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

JS-2 (Over) Form ESA-S-19 - —29 CLERICAL, TECHNICAL, AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS - continued

Expected Total Number Expected Current Number in to Complete Company Age Distribution Employment Training Employment Company This Job Type This Job Type Total Training Job This Job Type Within Within Under 45 and 1 Yr. 3 Yrs. Yr. 3 Yrs, Code Occupation Total Women 35 35 - 44 Over fmm now from now Now 1

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

SKILLED OCCUPATIONS (Other) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

(Over) Georgia Department of Education Georgia Department of Labor Georgia Institute of Technology Employment Security Agency

JS-2 JOB SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE CLERICAL, TECHNICAL, AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

Expected Total Number Expected Current Numberin to Complete Company Age Distribution Employment Training Employment Company This Job Type This Job Type Job Total This Job Type Training Under 45 and 1 Yr. 3 Yrs. Within Code Occupation Within Total Women 35 35 - 44 Over from now from now Now 1 Yr. 3 Yrs.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) CLERICAL 401 Accounting clerk

402 Bookkeeper

403 Bookkeeping machine operator 404 Keypunch-duplicator operator

405 Stati sti cal clerk

406 ' Stenographer

407 Tabulating machine operator 408 Typist TECHNICIANS 001 • Acco . ant. general & cost 002 Aerodynamics analyst 003 Air-conditioning: refrigeration tech. 006 Ceramic. analyst

010 Clerical technician

014 Commercial artist 015 ' Computer labrcatory technician

016 Cost technician 017 Design draftsman, ram-jet engine

018 Development instrumentation tech.

019 Die design 020 Draftsman, electrical Driftsmut, mechanical; 021 detail man, furniture 022 Draftsman, structural

024 Electric power technician TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CLERICAL, TECHNICAL, AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS - continued

Expected Total . Number Expected Current Number in to Complete Company Age Distribution Employment Training Employment Company This Job Type This Job Type Total Job This Job Type Training Under 45 and 1 Yr. 3 Yrs. Within Within Code Occupation Total Women 35 35 - 44 Over from now from now Now 1 Yr. 3 Yrs.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

025 Electronics technician Engine development technician, 026 internal combustion

027 Engineering asst., mechanical equip.

028 Estimator

031 Flutter & vibration technologist,aircraft

033 Industrial technician

034 Instructor of trainees

036 Instrumentation, technician

039 Laboratory assistant, metallurgical

043 Mathematics technician

045 Mechanical technician

049 Process-description writer

050 Production planner

051 Programmer

052 Project planner, data processing system

053 Quality control technician

057 Research Tech, environmental testing

058 Research writer

059 Safety technician

060 Sanitation technician

061 Sheet metal technician

062 Sheet tester

064 Specification writer, electrical device i

065 Spectroscopist

066 Statistician I

067 Stress analyst

068 Systems analyst

069 Systems engineering tech., computer

070 Systems testing' laboratory technician

074 Time-study man

075 Tool designer

076 j Welding technician

077 X-ray technician, industrial SKIL ED OCCUPATIONS 201 Aircraft engine mechanic

202 Aircraft mechanic

203 Air-conditioning or refrigeration meth: nic Instructions for Filling Out Questionnaires

Instructions to complete questionnaires are in two parts. The JS-1 section of the questionnaire has the definitions and instructions as a part of the questionnaire, but instructions for filling out the JS-2 section not only involved specific jobs but columns of related information as well as definitions and concepts. In addition, job title definitions for each job listed in the JS-2 section had to be provided. Consequently, standard instructions and definitions were provided for the 12 columns of JS-2. The job definitions were tailored into 5 broad classes to fit the 23 types of questionnaires. They were assembled into 5 books, along with generalized instructions, as follows:

Book No. Description Questionnaire to which Applicable

Special Contract Construction ESA-S-1 General Contract Consturction ESA-S-2 Government Services or General ESA-S-3-4 Selected Industries ESA-S-5-13 Major Industries ESA-S-14-23

The generalized instructions included in each of the above books fol- l ows : INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING JOB SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE CLERICAL, TECHNICAL AND SKILLED OCCUPATIONS

GENERAL INSTRUCTION& This questionnaire has been tailored specifically to cover important jobs in your industry. It therefore lists specific types of jobs found in many different establishments. You may find that some of these jobs do not apply to your establishment. IT IS IMPORTANT TO THE VALUE OF THE STUDY THAT YOU SCRUTINIZE CAREFULLY EACH JOB LISTED TO SEE IF IT DOES APPLY TO ANY OF YOUR WORKERS. IF OTHER TECHNICAL OR SKILLED OCCUPATIONS represent key jobs in this establishment, PLEASE ADD THEM on the blank lines at the end of the printed listing. Enter the job tide that you use in your company and list it as appropriate under TECHNICIANS (Other) or SKILLED OCCUPATIONS (Other).

Job definitions in this SURVEY GUIDE have been grouped as follows:

Clerical Technicians Skilled Occupations

Within each group they are listed in alphabetical order, job codes are in numerical sequence. You may, therefore, find in this GUIDE any job description by the number or tide appearing on the questionnaire.

In general, the job list on the questionnaire should be first compared with your jobs. Any company job tide which seems to agree with a job tide given in the questionnaire should be checked by reviewing our job description. If your definition for a listed job does not agree precisely with our definition, the general sense of their meanings should be compared. If the general sense of your job specification tends mainly toward the meaning of our definition, you should complete the appropriate line in the questionnaire. On the other hand, if the general sense of your job definition or specification disagrees to a major extent with our definition, you should leave blank that line of the questionnaire and add your job title, if a key job, at the end of the questionnaire.

IF YOU NEED HELP ON ANY OF THE TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THIS JOB SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE, PLEASE CONTACT THE NEAREST OFFICE OF THE GEORGIA STATE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.

-34- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING JOB SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE - CONTINUED

Explanations for entering data:

Column 1, Job Code: This code has been entered for identification only and facilitates reference to definitions.

Column 2, Occupation: List in this column additional key technical or skilled jobs at the end of the questionnaire, in the blank spaces provided. Omit the job number in Column (1) for the jobs you add to the list, but complete all other columns as appropriate.

Column 3, Current Employment This Job Type, Total: Enter in this column, for job listed, the total of all employment in the establishment as of the date you complete the questionnaire. If none, enter "0".

Column 4, Current Employment This Job Type, Women: Enter in this column the total number of workers of this job type who are women.

Columns 5, 6, and 7, Age Distribution This Job Type: Enter here the distribution by three age categories of the current employment total given in Column 3. When the breakdown is completed to show number under 35 years of age, 35 to 44 years of age, and 45 years of age and over, these three items should be added across and checked against the total given in Column 3. Reconcile any differences.

Columns 8 and 9, Expected Total Employment This Job Type: Enter in respective columns the number you expect 1 year hence and 3 years from now. Taking into account growth prospects of the industry and for your company, after conferring with appropriate officials, estimate how many workers of each job type you will have on your payroll 1 year and 3 years from the date the questionnaire is completed. Since technology is speeding up and the growth prospects of the economy in Georgia are improving, a smaller number of workers in either Column (8) or (9) than in Column (3) could indicate that your company is in a declining industry or that the technical character of the industry is changing so rapidly that you expect shifts in the requirements for certain skilled and technical workers.

Column 10, Number in Company Training Now: Check with the person or persona in charge of the training program, apprenticeship, on-the-job training, or other company training. Enter in this column for each job type the total number now in such company training.

Columns 11 and 12, Number Expected to Complete Company Training: Enter in respective columns an estimate for each job type of the number expected to complete training in 1 year and in 3 years from the date the questionnaire is completed. Confer with the person or persons in charge of training to estimate this number. Take into account the number presently in all FORMAL TRAINING PROGRAMS, the number of months in the training cycle, and any plans within three years for expansion of training. This is a very important question because it will enable us to determine for the state as a whole whether sufficient technical and skilled workers are being trained to keep pace with the state's future growth prospects.

-35- Questionnaires Employed in Personal Interviews

A questionnare was employed with top management of large companies

(100 workers or over) to obtain information on technological trends and their impacts on new types of technicians. This was designed in 2 parts.

Part I provided a diary form for summarizing statements by company personnel on technological trends. Part II contained a series of questions dealing with new technician types of workers needed to help companies solve technological changes. They obtained information on what the worker would do, how, with what equipment, and the training required. Part II was filled out for each new job. The two parts of the questionnaire employed are illustrated below. STUDY OF TECHNICIAN TYPES OF WORKERS GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Confidential Confidential

ANALYSIS OF NEW TYPES OF TECHNICAL JOBS FOR A SAMPLE OF COMPANIES

Part I. General and identifying information (one copy for each company).

A. Firm name

B. Outline briefly the most important technological (or scientific) trends which will influence your industry in the next few years and which you expect tin have a big affect on the technical skills of workers.

1 .

9. Firm Name

Notes:

STUDY OF TECHNICIAN TYPES OF WORKERS GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE GEORGIA DEPARMENT OF LABOR

Confidential Confidential

ANALYSIS OF NEW TYPES OF TECHNICAL WORKERS FOR A SAMPLE OF COMPANIES.

Part II. Identifying information on companies and specific (3) Col. 1 data on new types of technical workers expected to develop by June 1965. (Complete one form for each new type of technical job).

1. Firm name Col. 2-10 2. Data already obtained in Part I.

3. Qualification analysis for new type of technical' worker:

a. What will worker do?

b. How will worker do it?

c. Why will worker do it?

d. What skill, knowledge and abilities will be involved?

e. What special materials, equipment, tools, and instruments will be used?

f. Title you suggest for this new job:

g. Number * (assigned by enumerator) Cols. 11-13 1/ Criteria for identifying a technical job. a. Work level between that of a skilled and a scientific profession. b. Job requires technical competency based on specialized training in technical subjects-which involve the sciences and -mathematics. c. Person's work involves application for technical knowledge and technical understanding. d. The job position is one for which adequate training can usually be obtained in vocational type schools, extension programs for out-of school youths and adults on a full time basis; or by technical courses at the post-high school level for a period of about 2 years, such as a scientific and engineering technicians as trained by Southern Technical Institute. -39-

-2-

4. Training required for above type of new technician. CHECK IN THE LIST BELOW THE FIELDS OF STUDY REQUIRED FOR INITIAL EMPLOYMENT a. Mathematics through Geometry Col. 14 b. Mathematics through Calculus Col. 15 c. Statistics Col. 16 d. Quality control (Statistical) Col. 17 e. Theoretical physics Col. 18 f. Applied physics Col. 19 g. Nuclear physics Col. 20 h. Electricity Col. 21 i. Basic electronics Col. 22 j. Advanced electronics Col. 23 k. Radio and microwaves Col. 24 1. Television Col. 25 m. Communications technology Col. 26 n. Circuit design Col. 27 o. Engineering drawing 3ol. 28 p. Engineering design Col. 29 q. Basic chemistry Col. 30 r. Applied chemistry Col. 31 s. Plastics theory Col. 32 t. Metallurgy Col. 33 u. Machine shop Col. 34 v. Welding technology Col. 35 w. Heat treatment of metals Col. 36 x. Refrigeration Col. 37 y. Air conditioning Col. 38 z. Mechanics Col. 39 aa. Hydraulics Col. 40 bb. Methods engineering Col. 41 cc. Time and motion study Col. 42 dd. Plant layout Col. 43 ea. Instruments technology Col. 44 ff. Computer technology Col. 45 gg. Construction methodology Col. 46 hh. Surveying Col. 47 ii. Photogrammetry Col. 48 jj. Standards and specifications Col. 49 kk. Rocket theory Col. 50 11. Propulsion fuels Col, 51 mm. Cybernetics Col. 52 nn. Telemetry Col. 53 oo. Radar theory Col. 54 pp. Technical reporting & writing Col. 55 qq. Public speaking Col. 56 rr. Communication skills2 Col. 57 as. tt. UU. VV. VW. xx. TY. zz. 2/Human relations, perception of social personal needs, developed ability to be articulate, ability to pursue own personal advance without offense, and proper timing and ability to be identified. The younger person knows how to work with older workers and industrialists. -40-

5. Summarize in your own words the sort of man you will need for the type of job you visualize for this work, touching in a general way on the technical training you would like for him to have.

6. Estimate the number of new technicians3 of the type of analyzed above which this company will probably need in the present plant by:

a. June 1963 Cols. 66-68

b. July 1965 Cols. 69 - 71

7. State how many trainees which are currently in training 4 fill this position. (If none, enter a zero).

8. Please estimate the total number of workers this firm will train for this position by: (If none, enter zero). a. June 1963 Cols. 74-76 b. June 1965 Cols. 77-79

9. Enumerator

10. Editor's Initials Date

3/ In preparing forecasts for 1963 and 1965, take into account growth prospects for your industry, and consider also that experts project a relatively greater use of technical type workers in future years. Some technical workers, however, will be absorbed by new types of technical workers; others may be replaced altogether.

4/ Formal type of training includes: on-the-job training, apprenticeship, formal-organized unit classroom, or other type of in-plant training. Questionnaire for Study of Self-Employed Firms

A mailed questionnaire was employed also to study a sample of the self- employed to learn their background relative to use of skilled and technical workers. It went to firms employing zero to three workers and included primarily small firms engaged in manufacturing, retailing, repair services, construction, and business services. The questionnaire involved 3 pages and was designed to obtain information on the educational, special trade school training, and skill of the operators of these firms. Data were secured also on the skilled or technical background of any employed workers in the firm.

A sample of the questionnaire is given below. Georgia Department of Education Georgia Department of Labor Georgia Institute of Technology Employment Security Agency

SKILLED SURVEY

I. Survey of Self Employed

1. Do you sell a Product or Service

2. Number of years you have operated this business in the State of Georgia or operated since . (If this company is no longer operating, indicate here and return questionnaire, omitting all other questions).

3. Describe briefly the nature of your (PRODUCT) or (SERVICE) (Strike out word not applicable)

II, In the next few questions, we request some information on your professional, technical or skilled background.

A. Please give details about your professional background.

1. Years of schooling completed (CHECK ONE)

a. Less than eighth grade b. Eighth grade c. One or more years of high school d. Graduated from high school e. One or more years of college f. College graduate g. M.S. degree h. Ph.D. degree

2. If you finished college (B.S., N.A., or Ph.D), please state field of specialization.

-43-

Please give below information on whether you have a background as a skilled or technician type of worker.

I. Is your business based on your training as a technician, defined as follows: "Technician type workers perform specific tasks which are functional parts of scientific or engineering activities that require knowledge of fundamental theory. They must have knowledge of engineering, scientific and/or mathematical principles. Technicians become qualified through formal technical training, on-the-job training, or in a technical institute." YES NO

If "yes," how does the above technical training contribute to your business?

2. If you are neither a college graduate nor a technician type of worker, perhaps you consider yourself a skilled type of worker. This type of worker is defined as follows: "Skilled workers have a comprehensive knowledge of processes involved in mechanical work. They exercise considerable judgement involving a high degree of manual dexterity, and often have extensive responsibility for valuable products or equipment. Workers usually become qualified by learning apprenticeship or completing extensive training periods." YES NO

If "yes," how do the above skills contribute to your business?

11■•••••■••••••■■•■•

C. Did you obtain education or training in the following (CHECK THOSE APPLICABLE):

a. Vocational or trade school b. Technical school or institute c. Private business school d. Apprenticeship e. On the-job-training with another company

If you completed one or more of the above programs, please explain briefly the type of training you received. III. Will you list below and describe briefly the function of any technical or skilled workers you regularly employ. Give in first blank the job title you give this person, and in the next two lines, a brief description of his (or her) duties.

1. Job title Duties a.

2. Job title Duties a.

3. Job title Duties a.

IV. What are some important developments (or inventions) in your company which you would like to report?

V. Comments about small business in general

Thank you for this valuable help.

Your name

Title V. Publicity

The news release in this report is a sample of the one sent out by the

Employment Security Agency, Georgia Department of Labor. In addition, special publicity releases were arranged by the Georgia Tech interviewers through local newspapers for Augusta, Columbus, and Macon during the month of August for the purpose to produce returns from a few of the firms slow in reporting. Sample of publicity release.

FROM: Howard Weeks Informational Service Employment Security Agency Georgia Department of Labor FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE State Labor Building, Atlanta Telephone: JAckson 4-2411 June 114 ) 1962

STATE AGENCIES EMBARK ON HIGHLY BASIC RESEARCH TO AID STATE'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Atlanta, June 104 The Georgia Department of Labor, Employment Security Agency, the Georgia Department of Education, and the Georgia Institute of Technology announce initiation of a cooperative study of Georgia's current use and future requirements of skilled and technical types of labor. The survey will concentrate on 265 categories of the most important kinds of skilled and technical types of labor found in Georgia, ranging from Aerodynamics Analyst to Welder. Entirely new types of workers which may develop in the next 3 to 5 years and kinds of training required will be determined by intensive interviews of officers in representative plants by Georgia Tech professors. Ben T. Huiet, Georgia Commissioner of Labor, urges employers to cooperate in this study which will be basic for developing the trained and skilled workers to meet their future needs. The data on additional workers each year' until mid-1965 will be used by the Georgia Department of Education in planning about 25 Vocational-Technical Train- ing Centers in the state. Information from the study will help in planning the location, size, curricula, and equipment for these important training centers. The Georgia State Employment Service, also, will find the data useful in meeting employer requests for skilled and technical workers. New industry is increasingly oriented to both an existing supply of skilled labor and also to an area's capacity to train needed workers in the future. Rapid advances in science and technology are expected to increase the dependence of industry on an area's ability to produce high quality skilled workers. The Sponsoring Committee for the study is composed of the following persons representing 10 large state organizations: L. L. Austin, Director, Retail Merchants (MORE) -47- STATE AGENCIES EMBARK... Page 2

Association, Retail Automobile Dealers Association; Walter T. Cates, Executive Vice President, Georgia State Chamber of Commerce; Clifford M. Clarke, Jr., Executive Vice President, Associated Industries of Georgia; J. W. Fanning, Director, Institute for Community and Area Development, University of Georgia; T. M. Forbes, Executive Vice President, Georgia Textile Manufacturers Association; Elmer George, Executive Direc- tor, Georgia Municipal Association; J. O. Long, Georgia State Supervisor, U. S. Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training; Jack J. Minter, Director, Georgia Department of Commerce; O. L. Shelton, Executive Vice President and General Manager, Atlanta Chamber, of .Commerce; E. A. Yates, Jr., Vice President, Georgia Pover Company, and Hill Healan, Executive Director, Association of County Commissions of Georgia. The committeee met today and endorsed this project as being of major importance at this time in the economic development of Georgia. The study is under the technical direction of Dr. John L. Fulmer, Profes- sor, School of Industrial Management, Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Robert Greet* also of Georgia Tech, will assist with the field interviews and analysis of the data. Ovid H. Stephenson and Mrs. Maria Mallet, Georgia Department of Labor, and Jack Nix and W. M. Hicks, Georgia Department of Education, are other experts assisting with the study. The method of the study involves a comprehensive sample of approximately 5,000 firms to represent all establishments in Georgia, including private, government, and institutional. Selection of firms will be by random numbers according to category. Firms in the sample will receive through the mail questionnaires on current and future requirements for those technical and skilled job types which are dominant in the industry in which the firm is engaged. After the questionnaires are returned they will be checked for accuracy, punched in cards, and processed on computers at Georgia Tech. Not only will present use and future requirements for L55 or more skilled ( MORE) -48- STATE AGENCIES EMBARK... Page 3 and technical categories of occupations be obtained for the major labor market areas in Georgia but also the net number of each type which must be trained will be calcu- lated. In deriving this net requirement to meet the labor demand, the rate of output of present training programs in companies and the public school systems will be taken into account. Growth in requirements will be adjusted for labor attrition to allow for retirements and deaths. The result will be the annual number of new workers which will be needed in each of the skilled types being studied. Two labor market areas in Georgia, Augusta and Columbus, include also Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama. Sample firms from both counties will receive questionnaires, through cooperation of employment agencies in South Carolina and Alabama. Data from these two additional counties will enable a complete analysis of the labor market data for both areas. The accuracy of the results from the study depend greatly upon a high percentage of response from the firms which have been chosen for the sample. Experts in charge of the study urge company officials to be an the lookout for these questionnaires, which should arrive in company personnel offices during the next two weeks. Expeditious handling, including compilation of information, checking and review, and mailing in self-addressed envelopes to the Georgia Department of Labor, will greatly assist the study. If questionnaires are returned promptly, preliminary results may be expected by September 15.

( END ) VI. Letters

The following is a list of the types of letters sent out relative to the Skilled Study. Samples are presented in this report.

1. General Letter mailed June 15, 1962 to all companies in Georgia by Ben T. Huiet, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Labor. A follow- up was sent July 3 and July 27, 1962.

2. Letter to Railroads mailed June 20, 1962 by Ben T. Huiet, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Labor.

3. Out-of-State Letter mailed June 20, 1962 to firms in Aiken, South Carolina and Russell County, Alabama. A follow-up was sent July 27, 1962. These, too, bore the signature of Ben T. Huiet, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Labor.

4. Letters to Large Firms (100 & over employees), selected at random for interviews, were sent out from Georgia Tech and were signed by Dr. John L. Fulmer, Director of the Project. a. Initial letter requesting interview between dates of July 1 and October 1, 1962. b. Follow-up letter, confirming appointment and giving more specifics relative to the Study.

5. Self-employed Letter mailed November 16, 1962 to small firms (0-3 workers) by Ben T. Huiet, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Labor. General Letter Sample is shown below.

Dear Employer:

A more adequate trained labor supply is an urgent need of business and industry in Georgia. Experts have predicted that the requirements for technical and skilled typec of workers will grow twice as fast as the labor force in the next decade as our economy becomes steadily more complex.

The Georgia Institute of Technology is cooperating with the Georgia Labor Department in a research project which will be directed by Dr. John L. Fulmer. This project is designed to determine the present supply and future need for workers in selected occupations. The Division of Vocational Education, Georgia Department of Education, is consulting and advising on the study and will use the information obtained in planning a total vocational education program, particularly expansion of vocational-technical schools.

It is essential for the accuracy of this study that representative employers in your industry provide the detailed information requested by the enclosed questionnaire for specific occupations. Your cooperation in this vital study relating to the state of Georgia and its economic development will be greatly appreciated. Please complete and return the questionnaire within two weeks.

-51- Sample of Letter to Railroads is shown below.

Dear Sir:

We are enclosing copies of a letter and forms which have been distributed to a large sample of Georgia employers in connection with a Survey of Skilled and Technical workers we are conducting in cooperation with the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Georgia Department of Education. Information is also enclosed explaining how to fill out the forms; definitions are given also of the various categories of skilled and technical workers which your company may employ.

Please fill out a form for each employment point in Georgia.. If the five forms which we have enclosed are insufficient, write to us and we will supply the needed copies.

No agencies are more interested and vitally concerned with industrial development than the railroads and you have certainly done your part over the years to promote Georgia's growth. Yet both directly and indirectly no greater contribution can be made to the State's growth than by your help to us on this survey in order that we can assess accurately for the Department of Education the current use and future requirements for the classes of skilled and technical workers given on the form.

Economists predict that industry's needs for skilled and technical workers in the next few years will expand more than twice as rapidly as the labor force. If the State is to supply this greater demand for highly trained tvorkers it must plan to train those workers who will be needed. All of this depends on accurate information on present use and future needs for such workers in Georgia's many industries. Will you please return all forms by Juts 3.

Thanking you in advance for your cooperation with this highly valuable study, I remain,

-52- Sample of Out-of-State Letter is shown below.

Dear Sir:

The Georgia Department of Labor, Employment Security Agency, is cooperating with the Georgia Department of Education and the Georgia Institute of Technology in a sample study of Georgia firms in order to determine current use and future requirements for skilled and technical types of labor.

Because training programs for supplying future requirements for skilled types of workers must be gauged to recognized labor market areas, established in response to geographic and economic factors, the U. S. Depart- ment of Labor has asked us to include with the Columbus and Augusta areas one county each from Alabama and South Carolina. We will, therefore, need to obtain information an present use and future needs for skilled and technical workers from a sample of firms from Russell County, Alabama and Aiken County, South Carolina in order to meet this request. The report should cover your operations only in one of these counties. Your firm has been drawn as one of the sample firms by random numbers from lists of business establishments supplied by the Alabama and the South Carolina Employment Security Agencies.

This request from the U. S. Department of Labor has been cleared with the responsible Alabama and South Carolina Agencies. They will be kept informed of the progress of the Study and will also be supplied data from the Survey as required.

The information obtained will be employed to set up Vocational and Technicals Schools in the Columbus and Augusta areas to supply the trained skilled and technical workers which the Study demonstrates will be needed. Since your firm is in either the Columbus area or the Augusta area you will benefit directly in being able to employ future skilled workers from one of these schools. This should be of great direct benefit not only to your area of operations but also to your firm specifically. Accordingly, we are asking your cooperation in filling out the enclosed forms and returning them in the enclosed, self-addressed envelope to us by July 3.

Thank you in advance for your help.

-53- Sample of Initial Letter to Large Firms (100 workers and over) is shown below:

Dear Sir:

The Georgia Institute of Technology, the Georgia Department of Labor, and the Georgia Department of Education are engaged in a cooperative study of the current use and future requirements of skilled and technical workers in Georgia. This information will provide a basis for more effective planning for the State's requirements of highly skilled and technical workers, regarded by all development experts as being critical to rapid industrial growth.

An important aspect of this study is the problem of anticipating the effect of advances in science and technology, not only on the kinds of technical workers who will be required but also on the training which must be provided in order that the workers will meet the future requirements of Georgia's industry for such workers.

We believe the shift in types of technical workers which will be required can best be anticipated by those scientists and engineers in industry directly concerned with technological change. In order to do an effective job on this very important problem of anticipating the needs for entirely new kinds of technicians, we seek the help of your company and about 75 others in Georgia, which group constitutes a sub-sample of a large State sample being studied otherwise on this problem.

We have set aside the period July 9 to 13 to contact a few of these firms by personal interview in the Atlanta area. Your company is one of those selected and we have tentatively scheduled July 9 as the day we should like to visit your place of operations for an informal conference with the top management persons in your company who are in best position to assess the impact of a changing science and technology on technician types of workers in your company and industry. We request that you arrange for me, or Dr. R. E. Green, who is associated with me in the study, to spend about one hour each with the director of company training programs, the director of personnel, an engineer from production methods and any others who may be involved with the impacts of changing science and technology on technicians. If you would provide me with the names of those who will participate in this brief conference, I should like to write a letter to each personally.

If the date of July 9 is not satisfactory for this group to meet with one of our professors, will you please specify another date during July 9-13 that will be more convenient to you.

Thank you in advance for your help in this matter.

-54- Sample of Follow-up Letter, firming up request with specific persons in top management.

Dear Sir:

This is in reference to your letter of July 2 relative to the conference on new types of technical workers (noncollege). I am pleased that you will be able to meet with me in a conference on Tuesday, July 10, at 10:00 A.M. and that I can have a general discussion with Messrs. Garret, Fincher, Dement and Hershey beginning at 11:00 A.M.

The questionnaire survey which is underway will give us very fine data on the current use of clerical, skilled, and technical workers. A vital problem in this connection, however, is anticipating the need during the next few years for entirely new types of technical workers along with the training which should be provided. Because of your interest in rapidly advancing science and technology, I believe you can help me to visualize these new jobs.

In order to help each participant prepare for our conference, I am enclosing copies of the Questionnaire, which has been designed especially to help us think concisely along these lines. If prior to the Tuesday, July 10 meeting, there could be listed in Part I of the Questionnaire, the main technological trends which are affecting your industry, as each conceive them, this would give us a good start for the conference.

I suggest that Part II of the questionnaire be studied also, and that thought be given to any new types of technical workers which may be required in your organization to meet current trends in science and technology. Numerous subjects are given on page 2 in which such workers could be trained, perhaps in Southern Technical Institute or in the new vocational-technical area training centers.

It would speed up the work of the discussions, if each participant could fill out his copy of the form prior to the conference.

Thank you for your cooperation. Sample Letter to Self-employed

Dear Sir:

The School of Industrial Management, Georgia Institute of Technology, is cooperating with the Georgia Departments of Labor and Education in a study of how the professional, technical, and skilled backgrounds of businessmen like yourself contribute to industrialization and growth in the State.

We would be most grateful if you would take a few minutes of your valuable time, and complete the enclosed questionnaire. Please mail it to us in the enclosed, self-addressed envelope by return mail if possible. The envelope requires no postage.

Thank you for this important contribution to a better understanding of how technical and skilled types of workers influence the State's economy. VII. Use of Computers in Processing Data

There were three major phases in the data processing aspects of the project which were handled by computers of different characteristics.' These were: (1) Selection and controls for the main sample, (2) small firm sample selection from tapes purchased from BOASI, Baltimore, Maryland, and (3) inflation of sample to universe and related analytical procedures (discussed in detail in Section VIII). Each of the major phases had subdivisions. Dif- ferent sets of tabulating equipment and computers were employed in handling each phase with a minimum of direct clerical work. The first phase involved the use of conventional IBM tabulation equipment, consisting of key-punch, interpreter, sorter, collator, summary punch, and accounting machine. The second phase required use of an IBM 1401, 8K, tape system, and the third phase, inflation of sample returns to universe equivalent values and related analyses, involved the use of the Datatron 220 and IBM 407 printer. How this equipment was employed to solve the first and second phases in different stages of the project will now be described. Later in Part VIII, details of the analysis with the Datatron 220 will be described.

Use of Conventional Tabulating Equipment to Solve Problems Connected with Sample Selection and Analysis, Mailing, and Controlling the Questionnaires.

In a study of labor skills conventional tabulating equipment, consisting of key-punch, interpreter, sorter, collator, summary punch, IBM 604 calculator, and IBM 407 printer, is perhaps more efficient than to program sophisticated computers to do a number of jobs connected with sample selection, mailing, and control of questionnaires, machine editing, sample analysis, and perhaps preparation of the basic inflaters. Such tabulating equipment was available in the Employment Security Agency of the Georgia Department of Labor, and

-57- was used most effectively on these problems in connection with the skilled

study. For possible interest and use by other states in studying skilled

labor requirements, a detailed review of exactly how this equipment was employed in the Georgia study is now given in outline form below.

The following major jobs were handled by this equipment because of its

flexibility and efficiency in handling certain statistical jobs that had to be done in connection with the study. They were: (1) Array of universe for

sample selection, (2) selection of sample and preparation of tabulations to

assist in determining adequacy of the sample, (3) preparation of mailing

labels, (4) preparation of control decks of cards, (5) preparation of con-

trol lists for follow-up by area labor market analysts, and (6) tabulation

of sample response for sequential follow-ups. The IBM 604 calculator was

employed to machine edit, testing survey data in punched cards, against

criteria relative to questionnaire interrelationships, calculating basic in-

flation factors from comparison of universe with sample, and establishing response factors by area and by industry.

A major job completed by conventional tabulating equipment at the beginning of this study was preparation of employer listing arrays for sample

selection. Also, corresponding mailing labels were printed from punched cards, and IBM control cards were prepared for the sample actually selected.

In order to permit sample selection, the universe data on firms were sorted .

and listed by employer, by area, by size, and by industry. Further listings were required to enable tests of the adequacy of the sample, with necessary

supplemental samplings. Next, a series of control lists were prepared by employer, by area, by size, and by industry. A deck of name and address cards was used in preparing duplicate mailing labels for single establishment

-58- firms and triplicate labels for multi-establishment firms in order to facilitate follow-up. The deck of IBM cards representing the sample was used to control receipt and follow-up by letter, questionnaire, telephone, and personal visits. Separate lists of sample firms were prepared for sponsoring organizations and for local labor market analysts to assist in company con- tacts.

After the original mailing about June 15, tabulations and listings were made for three separate follow-ups from the sample control cards. The first follow-up on June 29 was the mailing of a second questionnaire with a letter.

The second follow-up on July 9, included another letter with some telephone follow-up. For the third and final follow-up as of August 10, more elaborate methods were followed. Tabulating equipment was employed to prepare control lists for sample firms which had not replied to three sets of questionnaires.

Analyses of sample penetration and sample adequacy were made at this time.

After adequacy of sample returns was determined, selection of firms was made from the non-responding sample firms to fill gaps in the sample response, and the labor market analysts then made personal calls to insure that the minimum sample requirements were met. This was possible, because, except for the larger firms (100 workers or more), the original mailings were made to twice as many firms, on a percentage basis, as was recommended by the

U.S. Department of Labor manual.A/ In connection with this follow-up, labor market analysts were called in for a complete review of the firms from the

4/ Handbook on Labor Market Research Methods: Occupational Labor Market Analysis, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Office of Program Review and Analysis, Washington, D. C., Draft Section Number 5, November 1957, pages 14-15.

-59- non-responding sample which was necessary in the final follow-up.51 The

result was a response ratio of 52 per cent in terms of total employment rela-

tive to the sample originally selected.

Machine editing was another very important job performed by convention-

al equipment prior to computer analysis of the cards. This was done by IBM

604 calculator in order to confirm manual editing with respect to mathemati-

cal exactness and mathematical relationships. In order to permit detailed

inspection and correction of substandard cards, the deck of computer input

cards was first checked by the calculator against criteria established rela-

tive to internal relationships or trends of data in the cards. These criteria related to:(1) relationship of bench mark to current employment, (2) ratio

of skilled workers to current employment, (3) trends in number of skilled workers relative to current employment, (4) number in training related to number to complete company training, taking into account normal training cycle, and (5) number in company training related to change in expected employment. The two sections of the questionnaire (JS-1 and JS-2), designed

for two types of cards, were subjected to collator test to identify duplicates and to calculator test to identify any improper relationships existing

in the basic data of the two sets of cards.

Basic inflation factors for the computer program were also provided by the IBM 604 calculator through a comparison of September 1961 employment universe values and sample values by area, by size, and by industry. The output inflator cards from the IBM 604 calculator were used as input data on magnetic tape of the Datatron 220 and entered directly into the program

—5/ Newspaper publicity in local SNSA's was employed to supplement the forte of this final follow-up.

-60- as a multiplier.

The detail cards key-punched from Form JS-1 questionnaires were used to tabulate with conventional equipment basic sample response data for the sample firms, involving number of firms, September 1961 employment, and current employment, along with related information on total expected employment, count on company training programs and minimum education requirements for initial employment. Only 2,521 cards were involved and programming time, running time, and costs of a medium sized computer for this type of summarization was not justified.

Parallel sample response data on number of workers in training by job titles from Form JS-2 (detail cards) were obtained from computer tapes by a simple sorting and print-out program. Due to the number of cards involved and the fact that basic data by job were on input tapes for the inflation process, this job was more economical by the computer than by conventional tabulating equipment.

Use of Computer to Select Sample of Self-employed, including Small Firms of 0-3 workers.

Data on self-employed and very small firms, usually less than 3 workers, will not be available in files of most employment security agencies adminis- tering a job insurance program. Yet, these firms should be sampled, if information on current use and future needs for skilled and technical workers is to be complete. Information is also needed on these firms to learn how they started, grew, and disappeared, involving an important potential growth to the local economy. While total employment of such firms seldom is large, the number of firms will generally exceed all others in the economy.

The most complete source of data on the self-employed and small firms relative to type, size, location, etc., will be found in records kept by the

61- Bureau of Old Age and Survivors' Insurance, Baltimore, Maryland. These data

are published at intervals in summary form and reported in County Business

Patterns. BOASI summarizes in magnetic tape,data on all covered firms, including small firms. These tapes may be purchased directly from BOASI and contain necessary information to select a sample of the self-employed and related small firms for a mailed survey, as the addresses are available from the tapes. Although these tapes cannot be used without minor programming problems, they proved to be a practical source of addresses for small firms in this survey. A discussion of some of the programming problems is given here in the interest of assisting future studies of skilled and technical labor requirements.

Three separate but related reels of magnetic tape were purchased by the

Georgia Employment Security Agency from BOASI for use in sampling small firms and the self-employed. The reels obtained were duplicates of BOASI standard records as follows:

Reel Number 1. Employer Identification Records Reel Number 2. First Quarter 1961, Employer Report Records Reel Number 3. Employer Name and Address Records

The reels were transmitted with a layout sheet, giving the format of the record on each reel and with a print-out of approximately 50 records at the start and end of each reel. The records were duplicated from BOASI records without any adjustments. By purchasing them in this form, tapes were obtained quicker and at less cost. However, this made the processing problem more complex to extract necessary data.

Two major problems were involved in processing the tapes. First, the

*Lame and address reel contained variable length records which conformed to

BOASI regular processing techniques. This reel had up to 5 lines with 45

-62- characters per line, providing a potential maximum of 255 characters for a

single employer record. The variable length records made it necessary to provide for a computer work area of variable length, allowing for the maximum possible length, which was obtained by detailed study of print-outs from

the tape. In the second place, it was not possible to employ IOCS autocoder programming on the tapes due to the fact that they did not meet IOCS requirements. The problem relative to inability to use the IOCS methods in programming required first an analysis to determine if IOCS could be used directly. Since it could not, regular methods of programming were used.

The equipment employed in this project was the IBM 1401, 8K, tape

system, using the following special features: Index registers, store A & B

address, hi-low-equal compare, move record command, and advanced program

features.

Two major programs were required for the analyses. The first program involved matching reels, number 1 and 2, to combine employer identification by industry with employment data. In this step, a reel was prepared (referred to as Number 4) which contained information as follows: All firms with 9 or less employment and which also had a "blank" coverage code showing that the employer was not a private household, government establishment, or

a nonprofit institution.

The second program involved selecting the sample from reel Number 4, small firms tape, and matching the selected employer identification numbers from reel Number 4 to reel Number 3 to obtain the address. The resulting output provided a printed address label, a small firm control card, and related name and address cards for the same firms. Selection of small firms employed the following criteria: (1) Exclusion of all accounts for which a

-63- business death occurred during either 1961 or 1962, shown by distinctive status code on the tape; (2) separate out all employer accounts with 0-3 employment; (3) the sample from this step then involved selection according to industrial groups as follows: 100 per cent sample of firms in SIC code

20-39, 70-79, 807, and 89; and 5 per cent sample from all other industrial classifications. In any case, where the preliminary selection of a.firm produced an account number for which there was no matching name and address record, the next available complete record was selected.

Manual Editing and Coding

As usual, the manual editing, particularly where coding is required, is a vital part of a sample study involving data collection. The editing work assures the accuracy of all observations from the standpoint of completeness, concept visualized by the respondent, and mathematical reasonableness of the data reported. Good editorial work depends upon the criteria established for editing, use of competent editors, supervision of editors, necessary corrections of inaccurate data, and follow-up to obtain incomplete data and necessary supplemental data from the respondent. Criteria for editing questionnaires must be established by a survey expert, through detailed study of a sample of returned questionnaires, and by testing additional questionnaires as received in order to perfect the editing procedures. Personnel employed in editing must be trained to follow the editing criteria and must be given necessary supervision on checking of questionnaires and mail follow- up.

A universal problem in this sort of study is the multi-unit establishment. Caution must be exercised to assure that the data reported agrees with the mailing address and identification codes, that units are not omitted, and

-64- that there are no duplications. Adequate control involves detailed inspection of returned questionnaires to compare identifying data with control cards.

The punched card name and address control file provides the basic re- source for checking off returned questionnaires and pursuing necessary follow-up, either on non-response or in connection with incomplete questionnaires. Specifically, the name and address control cards provide a means for controlling: (1) Receipt and follow-up, (2) mailing of additional questionnaires, and (3) requests for additional information from employers on specific items.

The detailed edit on all units, both multi-unit and single-unit firms, requires intensive analysis of each questionnaire by trained personnel to detect and correct mathematical errors, conceptual errors, and employer recording errors. All extensions in the questionnaire must be checked for accuracy. Conceptual errors arise because the employer failed to understand the questionnaire and instructions for completing it, did not bother to study the questionnaire or may not have contacted the local labor market analyst for interpretations. Such errors include the reporting of expected total employment as a simple net increase in employment, or failure to show employment of women in column provided for this information even if zero employment. Checking all items rather than one pertinent item under minimum educational requirements for a specific category of worker was another common error.

Employer recording errors were the most common deficiencies in questionnaires. For example, frequently there was omission of employment for one of the years for which employment should have been forecast. Some errors of omission were detected in all of the spaces in Form JS-1 and also for each of the columns in Form JS-2.

-65- The value of quality control is widely recognized in industry. It is equally important in assuring high quality of performance by editing personnel. Random selection of edited questionnaires at intervals by an expert on surveys will:(1) detect incorrect procedures by editing personnel, (2) show the necessity for further training or change in methods of supervision, and

(3) indicate the necessity for different kinds of follow-up with respondents.

Conceptual Editing of Cards

Manual editing is the accepted procedure in handling mailed questionnaires in order to eliminate errors of interpretation. This method produces a certain uniformity in data, verifies extensions, and otherwise prepares the questionnaires for card punching. However, it was found necessary in this study after a couple of false starts to also edit the punched cards by machine methods, using certain conceptual standards to detect crude errors and irregularities in the data. Experience with many thousands of cards in this study has demonstrated the impossibility of a complete editing job by manual methods alone. Even thorough personal study and scrutiny of the questionnaires, as they are received, must be supplemented by machine editing.

The manual procedure is a valid first step but an equally necessary second step, before the computer work begins, is a final editing of the punched cards against theoretical relationships, such as ratios or ranges of values.

This final checking, using the collator and the calculator, causes irregular or substandard data cards to he selected for closer inspection. Recognizing the conceptual edit as a final step in the editing process will avoid non- productive attempts to process faulty data. This will speed up the computer work, and it will also give accurate results more quickly with less cost.

-66- VIII. Sample Inflation and Related Statistical Analyses

General Procedure

The basic method of analysis involved programmed solution to a simple algebraic equation on the Datatron 220, equipment on the Georgia Tech Campus, located in the Rich Electronic Computer Center. Six basic steps were involved in the analysis, namely: (1) Inflation of the categories of employment to universe estimates, (2) projection of economic growth, (3) calculation of replacement factors for age groups, (4) summing of the influence of different factors to obtain net worker requirements and net training requirements in one and three years from the date of the survey (Summer of 1962),

(5) extrapolating the 1 to 3 years growth rate to a 5 year estimate, and (6) accumulation of the different sub-summaries in the inflation by strata into summary tables to show overall results for the State and each of the six

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the study plus all the rest of the State or Non-Metropolitan Georgia.

Inflation of the sample to universe values involved 36 industry categories and three different size firms for 32 of the industries. For the

Non-Covered Industries, undesignated as to size of firm, the inflation procedure involved separately determined totals for Atlanta, the remainder of the State, and for the 5-Smaller Metropolitan Areas combined. Independent figures for each of the 5-Smaller Metropolitan Areas were derived by allocation procedures from the third area total given above. This procedure for each area involved separate allocations to each of the 36 industries, employing the ratio of the industry for a given area to the 5-area total.

In separating out Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County,

Alabama from the Augusta and the Columbus metropolitan area aggregates, a

-67- further process of allocation was employed involving each of the industries

found in common in either of the particular areas.

Calculation of replacement effects, according to age category was accom-

plished by employing as multipliers standard separation ratios from the U.S.

Department of Labor, which consider not only the effect of death but also

retirements.

The following factors were employed:

Separation Ratios for:

Age 1 Year 3 Years 5 Years Class Male Femalel/ Male Female2/ Male Female.V

Under 35 .00187 .10746 .00599 .22238 .01067 .33730

35 to 44 .00517 .01134 .01663 .03402 .03025 .08670

45 & over .04916 .06228 .14631 .18684 .24148 .31140

a/ The female separation ratios have been adjusted tip to reflect higher marriage rates of Southern girls. These ratios were applied only to the clerical workers which were 80 per cent female.

Source: "Handbook on Labor Market Research Methods: Occupational Labor Analysis," U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Office of Program Review and Analysis, Washington 25, D. C., Preliminary, November 1957, pp. 25 to 28.

It is noted that the separation rates for females are in multiples of

those for males in the first age groups. In the second age group the ratio

is about twice for females. The older group is only 1.5 greater for females.

These figures show the number which may be expected to separate from the working population under normal circumstances. This source of labor turn-

over is therefore an important one in developing training requirements for

all classes of technical, skilled, and clerical workers. The ratios given

for clerical workers reflect primarily females. Check with employers in the

-68- Atlanta SMSA indicated that the age separation factors for females is higher than that given by the U.S. Department of Labor. The standard labor ratios have therefore been adjusted upward to be in line with the experience with females in this area.

Determination of net worker requirements and training needs in one year, three years, and five years involved solution of two simple algebraic equations. The net worker requirements for either year equals the composite company estimate of number to be employed plus the separation effect minus the current 1962 employment. The net training needs equal the net number required (from above) minus the total number to complete company training programs in one year, three years, or five years, whichever is applicable.

Planning for Computer Processing of Data

If effectively employed, modern computer technology will save time and money in any large project involving a considerable volume of data to process, or even to put in final analytical tables. By the same token, improper use of computers will generally multiply costs and perhaps waste time. The first problem in efficient computer use is that the analyst know what he wants to do to his data and with it from beginning to end. The analysis should be reduced to a step by step procedure or to a stage by stage analysis. This means that his problem should be reduced to mathematical formulation with all steps in sequence. At this point, even in the early stages of planning, the analytical steps should be tested with a hypothetical problem. This will demonstrate the practicability of its solution and eliminate any "bugs" in the procedure. Tables wanted from the computer print-out should be set up.

Armed with a statement of the problem, its analysis into a step by step

-69- solution, a hypothetical test of the solution and tabular print-outs, the analyst should now contact the Computer Center to learn the cost of the computer analysis. Be will need to discuss his problem in detail with the pro-

grammer, providing him with formulas, diagrammatic analysis , hypothetical tests, and tabular print-outs. All of these discussions occur prior to the beginning of the study. Later when data are ready, the analyst will have further discussions with the programmer and will have to work with him until his problem, as well as the print-outs, are programmed. At this stage, a further illustration of the problem to be solved, based on small elements from the data, will enable the programmer to convert the solution to machine language and test it out with actual data. Once the program is tested, the project is ready for computer analysis.

In setting up the print-outs, the analyst should consider the limitations of the print-out equipment. Most print-out equipment has 120 spaces across the top, unlimited in a vertical sense. Print-out tables that violate the horizontal limitation of 120 spaces will lead to confusion. Such tables will require repeated runs to fit or paste together all parts of the table.

This becomes messy to prevent loss of the stubs. It is better to have all tables complete in 120 spaces. If second and subsequent tables tie together, it is preferable to repeat those columns which are common. This technique was employed in this study in connection with the basic tables. Total current employment and sex of workers was repeated in the basic tables on occupations as a bench mark. See for illustration, Tables I-III in Appendix C.

Despite careful checking of the program with the programmer, unexpected errors may occur in the results. It is the analyst's responsibility to make spot checks of the results for reasonableness. Where data in different tables

-70- can be added, or otherwise checked with some other total, this should be followed through in order to have sound analytical results. The programmer and computer will do a fine job but errors are possible and it is up to the analyst to find them.

Computer Procedure

Inflation Process. Summarization to produce each of the numerous tables for the inflation process in this report was a computer problem which through a program performed the inflation of sample to universe by area, by industry, and by size of firm for 36 industry groups. The sum of these inflated values was added to actual data for 4 very large atypical independent establishments. Computer programs performed the numerous multiplications and then consolidated to obtain the required data in great detail for the different parts of the study.

Industry Control Codes. In order to facilitate the computer processing of data, industry control codes were assigned in sequence from 1 to 40, including the 4 codes assigned to atypical establishmentsJi The following are the codes employed with industries corresponding. The SIC codes are also given to permit identification of each computer term relative to this well known industrial method of classification. To facilitate further the summarization process, industry column codes were assigned to the respective project industry groups. This permitted summarization by occupation by industry groups and manufacturing subgroups.

6/ This method of procedure was employed in order to avoid distortions in the inflated totals. The four large establishments were inflated as separate industries by employing an inflation factor of 1.0.

-71- Industry Control Codes for Computer Summarization SIC Industry Project Industry Groups Industry Column

24 01 111 25, 39 02 112 32 03 113 33 04 114 34 05 115 19, 35 06 116 36, 38 07 117 01 (Lockheed) 08 nil 37 09 118 20 10 121 22 11 122 23 12 122 26 13 12 27 14 123 02 (Du PONT) 15 124 28 16 124 21, 29, 30, 31 17 125 15 18 16 19 130 17 20 1300 41 21 14 42, 46 22 140 03 (Delta) 23 140 45 24 140 48 25 140 49 26 140 50 (Large) 27 15 52 28 150 55, 75 29 150 53, 54, 56 (Largel 57, 59 (596 only) 30 150 60, 61, 63 (Large) 31 150 73 32 150 76 33 150 80 34 150 89 35 150 04 (Warner Robins) 36 21 91 37 2101 92, 93 38 220 40 (Noncovered) 39 23 01 80, 82, 86 (Noncovered] 40 230 The first column gives the 2-digit SIC code. Column 2 is the project industry codes, employed in the program. The 2-digit sequence facilitates the programming for inflation to universe values. The column 3 industry column codes are provided to aid in the summarization process from magnetic tape employed in the Datatron. Codes in both columns 2 and 3 were gang punched into the detail cards.

Area Control Codes. In order to facilitate area analysis, area control codes were assigned as follows:

Area Control Codes

Code Description

100 Atlanta 200 Non-Metropolitan 310 Albany 320 Macon 330 Savannah 340 Augusta-Richmond 341 Augusta-Aiken County, South Carolina 350 Columbus-Muscogee & Chattahoochee Counties 351 Columbus-Russell County, Alabama

Augusta and Columbus are listed at the end of the code series out of alphabetical order. The metropolitan area for each of these cities spreads into an adjacent state and involves one county in each case from another state. Augusta includes, for this reason, Aiken County, South Carolina, and Columbus contains Russell County, Alabama. The problem in computer treatment here is that in a final stage of analysis both counties must be eliminated from certain totals that are prepared for the State of Georgia.

This was facilitated by placing these two cities at the end of the code series.

In the programming of the problem on the computer, a series of 1-digit,

-73- 2-digit, and 3-digit area codes were used in combination to obtain metro-

politan area totals irrespective of out-of-state segments excluded. Thus

it was possible to readily summarize the Georgia data separately from any

adjacent state data.

A major feature of the computer program was area analysis. Size of

sample was sufficient to inflate directly to totals for Atlanta SMSA and

Non-Metropolitan Georgia. The sample was of insufficient size from the

Five-Smaller SMSA's (Albany, Macon, Savannah, Augusta, and Columbus) to permit direct inflation separately for each city. Sample size, however, was

sufficient to inflate for all five cities compositely, treating all as one

universe. The inflation of sample for this segment of the study was, there-

fore, a 2-step process. First, inflation was performed with the sample to

one universe for the composite of all 5-Smaller SMSA's. Second, the total

of the composite for the five areas was then broken down to each of the com-

ponent cities on a relative share basis. This was done by allocating the

skilled jobs and related data for each industry to the different cities on

the basis of the share of each in employment within that particular industry.

This meant up to 40 allocators for each of the constituent metropolitan areas,

or a possible 200 allocators altogether. The allocations were made by indus-

try, by area, and stored on magnetic tape. The tape was then sorted to get

summarizations by areas.

Preparation of print-outs for Atlanta, Non-Metropolitan Georgia, or for

the 5-Smaller SMSA's involved only the 1-digit area codes, 1, 2, and 3. The breakdown of area 3 into its component sub-areas involved the 2-digit codes,

31, 32, 33, 34, and 35. Summarization to net Georgia totals for all the

survey occupations and related data meant omitting Aiken County, South Carolina

-74- and Russell County, Alabama. This required a tape sort to summarize the 3- digit codes, 100, 200, 310, 320, 330, 340, and 350. APPENDIX C: STATISTICAL TABLES CONTENTS

Page

APPENDIX C: STATISTICAL TABLES Project Study Area Totals: 1 Table I. Current Employment, Sex and Age 2 Table II. Current Employment, Company Training, and Expected Employment 6 Table III. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs 10

Three Major Areas in Study Area:

ATLANTA SMSA Table IV. Current Employment, Sex and Age 15 Table V. Current Employment, Company Training, and Projected Employment 19 Table VI. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs 23

NON-METROPOLITAN GEORGIA Table VII. Current Employment, Sex and Age 27 Table VIII. Current Employment, Company Training, and Projected Employment 31 Table IX. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs 35

5-SMALLER STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS Table X. Current Employment, Sex and Age 39 Table XI. Current Employment, Company Training, and Projected Employment 42 Table XII. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs 45

Current Employment, Number of Job Openings, and Net Training Needs 49

5-SMSA'S TOTAL DISTRIBUTED: Table XIII. Albany 50 Table XIV. Macon 52 Table XV. Savannah 55 Table XVI. Augusta 58 Table XVII. Columbus 61

State of Georgia Data (Excluding Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama) 64

Table XVIII. Current Employment by Major Industrial Category 65 Table XIX. 5-Year Expected Employment by Major Industrial Category 69 Table XX. Current Employment by Manufacturing Type 73 Table XXI. 5-Year Expected Employment by Manufacturing Type 77

ii Page 1

PROJECT STUDY AREA TOTAL:

Table I. Current Employment, Sex & Age

Table II. Current Employment, Company Training, and Expected Employment

Table III. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs TABLE I: PROJECT AREA TOTAL CURRENT E':,PLOY;AENT RELATED TO ACE Page 2 DISTRI3UTION AND AGE SEPARATION FACTOR

OCCUPATION CATEGC7Y CURRENT AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE SEPARATION EFFECTS

AND JOE TYPE =ER 35- 45 AND (COI4POSITE) TOTAL FEMALES 35 44 OVER 1 YEAR 3 YEA :S 5 YEARS Technicians Acc't-Gen & Cost 1 3336 633 1091 1131 1064 60 132 304 Aerodynamics Analyst 2 14 2 12 2 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 204 3 106 31 16 1 4 7 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 5C 10 31 12 7 1 2 Beker-Laboratory 5 5 1 3 1 Ceramics Analyst 6 2 2 Chem-Tech-Radiation 7 92 42 28 31 35 2 6 9 Chemist-Assistant 8 352 64 251 59 41 3 9 14 Civil & Const Tech 9 935 1 711 91 133 3 25 42 Clerical Technician 10 404 213 147 139 37 5 18 30 Cloth Designer 11 39 5 14 12 14 1 L 4 Clothes Designer 12 29 7 5 11 1 1 3 Cloth Tester 13- 100 30 CO =2 1 2 4 Commercial Artist 14 450 38 209 171 50 4 12 20 Computer Lab Tech 15 12 4 8 5 Cost Technician 16 330 95 143 146 79 5 15 25 Develop Inst-Aircr 18 43 22 16 2 1 1 Die Designer 19 19 7 11 3 5 1 2 Drastsman-Elect 20 156 4 102 30 24 2 5 6 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 878 41 565 204 109 7 23 39 Draftsman-Structural 22 751 18 519 171 51 5 15 25 Draftsman-Topo 23 565 21 499 119 47 4 12 20 Elect Power Tech 24 85 42 18 24 1 4 7 Electronics Tech 25 1756 872 576 283 1C 57 96 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 332 3 179 88 65 12 20 Estimator 28 1414 26 439 575 350 21 64 107 Estimator & Drafts 29 86 12 47 30 9 2 4 Fixture Designer 30 7 1 6 1 1 Flutter 4 Vib-Aircr 31 9 1 6 2 1 Furniture Designer 32 7 1 5 1 Industrial Tech 33 333 5 483 225 12!: 25 42 Instructor-Trainees 34 692 212 262 289 141 27 46 Instrument Man 35 1C85 43 977 90 18 3 10 16 Instrumentation-Tech 36 104 25 46 33 2 6 10 Lab Assistant I 38 103 27 73 20 10 1 2 4 Lab Ass't-Metal 39 41C 51 224 159 26 3 8 14 Lab Ass't (sCtific) 40 115 20 70 33 12 1 3 5 Laboratory Tester 42 234 98 153 56 25 2 6 Mathematics Tech 43 22 2 9 3 10 1 2 3 32 Mechanical Tech 45 531 294 191 97 5 19 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 12 2 8 3 1 1 TABLE I CURE%T E:IPLOY .:,E`J RZLAT20 TO 2, 02 Page 3 DI;;TN15OTIOM AGL (EPARATICN TACTOP,

200'! , 4 CA ;35;': Y CUT\F.LT ;21- 120y,:;',T ACE 5I.E.T7;I:LITIC 40' LFFECTS

J3 UN:ER 35- 45 A5) (CC,/DC5ITE) TOTAL FLflAL :LC 35 44 OVER 1 YEA.? Yr. AR_

Paint Tester 47 43 5 35 4 5 1 Paper Tester 46 95 16 64 29 2 1 Proc-Descrip Writer 47 385 20 133 142 102 5 19 52 Production Planner 53 1111 82 390 :27 333 17 7, Programmer 51 253 37 100 -84 3 9 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 32 137 19 37 35 15 1 5 6 Quality Control Tech 53 923 120 446 342 134 2 28 45 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 473 15 307 139 27 5 . 14 Research Lab Analyst 56 840 38 727 66 47 4 12 21 Res Tech-Env Test 57 294 45 164 71 53 11 16 Research Writer 53 22 1 16 1 5 1 i Safety Technician 59 220 2 71 95 54 17 Sanitation Tech 63 137 5 31 56 ;0 14 Sheet Metal Tech 61 60 10 42 - Soda Tester 63 3 7 2 Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 2 9 Spectroscopist 65 16 16 Statistician I 66 150 34 90 24 36 2 3 10 Stress Analyst 67 9 7 2 Systems Analyst 68 183 14 67 79 37 2 t lc Sys Testing Lab Tech 7: 18 4 7 9 3 1 1 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 42 11 4 la 20 1 3 5 Tester 72 47 2'i 22 1 1 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 73 15 11 15 Time-Study II 74 365 19 237 59 30 2 r 15 Tool Designer 75 166 70 66 30 6 10 Welding Technician 76 136 75 40 24 2 6 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 16 1 7 6 3 1 1 Yarn Tester 73 204 131 107 59 36 12

Gi5 TOTAL 23173 2437 12135 6334 4130 260 132 1_,36 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 221 203 98 58 37 ' 7 Aircraft Mechanic 222 932 1 427 307 249 17 .11 Air-cond or Ref Mech 2C2 963 53 379 378 211 13 39 ,:c Automobile Mechanic 2:4 6159 9 2243 2587 1323 33 230 422 Auto Body Repr-Paint 22.5 2404 25 859 1075 570 30 .‘ 1.:5 Baker-foods 256 446 3 256 104 6,5 5 16 27 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 227 9 2 5 2 1 Boilermaker 298 272 62 53 117 6 13' 32 Bookbinder 209 323 147 141 95 67 3 13 25 Cabinetmaker I 213 1742 40 580 643 525 30 :1 132 Carperter-Maint'ance 211 128 13 34 76 !:. 12 20 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 6780 1847 2968 1965 115 3 0.0 '.:64

TABLE I 01)72821 2::PLOYErT P.ELATED TO AGE Page 4 FACTC7Z

IPLOYEr:T AGE DI:T212TI05 :EFLCT,-

A'1 J.) 35- 45 1005P351 TE ) TOTAL FFALES 55 44 OVER 1 YEAR a 72283

Cement Finisher Const 213 1374 459 636 273 13 _34 9Z Compositor (Hand) 214 !,07 202 118 55 1,:., 27 Cut & Crease Press 215 105 96 ; 1 I = Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 213 612 330 172 107 7 3 ^ Die Maker (pap gds) 217 53 34 13 7 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 213 1131 317 .2"c'CJ- ' '..'.." 2 4 73 121 Dragline Operator 219 365 30 204 3? 5 14 24 Dyer-Master-Textiles 22. , 223 72 70 56 1i 1, Electrician 221 4997 2 1751 2230 365 : ..:- 196 32.1 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 1.7 93 4 3 1 2 Elect Appl Repair 223 523 222 207 101 6 20 .,..i Elect-Instr Repair 224 620 9 290 213 112 7 : ,' 37 3 40 37 ._--- 9 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 33 - ....1., 1 2 3 Electrotyper 226 22 ,._. 3 .. Elev-Install & Repr 227 204 127 37 .':0 , -7 12 Engineer Clk-Acraft 228 56 8 29 12 13 I ') Finisher-Furniture 229 423 52 202 144 77 - 15 58 107 3 1 ,.. -. Furnace Install Rep 23: 170 _, Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 348 237 100 -1 1.:. Heat Treaters, etc 232 9C 20 32 37 i.:, 1u Instrument Repairman 235 196 2 2? 65 .„.,_3 " - :, 11 71 125 222 IL 33 53 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 419 - 2? 6 IC Job Setter 235 173 Cl 33 `..- Knife Grinder 30 92 9 10 10 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 559 46 52 197 110 7 20 Lineman (1t, ht, pw) 233 1722 965 :636 197 81 4'4 73 Linotype Operator 443 4_ 3 34 155 205 11 53 '. 7L 2..„7 Loom Fixer 2701 41 304 1173 3.7 Machinist 2.41 4863 2 1453 1797 16511 Maintenance Man 242 4537' 27 1336 1770 7; 947 Maintenance Mechanic 243 4962 15 1513 215113951 -- 51' 7 3 233 336 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 2 ',11. 12762 6 193 17 52 bc., Molder-Coremaker 191 23 113 54 3 10 1 / 30 153 Millwright 246 1 431 257 022 542 , 4 Offset-Press Man 247 663 10 350 216 97 7 29 Painter 24; 4332 1167 1375 1257 74 224 Pattern Cutter 25 -, 147 61 71 51 25 2 3 8 112 29 97 .1. 7 11 Pattern m'kr-A'cft Mf 251 `, " . Pattern m'kr-App Text 252 117 23 "?-..,. 53 32 3 10 1 ,. Patternmaker-Furn 253 9 2 3 1 Patternm'kr-Met fdry 254 45 6 22 17 1 TABLE I TELATLLD TO AOL Page 5 ICT2ISUTION ,4'!'J ACE 35-T9 A27ATIO:: FI,CTOR

AG: CIT,T;I2UTI&N 431 8, 52A 3:ATI(Y: EFFECTS

35- 45 A:\D TOT FF - A575 35 44 OV=8 1 YE,t-j: 3 5 YEAS

Photoengraver 253 127 12 96 65 32 7 12 Photolithographer 156 192 13 134 31 27 2 5 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 1266 2 83 525 455 26 77 130 Plater-Electro 255 163 2 144 35 4 1 , 4 Plasterer Const 283 534 331 111 42 10 18 Platen-Press Man ;L61 111 74 11 27 2 2 0 Plumber 252 1497 22 420 341 426 25 76 127 Power-Shovel Oper 263 636 220 243 225 15 3 34 Printer-Compositor ,64 558 29 191 139 225 12 37 51 Refrig Engineer 265 214 65 79 70 4 12 20 Sew Machine Repair 263 707 16 314 230 147 27 43 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 3471 55 1823 1123 725 44 154 226 Spinning Frame Fixer 268 1521 175 404 442 24 72 121 Stationary Engineer 269 737 122 355 273 16 47 7 9 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 273 133 36 46 49 , 14 Street-Lt Sery Repr 271 3 8 Structural Ironwkers 272 1134 221 532 332 22 66 ill Tool Die Maker 273 459 149 183 127 7 22 33 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 223 55 100 67 12 20 Tractor Mechanic 275 357 23 138 191 10 30 Z1 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 1336 330 717 27-:' 1? 13 73 Upholsterer 277 293 50 139 111 44 3 9 15 Welder 216 5312 86 1326 1230 396 43 121 221 Web-Press Man 279 403 159 161 83 16 c7

7 DT AL 21336 077 27622 32336 21077 1256 379, 6277 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 13117 3374 5631 3540 2695 ;47 2154 5431 Bookkeeper 472 9513 7049 3347 2907 2759 519 1 .4-70 243) Bookkeeping Mach Op 3421 3077 2442 695 233 229 520 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 1605 1643 1350 299 155 Statistical Clerk 4 - 3 4344 3168 2213 1191 330 310 723 11-,2 Stenographer 455 155 4 9 15075 9095 3632 2522 1124 2643 421:: Tabulating Mach Oper 47 ( 1614 733 1150 325 140 136 293 43: Typist 48 11734 11090 3000 2309 1345 378 2127 5344 7077 1. 61997 50459 35058 15099 10940 4319 10354 13553

6 9,q,;s:0 TOTAL 165656 53723 74015 54679 38115 8135 1•;-943 24272

TABLE II: Project Area Total E - PLCYyEr'T REL,'.712 T7 NT:.7.ER TC 774ILEC Page 6 A';'1 P7JEC7E7 F7i.PL7'=7 'CP, 1 y142, 3 Y0717,3. VE02.3

1fl ':'2=71; TO CC - PLETE E PLOy 1 YER yLARs CC. TRP.PANO T"'L FE"ALES -1 7.Th 1 Yf. 2 yR: 5 Technicians Acc t-Gen & Cost i 2336 522 225 204 3 4 0 3517 5114 4111 Aerodynamics Analyst 2 l', 7 14 14 14, Air-cond-Ref Tech 274 12 1 12 19 :218 242 74 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 5 ^ 17 1.^' 17 13 62 Baker-Laboratory 1 3 5 2 2 Ceramics Analyst , Chem Tech-Radiation 7 72 42 3 1 3 7,3 Sv 100 Chemist-Assistant 3 352 64. 37 21 42 70 423 =02 3U1 Civil & Const Tech 9 935 1 0 2 2 3 1020 /141 Clerical Technician 13 404 210 15 19 25 431 449 457 Cloth Designer 11 39 5 2 2 2 3 49 2)2. Clothes Designer 12 79 7 1 2 2 3 30 223 Cloth Tester 11 179 7 7 7 11 102 110 IL/ Commercial Artist 1 6 457 32 15 14 27 45 3 74'2 0)2 Computer Lab Tech 15 12 4 12 15 Cost Technician 16 268 29 17 7, 11 1j2 09 40 Develop Inst-Aircr 13 4C 40 Die Designer 19 19 7 1 1 1 2 21 22 . Draftsman-Elect 77 155 4 1 1 i6 162 ,U. Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 572 41 3C 7 72 120 561 1071 97 r 5t1 Draftsman-Structural 77 751 12 542 ;03 Draftsman-Topo 77 '55 21 7 1 2 67C 37; Elect Power Tech 1 , 55 1 62 7 65 L2 1- c;i1 Electronics Tech --,,. 17 5 e .72 2 1- 142 2030 C' 44) Eng-Ass e t-Mech Equip 77 37 7 17 Estimator -,0 1/,.14 43 33 74 124 15::7 Estimator & Drafts 7' 76 12 100 110 Fixture Designer " 7 7 7 Flutter & Vib-Aircr 0.1 , 9 Furniture Designer '7, r 37, 9(3 ,.0c6 Industrial Tech 17 112 39 132 220 21.1 Instructor-Trainees , 592 212 48 4' 50 :2 741 79/ Instrument Man ?.. 13E5 43 13 5 13 21 1072 1117 144 Instrumentation-Tech 36 274 2 2 2 4 110 12., Lab Assistant I '),.) 10 ' 27 27 5 15 25 100 ii Lab Asset-Metal ,,, 417 51 410 412 410 Lab Ass e t (se / title) 4 7 115 20 8 2 4 123 Laboratory Tester 47 234 9P, 5 5 5 9 1:41 s41 24J Mathematics Tech 42 22 2 24 Mechanical Tech 45 581 79 72 75 10.2 C:22 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 12 2 2 2 3 17 17 MIX II CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO NUMBER TO BE TRAINED Page 7 AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 YEAR. 3 YEARS. AND 5 YEARS

OCCUPATION CATEGORY NO. IN NUMBER TO COMPLETE PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT COMPANY TRAINING 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT CO. TOTAL FEMALES TRNS. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS 49 49 Paint Tester 47 43 5 2 2 2 3 49 108 Paper Tester 48 95 16 11 10 10 16 100 104 388 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 388 20 39 39 39 65 388 388 1304 1411 Production Planner 50 1111 82 77 31 58 97 1198 448 Programmer 51 253 37 41 43 78 130 332 390 151 153 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52 137 19 3 1 1 2 149 1151 Quality Control Tech 53 923 128 41 22 36 60 982 1066 528 565 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 473 15 60 6 19 33 490 853 861 Research Lab Analyst 56 840 38 1 4 7 845 324 346 Res Tech-Env Test 57 294 45 302 22 22 Research Writer 58 22 1 22 236 250 Safety Technician 59 220 2 3 1 2 222 150 Sanitation Tech 6n 137 5 1 2 4 141 145 Sheet Metal Tech 61 60 12 5 9 16 72 90 107 Soda Tester 63 9 6 2 3 6 9 9 9 11 Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 11 11 23 Spectroscopist 65 16 3 3 3 6 16 19 195 Statistician I 66 150 34 160 178 9 Stress Analyst 67 9 9 9 254 Systems Analyst 68 183 14 4 4 7 197 226 22 Sys Testing Lab Tech 70 18 4 16 19 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 42 11 44 47 50 62 Tester 72 47 14 14 14 23 50 56 Test Lab Tech-Tp-Con 73 15 11 15 15 15 523 Time-Study II 7 4 365 19 52 32 45 75 437 460 Tool Designer 75 166 40 5 8 166 172 179 Welding Technician 76 138 52 38 60 99 220 322 424 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 16 1 3 1 1 2 18 19 20 Yarn Tester 78 204 131 11 8 10 16 207 209 210 SUB TOTAL 23173 2437 1492 525 1 4 15 2363 24982 27115 29251 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 2°1 203 12 12 12 19 221 250 279 Aircraft Mechanic 202 983 1 66 12 31 52 1002 1066 1130 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 968 5 165 65 110 183 1092 1215 1338 Automobile Mechanic 204 6159 9 229 139 253 422 6455 6942 7430 Auto Body Repr-Paint 205 2404 25 89 28 124 207 2475 2689 2903 Baker-foods 206 446 3 17 5 14 24 459 475 492 15 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 207 9 7 6 6 10 13 14 Boilermaker 2 0 8 272 10 4 5 9 272 272 272 Bookbinder 209 323 147 48 36 75 126 377 428 480 Cabinetmaker I 21C 1748 40 90 18 59 98 1798 1949 2100 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 128 7 3 3 6 132 135 137 9258 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 6780 309 179 366 611 7644 8451

Page 8 TABLE II CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO NUMBER TO GE TRAINED AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

OCCUPATION CATEGORY NO. IN NUMBER TO COMPLETE PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT CO. COMPANY TRAINING TOTAL FEMALES TRNG. 1 YR 3 yR S 5 YR5

123 205 1733 1983 2234 Cement Finisher Const 2 1 3 1374 84 61 45 52 88 462 526 590 Compositor (Hand) 214 409 41 24 27 127 143 159 Cut & Crease Press 215 105 10 9 16 697 754 811 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 612 97 49 64 107 83 106 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 58 13 6 10 17 61 1267 1353 1436 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218 1151 94 54 69 115 408 437 465 Dragline Operator 219 368 7 7 7 11 23. 9 255 Dyer-Master-Textiles 220 259 30 18 25 59 223 6457 6904 Electrician 221 4997 2 027 159 500 555 6009 19 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 22? 19 19 19 677 Elect Appl Repair 223 529 115 12/'• 112 197 604 640 662 681 Elect-Instr Repair 224 620 c 4 2 4 7 643 100 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 80 87 93 30 30 30 Electrotyper 22k 28 216 Elev-Install & Repr 227 204 15 15 15 25 204 210 56 Engineer Clk-Acraft 229 56 8 36 56 437 456 475 Finisher-Furniture 229 422 52 5 5 8 174 185 197 Furnace Install Rep 220 175 59 22 40 66 379 405 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 348 104 9 59 9'8 354 101 112 124 Heat Treaters, etc 232 90 11 11 23 38 234 283 332 Instrument Repairman 233 196 0 11 6 11 18 436 488 538 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 419 18 15 18 29 212 242 271 Job Setter 235 178 24 11 13 21 208 208 200 Knife Grinder 236 177 15 327 413 440 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 359 46 9 10 15 26 458 1888 1990 2013 Lineman (1t, ht, pw) 239 1793 239 120 273 12 483 516 548 Linotype Operator 239 445 23 0 2 7 2727 2765 2804 Loom Fixer 24" 2701 41 278 182 299 493 5159 5565 5972 Machinist 241 - 4860 2 264 151 312 521 166 4758 5051 5343 Maintenance Man 242 4530 27 79 51 99 5037 5370 5670 Maintenance Mechanic 243 4969 15 262 142 295 493 2613 2603 3152 Mason (Brick, etc) ?44 2415 62 53 90 101 191 201 212 Molder-Coremaker 245 191 23 3 30 51 109 1477 1500 1523 Millwright 246 1 4-31 99 52 65 759 860 960 Offset-Press Man 247 663 10 09 67 11E 194 4 566 4733 4900 Painter 249 4332 67 72 163 272 61 168 202 225 Pattern Cutter 250 147 61 3 19 48 112 112 112 Patternm I kr-A l cft Mf 251 112 118 127 135 Patternm t kr-App Text 252 119 23 2 9 9 9 Patternmaker-Furn 253 9 7 49 56 63 Patternm`kr-Met fdry 254 45 4 2 4 CURRENT EMPLOVIENT RELATED TO NUEER TO 3E TRAINED TABLE II Page 9 AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT OCCUPATION CATEGORY 70. IN NUMBER TO COOPLETE 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOY M ENT CC. COMPANY TRAINING TOTAL FEMALES TRUG. 1 YE 3 YES 5 YRS 236 254 Photoengraver 25 5 199 12 9 6 18 30 218 45 228 251 274 Photolithographer 256 192 13 72 22 27 163 1424 1022 .i..i Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 1266 132 67 101 133 183 183 Plater-Electro 1.,,, 123 5 6 687 833 ‘79 Plasterer Const 259 534 14 4 4 5 112 116 119 Platen-Press Man 261 111 48 2 3 447 1848 2147 2447 Plumber 262 1497 22 368 161 258 719 759 600 Power-Shovel Oper 263 688 20 4 4 6 47 557 581 605 Printer-Compositor 264 558 29 29 2 28 234 244 254 Refrig Engineer 265 214 75 751 798 846 Sew Machine Repair 766 707 16 52 26 45 480 3326 ', 225 4624 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 3471 55 257 107 288 1036 1086 1136 Spinning Frame Fixer 269 1021 164 63 129 215 47 737 750 -7'2 Stationary Engineer 262 737 45 23 28 131 131 132 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 27^ 133 18 5 7 12 8 8 Street-Lt Sery Repr 271 8 8 1217 1446 Structural Ironwkers 272 1134 2 1187 '1-57 549 610 Tool Die Maker 273 459 44 18 48 81 224 246 268 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 223 3 1 4 7 369 366 403 Tractor Mechanic 37., 357 11 23 38 1410 1558 1705 Truck Mach (Non-mfg) 375 1 2 36 65 '31 102 170 43 304 309 .14- Upholsterer '77 29? ,:' L 4 26 3725 4166 4606 Welder 279 3212 3 7 277 202 336 562 452 521 591 Web-Press Man 7 71 401 99 36 98 163 58196 95207 102220 ''- ,JP. TOTAL 1396 877 5 757 2.873 5455 9114 Clerical Workers 13688 14601 15513 Accounting Clerk 4 ,-'1 13117 8574 275 277 674 1126 i47, 2962 10638 11314 Bookkeeper ,,,,,,. 9513 749 E:'. 205 342 244 3546 3783 4021 Bookkeeping Mach Op 44 '3 3421 3077 132 27 146 3167 3672 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 404 1805 1643 56 736 1531 1505 2662 492i, 5329 Statistical Clerk h05 4344 3162 119 75 214 357 4528 17489 18579 Stenographer 406 15549 15073 137 120 255 425 16400 1921 2399 2876 Tabulating Mach Oper 407 1614 733 87 217 446 746 12351 13283 14216 Typist 479 11734 11090 190 112 150 251 70288 75520 SHP T0T'..L 61097 50409 1212 1763 3171 5296 65056

206991 GRAYD TOTAL 165656 53723 8061 5522 10044 16773 178236 ,192610 TABLE III: PROJECT AREA TOTAL CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT Page 10 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. OF JOB OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES Technicians Acc't-Gen & Cost 1 3336 633 241 659 1078 98 456 738 Aerodynamics Analyst 2 14 2 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 204 3 15 44 72 14 32 53 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 50 10 12 20 28 2 10 12 Baker-Laboratory 5 5 1 Ceramics Analyst 6 2 Chem Tech-Radiation 7 92 42 3 10 17 2 7 12 Chemist-Assistant 8 352 64 74 159 243 43 117 173 Civil & Const Tech 9 935 1 93 171 248 91 169 245 Clerical Technician 10 404 210 34 63 93 15 39 52 Cloth Designer 11 39 5 10 13 16 8 12 14 Clothes Designer 12 29 7 2 4 5 1 2 2 Cloth Tester 13 100 30 4 12 21 3 5 9 Commercial Artist 14 450 88 46 104 162 33 77 117 Computer Lab Tech 15 12 4 2 5 2 5 Cost Technician 16 368 99 /.'0 86 132 31 75 114 Develop Inst-Aircr 18 40 1 1 1 1 Die Designer 19 19 7 1 3 5 2 Draftsman-Elect 20 156 4 14 36 58 14 35 37 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 878 41 90 221 353 e.:3 149 232 Draftsman-Structural 22 751 18 96 171 245 43 115 153 Draftsman-Topo 23 665 21 9 26 43 7 24 41 Elect Power Tech 24 85 1 1 8 15 1 4 8 Electronics Tech 25 1756 8 293 572 E52 279 429 614 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 332 3 22 79 137 17 66 115 Estimator 28 1414 26 164 347 532 131 273 406 Estimator & Drafts 29 86 12 15 34 53 15 34 53 Fixture Designer 30 7 1 1 1 1 Flutter & Vib-Aircr 31 9 1 Furniture Designer 32 7 1 2 1 2 Industrial Tech 33 833 - 5 66 168 271 10 37 51 Instructor-Trainees 34 692 - 212 59 132 206 15 82 123 Instrument Man 35 1085 43 10 42 74 4 29 53 Instrumentation-Tech 36 104 3 28 47 6 25 43 Lab Assistant I 38 103 27 6 17 29 1 2, 4 Lab Asst-Metal 39 410 51 3 8 14 3 8 14 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 40 115 20 14 31 48 14 29 44 Laboratory Tester 42 234 98 9 13 17 4 7 8 Mathematics Tech 43 22 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 Mechanical Tech 45 581 57 173 290 16 94 157 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 12 5 5 6 3 4 3 TABLE III CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT Page 11 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. OF JOB OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES

Paint Tester 47 43 5 6 6 7 4 4 Paper Tester 48 95 16 5 10 15 - 5 1 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 388 20 6 19 32 - 33 - 20 - 33 Production Planner 50 1111 82 106 251 297 75 193 299 Programmer 51 253 37 81 142 204 38 65 75 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52 137 1C' 13 17 22 12 16 19 Quality Control Tech 53 923 128 68 172 276 46 136 216 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 473 15 20 63 106 14 43 74 Research Lab Analyst 56 840 38 9 25 41 8 21 35 Res Tech-Env Test 57 294 45 12 41 70 12 41 70 Research Writer 58 22 1 1 1 1 1 Safety Technician 59 220 2 5 26 47 5 25 45 Sanitation Tech 60 137 5 7 17 27 6 14 23 Sheet Metal Tech 61 60 12 31 50 7 2: 35 Soda Tester 63 9 2 - 3 - 5 Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 Spectroscopist 65 16 4 7 3 1 Statistician I 66 150 34 12 34 55 12 34 55 Stress Analyst 67 9 Systems Analyst 68 183 14 17 50 83 17 46 76 Sys Testing Lab Tech 70 18 4- 2 2 5 2 2 5 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 42 11 4 8 13 4 3 13 Tester 72 47 4 10 16 - 10 - 4 7 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 73 15 11 Time-Study II 74 365 19 74 122 171 42 78 96 Tool Designer 75 166 2 13 24 2 8 16 Welding Technician 76 138 83 189 294 45 120 195 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 16 1 2 4 5 1 2 3 Yarn Tester 78 204 131 6 12 19 - 2 2 2 1 SU2 TOTALV 23173 2437 2071 1/ 4737 1i 741211 11851/ 33223221/- / 1/ 5051/ 5051-

2 / 2 / 2 2 NO- SUB TOTAL?/ 23173 2437 20731/ 4737- 741 2- 1261V 3349-/ =097-/ Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 201 203 20 54 88 8 42 68 Aircraft Mechanic 202 983 1 33 127 221 22 96 169 Air-cond or Ref Mach 203 968 5 137 286 436 72 176 253 Automobile Mechanic 204 6159 9 379 1034 1693 240 781 1271 Auto Body Repr-Paint 205 2404 25 102 377 E1,54 74 233 447 Baker-foods 206 446 3 18 45 73 13 31 49 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 207 9 4 5 7 2 - 1 3 Boilermaker 208 272 6 19 31 2 13 22 Bookbinder 209 323 147 59 120 182 22 45 56 Cabinetmaker I 210 1748 40 81 292 504 63 234 407 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 128 8 18 28 5 15 22 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 6780 980 2019 3062 800 165? 2451

/ 2"Total determined by adding plus and minus values algebraically. 2 This total shown here and in subsequent pages was derived by adding only plus values, omitting the influence of all minuses in the totals. TABLE III CURRENT E!', PLOrIENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EXPLOYMET Page 12 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS ECM 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. OF JOB OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS AID JOB TYPE CURRENT E!.1LOYMENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEAR:. 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES

Cement Finisher Const 213 1374 377 664 951 316 541 746 Compositor (Hand) 214 409 41 33 133 209 35 81 121 Cut & Crease Press 215 105 22 39 55 12 22 28 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 612 92 162 233 44 98 126 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 58 4 27 50 - 2 17 33 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 213 1151 140 774 t03 27 205 293 Dragline Operator 219 368 44 02 121 33 76 110 Dyer-Master-Textiles 220 209 18 41 65 13 26 Electrician 221 4997 2 1075 1650 2223 386 1317 1673 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 19 1 2 1 2 Elect Appl Repair 223 529 81 130 180 - 24 19 - 6 Elect-Instr Repair 224 620 9 30 64 98 28 60 91 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 83 3 19 29 8 19 29 Electrotyper 226 28 7 4 5 3 4 5 Elev-Install & Repr 227 204 2 13 25 12 - 1 Engineer Clk-Acraft 228 56 8 1 3 4 1 3 4 Finisher-Furniture 229 423 52 19 46 76 19 43 68 Furnace Install Rep 230 170 5 16 31 15 - 22 - 35 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 348 9 40 71 - 11 - 27 Heat Treaters, etc 232 90 12 23 43 1 , Instrument Repairman 233 196 2 39 93 146 34 82 120 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 419 32 105 173 16 67 146 Job Setter 235 178 36 69 103 24 56 82 Knife Grinder 236 177 34 41 48 34 41 46 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 359 46 35 74 114 24 59 89 Lineman (1t, ht, pw) 233 1788 114 246 379 - 10 - 28 - 77 Linotype Operator 239 445 22 49 134 15; 47 97 147 Loom Fixer 247 2701 41 83 280 390 99 - 65 - 10H Machinist 241 4863 2 338 975 1564 238 663 1043 Maintenance Man 242 4533 27 307 750 1210 256 359 1044 Maintenance Mechanic 243 4969 15 137 646 1007 55 350 604 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 2415 215 519 825 162 429 671, Molder-Coremaker 245 191 4 20 37 1 - 10 - 14 Millwright 246 1431 76 160 244 24 94 135 Offset-Press Man 247 663 10 102 217 331 35 101 138 Painter 249 4332 309 625 944 237 462 671 Pattern Cutter 250 147 61 23 60 97 5 12 16 Patternmikr-A t cft Mt 251 112 2 7 11 2 7 11 Patternm' kr-App Text 252 119 23 10 23 35 10 23 35 Patternmaker-Furn 253 9 1 1 1 1 Patternm'kr-Met fdry 254 45 6 14 23 4 10 15 TABLE III CURRENT E- PLCYflENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EYPLOYMENT Page 13 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 yEARs, AND 5 YEARS

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. CF JOD OPENINGS, + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS AND J03 TYPE CURR:NT E- MPLOYENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEA.c 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES

Photoengraver 255 199 12 21 44 67 15 26 30 Photolithographer 256 192 13 37 64 91 15 37 46 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 1256 25'4 437 622 177 351 .455 Plater-Electro 253 103 _ 2 4 1 2 4 ,0,-) Plasterer Const 259 534 157 462 15: 306 456 Platen-Press Man 261 111 ) IT. 1 6 10 Plumber 262 1497 22 376 726 1377 215 458 630 Power-Shovel Oper 263 688 44 110 176 40 106 170 Printer-Compositor 264 • 558 29 12 31 109 10 33 62 Refrig Engineer 265 214 25 43 61 25 43 61 Sew Machine Repair 266 707 16 53 113 184 27 73 109 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 3471 55 400 889 1379 298 601 399 Spinning Frame Fixer 263 1221 40 138 236 -.77 9 21 Stationary Engineer 2:62 737 16 30 104 - 7 32 57 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 27' 133 7 13 - 4 - 1 Street-Lt Sery Repr 277 8 Structural Ironwkers 272 1134 75 148 222 73 146 222 Tool Die Maker 273 459 36 113 190 12 64 105 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 223 5 35 65 4 31 56 Tractor Mechanic 275 357 22 60 97 9 37 59 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 1836 13 275 464 32 176 294 Upholsterer 277 293 50 13 25 37 9 - 1 - 6

Welder 273 3312 56 - 56 555 1 15 254 646 954 Web-Press Man • 279 403 55 135 215 19 37 52

5,113 TOTAL 81386 877 8072 17621 27205 320: 12130 1L, 093

NO- SUS TOTAL 81386 877 307E 17621 27305 3400 12305 18370 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 4 71 13117 3574 1119 0833 3364 1249 2964 4737 Bookkeeper 452 9513 7049 1067 2595 4210 981 2351 2869 Bookeeping Mach Op 403 3421 3077 413 992 1571 316 835 1327 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 4'4 1805 1643 1016 1702 2797 230 621 592 Statistical Clerk 435 4344 3168 494 1293 2127 420 1079 177C Stenographer 406 15549 15075 2035 4583 7247 1915 4329 6622 Tabulating Mach Oper 437 1614 733 443 1078 1722 226 631 976 Typist 438 11734 11090 1595 3676 5826 1483 3526 5575 SUB TOTAL 61097 50409 8582 19547 30964 6820 16376 25668

NC- SUB TOTAL 61097 50409 8582 19547 30964 6820 16376 25668

GRAND TOTAL 165656 53723 18725 41905 65581 13207 31858 46612

NO- GRAND TOTAL 165656 53723 18727 41905 6551 13481 32030 49135 Page 14

THREE MAJOR AREAS IN STUDY AREA:

ATLANTA SMSA:

Table IV. Current Employment, Sex & Age

Table V. Current Employment, Company Training, and Projected Employment

Table VI. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs

NON-METROPOLITAN GEORGIA:

Table VII. Current Employment, Sex & Age

Table VIII. Current Employment, Company Training, and Projected Employment

Table IX. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs

5-SMALLER STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS:

Table X. Current Employment, Sex & Age

Table XI. Current Employment, Company Training, and Projected Employment

Table XII. Current Employment, Job Openings, and Net Training Needs CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO ACE ATLANTA SMSA Page 15 DISTRIBUTION AND AGE SEPARATION FACTOR TABLE IV AREA 1

OCCUPATION CATEGORY CURRENT EMPLOYMENT AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE SEPARATION EFFECTS

AND JOC TYPE UNDER 35— 45 AND (COMPOSITE) TOTAL FEMALES 35 44 OVER 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS Technicians Acc't-Gen & Cost 1 1691 215 382 554 555 31 94 157 Aerodynamics Analyst 2 14 2 12 2 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 84 39 39 7 1 2 3 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 23 10 6 7 1 2 Chem Tech-Radiation 7 85 36 25 26 33 2 5 9 9 Chemist-Assistant 8 107 32 122 38 28 2 5 23 6 Civil & Const Tech 9 322 1 253 36 2 10 7 12 Clerical Technician 10 184 105 81 62 40 2 11 3 1 1 Cloth Designer 2 Clothes Designer 12 11 2 2 2 7 1 Cloth Tester 13 a 5 4 4 Commercial Artist 14 333 56 159 145 34 3 3 14 Computer Lab Tech 15 2 2 1 1 Cost Technician 16 127 19 45 59 23 2 5 s Develop Inst-Aircr 18 4C 22 16 2 1 1 Die Designer 19 4 1 1 2 Draftsman-Elect 20 130 4 91 24 16 1 3 5 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 432 26 267 88 77 5 14 24 13 Draftsman-Structural 22 439 3 345 120 24 2 8 4 Draftsman-Topo 23 115 13 87 16 12 1 3 Elect Power Tech 24 7 1 4 3 1 62 Electronics Tech 25 1137 4 537 418 181 12 37 1 5 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 83 3 53 14 16 3 84 5 17 28 Estimator 28 460 15 189 187 9 2 3 Estimator & Drafts 29 51 6 30 12 1 Flutter & Vib-Aircr 31 9 1 6 2 1 1 1 Furniture Designer 32 5 5 132 1C7 7 20 34 Industrial Tech 33 635 395 Instructor-Trainees 34 35 11 26 45 15 1 3 5 Instrument Man 35 136 43 85 43 3 1 2 4 Instrumentation-Tech 36 95 13 44 33 2 6 9 4 Lab Assistant I 38 99 23 73 17 10 1 2 Lab Ass't-Metal 39 13 8 2 2 1 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 40 31 23 7 Laboratory Tester 42 6 6 Mathematics Tech 43 12 1 9 3 Mechanical Tech 45 309 167 103 39 3 3 14 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 6 3 3 1 1 Paint Tester 47 29 25 4 Paper Tester 48 8 5 1 1 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 274 13 48 129 98 6 17 28

16 TABLE IV CURRENT E.PLOVZ;:r RELIT - L% TO ACE Page DISTRIEUTIO% AN: ACE SEPARATION FACTOR

AREA 1

CA`-3y C',J2RET F'12LCYMENT ACE OISTRIf3UTIO AGE GE7A'r:ATI: EFFECT::

Js:-, TYP ,2 UNDER 33- 45 :AND (COPC2ITE) TOTAL F13 . 3ALE6 35 44 CVET, 1 YEAR 3 75421 22 Production Planner 305 26 136 s0 72 4 13 2 4 Programmer 51 164 :3 103 36 1 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52. 44 5 27 11 2 Quality Control Tech 53 274 22 126 107 37 1 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 112 77 24 11 Research Lab Analyst 56 146 134 9 22 0: 1 Res Tech-Env Test 57 63 25 27 Research Writer 53 1 1 1 4 Safety Technician 53 60 16 32 13 1 3 1 Sanitation Tech 22 7 11 5 2 1 Sheet Metal Tech 61 27 21 6 26 33 13 23 1 4 o Statistician I 66 73 -, Stress Analyst 67 9 7 Systems Analyst 63 130 14 46 57 26 4 Sys Testing Lab Tech 73 7 1. Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 3 4 1 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 75 3 3 Time-Study II 74 132 5 32 34 11 1 2 4 1 4 7 Tool Designer 75 147 66 59 21 1 2 Welding Technician 76 23 25 3 1 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 1 :7, 1 7 3 3 10 Yarn Tester 7_ Al 55 -2] 10 3:5 -.333 TOTAL 6530 943 47E5 3016 1772 111 Skilled Occupations 27 2 6 Aircraft Engine Mech 251 134 67 42 221 17 55 3 Aircraft Mechanic 394 1 411 203 77 2 16 L7 Air-cond or Ref Mech 273 522 5 234 161 719 301 20 5,0 131 Automobile Mechanic 274 1670 650 1161 471 441 24? 15 47 75 Auto Body Repr-Paint 255 2156 272 147 77 47 Baker-foods 2 5 c, 2:3 42 4 8 31 Boilermaker 4 11 13 2:J9 224 112 106 55 63 Bookbinder C, 10 212 552 40 160 311 31 Cabinetmaker I 2 , 31 4 11 1? .L Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 15. 143 212 1743 540 724 17? 25 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 2 6 J., 213 232 79 130 Z4 Cement Finisher Const 4 13 21 214 251 21 121 55 73 Compositor (Hand) , 1 215 54 47 6 Cut & Crease Press 169 119 62 15 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 96') 42 30 6 7 1 _ Die Maker (pap gds) 217 3 cC., 213 C)41 193 11! 306 19 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 2 0 10 219 12-_, :0 33 12 Dragline Opekator 4 Dyer-Master-Textiles 227 4

CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO AGE Page 17 TABLE IV DISTRIBUTION AND AGE SEPARATION FACTOR

AREA 1

OCCUPATION CATE6017. C',; REST EMPLOYMENT AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE cEPARATIO EFFECT:

ANC ,J09 TYPS UNDER 35- 45 AND (CCMPOSITE1 TOTAL FEMALES 35 44 OVER 1 YEAH 3 YEAS 5 YEARS

221 1373 2 620 920 333 22 68 113 Electrician 3 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 13 4 3 7 1 4 r Elect Appl Repair 223 147 19 115 13 1 13 3 5 Elect-Instr Repair 224 62 34 15 1 , 2 5 , Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 80 8 40 32 226 28 8 8 11 1 2 3 Electrotyper 7 12 Elev-Install & Repr 227 137 110 37 40 2 223 55 8 29 11 15 1 3 4 Engineer Clk-Acraft 3 6 Finisher-Furniture 229 158 52 73 74 11 1 1 Furnace Install Rep 237 102 20 82 2 5 9 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 186 107 55 25 232 21 7 7 7 1 2 Heat Treaters, etc 3 1 1 Instrument Repairman 233 42 2 31 8 234 305 37 99 139 9 27 44 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 3 Job Setter 235 06 35 34 17 1 Knife Grinder 236 4 4 3 6 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 227 30 46 6 36 19 1 238 200 172 102 25 2 6 11 Lineman (1t, ht, pw) 9 239 114 21 34 52 28 2 5 Linotype Operator 20 243 183 41 24 89 71 4 12 Loom Fixer 25 74 125 Machinist 241 1379 4 1 2 537 430 417 273 16 49 32 Maintenance Man 242 967 10 277 1037 358 441 236 15 44 75 Maintenance Mechanic 243 32 244 953 656 226 76 6 19 Mason (Brick, etc) 13 1 3 Modler-Coremaker 245 83 11 60 182 199 11 2,3 ::,. Millwright 246 482 ICS 234 119 50 2- 11 25 Offset-Press Man 247 483 2 249 2442 565 1111 765 44 134 224 Painter 69 22 17 1 2 Pattern Cutter 250 79 54 23 33 41 2 7 Patternm'kr-A'cft Mf 251 102 252 20 17 7 9 4 1 1 Patternm'kr-App Text 1 Patternmaker-Furn 253 4 1 2 1 1 Patternm'kr-Met fdry 254 22 3 17 2 2 5 Photoengraver 255 103 11 44 33 25 16 1 3 Photolithographer 255 121 1 76 29 133 177 3 23 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 336 66 Plater-Electra 253 6 5 1 53 28 Plasterer Const 25) 33 35 10 27 1 4 7 Platen-Press Man 261 71 5 _- 262 767 192 414 161 18 32 Plumber 74 4 12 20 Power-Shovel Oper 263 177 33 65

Page 18 TABLE IV T]:1T L 'L2'

.".CE 1177- 751U710- : ;7_ 7 ;77 071 .

(00:'POlTL5) A01 JOR TYPE 4 TOT.L 4 4 1 Y21,", I V,11...1 17 11 Printer-Compositor 264 312 16 57 11 Refrig Engineer 56 Sew Machine Repair cOa ,DJ 21 712 Sheet-Metal Worker 237 1111 261 Spinning Frame Fixer 10 Stationary Engineer 16? 145 15 Sterotypes (Pr & Pb) 27: 126 Structural Ironwkers 272 717 27 Tool Die Maker 27'2, 261 25 71 Tool-Grinder ()per 274 154 Tractor Mechanic 271 131 226 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 176 442 76 Upholsterer 277 72 271 Welder 276 121 1 72 Web-Press Man 279 251 -.J- +L. ‘175" •751, 6,.12 07 Clerical Workers 1570 1421 415 Accounting Clerk 31- 7 :71: 1 0 51 11 150 Bookkeeper 127: 1.113 1'7 0 Bookkeeping Mach Op 1 - 117,4 7:7 _fO5 223: Key-Punch-Dupl Oper ,r")-+ 1171 177 7:0 Statistical Clerk 1171 671.2 Stenographer 711 110 Tabulating Mach Oper 4 - 7 772 252 7:77 .32 Typist 5'17 i . 12 L)

2451. 62194 21,527 1525 7 ] 15 , ATLANTA CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATEC TO MUM3ER TO EE TRAINED Page 19 AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 YEA, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS TABLE V AREA 1

OCCMRATION CATEGORY NO. IN NlYIDER TO COMPLETE PROJECTED EPLOYENT

ANI) JOB TYPE CURRENT EMDLOYMENT CO. COMPANY TRAINING 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES TRNG. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS Technicians Acc i t-Gen & Cost 1 1691 315 121 97 118 197 1824 2002 2179 Aerodynamics Analyst ' 14 2 14 14 14 Air-cond-Ref Tech n 94 7 7 12 91 112 133 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 33 12 10 10 16 33 38 44 Chem Tech-Radiation 95 36 3 1 3 36 89 93 Chemist-Assistant 9 187 32 34 29 57 62 244 290 336 Civil & Const Tech n ?22 1 8 2 2 3 381 355 409 Clerical Technician 1".. 184 105 5 3 6 10 156 210 224 Cloth Designer 11 3 3 3 • Clothes Designer 12 11 2 11 11 11 Cloth Tester 19 6 .., 8 8 0 Commercial Artist 14 733 56 15 14 27 45 354 412 470 Computer Lab Tech 15 2 .,_ .2 2 • 2 Cost Technician 16 127 19 15 6 133 157 161 Develop Inst-Aircr 18 43 40 40 40 Die Designer 19 4 4 5 6 Draftsman-Elect 2 1 137 4 141 153 164 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 71 432 26 23 14 36 61 473 318 563 Draftsman-Structural 77 499 3- 41 29 29 65 544 566 569 Draftsman-Topo 77 115 15 1 1 2 118 125 133 Elect Power Tech 24 7 1 7 7 7 Electronics Tech 25 1137 4 32 19 27 145 1301 1531 1161 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 39 2 2 2 2 3 88 91 94 Estimator n? 46- 15 2 3 8 13 324 550 576 Estimator & Drafts 27 51 6 6 65 79 93 Flutter & Vib-Aircr nl 9 ' 9 9 - 9 Furniture Designer nn 5 5 5 • 5 Industrial Tech 2. 825 17.0 47 122 203 505 764 843 Instructor-Trainees '4 95 11 19 11 11 13 102 107 113 Instrument Man 39 136 43 141 148 156 Instrumentation7Tech 76 95 95 95 95 Lab Assistant I 39 99 23 20 5 15 25 104 114 124 Lab Ass i t-Metal 39 13 13 13 13 Lab Assit (sc'tific) 43 31 44 54 63 Laboratory Tester 42 6 6 6 6 Mathematics Tech 43 12 1 14 14 14 Mechanical Tech 49 309 28 25 25 41 326 369 410 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 6 9 9 9 Paint Tester 47 29 2 2 2 Z5 35 35 Paper Rester 49 8 1 8 8 8 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 274 13 39 39 39 55 274 274 274 Page 20 TABLE V CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO NUMBER TO GE TRAINED AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 YEAR. 3 YEARS. AND 5 YEARS AREA 1

OCCmPlkTION CATEf7ORY NO. IN NUMBER TO COMPLETE PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT AM0 JOE TYRE CURRENT E""PLOYMENT CO. COMPANY TRAINING 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES TRNG. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS

Production Planner s^ 309 23 49 14 28 47 315 351 388 Programmer 51 164 33 34 37 72 120 222 275 328 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 57. 44 5 1 54 55 57 Quality Control Tech 53 274 22 12 12 15 24 304 346 387 Radio/TV Trans Tech 56 112 2 7 12 119 141 162 Research Lab Analyst 56 146 149 149 149 Res Tech-Env Test 57 63 28 63 63 63 Research Writer 59 1 1 1 1 1 Safety Technician 59 60 3 1 2 60 70 79- Sanitation Tech 50 22 1 2 4 25 29 33 Sheet Metal Tech 61 27 27 27 27 Statistician I 66 73 26 76 86 96 Stress Analyst 67 6 9 9 9 Systems Analyst 58 130 14 4 4 7 139 157 175 Sys Testing Lab Tech 70 7 4 5 5 5- II 5 5 5 Tech Writ - Elec Sr Pb 71 5 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 73 3 3 3 3 138 Time-Study II 74 102 5 15 11 12 21 121 155 Tool Designer 73 147 38 3 5 147 150— 153 Welding Technician 76 28 32 81 129 77 13 1 15 16 17 X-ray Tech-Indust 41 41 41 Yarn Tester 79 41 30 SUr3 TOTflL 955^ 948 71C 442 747 1245 10489 11630 12772 Skilled Occupations -9- Aircraft Engine Mech 2C1 134 12 12 12 19 151 150 2-0 977 1041 Aircraft Mechanic 7^2 894 66 12 31 52 913 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 522 5 85 50 74 124 613 696 ISO Automobile Mechanic 2^4 167^ 85 42 51 36 1763 1931 2098 Auto Body Repr-Paint 1,,5 1161 ': 71 119 1200 1311 1422 Baker-foods :705 272 7 11 279 265 " 292 7^9 42 6 2 4 6 42 42 4 Boilermaker 357 Bookbinder 7.70 224 112 48 36 75 126 267 312 007 Cabinetmaker I • 71^ 552 40 4 4 6 559 583 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 31 34 34 34 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 712 1743 20 10 26 43 2050 2015 1961 Cement Finisher Const 71 1 232 303 279 256 Compositor (Hand) 21t 251 21 33 18 12 20 260 288 257 84 Cut & Crease Press 215 54 7 6 10 17 58 71 515 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 369 9C 45 61 102 434 474 56 68 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 42 10 5 9 15 . 45 695 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 219 641 26 15 30 51 656 676 123 Dragline Operator 71 0 125 125 125 4 Dyer-Master-Textiles 770 4 4 4

CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO NUliBER TO LE TR'AIN:13 Page 21 TABLE V AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 yEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

AREA 1

OCCURATION CATEGORY NO. IN NUMBER TO COMPLETE PROJECTED 34LoY. AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT CO. COMPANY TRAINING 1 YEAR 3 YLAN S YLAkf, TOTAL FEMALES TRNG. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS

2896 521 , , Electrician 221 1873 2 130 87 124 207 2578 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 13 13 13 ,14 Elect Appl Repair 223 147 67 63 65 108 210 212 be. Elect-Instr Repair 224 62 2 2 4 62 .), 6s Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 80 BO 30 ..0 Electrotyper 226 28 IC ±', 0 193 1‘../ Elev-Install & Repr 227 187 15 15 15 25 137 ::., Engineer Clk-Acraft 228 55 8 55 _3,,- Finisher-Furniture 22 9 158 52 156 161 .,is Furnace Install Rep 230 102 59 20 40 66 105 1.0'; ,C0 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 186 60 2 22 37 188 1s Heat Treaters, etc 232 21 21 Li 2.1. 4c Instrument Repairman 23' 42 2 42 42 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 305 2 2 2 3 300 310 _; 1 1 98 106 Job Setter 235 86 88 4 Ct Knife Grinder 236 4 4 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 60 46 68 77 E„ Lineman (it, ht, pw) 238 300 38 1C 49 81 301 312 '..:;C“ 114 21 1 4 6 142 152 .,), Linotype Operator 239 ,_L, ,- Loom Fixer 240 183 41 1 1 1 2 189 1)7 1,30 Machinist 241 1379 32 9 51 85 1489 1059 11o, Maintenance Man 242 967 10 9 10 17 29 1044 1116 .., Maintenance Mechanic 243 1037 37 24 27 45 1072 1134 11'., 43 988 964 -/_9 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 958 22 87 Molder-Coremaker 245 83 24 24 39 83 ',-(.' 4 ". L-r.- Millwright 246 488 20 13 13 22 491 .,21 Offset-Press Man 247 403 8 81 45 63 106 442 481 2560 2:.'/G Painter 249 2 4 42 10 60 102 171 2569 1,5 Pattern Cutter 250 79 54 2 17 47 78 95 125 Patternm'kr-A t cft Mt 251 102 102 101 102 P atternm l kr-App Text 252 20 17 20 20 20 Patternmaker-Furn 253 4 4 4 Patternm'kr-Met fdry 254 22 2 2 2 3 26 27 2: 255 103 11 4 4 14 24 121 138 ,..--) Photoengraver Photolithographer 256 121 1 44 22 27 45 150 167 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 .336 89 3C 61 102 521 639 6 Plater-Hlectro 25 6 5 6 ):, Plasterer Const 259 83 83 83 1 1 2 72 76 7 ,, Platen-Press Man 261 71 140C Plumber 262 767 332 147 232 382 1059 1259 179 186 1. Power-Shovel Oper 263 177 TABLE V CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO NUM3ER TO 3E TRAINED Page 22 AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS. AND 5 YEARS

AREA 1

0CCUP6TION CATEGORY NO. IS NUF,E1 TO CT1PLETE PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT CO. COMPANY TRAINING 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS AND JOR TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FEMALES TRN3. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS

Printer-Compositor 264 419 16 10 1 23 39 413 428 442 Refrig Engineer 265 56 69 77 85 Sew Machine Repair 266 63 1 1 1 2 67 72 78 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 1518 1 31 7 25 41 1535 1625 1664 Spinning Frame Fixer 268 62 62 62 62 Stationary Engineer 269 145 144 145 147 35 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 27 ,7 45 4 1 4 6 42 39 Structural Ironwkers 272 319 321 321 321 Tool Die Maker 273 265 11 1 14 24 265 276 267 Tool-Grinder Oper 27 4 154 154 157 160 Tractor Mechanic 275 191 1 1 1 2 191 191 191 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 442 7 5 9 15 476 518 556 73 75 Upholsterer 277 72 78 Welder 278 921 1 24 37 .';7 73 1024 1152 1279 Web-Press Man 779 251 88 --q, 39 149 299 367 435 479 e7:-, 34423 ,J19 TOTAL 77543 171.4 17 77 2579 30423 32421 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 471 6049 3713 162 115 379 633 6287 6740 7192 2423 2631 2639 Bookkeeper 4 92 2273 1636 18 44 107 179 1217 Bookkeeping Mach Op 403 1085 984 55 11 26 43 1097 1157 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 404 1191 1104 55 775 1766 1780 2020 2472 "2.25 2248 Statistical Clerk 405 1727 1362 57 51 164 273 1849 2049 145 7144 7646 6249 Stenographer 496 6715 6545 33 45 242 2100 Tabulating Mach Oper 4 3 7 972 252 57 198 425 709 1244 1672 5054 6619 Typist 4 3 8 5097 4813 137 61 39 149 5508

SUR TOTAL 2510 4 20409 62 1730 2401 4008 27572 30481 33369

G3AN^ TOTAL 62194 21827 3055 2663 4871 6132 58434 74532 80584 ATLANTA CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT Page 23 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS TABLE VI AREA 1

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. OF JOE OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS

AND JOE TYPE CURRENT EMPLWIEf:T 1 YEAS 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 3 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES Technicians Acc t-Gen & Cost 1 1691 313 154 ',05 645 68 267 443 Aerodynamics Analyst 2 14 2 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 84 7 30 52 7 23 40 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 23 10 17 23 7 7 Chem Tech-Radiation 7 85 36 3 10 17 2 7 12 Chemist-Assistant 8 137 32 `9 109 153 30 72 96 Civil & Const Tech 9 322 1 61 79 98 59 73 95 Clerical Technician 10 184 195 15 34 53 13 28 43 Cloth Designer 11 3 Clothes Designer 12 11 2 1 2 1 2 Cloth Tester 13 8 Commercial Artist 14 335 56 20 83 147 5 56 101 Computer Lab Tech 15 2 2 Cost Technician 16 127 19 e 35 62 4 29 52 Develop Inst-Aircr 18 40 1 1 1 1 Die Designer 19 4 1 2 1 2 Draftsman-Elect 20 13: 4 12 26 40 12 26 40 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 432 26 46 100 155 32 64 94 Draftsman-Structural 22 439 _1 50 85 113 18 46 48 Draftsman-Topo 23 115 16 3 13 22 2 11 20 Elect Power Tech 24 7 1 1 I Electronics Tech 25 1137 4 176 451 657 157 544 542 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 33 5 6 10 15 4 5 12 Estimator 23 460 15 69 107 144 67 99 132 Estimator & Drafts 29 51 6 14 30 45 14 30 45 Flutter & Vib-Aircr 31 9 1 Furniture Designer 32 5 1 1 1 1 Industrial Tech 33 635 57 150 243 11 28 40 Instructor-Trainees 34 35 11 12 26 33 7 15 15 Instrument Man 35 136 43 6 15 24 6 15 24 Instrumentation-Tech 36 95 2 6 9 2 6 9 Lab Assistant I 33 99 23 6 17 28 1 2 4 Lab Ass't-Metal 39 13 1 1 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 40) 31 13 23 33 13 23 33 Laboratory Tester 42 6 Mathematics Tech 43 12 1 2, 2 2 2 2 2 Mechanical Tech 45 3C9 21 68 115 — 3 44 74 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 6 3 4 4 3 4 4 Paint Tester 47 29 6 6 6 4 4 3 Paper Tester 48 8 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 274 13 6 11 28 — 33 — 22 — 37 TAM VI •CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREA=E IN UPLOYMENT Page 24 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR. 3 YEAR! -_, AND 5 YEARS

AREA 1

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. OF JO:?. OPEMP:GS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS

A; ,D JOB TYPE CURRENT E N PLOYFENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES

Production Planner 53 320 28 19 54 109 5 36 62 Programmer 51 164 33 53 113 168 22 42 48 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52 44 5 10 13 16 10 13 16 Quality Control Tech 53 274 22 33 20 127 21 65 103 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 112 3 31 55 6 24 43 Research Lab Analyst 56 146 4 5 6 4 5 6 Res Tech-Env Test 57 63 28 1 2 3 1 2 3 Research Writer 58 1 1 Safety Technician 59 60 1 12 23 1 11 21 Sanitation Tech 60 22 3 8 13 1 5 9 Sheet Metal Tech 61 '27 1 2 1 2 Statistician I 66 73 26 4 16 29 4 16 29 Stress Analyst 67 9 Systems Analyst 68 130 14 10 32 53 10 28 46 Sys Testing Lab Tech 70 7 4 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 5 4 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 73 3 Time-Study II 74 102 ; 20 39 58 9 27 37 Tool Designer 75 147 1 8 14 1 4 9 Welding Technician 76 20 , 53 102 4 53 102 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 13 1 2 4 5 2 4 3 Yarn Tester 78 41 30 1 2 3 1 2 3

SUB TOTAL 9550 948 1249 2423 3793 603 1677 2548

NO- SUB TOTAL 9550 948 1051 2425 3795 646 1701 2587 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 201 134 19 51 83 7 40 64 Aircraft Mechanic 202 894 1 32 122 212 20 91 160 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 522 5 95 139 234 45 115 160 Automobile Mechanic 204 1670 113 320 530 71 269 444 Auto Body Repr-Paint 205 1161 55 197 340 55 125 220 Baker-foods 206 272 10 22 35 10 16 24 Boilermaker 208 42 2 5 8 - 1 1 2 Bookbinder 209 224 112 46 99 151 10 23 25 Cabinetmaker I 210 552 40 23 54 86 23 50 30 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 31 4 5 7 4 5 7 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 1743 335 358 361 322 332 336 Cement Finisher Const 213 232 73 53 34 73 53 34 Compositor (Hand) 214 251 21 32 49 67 23 37 46 Cut & Crease Press 215 54 5 18 31 - 1 7 13 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 369 70 120 171 24 59 65= Die Maker (pap gds) 217 42 3 15 27 2 6 12 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218 541 31 33 134 16 53 33 Dragline Operator 219 125 2 6 10 2 6 10 Dyer-Master-Textiles 222 4 TABLE VI CUR:OSUT IPLOV',ENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCF;EA's,E IN ENPLOYNENT Page 25 AND NET T R AINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 3 YEARS AREA 1

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. CF JOB OPENINGS, NEw + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS AND JOB TYPE CURRENT E'T-LOYE::T 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES

Electrician 221 1573 2 727 1093 1461 641 969 1253 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 13 1 2 1 2 Elect Appl Repair 223 147 64 69 73 1 4 - 35 Elect-Instr Repair 224 62 1 3 5 1 1 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 80 2 5 9 2 5 9 Electrotyper 226 25 3 4 5 3 4 5 Elec-Install & Repr 227 187 2 13 24 - 13 2 - Engineer Clk-Acraft 223 55 5 1 3 4 1 3 4 Finisher-Furniture 229 158 52 1 6 12 1 6 12 Furnace Install Rep 230 102 4 9 14 - 16 - 31 - 52 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 186 4 17 31 2 - 5 - 6 Heat Treaters, etc 232 21 1 2 1 2 Instrument Repairman 233 42 2 1 1 1 1 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 305 12 31 50 10 30 43 Job Setter 235 35 3 15 27 3 15 27 Knife Grinder 236 4 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 60 46 9 20 31 9 20 31 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 238 390 3 19 35 - 7 - 30 - 46 Linotype Operator 230 114 21 :0 43 56 29 39 50 Loom Fixer 247 103 41 10 25 41 3 24 38 Machinist 241 1373 134 355 576 125 304 491 Maintenance Man 242 967 10 92 197 303 82 180 274 Maintenance Mechanic 243 1037 50 141 234 26 115 139 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 958 36 24 13 36 - 4 - 34 Molder-Coremaker 245 53 1 6 11 1 - 18 - 23 Millwright 246 483 13 36 59 23 37 Offset-Press Man 247 403 3 42 39 136 3 26 31 Painter 249 2442 172 271 372 111 169 202 Pattern Cutter 253 79 54 18 50 32 1 3 4 Patternm t kr-A l cft Mf 251 102 2 7 11 . 2 7 11 Patternm i kr-App Text 252 20 17 1 1 1 1 Patternmaker-Furn 253 - 4 1 1 Patternm i kr-Met fdry 254 22 4 5 7 2 4 5 Photoengraver 255 103 11 19 39 59 13 25 36 Photolithographer 256 121 1 30 49 68 8 22 24 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 336 192 326 4 59 152 264 3.57 Plater-Electro 258 6 1 Plasterer Const 259 83 1 1 1 Platen-Press Man 261 71 3 9 15 3 8 1:: Plumber 262 767 303 524 746 156 292 Power-Shovel Oper 263 177 6 21 36 6 21 :6 RELATED PO EXPECTEC INCREASE 1N EMPLOYNE

AREA 1

0C60PA740N CAT E,G3R EST. NO. of Jai 0171, 1A1:3. ;LE ,:S 47:E1,4,410CE. XIET TRAINIIIN4 NEEDS Ai,a10 J03 TYPE -CU:MC-NT -=,,LOYELT 1 YcAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEAALES

Printer-Compositor 264 419 16 5 41 77 3 17 37 Refrig Engineer 265 56 14 23 32 14 2 3 32 Sew Machine Repair 266 63 4 11 13 5 10 16 Sheet-Metal. Worker 267 1516 1 33 155 220 74 130 167 Spinning Frame Fixer 263 62 1 3 5 A 3 5 Stationary Engineer 269 145 1 9 17 1 9 17 Sterotyper (Pr 6 Pb) 270 45 1 - 2 2 - 4 - 3 - d Structural Ironwkers 272 319 C 19 31 -8 15, 31 Toot Clie Maker 273 265 5 25 46 4 11 22 Toot-Grinder Oper 274 154 3 12 21 3 12 21 Tractor Mechanic 275 191 6 19 32 5 13 30 Truck l4ech (Non-mfg) 276 442 45 13 .1 153 n '32 (42 upholsterer 277 72 6 7 9 6 7 9 Welder 278 921 1 116 263 420 79 221 042 Web-Press Man 271 251 52 127 202 21 7,7 55

SUB TOTAL 27540 470 3291 6113 3958 • 2370 434; 4601

NO- SU3 TOTAL 27540 470 3292 4115 .3960 24(5 4434 6290 Clerical Workers . Accounting Clerk 401 6049 3713 472 1689 2754 557 1310 2124 Bookkeeper 432 2270 1436 239 715 1151 255 608 973 Bookkeeping Mach Op 403 1265 924 1.32 272 447 91 246 404 goy-Punch-Dupl. Oper 404 1191 1104 c37; 1504 2022 158 439 302 Statistical Clerk 405 1727 1362 247 611 9-88 196 448 715 Stenographer 406 6710 6545 955 2158 3404 910 2313 3163 Tabulating Mach Oper 497 972 252 35 880 1410 156 455 701 Typist 4' 3 5097 4313 644 1912 3006 782 1323 2657 S39 TOTAL 25134 23429 4407 9741 1522 3107 7342 11235

i40- SU3 TOTAL 23104 23495 4497 9741 15242 3107 7342 11235

GRAND TOTAL 62194 21327 3747 13277 27993 6085 10408 19864

140- GRAND TOTAL 62194 21227 3750 13281 27997 6166 13527 20112 NON-BETROPOLITAN, GEORGIA CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO AGE Page 27 DISTRIBUTION AND AGE SEPARATION FACTOR TABLE VII AREA 2

OCCUPATION CATEGORY CURRENT EMPLOYMENT AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE SEPARATION EFFECTS AND JOB TYPE UNDER 35- 45 AND (COMPOSITE) TOTAL FEMALES 35 44 OVER 1 YEAR 3 -YEAR-5- 5 YEARS Technicians 1028 1F6 :46 a.-70 ;12 lO 54 90 177-1777icost 1 Air-con-Ref Tech 3 75 52 16 6 2 3 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 24 7 22 chemist-Assistant 8 126 31 100 15 11 1 2 4 Civil & Const Tech 9 473 395 34 44 3 9 16 Clerical Technician 10 103 37 24 52 28 2 5 9 Cloth Designer 11 25 3 6 9 11 1 2 3 Clothes Designer 12 16 3 2 9 5 1 1 Cloth Tester 13 64 6 34 22 8 1 2 3 Commercial Artist 14 38 16 9 23 6 1 2 Computer Lab Tech 15 8 5 4 Cost Technician 16 153 52 67 58 28 2 5 9 Die Designer 19 6 2 2 1 Draftsman-Elect 20 7 3 1 2 1 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 336 9 224 84 27 2 7 12 Draftsman-Structural 22 66 14 39 14 13 1 2 4 Draftsman-Topo 23 508 396 87 26 2 8 13 Elect Power Tech 24 70 35 14 21 1 3 6 Electronics Tech 25 305 4 166 86 53 3 10 17 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 65 33 15 17 1 3 5 Estimator 28 522 6 167 138 166 9 28 48 Estimator & Drafts 29 15 6 13 2 Fixture Designer 30 7 1 6 1 1 Industrial Tech 33 102 5 39 54 10 1 3 4 Instructor-Trainees 34 349 184 149 139 61 4 12 21 Instrument Man 35 882 865 15 1 2 6 10 Instrumentation-Tech 36 6 6 Lab Ass't-Metal 39 7 7 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 40 61 17 27 22 12 1 2 4 Laboratory Tester 42 125 56 76 36 12 1 3 5 Mechanical Tech 45 142 74 32 35 2 6 10 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 6 2 5 Paint Tester 47 9 5 5 5 1 1 Paper Tester 48 34 14 27 7 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 11 2 7 3 Production Planner 50 593 30 173 216 204 11 35 58 Programmer 51 45 22 21 2 1 1 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52 12 3 8 2 2 1 Quality Control Tech 53 491 86 252 171 68 5 14 24 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 184 119 62 3 1 2 4 Research Lab Analyst 56 656 38 561 51 44 3 11 18

1AILLE VIE 41-40 Sage .4115042•CSFAI4414L,4 w.ri -;;S .,-

-7)(17:ir..:',.4-7.414.:,':.

Res tech-Env rest '2 16 1.7 173 •4: Safety fectinician Sanitation fedh 4 !1 Sheet Vets.. tech 7 Soda fester 4 1 Spectroscopist GS Statistician I Systems Analyst 6.3 Sys testing Cob tech 14 Tech Crit-Elec Sr Pb [ester Test tab tech-fp Con Time-Study II Tool Designer Welding Technician Yarn rester 70

4643 SUSI-CI-AL 4312$ 411368 Qtt4 4421 43v 4416 Skilled Occupations .2 Aircraft Engine Mech 1 , 1 Aircraft Mechanic . 1717 1 Air-con or Ref flech i71 Automobile Mechanic Zo24 Auto Cody hepr-Paint .baker-.foods Bleach (Chl-hypl Sys Goiter/maker 103 2.3 00 Bookbinder 2 7:7.7; Cabinetmaker f 21 7., o. i 7.."-3 ..3. Carpenter 'Ma ance .3 t7. -:. -; 7 1.4d.", ad Carpenter illon-C693 2 ;:2+:.: Cement Finisher Gonct 7i. 1;2 710: (126

TABLE m CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO AGE Page 29 DISTRIBUTION AND AGE SEPARATION FACTOR

AREA 2

AGE SEPARATION EFFECTS OCCUPATION CATEGORY CURRENT EMPLOYMENT AGE DISTRIBUTION (COMPOSITE) AND JOB TYPE UNDER 35— 45 AND TOTAL FEMALES 35 44 - OVER 1 YEAR 3'YEAM5 5 YEARS

3 5 1 1 Furnace Install Rep 230 8 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 6 1 3 1 2 5 8 Heat Treaters, etc 232 69 13 26 30 18 1 3 6 Instrument Repairman 233 82 33 30 3 8 13 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 87 23 12 52 45 13 1 2 4 Job Setter 235 74 16 38 2 7 12 Knife Grinder 236 149 22 89 15 25 237 277 43 150 84 5 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 44 238 1056 573 373 110 8 26 Lineman (it, ht, pw) lb 239 140 23 49 68 4 11 Linotype Operator 41 123 206 Loom Fixer 240 1873 391 739 744 41 123 206 Machinist 241 2103 2 699 665 739 766 44 132 221 Maintenance Man 242 2462 16 ' 764 932 33 100 167 _Maintenance Mechanic 243 1983 8 642 774 566 7 23 40 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 1042 443 518 81 1 3 4 Molder-Coremaker 245 40 6 18 16 9 26 44 Millwright 246 475 78 250 146 1 4 7 Offset-Press Man 247 131 62 50 19 361 21 62 104 Painter 249 1238 480 397 7 1 2 3 Pattern Cutter 250 66 7 32 23 25 1 4 7 Patternm`kr-App Text 252 84 7 16 44 2 Patternmaker-Furn 253 5 2 2 6 1 2 Patternm'kr-Met fdry 254 10 1 2 7 11 1 2 3 Photoengraver 255 29 11 22 11 1 2 3 Photolithographer 256 33 68 128 124 7 21 35 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 320 23 1 2 Plater-Electro 258 150 127 43 32 2 5 9 Plasterer Const 259 74 Platen-Press Man 261 28 28 133 148 8 25 42 Plumber 262 448 22 167 84 5 15 26 Power-Shovel Oper 263 323 149 90 55 34 20 1 4 6 Printer-Compositor 264 109 9 24 56 52 3 9 15 Refrig Engineer 265 133 255 207 121 8 23 38 Sew Machine Repair 266 584 16 533 217 336 19 56 93 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 1086 268 689 120 237 333 15 53 89 Spinning Frame Fixer 17 28 Stationary Engineer 269 234 30 104 100 6 1 2 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 270 36 17 13 6 Street-Lt Sery Repr 271 8 8 253 14 44 73 Structural Ironwkers 272 709 96 360 28 2 6 10 Tool Die Maker 273 16C 61 72

Page 30 TABLE VII CJRRL1T "E':PLOT 7Z1LAT=i7. TO :137 ■:iEUTIO%

AEA 2

,CC,.0,710i ,: CAT:CORY ACE. DISTMCUTIO ■ : :FFECTL

A.) JOE TYPO U7ICER 35- (CO:%'CLITE) TOTAL FE:7AL:: 35 44 3= 1 YEAT, 5 Y27,:-T: 5 7:A8

Tool-Grinder Oper 274 46 _ . 10 12 1 3 '3 Tractor Mechanic 275 79 13 45 20 1 4 6 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 565 109 294 Cl 6 16 31 Upholsterer 277 128 35 79 46 1 2 Welder 273 1511 35 393 571 344 21 G 107 5 Web-Press Man 2 79 61 21 32 _ , TOTAL 1 1

- I., TOTAL 33202 250 11406 2314 324 1571 2641 Clerical Workers 313 1124 Accounting Clerk 40 1 4290 2972 2329 1220 671 705 Bookkeeper 4,2 5075 3759 2101 111.2 1232 554 i.. 126'5 Bookkeeping Mach Op 403 1719 151: 1293 358 53 147 :11 436 11 20 ':3 66 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 404 230 139 132 17 43 436 230 115 L57 415 Statistical Clerk 40.5 1632 1123 417 ':25- 1480 Stenographer 4-'6 5606 5447 3236 1553 72,2 20 42 66 Tabulating Mach Oper 41-7 224 153 170 37 17 506 260 257 554 669 Typist 403 5031 2313 2177 ,'-'.1,--,c. TOTAL

8U - ; TOTAL 21766 17974 .12434 5794 3550 1623 3626 '...605

2236 5473 8014 GRAND TOTAL 63713 10 171 28008 20086 1.3812 2ETLATE3 TO :::=ET: TO Page 31 NON_METROPOLITAN, GEORGIA CURRENT ,r-5PLOV171:T AND PROJECT? EPLOY5:NT FOr: 1 yEA7!• 3 yEARS, 4 2 3 5 YEARO TABLE VIII AREA 2 •

9(Ct!DATION Ci— ci-107y NO. IN Nu;BER 77 Cc*.:PLETI P:-:OJECTID .._;PLC .7.:::7

'(862 5 , c_P.,:, ) ,_..) /.0-7) ,Jer Ty57 C -7 D7NT 7 , 1PLOy - 71T Oo. c7;r7Av T76INI'13 1 T7T^1 F7!1AL 1- 25. 1 ':!. 3 ,T,-.7 5 Yr_:3 Technicians 1175 1201 Acct-Gen & Cost 1028 186 72 44 72 120 1060 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 7' 1 3 3 22 85 J. Anal Res-Resins & Ad ,, 7 1- 7 7 25 /b 2 ,./ Chemist-Assistant 7, 12: 21 140 171 L02 Civil & Const Tech 7 ',73 439 S Clerical Technician 1C , 17 37 13 -. :0_, _.. Cloth Designer 11 __,m, 23 3.5 _ :.0 Clothes Designer 13 16 2 _ 2 17 i7 ii 13 5!! 6 7 7 11 53 75 ;i2 Cloth Tester 7? Commercial Artist 1'; 15 64 50 Computer Lab Tech 15 ' ,.,2 1:, Cost Technician 1' 7 5 157 170 it, Die Designer 1 1 1 2 7 7 i Draftsman-Elect '- 7 3 13 2: Draftsman-Mech-Furn 77. 335 n 27 45 555 Draftsman-Structural "". 7 ,,,, 1/, 1 1 1 76 t' / Ul Draftsman-Topo 21 [;,,F, 7 533 Sv , .,6, Elect Power Tech 1/, 77 S' 7 73 74 i„ Electronics Tech -,7 3 5 22 2 2 37 245 .7O ',+ Eng-Ass I t-Mech Equip 37 !: 74 117 1:), Estimator 3, 522 5 47 7: 565 6,, or; Estimator & Drafts ,,, 15 6 15 13 15 Fixture Designer 7" 7 7 i ■ Industrial Tech ,7 7.r2 5 7, 1C=, IG::, i. ;, Instructor-Trainees ,,n 15 34 376 Instrument Man ,m S^7 622 L , Instrumentation-Tech S 13 , r Lab Ass't-Metal ,r... 7 7 r / Lab Ass't (sc'tific) ,, 61 17 E, 1 :.1 Laboratory Tester A') 775 55 ,-, ,. 5 152 1.2 Mechanical Tech 46 14 .2 Y? /:,$ 50 S7 156 OF,: ,:4i Metal-Furn Model Mk /,(_ 6 :' 7 2 2 Paint Tester /-7 , 9 Paper Tester ,, ,! ,4_ 7., 39 _ Proc-Descrip Writer • ,!0 11_ 11 it ,n, ,r, Production Planner m , 1. 1: 27 654 , Programmer m, 53 (.L Proj Plan-Data pr sy ., 17 12 1;. Quality Control Tech ,, /, r, 1 , ":0 37 911 ..,-1 "c Radio/TV Trans Tech ../, 1° I— "Lt_ Research Lab Analyst ., 555 -,, 6:7 :3: c.,:.:. N'...r1?.ER TO TRAINED Page 32 TABLE VIII C'._!RRENT 8.!IPLOYE7:7 RELYIED PROJECTED 7:IPLOYT 70R 1 YEAR. 3 ,CARs. A7:3 5 YEARS

AREA 2

PROJECTED nCCHoiNTIO'! CPT7c--33v TUBER TO CO:IPLETE 1 YEAR YE A:=:5 YEAk6 Ar^ JO3 TYPE CYR7E'7 CO. COrPANY TRAINING TOT"1 FEtlEF TRNC. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS

222 23 7, Res Tech-Env Test 57 .76 17 70 75 of Safety Technician 92 69 2 55 55 Sanitation Tech 6". 5? 4 33 52 00 Sheet Metal Tech 6 1 3r 4 1 2 5 5 -) Soda Tester 61 5 2 2 2 4 14 17 21 Spectroscopist Sc 14 3 3 3 5 61 6:, I, Statistician I 66 53 5 12 ld 4:4 Systems Analyst 68 12 11 14 17 Sys Testing Lab Tech 7^ 11 26 26 26 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 25 7 50 56 62 Tester 72 A7 14 14 14 23 11 11 11' Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 71 11 11 244 257 271 Time-Study II 7/ 199 9 28 13 14 24 17 20 22 Tool Designer 75 17 57 205 2)6 Welding Technician 76 50 35 50 84 161 113 115 Yarn Tester 73 538 S'. 3 3 5 8 111 12 12 lc I.r: TOTAL 17 3 3 1 1 2

10014 10727 SUB TOTAL 8725 0 37 554 316 433 724 0302 Skilled Occupations 70 70 70 Aircraft Engine Mech 2"7. 7• 61 61 61 Aircraft Mechanic 2.:.? 61 173 185 196 Air-cond or Ref Mech 2'3 173 2 3241 3462 Automobile Mechanic 7^A 782!.. 119 C' 136 228 3000 n, 939 I01,, Auto Body Repr-Paint ?^0 070 57 21 20 50 860 , 74 ao b6 Baker-foods 2":' 71 17 3 6 13 14 15 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys '7'7 7 7 S 6 10 107 107 107 Boilermaker 2'° 1:7:7 91 91 ';.1 Bookbinder ,,, 7' 22 932 1074 1166 Cabinetmaker I 7in oc7 74 6 43 72 66 66 6• Carpenter-Maint'ance 711 95 !. 2 2 4 -lin 370 3536 4G'.2 4596 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 3779 251 133 222 253 1031 120..; Cement Finisher Const ' ,2 52 It '3 51 11j, 190 1G 124 15c 191 Compositor (Hand) 11,. 2. 1 3 t'; 6 43 4e :-,0 Cut & Crease Press 016 '4 4 4 6 10 126 13C 1:),. Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb ''1'. 117 717 :-, 7 1 1 2 6 7 11 Die Maker (pap gds) 4 ,.4. 717 7 0 n 26 '.4 399 447 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 25 ,n, C. a 194 213 2 .1,2 Dragline Operator l'? 5 21 193 203 44-■ Dyer-Master-Textiles 7.77 ...2. 12 1,,,. 156 1939 201?; 209'6 Electrician -)7,1 97 22 94 7.,, 11 ,! 73 244 273 ':6C Elect Appl Repair 271 7 •1 44 , 75 94 11 ,, Elect-Instr Repair ,,t, 52 2 _ . 3 17 17 11 Elev-Install & Repr '2? 17 , 167 16S 11;:. Finisher-Furniture 2 ,,-/ l':'. 5 TABLE VIII CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO NUMBER TO BE TRAINED Page 33 AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR 1 YEAR. 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS AREA 2

PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT OCCUPATION CATEGORY NO. IN NUMBER TO COMPLETE TRAINING 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOY M ENT CO. COMPANY TOTAL FEMALES TRNG. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS 8 8 Furnace Install Rep 230 8 6 6 6 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 6 38 79 91 102 Heat Treaters, etc 232 69 11 11 23 118 163 208 Instrument Repairman 233 82 6 4 6 10 147 192 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 87 16 14 16 2 7 101 103 118 134 Job Setter 235- 74 24 11 13 21 180 180 Knife Grinder 236 149 7 180 295 316 337 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 277 9 10 15 26 1110 1180 1251 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 238 1056 92 64 122 205 151 180 208 Linotype Operator 239 140 1894 1901 Loom Fixer 240 1873 113 110 185 309 1887 296 2236 2380 2524 Machinist 241 2103 2 160 109 177 2594 2771 2947 Maintenance Man 242 2462 16 27 35 58 98 2232 2415 Maintenance Mechanic 243 1983 8 121 70 166 277 2050 1174 1238 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 1042 20 11 20 34 1111 38 38 38 Molder-Coremaker 245 40 502 509 Millwright 246 475 42 12 17 29 495 161 192 223 Offset-Press Man 247 131 4 6 1341 1466 1591 Painter 249 1238 52 7 35 59 3 71 75 7o Pattern Cutter 250 66 7 2 2 2 91 99 102 kr-App Text 252 84 7 2 P at ternm t 5 2 253 5 5 P at ternmaker-Furn 10 10 254 10 10 P atternm t kr-Met fdry 30 30 Photoengraver 255 29 1 1 1 2 30 73 33 33 Photolithographer 256 22 33 26 325 335 346 Pipe & Steam Fitter 2 57 129 17 14 16 150 150 150 Plater-Electro 258 150 91 168 244 Plasterer Const 252 74 23 28 2z, Platen-Press Man 261 28 45 24 457 474 492 Plumber 262 448 22 14 3 14 346 370 395 Power-Shovel Oper 263 323 20 4 4 6 115 120 126 Printer-Compositor 26'- 102 9 14 142 143 Refrig Engineer 265 133 140 622 659 692 Sew Machine Repair 266 584 16 41 23 40 68 1254 1437 1621 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 1086 79 54 136 227 684 689 694 Spinning Frame Fixer 268 689 26 26 36 60 234 237 240 Stationary Engineer 269 234 26 5 5 8 42 42 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 270 36 6 36 8 8 8 Street-Lt Sery Repr 271 8 760 790 819 Structural Ironwkers 272 709 2 182 217 253 Tool Die Maker 273 160 29 17 30 50

CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO muri3E7! TO "3E Page 34 TAME VIII AND PROJECTED EMPLOYNENT FOR 1 YEAR. 3 YT:ARS, M.2 5 YEARS AREA 2

OCCUPATION CATEGORY NC. IN NUMSEP TO COMPLETE PRC:jECTLO 3 AN() J08 TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT CO. CONPANY TRAINING 1 YEAR TOTAL FEMALES TRNS. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS 3 6 44 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 46 2 1 3 5 82 Tractor Mechanic 275 79 3 3 56 ,.?, 579 63b .1. Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 565 39 46 36 125 130 Upholsterer 277 128 33 22 1705 1669 4.665 278 1511 85 182 91 168 280 Welder 62 c1 ,4 61 8 5 6 10 Web-Press Man 279 8 lr "ISO TOTAL 1 36;06 SU9 TOTAL 33202 260 2128 1193 2157 3522 35232 Clerical Workers 367 4553 .4-6,0 Accounting Clerk 4^2 4290 2972 78 137' 22C 123 3299 5651 63L,- Bookkeeper 4C2 3075 3759 89 38 74 170 1302 1)42 Bookkeeping Mach Op 493 1719 1513 67 78 102 15 231 ,63 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 4r4 209 189 C 8 9 51 168C 1L;.)1 Statistical Clerk 1 05 1632 1128 29 11 31 30 84 5936 6334 ,J, Stenographer 406 5606 5447 66 35 23 256 351 Tabulating Mach Oper 417 224 153 10 11 14 , 4 42 70 3156 3417 Typist 4"8 3031 2813 54 mI"7 T^TAL 24610 SU' IOTA' 21786 17974 401 346 342 901 22916

GR AND TOTAL 63713 1n171 3083 1860 3142 5249 68052 73530 70008 NON-METROPOLITAN, GEORGIA •CURRET 'L.:PLOYv'ENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EMPLOYENT' Page 35 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS TABLE IX AREA 2

:LATE6CPv L:T. CF JOE, CPENING, 22., T REPLACE. NET TRAINING

Ai. ) JOB TYPE C'...:R7ci2:T L• ,"LOYLNT 1 YEA? 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 vEAc-, TOTAL FEMALES Technicians Acc i t-Gen & Cost 1 1028 186 50 201 353 6 129 232 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 75 5 15 13 - 6 lo 13- Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 24 2 0 5 2 3 5

Chemist-Assistant 3 126 DI 17, 47 - 7 13 42 72 Civil & Const Tech -) 473 13 5:0 . - 19 56 92 Clerical Technician 103 5 9 2 5 9 Cloth Designer 25 3 ,_, 11 14 3 11 14 Clothes Designer 16 t. S 3 1 Cloth Tester _3 54 3 4 12 20 - a', 5 9 Commercial Artist 14 33 15 2i:, 10 12 26 19 12 Computer Lab Tech 15 1 2 5 Cost Technician lo 133 11 23 30 11 17 21 Die Designer 1. , 3 1 1 2 - 1 Draftsman-Elect ,. 7 1 17 1 9 17 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 2.1 330 21 69 117 - 5 42 72 Draftsman-Structural 22 30 10 15 19 12 17 Draftsman-Topo .; :i 2 3 13 2 19 Elect Power Tech 24 T, 1 0 14 . 3 7 Electronics Tech 15 3 ,05 4 44 75 10:_ 21 52 c). Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 17 63 10 55 7 50 '42 Estimator 32' 6 52 __ 29 J',2 107 Estimator & Drafts i.., 15 6 Fixture Designer 7 1 1 1 Industrial Tech 33 1:_:2 5 2 3 10 - 3 1 Instructor-Trainees 3z 51 134 31 02 133 13 01 9Z; Instrument Man :_, 302 2 3 10 2 6 10 Instrumentation-Tech 15 6 7 21 35 4 19 51 Lab Ass I t-Metal 3'; 1 Lab Ass i t (sc'tific) 4 , ) 31 17 1 2 4 1 2 4 Laboratory Tester 42 125 56 0 10 12 3 3 Mechanical Tech 4, 142 26 83 129 - 22 31 57 Metal-Furn Model Mk 4.6 6 2 2 2 1 Paint Tester 47 2 5 1 1 1 1 Paper Tester 40 14 14 6 6 5 Proc-Descrip Writer 4) 11 2 Production Planner DO 593 30 77 157 230 (,1 134 Programmer 51 45 13 19 24 13 24 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52 12 3 1 1 Quality Control Tech 53 L61 26 25 66 107 13 46 74 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 1o4 6 14 21 6 14 21 Research Lab Analyst 5o 556 30 4 17 31 3 13 24 TABLE IX E::.?LoyT :::LATEr; To 2x7=CT.17 1:; :::PLOV4Ef:T Page 36 LL: T TRA1::IrG r'07! 1 y7. ,'ArZ. 3 Y2422, Am 5 YEARS

AREA 2

1:7T. O. OF ,iO3 •q:PLACE. T7,AliANG ;;ELi,5

Tyr' , E2LCT:::;•;T 1 YEA:: 3 yZAR:7, 1 yLk71 y2A23 5 yLARs T,;7•L FE:,iALES 31 53 Res Tech-Env Test = ( 216 17 31 53 3 Safety Technician 69 ,_ 1C 16 13 16 Sanitation Tech 6 3 13 0 10 Sheet Metal Tech 61 33 3 23 37 7 20 34 Soda Tester 63 5 2 - 4 Spectroscopist 65 14 4 7 - 3 1 Statistician I 66 '53 5 8 16 25 3 13 25 Systems Analyst 63 12 6 12 6 12 7:: 11 , 7 2 7 Sys Testing Lab Tech 4 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 26 7 2 1 ,_ 4 Tester 72 47 4 10 16 - 10 - 4 7 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 73 11 11 Time-Study II 74 199 9 46 62 73 34 43 54 Tool Designer 75 17 4 7 4 7 Welding Technician 76 87 73 123 175 40 76 92 Yarn Tester 108 63 5 9 14 1 4 6 73 - mic TOTAL 12 3 - 1 1 SUB TOTAL 8725 937 665 1567 2470 344 1130 1746

NO - SUB TOTAL 8725 937 665 1567 2470 393 1137 1764 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 201 7G 1 2 4 1 Aircraft Mechanic 202 61 1 3 5 1 3 5 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 173 3 20 37 3 20 37 Automobile Mechanic 2J4 2524 212 524 338 131 337 610 Auto Body Repr-Paint 205 839 24 30 128 225 9 . 93 175 Baker-foods 206 71 4 11 19 1 8 13 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 207 9 4 5 7 - 2 - 1 - 3 Boilermaker 208 109 1 5 7 1 2 9 Bookbinder 239 83 22 12 14 15 12 14 13 Cabinetmaker / 210 961 40 170 301 24 I21. 250 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 85 4 10 17 2 3, 13 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 32,35 428 1036 1646 292 814 1276 Cement Finisher Const 213 624 239 437 655 178 323 44; Compositor (Hand) 214 113 12 47 82 12 41 75 15 Cut & Crease Press 215 26 17 21 ac 14 15 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 117 11 23 35 11 23 55 217 5 1 2 4 1 4 Die Maker (pap gds) 154 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 213 320 84 141 199 57 115 Dragline Operator :15 159 35 57 . 79 31 52 71 24 Dyer-Master-Textiles 223 177 19 41 63 1 10 221 1598 261 323 505 239 233 349 Electrician 4 Elect Appl Repair 223 237 10 43 77 - 31 - 1 Elect-Instr Repair 224 52 9 23 43 63 21 41 60 Elev-Install & Repr 227 17 Finisher-Furniture 229 163 8 33 52 6 25 44 I;;27.=A:E 72. PLCY:I Y-NT. Page 37 TABLE IX E . ;PLOY:!IT 373.2 AND NET 7221 ;I13 T3 1 21 2, 2 YLA2:F39 213 2 s .17,7112 3022 2

PELT 77:A1:,1:13 tL 3CCUATION CATEGORY LST• or JO3 + 1:EPLACE.

,ckr) JOB TYP= CU.22 1T E:=LOYHET 1 YEA? TOTAL FEALEG

Furnace Install Rep 230 5 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 6 Heat Treaters; etc 232 69 12 27 41 Instrument Repairman 233 82 37 35 132 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 87 7 57 Job Setter 235 74 Knife Grinder 236 149 33 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 277 1:7 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 236 1056 .12 130 Linotype Operator 239 143 15 31 17 3 I. 55 Loom Fixer 243, 1873 35 144 234 - Machinist 241 2103 2 174 431 327 Maintenance Man 242 2462 13 176 341 707 ,- ',.r1.-, Maintenance Mechanic 243 1983 1 103 . Mason (Brick, etc) 244 1042 76 13 3 -....- _ 3 - Molder-Coremaker 245 4,3 - 2 2 Millwright 246 475 29 54 sJ Offset-Press Man 247 131 31 69 2 Painter 243 1233 123 270 3 57 Pattern Cutter ",,LD:., :,,:) 7 5 16 Patternm'kr-App Text c".),' 34 7 3 20 _,,,. Patternmaker-Furn 253 D Patternm t kr-Met fdry 254 10 1 L Photoengraver 253 23 Photolithographer 256 33 1 2 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 12 1C Plater-Electro 253 15 Plasterer Const 231 74 13 '79 173 Platen-Press Man 261 23 Plumber 262 443 22 13 31 Power-Shovel Oper 266, 323 23 Printer-Compositor 164 7 13 Refrig Engineer 133 10 13 Sew Machine Repair 266 364 16 46 30 1643 Sheet-Metal Worker 261 13, ,36 137 403 .2L, 1 3 3 Spinning Frame Fixer 20 , 653 15 51 Stationary Engineer 269 234 6 10 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) /67: 36 7 Street-Lt Sery Repr 271 3 Structural Ironwkers 272 73 ,3 65 123 211 Tool Die Maker 273 161 23 63 10;1 .-_PL.:1T TABLE IX Page 38 ;1E- 7 7RA•INC I5.7 FDi t VE:%711 a y=-,R.s. 5 YITS.

AREA 2

LET. 77. CF -1013 Cr (G7. REPLACE. gCT T;l11:21;,.6

1 YEAR 7 A - . JO ., 7y!,-, C.71/4' .:L.,7. ''i-A..(.,Y , L,J 1 Vi11:: 3 yE.',7t.S. 5 YEARS 707•L F.:ii-.LL:

32 - 2 12 27 Tool-Grinder Oper :! /.., 4; - i 15 .. 4 !, Tractor Mechanic 2:7::: 77 .... 7 9 157 - 26 32 6.4 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 '::61Y ;_0 30 :,-,. 1 IS - Upholsterer 277 123 1 3 6 =3 127 274 Welder 27 1712 E; . 21% 441 655 3 - 2 3 Web-Press Man 273 6 1 2 4 7 23 7 13 20 , Il., ■ ] i"..:.:A. ' 7 13

1756 5103 770C 7Cor:AL 332. 237 3 1 54 7271 11::17

5172 7912 .31- AL 33232 220 3157 7273 11417 2094 Clerical Workers 451 1350 1633 Accounting Clerk 41 4237 2772 521 1330 2056 2224 520 1295 2101 Bookkeeper ,4-"7 3.75 3735 55,7 1353 152 432 677 Bookkeeping Mach Op 47 1719 1513 2"30 334 549 34 91 143 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 4. - 4 2109 119 42 130 158 42 ,3 71'. Statistical Clerk i.'.5 i222 1122 163 675 769 152 1603 :52? Stenographer 56316 7447 741 16.73 2606 711 40 e5 12 ,::• Tabulating Mach Oper 4', 7 224 153 Si 99 147 13, 2 typist 3031 2513 382 930 1511 348 'ArmC TOU:L

2400 5710 TOTAL 21786 17974 2754 3471 10320

2400 TOTAL 21786 17974 77 4 6431 10320

GRAND TOTAL 63713 19171 6576 15296 24207 4708 12148 18964

NO - GRAND TOTAL 63713 1°171 6579 15296 24207 4895 1271° 19094 5-METROPOLITAN ARRAS(TOTAL) Page 39 TAble X

CAT'L ,J03Y AGL i '7 i .'.:713!. :Th?-n 2kT16 ,

TYPF 35- Li: 210 TH.) TOTAL 35 Technicians 617 132 163 258 107 Acc't-Gen & Cost .11 34 57 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 45 3 13 20 : 1 2 Chemist-Assistant 1 30 7 2 1 1 Civil & Const Tech 14(, 55 22 63 3 10 16 Clerical Technician 117 65 42 43 2 5 i- Cloth Designer 11 11 2 4 2 1 i Cloth Tester 13 27 17 ?I Commercial Artist 1.2 41 2: 13 1 2 4 Cost Technician 15 2 3 7, 1 30 27 2 3 0 Die Designer 1a -77:- 7 7 6 J. Draftsman-Elect 4 7 1 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 110 3 7, 3 Draftsman-Structural 123 1:5 -.6 5 Draftsman-Topo 41 1;) 13 IC 2 Elect Power Tech 7 i Electronics Tech 314 1:7 72. :4 10 17 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 164 :3 56 :2 6 16 Estimator 2.3 =,32 17:3 200 130 6 13 Estimator & Drafts 21 4 13 Industrial Tech .0 42 29 Instructor-Trainees 2,7 17 37 136 12 In Instrument Man 3 7 67 26 32 1 2 _) Lab Ass't-Metal 3:11 21 213 1)0 04 2 7 i:, Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 23 17 4 Laboratory Tester 4 2 100 41 13 Mathematics Tech 1: 10 1 Mechanical Tech 43 130 52 56 22 1 Paint Tester 47 Paper Tester 46 53 2 37 21 1 1 1 Proc-Descrip Writer Lv) 161 5 10 13 1 Production Planner 217 24 7: ‘1:1 = 16 Programmer 42 12 52 .72, 2 _ Proj Plan-Data pr sy _ Quality Control Tech DD 156 63 63 Radio/TV Trans Tech 7,4 177 15 111 3 12 1 0 Research Lab Analyst o 3"; 6 1 Res Tech-Env Test 15 ,5 Research Writer 1 Safety Technician Sanitation Tech 6'; 61 i s Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO AGE Page 40 TABLE X DISTRIBUTION AND AGE SEPARATION FACTOR AREA 30

OCCUPATION CATEGORY CURRENT EMPLOYMENT AGE DISTRIBUTION AGE SEPARATION EFFECTS AND JOB TYPE UNDER 35— 45 AND (COMPOSITE) TOTAL FEMALES 35 44 OVER 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS

Statistician I 66 24 3 17 3 4 1 1 Systems Analyst 68 41 12 20 10 1 2 3 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 10 3 3 5 1 1 Time-Study II 74 64 5 44 17 3 1 2 Welding Technician 76 24 19 3 1 1 Yarn Tester 73 54 38 40 11 3 1 2 MISC TOTAL 33 15 16 14 2

'SUB TOTAL 4895 551 2302 1672 926 57 177 299 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Mechanic 202 28 9 10 9 1 2 3 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 272 63 121 89 5 15 26 Automobile Mechanic 234 1665 9 391 006 467 28 84 141 Auto Body Repr-Paint 205 404 1 139 166 99 6 18 30 Baker-foods 206 103 3 53 25 26 1 4 7 Boilermaker 208 121 21 49 51 3 8 14 Bookbinder 209 19 13 6 13 1 2 _. Cabinetmaker I 210 235 80 57 98 5 10 26 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 12 1 3 8 1 2 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 1828 414 768 646 36 110 184 Cement Finisher Const 213 518 228 196 92 6 16 31 Compositor (Hand) 214 44 21 28 9 7 1 2 Cut & Crease Press 215 25 22 3 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 126 66 38 22 1 4 7 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 11 1 10 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218 190 40 94 56 3 10 17 Dragline Operator 219 84 12 45 27 2 5 b Dyer-Master-Textiles 220 27 8 5 14 1 2 4 Electrician 221 1426 509 602 31.5 20 59 10G. Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 6 4 1 1 Elect Appl Repair 223 146 47 49 50 a 14 Elect-Instr Repair 224 505 247 163 95 6 16 JO Finisher-Furniture 229 103 62 37 5 1 2 .., Furnace Install Rep 230 61 38 23 1 i Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 156 98 43 15 1 4 6 Instrument Repaiiman 233 72 35 27 10 1 2 4 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 26 11 14 1 i Job Setter 235 18 18 i Knife Grinder 236 24 4 2 18 1 3 4 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 21 3 11 6 1 2 Lineman (It, ht, pw) 238 432 220 161 31 =. 11 20 Linotype Operator 239 191 2 28 54 102 6 17 20 Loom Fixer 24 ,") 644 90 351 204 12 30 61 Machinist 241 1378 372 394 412 24 72 121 Maintenance Man 242 1100 303 431 313 19 56 94 .11.11.13.LL (.2..NtNT :=',LL,=, TiLU TO ACE Page 41 DISTRIBUTION A0U 5EPA7:ATION FACTOR

AREA 30

OCCUPATION CURRENT E:',7LOYCIET AGE L, ISTRIE,UTION AGL 01P4 ,:ATIOc- . ;

ANG JON TYPE UNDER 35- 45 ;, ;JD (6320:8178) TOTAL FE M ALES 35 44 0\.= 1 YEAR 3 yEAR$ 5 YEA .: ;;

Maintenance Mechanic 243 1940 512 935 501 30 92 155 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 415 177 202 35 3 10 17 Molder-Coremaker 245 67 6 35 26 1 4 246 460 31 150 197 11 Millwright Offset-Press Man 247 129 54 46 .2- 1 5 Painter 249 651 141 270 140 1 26 47 251 10 10 Patternm'kr-A'cft Mf _ Patternm'kr-App Text 252 5 1 J. Patternm'kr-Met fdry 254 11 1 2 1 Photoengraver 255 67 1 40 2E, 1 1 1 Photolithographer 256 38 12 36 2 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 610 149 264 197 11 4 37 Plater-Electro 258 26 2 11 12 3 11 Plasterer Const 25'1) 375 323 l 10 1 • Platen-Press Man 261 12 11 Plumber 262 282 71 94 117 19 32 Power-Shovel Oper 262 180 33 94 61 4 11 10 Printer-Compositor 264 30 15 5 7 1 2 Refrig Engineer 25L) 25 4 10 11 1 2 Sew Machine Repair 266 62 38 11 11 19 3 Sheet-Metal Worker C3- 2/ 867 54 373 335 12 2 10 30 Spinning Frame Fixer 263 269 42 133 91 3 16 27 Stationary Engineer 259 357 77 158 122 7 21 35 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 27 7 52 14 24 14 1 2 4 Structural Ironwkers 272 106 32 46 23 2 5 9 Tool Die Maker 273 33 3 15 15 1 2 4 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 23 7 15 1 1 Tractor Mechanic 275 87 13 25 49 3 8 13 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 329 65 197 68 4 14 27 Upholsterer 277 92 17 48 8 37 2 6 10 Welder 278 881 384 339 159 10 31 53 Web-Press Man 279 91 36 37 1 '; 6 ' : roc TOTAL 3

TOTAL 20631 143 5458 7729 5450 323 272 1 ,./7 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 401 2777 1889 1424 750 603 199 z, ,-., 732 Bookkeeper 4'2 2164 1654 835 746 584 174 170 528 Bookkeeping Mach Op 40 2 617 581 4 38 1 41 33 51 109 172 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 404 404 350 267 78 59 33 73 113 Statistical Clerk 4 05 984 678 5C7 220 198 70 159 257 Stenographer 406 3233 3083 1903 323 505 245 546 871 Tabulating Mach Oper 477 418 320 268 114 55 32 70 111 Typist 4 79 3607 3464 2400 360 347 289 628 992 '11• 0.0 T'7TAL

TOTAL 14204 12027 8 -142 3792 2370 1053 2360 3779

GRAND TOTAL 39730 12726 16802 14193 8746 1433 3515 5725 5-METROPOLITAN AREAS(TOTAL) Page 42 270. 1 EC'77' F! -"LCYE - T ' 1 1'7f: . 9 5 5 v•, TABLE ZI 33

1f7r. , D , TTn C'T=7:2'Y • % -7327 31" CO! , 7LET1 :TC, J ,LCILL; "_PLGy:L;,V

jo? TyD= TRAU,:F.'!2 1 y-,137.: 3 11(..Lks C') 37!7 E"PLOsf:IT TOVI FF''ALF7 1 Y- 3 Y:32, 7R3 Technicians 3 14 '23 633 637 641 Acc t-Gen & Cost 617 132 31 43 4:: Air-cond-Ref Tech 45 2 ' 1 2 45 41 4i Chemist-Assistant q 79 1 1 29 166 ion Civil & Const Tech 1 14^ 150 1 4 Clerical Technician /- 117 22 "LC 19 32 1•2 136 0 IL Cloth Designer 11 11. 2 2 2 3 ID 13 Cloth Tester 1 3 77 19 27 27 27 74 Cormwxcial Artist 14 74 16 2 74 74 112 121 Cost Technician 16 28 22 103 10 lu Die Designer lc,, 1..9 7 10 20 c0 Draftsman-Elect ?' 20 1 1 2 20 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 2 1 110 6 9 7 9 14 133 160 Draftsman-Structural '? 196 1 15 13 15 25 222 261 30i 4 .). 46 Draftsman-Topo 23 '1 3 44

Elect Power Tech 24 8 ., 3Do Electronics Tech 25 314 15 12 33 56 334 370 1'..- 2 196 Eng-Ass't-Meth Equip 27 184 7 7 11 183 3 3: Estimator 2 0 432 17 7 20 33 468 526 Li- 29 21 21 24 Estimator & Drafts 111 Industrial Tech 33 96 2 5 5 8 102 106 2IL Instructor-Trainees 34 257 17 13 15 12 31 263 271 104 Instrument Man 35 67 13 6 13 21 69 31 390 Lab Ass't-Metal 39 390 51 290 390 29 34 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 49 23 3 4 2 4 23 103 42 103 41 103 103 Laboratory Tester 10 Mathematics Tech 43 10 1 10 10 Mechanical Tech 45 111 3 5 9 137 147 1D3 'Paint Tester 47 5 5 5 4q 53 2 5 5 5 3 53 57 61 Paper Tester 103 Proc-Descrip Writer tol 113 5 103 103 59 217 24 7 2 3 6 225 237 2.,0 Production Planner l.L Programmer 51 43 4 6 5 6 10 52 52 34 Proj Plan-Data pr sy '2 81 11 1 1 1 2 34 34 Quality Control Tech 53 158 20 15 2 2 3 167 173 190 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 177 15 4 4 12 21 121 192 202 43 Research Lab Analyst 55 19 39 41 Res Tech-Env Test 57 15 23 23 "co 21 Writer 58 21 21 21 Research 91 52 91 91 31 Safety Technician 61 61 5 61 61 Sanitation Tech 69 11 Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 11 11 Page 43 7 -7, 1_nyLNT ':IL :T:73 TO TO 30 T". ,1 0 11. TABLE XI P70..LCTE3 FnR 1 yE,f,3, 3 yEARS, 5 YE;,R8 AREA 3C

'2. 1 7 3(.7, 3 2'Y 00. I3 NT,.:BER TO CC:.TL:Tb P",--;OJLCTED

,2'!R70' !T CnPANy 1 ylA:".: FE!4"LF ,, 1 YR 3 Y72 5 Y72 24 L4 Statistician I 4 24 .,,,. ,.0 Systems Analyst cn ti? 47 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 , 7/, 72 i.4 ,7 Time-Study II ..,,, 5 8 12 31 7) , 1 3 1:, ;17 .,_.) 3, Welding Technician 74. 54 7' 24 2 0 8 7 Yarn Tester 4d T^T'' 37 7; 12 0 1.,.. 7C

SUB TOTAL 4895 551 223 129 234 395 5195 5472 5749 Skilled Occupations _., ,_. Aircraft Mechanic , -7 24 Air-cond or Ref Mech ?,, 1172 73 15 52 JU4 1778 104: Automobile Mechanic 1 665 27 1 . 102 46,.. Auto Body Repr-Paint 74 1 17 7 32 41,. 43.. 110 114 Baker-foods 7 -4, 1-7 7 1 4 :33 Boilermaker ,,c Bookbinder 10 Cabinetmaker I '1 - '),. 1? 17 12 LO 711 , 4 :7 1 1 ..,- Carpenter-Maint'ance ...... :.) Carpenter (Non-mfg) 31- 27 117 7,17 0 16 ,..: i_: Cement Finisher Const 66 ..3.. Compositor (Hand) 4 21 Cut & Crease Press 7,, 7 5 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 714 113 7 —, Die Maker (pap gds) -17 11 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr In, Dragline Operator 0! , Dyer-Master-Textiles 1J..., 11, 1' .. :... 1 Electrician ,, u Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 777 6 c, ioc Elect Appl Repair -1, 14 ,1 1.-0 905 Elect-Instr Repair Finisher-Furniture S1 61 0. Furnace Install Rep 4 17 Gas-Appl Serviceman 2'1 77 123 Instrument Repairman 72 76 Jig & Fixture-Bldg L. Job Setter =2 Knife Grinder 2/ 4) ? 4 Knit-mach Fix 7 1 7 77 24 Lineman (1t, ht, pw) 7) .70 4,2 7, 102 171 - 7 Linotype Operator 191 C. Loom Fixer 'f 1 , 2 117 177 Machinist ,41 17 , C, Maintenance Man 747 1 1 7." CURRENT EY.PLOYEl'IT RELATED TO NU73ER i3E TRAINI'D Page 44 AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMET FOR 1 YEAR. 3 YEARS. AND 5 YEARS TABLE XI AREA 30

^CCMPATIOM CATEGORY IN t!UMBER TC COMPLETE PROJECTED EPLOYENT 5 yLARS A"P J09 TYPE CURRENT EY.PLOY'l!IOT CC. COMPANY TRAINING 1 YEAR 3 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES TRCS. 1 YR 3 YRS 5 YRS

Maintenance Mechanic 743 1.948 7 124 49 103 171 1965 2012 20) ,:-. 745 975 Mason (Brick, etc) 74 4 415 42 42 42 69 515 di Molder-Coremaker 245 67 9 3 7 11 70 76 491 506 521 Millwright 746 4 68 37 27 35 59 217 Offset-Press Man 247 129 2 8 22 49 32 156 186 667 719 Painter 71t0 65' 5 5 26 43 653 10 Patternm i kr-A l cft Mf 751 10 10 10 Patternm'kr-App Text 75., 7 7 7 24 Patterniekr-Met (dry 254 1? 3 3 4 14 19 69 Photoengraver 25c, 67 1 5 1 2 4 67 6c, 50 57 Photolithographer lqc .22 12 6 44 655 Pipe & Steam Fitter -)c7 41 1 26 23 24 41 5.79 647 26 25 Plater-Electro 7 59 26 2 26 513 5E2 652 Plasterer Const 75'1 376 14 /! 8 6 12 Platen-Press Man 261 1 7 2 7 2 3 12 12 Plumber 762 792 21 1^ 21 35 331 414 4:q) -1, Power-Shovel Oper ',61 139 174 203 ., Printer-Compositor 264- 3^ 3 5 1. 5 E,' 32 33 Refrig Engineer -).,_; 75 25 :_ .:- ii Sew Machine Repair 7(..'- 50 1r, 2 4 6 62 67 13_ J Sheet-Metal Worker 767 947 5/. 147 46 127 212 9, 27 1132 93 350 Spinning Frame Fixer .77 26'? 177 37 159 2?0 335 1 3' 367 375 Stationary Engineer 7 /,0 ?:-,7 19 23 39 310 '2 4-, Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 7 7 '' 52 n . ::. Si Structural Ironwkers 777 1^6 106 106 105 70 Tool Die Maker 772 /1 5 6 3W 55 Tool-Grinder Oper 774 27 1 , 26 80 _,, Tractor Mechanic 775 87 12 31 26 112 .1._..(; A Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 7 2 7 1? 1.7 62 3:3 405 4, . ,.(,:. Upholsterer 277 02 1 7 4 r 5 77 101 Welder 273 8P1 71 7' 122 203 992 112 1,3!, Web-Press Man 279 91 2 2 4 91 01 -,1 'Icr 70'AL 1 3

41•n ToTA , 2^631 142 1477 73/ 1562 7 617 219 4 1 23„.75 25.A4 Clerical Workers 284/, 2::71 Accounting Clerk L^1 77 77 122c! 76 1 2'. Bookkeeper 4 ^ 2 2 1.6r '65/. 2/ 40 22 6 0 Bookeeping Mach Op A^, 617 521 17 7 10 31 547 721 4,1') Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 4 - 4 4 '4 6 10 411 Statistical Clerk (-.77 -1 1' 70 33 1045 15 1 I " F? Stenographer 3 2 ' 60 3320 3457 1 471 Tabulating Mach Oper Ar'7 777. 1" 472 447 3L0) LJ Typist 3 6 n 19 72. 115 512. 1;

GRAND TOTAL 39730 12726 1917 999 2035 330 7 41706 44546 47389 5-METROPOLITAN AREAS(TOTAL) CURRENT E M PLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT Page 45 TABLEAII AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

AREA 30

OCCJPATION C.ATECORY EST. NO. OF J05 OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS

A.7:D JOE TYPE CURRENT E'IPLOYMENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES Technicians Acc't-Gen & Cost 1 617 132 27 54 81 24 40 58 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 45 3 1 2 1 Chemist-Assistant 39 1 3 5 3 5 Civil & Const Tech 9 14') 13 36 58 13 36 58 Clerical Technician 17 117 68 17 24 32 1 5 Cloth Designer 11 11 2 2 2 2 1 Cloth Tester 13 27 19 Commercial Artist 14 74 16 1 2 4 1 2 4 Cost Technician 16 ^8 28 17 29 40 17 29 40 Die Designer 1 1 1^ 7 1 1 Draftsman-Elect 2 ," 2^ 1 2 Draftsman-Mech.-Dim 71 11'7 6 23 52 60 16 43 66 Draftsman-Structural 2? 196 1 28 71 113 16 56 88 Draftsman-Topo 71 41 3 3 6 8 3 6 C Elect Power Tech 7 6 Electronics Tech 2; 314 72 65 59 61 33 3 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 15 6 14 22 6 8 11 Estimator 73 432 5 42 112 1 6 3 35 92 150 Estimator & Drafts 2^ 21 4 8 4 ' 8 Industrial Tech 96 7 12 18 2 6 10 17 Instructor-Trainees 34 257 10 25 40 - 8 7 10 Instrument Man 55 67 3 22 40 3 9 19 Lab Ass't-Metal ln 190 51 2 7 13 2 7 13 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 4" 23 3 5 11 3 7 Laboratory Tester h2 103 41 1 3 5 1 3 3 Mathematics Tech 43 10 1 1 2 1 2 Mechanical Tech c+F 132 9 22 35 9 17 27 Paint Tester 47 m Paper Tester ! , ■1 51 2 5_. 9 - 5 - 1 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 1".? 5 1 2 4 1 2 4 Production Planner ,-, 217 24 10 30 49 9 26 44 Programmer 51 4; 4 0 10 12 3 5 2 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 9? 81 11 4 5 2 3 3 Quality Control Tech 53 158 20 11 26 42 9 25 39 Radio/TV Trans Tech' 5', 177 15 5 15 31 1 6 10 Research Lab Analyst 66 32 2 5 2 Res Tech-Env Test 57 13 3 14 3 8 14 Research Writer 59 21 1 1 1 1 Safety Technician 59 91 2 5 8 2 5 a Sanitation Tech' 6' 6 1 1 3 5 1 3 5 Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 TABLE ]III C0R7ZET EMFLOVY.E!!T 'ELATED TC :KP=CTED INC;T:EA:sL (4 EMPLOYE RI Page 46 AND NET TRAUNW: IT:E"); FOR 1 YEI.R. 3 YEX.3. ANC S YEA;-■.5

AREA 3C

1CO!RATIOM CTEC,ORY EST. NO. OF JOS! OPENINGs. + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDs At0 J09 TYPE CURRENT SPLCYME!!T 1 YEAR 3 YEA2S 5 YEARS 1 YEAR Y'ci 63 5 vaAl:S TOTAL FEMALES

Statistician I 66 24 3 1 1 1 1 Systems Analyst 63 41 12 18 6 12 18 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 7' 19 6 9 3 6 9 Time-Study II 7h 64 21 35 - 3 4 Welding Technician 76 24 10 16 1 Yarn Tester 73 5': 33 1 2 - - 4 6 ","1 ,7 T^T^L 33 15 4 10 16

SUB TOTAL 4895 551 353 750 1146 226 517 755

NO - SUB TOTAL 4895 551 353 750 1146 247 522 765 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Mechanic 2'2 28 1 2 3 1 G. Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 272 39 77 115 24 41 55. Automobile Mechanic 204 1665 9 54 139 326 33 123 217 Auto Body Repr-Paint 715 404 1 17 52 88 10 29 60 Baker-foods 27'6 1C3 3 4 12 19 3 7 12 Boilermaker 298 121 4 9 15 2 8 12 Bookbinder 79 19 13 1 8 16 1 6 16 Cabinetmaker I 2 11 235 1 5 68 117 6 55 97 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 12 2 4 - 1 1 2 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 1828 217 626 1035 187 X07 637 Cement Finisher Const213 518 65 173 232 65 164 266 Compositor (Hand) 214 44 21 . 14 37 60 2 2 Cut & Crease Press 215 25 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 126 11 19 27 8 16 22 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 11 10 19 10 19 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218 190 25 50 75 14 36 36 Dragline Operator 219 84 7 20 32 5 18 29 Dyer-Master-Textiles 220 27 1 1 2 - 1 1 2 Electrician 221 1426 37 17 1: 262 6 59 70 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 6 Elect Appl Repair 223 145 7 18 30 6 15 25 Elect-Instr Repair 224 505 6 18 30 6 18 30 Finisher-Furniture 229 103 10 11 12 10 11 12 Furnace Install Rep 710 61 8 16 8 16 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 155 5 23 40 2 - 14 21 Instrument Repairman 233 7 2 2 7 13 - 2 4 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 26 3 6 9 3 6 9 Job Setter 235 18 4 8 12 4 a 12 Knife Grinder 236 24 1 3 4 1 3 4 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 21 4 1 1 4 1 - 1 Lineman (lt, ht, pw) 238 432 48 77 106 - 1 25 65 Linotype Operator 239 191 2 5 10 16 3 7 10 Loom Fixer 241 644 18 67 115 - 52 - 46 72 Machinist 241 1378 79 220 361 47 135 221 Maintenance Man 242 1109 39 119 200 34 96 161 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND 5 YEARS

AREA 30

CATFG':', 7y E ST. No. OF JOB: OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NEEDS

J 00 Typc C ,JRRET Fr) LOYmENT 1 YEAR 3 yEARs 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES

Maintenance Mechanic 243 1948 8 47 155 265 - 2 52 93 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 415 103 339 577 61 298 507 Molder-Coremaker 245 67 4 14 23 1 7 12 Millwright '46 44,17, 93 70 107 6 35 48 Offset-Press Man 247 129 2 29 63 96 7 13 14 Painter 249 651 13 63 114 9 38 71 Patternm'kr-A'cft Mf 251 12 Patternm'kr-App Text 252 5 2 2 3 2 2 3 Patternm'kr-Met fdry 25 4 13 2 8 14 2 5 9 Photoengraver 255 67 1 2 4 - 1 - Photolithographer 256 38 12 6 13 19 6 13 19 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 61 0 40 71 103 17 47 82 Plater-Electro 258 26 2 1 1 1 1 Plasterer Const 259 376 138 210 283 134 206 277 Platen-Press Man 261 12 - 2 2 - 3 Plumber 262 292 55 150 246 45 129 210 Power-Shovel Oper 263 183 7 26 42 9 26 42 Printer-Compositor 264 39 3 5 9 - 1 1 Refrig Engineer 265 25 1 2 3 1 2 3 Sew Machine Repair 266 60 2 9 16 1 6 10 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 867 54 130 326 523 84 199 311 Spinning Frame Fixer 268 269 25 92 137 - 11 - 11 - 18 Stationary Engineer 269 357 9 31 53 - 9 6 14 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 27° 52 1 1 2 3 2 4 Structural Ironwkers 272 106 2 5 9 2 5 9 Tool Die Maker 273 33 9 25 42 8 20 34 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 23 4 8 12 4 7 10 Tractor Mechanic 275 37 12 34 56 3 15 25 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 329 28 89 150 19 52 88 Upholsterer 277 92 17 6 14 22 3 10 15 Welder 278 881 122 276 430 48 154 227 Web-Press Man 279 91 1 4 6 1 12 NI Sr. TOTAL 3

5U9 TOTAL 20631 148 1627 4223 6527 875 2653 4204

NO- SU9 TOTAL 20631 148 1 628 4223 6828 961 2753 4388 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 401 2777 1889 266 649 1054 240 573 928 Bookkeeper 402 2164. 1654 210 512 835 206 488 795 Bookkeeping Mach Op 403 617 581 31 176 276 73 157 244 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 4P4 404 350 40 98 157 38 92 147 Statistical Clerk 405 984 678 85 223 370 72 203 337 Stenographer 406 3233 3083 333 772 1237 293 713 1137 Tabulating Mach Oper 407 418 328 37 99 164 29 91 151 Typist 408 3607 3464 369 826 1308 353 807 1276 MI SC TOTAL

5U8 TOTAL 14204 12027 1421 3355 5401 1304 3124 5015 TABLE Pap 48 NO- .Y19 TOTAL 142C4 12027 1421 335 5401 1304 3124 5015

GRAND TOTAL 39730 12726 3401 8328 13374 2405 6294 9974

NO - GRAND TOTAL 39730 12726 3402 8328 13375 2512 6299 10168 Page 49

CURRENT EMPLOYMENT, NUMBER OF JOB OPENINGS, AND NET TRAINING NEEDS

5-SMEA'S TOTAL DISTRIBUTED: Table XIII. Albany

Table XIV. Macon Table XV. Savannah

Table XVI. Augusta Table XVII. Columbus

ALBANY -CURRENT .EPLOY:IENT REl-.T=D TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN E:;PLOYMENT Page 50 TABLE XIII AND NET TRAINING NEED; FOR 1 yEA:::, 3 yEAR3, AND 5 yEARS

AREA 31

9C2uP,ATIO!' CATEGOPY EST. NO. OF JOE OPENINGS. REPLACE. ?.LT TRAIT I0.6 NEL1JS

tAf'D J03 TYPE CURRENT E!!FLOY71E:IT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YLAP„-; 7 yp,R6 TOT:".L FTALES Technicians Acc I t-Gen & Cost 1 .62 15 3 6 _ 4 6 Civil & Const Tech 9 13 1 4 6 1 4 6 Clerical Technician 12 11 7 1 2 2 1 1 Commercial Artist 14 7 1 Cost Technician 16 17 4 3 5 6 3 5 6 Draftsman-Meth-Furn 21 11 1 2 6 9 • 1 4 6 Draftsman-Structural 22 13 2 5 10 2 a IQ Draftsman-Topo 23 5 1 1 1 1 Electronics Tech 75 33 2 6 9 1 2 4 Eng-Ass I t-Mech Equip 77 9 1 2 3 1 1 1 Estimator 23 . 67 7 18 29 6 15 2:) Instructor-Trainees 2.■, 32 1 1 4 6 2 1 1 Instrument Man 75 9 3 5 1 Laboratory Tester 42 5 3 Mechanical Tech 45 19 1 3 5 1 3 4 Production Planner gr. 16 - 2 2 3 2 3 Quality Control Tech 53 14 2 1 3 4 1 3 4 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 13• 1 1 2 3 1 1 Research Lab Analyst 56 5 1 1 Safety Technician 59 7 1 i Time-Study II 74 5 1 2 - - "T 8 0 TOTAL 43 6 4 8 12 2 5

412 43 SUB TOTAL 30 82 126 10 59 93

NO - SUE TOTAL 412 43 30 82 126 21 59 93 Skilled OCcupatT6b7s Aircraft Mechanic 2C2 5 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 28 4 9 13 3 5 6 Automobile Mechanic 204 182 1 5 19 33 4 13 2.5 Auto Body Repr-Paint 2"5 45 1 4 7 1 3 5 Baker-foods 276 9 1 2 1 1 Boilermaker 2'2 18 1 2 2 1 2 Cabinetmaker I 210 22 3 7 12 2 6 10 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 217. 34' 42 123 204 36 103 170 Cement Finisher Conat 712 52 10 33 55 10 31 52 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 7 1 2 1 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218. 15 2 4 6 1 3 4 Dragline Operator 212 6 1 2 1 2 Electrician 221 131 10 19 28 2 6 10 Elect Appl Repair 223 5 1 1 1 1 Finisher-Furniture 22° 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 Furnace Install Rep 277 7 1 1 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 224 5 1 2 1 2 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 227 29 5 8 2 4 5 Linotype Operator 229 17 1 1 1 1 Loom Fixer 21 .1 49 5 - 4 - 4 - 6 Page 51 TABLE XIII CuRRE":17 EXPLOY"•ENT RELATED TO EXRECTED INCREAOE r:ET TRAINING FOR 1 YEA7., 3 YEA:88, 5 Y:ARE. 3333 31

0 7.? E7T. :NO. OF JOR OPENINGS, + - REPLACE. NET TRAINI33

Tv')- 23239 -T E4I7 LOYY= 1 IT 2 y1,4 1,:s 5 yEARS 1 YEAR 3 y3AR, TOT'L rF:"LF7

Machinist '', 127 1 7 48 7 18 Maintenance Man 2h7 77 3 14 6 Maintenance Mechanic 2h? ?7 1 7 15 2 4 Mason (Brick, etc) _,,./. rr.,' 12 70 122 6 '; ::3 Molder-Coremaker '.,-7 9 1 7 4 1 4 . 5 Millwright 245 17 2 : 3 1 747 17 , 1 Offset-Press Man 11 Painter 240 23 2 7 16 2 3 Photoengraver 755 6 Pipe & Steam Fitter , r,,,, 51 5 8 11 2 7 Plasterer Const .).''' • 47 15 24 33 16 24 LC 25 Plumber -)r„, 12 3 15 1 2 Power-Shovel Oper 767 14 3 1 3 56 2 17 -,.1 50 9 13 2) Sheet-Metal Worker 257 Spinning Frame Fixer ^r, -. 21 2 6 11 - - 1 i nt Stationary Engineer :''Y7 _, 1 4 6 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 7,, 5 - - Structural Ironwkers 272 1? 1 1 1 2 Tractor Mechanic 775 0 4 7 2 4 4 L, Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 75 7 15 1,_ 2 1 - 2- Upholsterer 277 1 1• 14 Welder 777 52 14 2 7 4 5 "TC -, 7,TAL 46 11 7^ ' 5 1:

TOT ,.! 1272 52? 323 132 377 611

^- 7' ,- 7'77!' 1 29 592 726. 127 :2: 020 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk '-' 72 1 , 1 17 4? 31 18 43 %- Bookkeeper ii - ^ 22? 157 20 52 86 20 50 82 Bookkeeping Mach Op 57 51 7 16 75 7 14 22 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 409' ,7 27 ^, 8 13 3 o 12 Statistical Clerk t! (, :; 75 58 7 1? 30 7 17 26 -. stenographer '26 255 277 82 73 11: 27 66 1,88 ,- 10 Tabulating Mach Oper 407 13 12 2 6 11 1 0 Typist 428 235 220 26 5? ?4 25 53 )2 '4I5.2 TOTAL

TOT.4L 1122 938 116 232 453 108 262 422

`10- 7.13 TOTAL 1172 933 116 282 458 108 262 422

GRAND TOTAL 3423 090 335 873 1420 259 698 1128

NO - GRAND TOTAL 3423 090 335 873 1420 266 703 1135

14402114 C12^."- T E71:21r.I5%T RELAYEL` VC Page 52 Tinetiti !F_T MAININC N7E7.2 F3' 1 It4EAC. 3 Y:A!".5,

AREA 32

'1C‘j'!n"71'” E57. Of JC,:1 CPENIrEE. NEI!

,:.^ '""4 1 l'Y'5. 4:'!.1.127''T 7."01.CY -7.!!T 1 l'E:-R 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 Y.E.L.:Z 1. YEA.7.5 LI Yt.A.--:.-_, ¶17:1',1 FEV'tES Technicians Acc s t-Coma 4i Cost • 136 37 6 ti 16 S 6 11 Air-cond-Ref Tech ., 11 1- Chemist-Assistant 7 1 1 Civil 4t Const Tech ' "C 3 9 14 3 14 Clerical Technician 1' "r! 19 , 6 8 1 Commercial Artist 16 15 Cost Technician it; 14 7 5 7 3 5 7 Draftsman-Mech-Furs '1 '3 1 5 12 18 4 10 IO Draftsman-Structural 77 84 8 20 31 4 15 22, Draftsman-Topo 7' 6 1 1 .:. Elect Power Tech Electronics Tech 75 8C 56 16 24 53 '8 _ Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 44- 1 2 3 1 1 Estimator 70 11C - 1 10 25 41 8 20 Industrial Tech 77 57 1 2 3 2 Instructor-Trainees 7l, 5' 4 2 5 7 - 1 1 2 Instrument Man 7.'. 15 5 9 1 1 4 Laboratory Tester 4" 19 9 1 .: Mechanical Tech 45 72 2 4 7 2 Paper Tester 11 1 2 - 1 Proc-Descrip Writer ,0 1'11 5 1 2 4 1 2 Production Planner '57 6 2. 4 2 7 11 2 o 10 Programmer '' 29 4 2 3 4 1 2 : Proj Plan-Data pr sy 77 76 10 1 2 3 1 2 2 Quality Control Tech m-) -,5 3 2 5 7 1 4 7 Radio/TV Trans Tech 2 41 4 1 4 7 2 Research Writer 53 16 Safety Technician 7..? 25 1 1 1 i Sanitation Tech 5" 27 1 1 2 Statistician I 66 13 3 1 Systems Analyst 69 28 2 4 5 2 4 ih Time-Study II 1('. 1 2 4 6 1 Yarn Tester 70 5 5 1 - - i "I'- '7 '77'!_ 37 4 1 7 12 3

SUE TOTAL 1286 123 115 164 208 88 113 127

NO - SUB TOTAL 1286 123 115 164 232 n2 113 165 Skilled Occupations Air-cond or Ref Mech -7.'7 72 10 19 29 6 11 15 2, Automobile Mechanic ^^ ' + 2 18 52 CC 3 32 5b Auto Body Repr-Paint 07 4 10 17 3 6 10 Baker-foods 2'5 7" 1 2 4 1 1 2 Boilermaker 2 ,,7 74 1 2 3 1 Cabinetmaker I 71^ 7 9 4 19 33 14 26 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 7,0 k.1, 47 134 221 40 107 177 Cement Finisher Const -,7, 117 15 36 57 15 34 34 Cul2.7ET E'PL0YrEr!T REL6T7E TO 7.:477 =CT L. PI_CyNT Page.. 53 TABLE AiY NET TP,AINI:V] 7:7, 1 y=,:, 7 ..!",) 5 v 7..7.. ,',REA 32

C , TORY =ST. "!0. 07 JG: F.ET 22 I:12 1S3

A" Tyr, c:'!Lcst'iET 1 y'-_ 3 vE",7S 5 'EARS 1 YEAR 3 vELC,S 5 YEARS TOTAL FELE:':

Compositor (Hand) 21', 4 3 7 11 Cut & Crease Press 215 5 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 25 1 4 5 2 4 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218 53 6 12 lb 3 13 Dragline Operator 219 16 1 4 5 1 1 Electrician 221 365 72 44 55 2 16 20 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 6 Elect Appl Repair 223 36 2 5 7 1 4 Elect-Instr Repair 224 6 Finisher-Furniture 229 46 2 3 2 2 Furnace Install Rep 23^ 14 2 4 2 4

Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 38 1 5 10 - 1 - 3 Instrument Repairman 233 14 1 2 - Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 5 1 2 1 Knife Grinder 236 3 1 1 1 1 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 233 96 10 17 23 1 - 7 - 17 Linotype Operator 239 35 1 2 3 1 1 2 Loom Fixer 240 76 2 8 14 - 6 - 5 8 Machinist 241 372 15 43 71 10 30 50 Maintenance Man 242 271 10 31 51 9 27 44

Maintenance Mechanic 243 227 1 9 30 51 - 2 7 1"3 - Mason (Brick, etc) 244 97 22 63 115 12 58 _2_.97 Molder-Coremaker 245 16 1 2 4 1 Millwright 246 53 6 13 21 6 9 Offset-Press Man 247 31 1 5 12 1? 1 3 - -- 7 - Painter 249 129 3 13 24 2 7 14 Photoengraver 255 12 1 Photolithographer 256 6 1 1 2 4 1 2 4 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 106 9 15 21 3 10 13 Plater-Electro 258 25 2 1 1 1 1 Plasterer Const 259 94 35 53 72 34 52- - 70 - Plumber 262 79 13 37 61 11 32 52 Power-Shovel Oper 263 i,5 2 5 8 2 - 5 --

Printer - Compositor 264 5 1 1 2 Refrig Engineer 265 5 1 1 Sew Machine Repair 266 13 1 2 4 1 2 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 433 13 33 86 145 24 61 7-

Spinning Frame Fixer 268 32 3 10 16 - 1 1 - 2 Stationary Engineer 259 160 2 7 11 - r- - 3- Sterotyper (Pr & Pb)" 270 10 - 1 Structural Ironwkers 272 12 1 .. -1--- Page 54 TABLE XIV - CuRR7T E;TL0YNET 7FLTE7 12 7X0FCTED INCREASE IN .•EPLOyMENT AND NET TRAINING NEEDs F0R 1 yFAR, 3 YEARS, 410 5 YEARS

AREA 32

T. NO. OF JOE OPENINGS, + REPLACE. NET TRAINING NE-..:ED6 3 44 15 5 TY2 TYfl7 Cy':1R7"T 7 - 2LOY"T 1 YEAR 7yEARS 5 yEAR5 1 yEAR TOTAL FE!A!,L7S ,-. Tool Die Maker 27° • 7 1 9 1 4 7 Tractor Mechanic 075 15 3 2,_. 12 3 18 775 72 6 19 33 4 11 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 4 277 ?? 5 3 5 7 2 Upholsterer 51 Welder 272 145 15 41 67 10 31 1 Web-Press Man 77 3? 1 1 6. 13 ! 0 4 TOTAA " .1 2 2 3 14

4 759 33 351 907 1459 203 597

1469 216 613 '!'- '":7 -A0T;^L 4 758 39 251 907 Clerical Workers 72 169 302 Accounting Clerk r.71 924 655 33 205 329 110 17o Bookkeeper 472 =7. 395 49 115 185 48 13, 36 55 Bookkeeping Mach Op 4 72 141 19 40 63 17 28 4.3 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper Ln6 136 113 12 30 43 12 49 c..2 Statistical Clerk 495 239 154 19 . 52 87 18 171 .0 ..; Stenographer 77., 915 868 32 204 326 31 42 o. Tabulating Mach Oper 497 24] 225 19 43 72 16 27 Typist 499 1626 1608 156 342 538 151 336" -, "AIC TOTAL

425 981 1563 7-U7 TOTAL 1, 737 4152 449 1031 1648

1556 NO- Sk!R TOTAL 4737 4 152 449 1021 1648 425 981

4313 0 15 2102 3325 716 1691 GRAND TOTAL 10781 2642

2714 NO - GRAND TOTAL 10781 4313 915 2102 3349 733 1707 SAVANNAH CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN E.PLOYLNT Page 55 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AND YEARS TABLE XV AREA 33

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. OF JOB OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. N7T TRAIRIOG LEG;

AND JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYvIENT 1 YEA'', 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEA7.2 :, TOTAL FEMALES Technicians Acc t-Gen &Cost 1 138 21 13 20 5 15 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 9 1 - - Chemist-Assistant 8 18 2 3 2 3 Civil & Const Tech 9 31 3 9 14 3 9 14 Clerical Technician 10 14 8 3 5 6 1 Commercial Artist 14 12 3 Cost Technician 16 13 3 2 4 6 2 4 2 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 13 4 8 12 4 8 12 Draftsman-Structural 22 39 8 19 31 4 15 2.5 Draftsman-Topo 23 7 1 1 1 1 Electronics Tech 25 66 " 5 15 25 2 7 11 Eng-Ass i t-Mach Equip 27 24 1 1 1 Estimator 28 84., 8 22 36 6 17 28 Industrial Tech 33 5 1 2 1 2 Instructor-Trainees 34 36 6 1 3 - 1 2 Instrument Man 35 14 5 10 1 2 4 Lab Assit (sc'tific) 40 14 2 3 7 2 -. 4 Laboratory Tester 42 28 6 1 2 1 3_232 Mechanical Tech 45 14 2 3 1 3 1 Paper Tester 48 34 1 3 6 - _____5_ Production Planner 50 31 2 2 4 7 2 4 Quality Control Tech 53 45 3 1 3 5" 1 5 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 44' 2 1 5 8 1 -- 2 Research Lab Analyst 56 22 1 3 1 Safety Technician 59 24 1 2 1 -- 2 Sanitation Tech 60 8 Time-Study II 74 7 1 8 15 1 Welding Technician 76 11 3 9 14 MISC TOTAL 40 1 4 9 12 1 5 7- SUB TOTAL 845 60 50 155 254 27 98 161

NO — SUB TOTAL 845 60 50 155 254 31, 99 162 Skilled Occupations Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 44 8 16 25 5 B - 11 Automobile Mechanic 204 308 2 12 39 66 9 26 44 Auto Body Repr-Paint 205 88 6 18 29 - 2 - 6 10 Baker-foods 206 23 1 1 3 4 1 2 Boilermaker 208 43 2 3 5' 1 a 5 Cabinetmaker I 210 46 3 12 21 1 10 18 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 5 1 2 = 1 I . Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 309 39 112 184 33 88 145 Cement Finisher Const 213 99 13 32 50 13 30 48 - Compositor (Hand) 214 11 5 3 8 13 1 1 Cut & Crease Press 215 16 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 215 52 9 11 5 7 9 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 7 6 12 6 12 TABLE XV CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT Page 56 AND NET TRAINING NEEDS' FOR 1 YEAR. 3 YEARS. AND 5 YEARS

AREA 33

OCCUPATION CATEGORY EST. NO. OF JOB OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. NET TRAINIi':G ;..:EEDS

AND JOB, TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYMENT 1 yEA_R 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS TOTAL FEMALES

Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 213 32 6 11 16 3 9 12 Dragline Operator 219 18 1 4 6 3 4 Electrician 221 323 20 40 61 1 12 13 Elect Appl Repair 223 36 2 5 8 1 4 6 Elect-Instr Repair 2'24 6 Finisher-Furniture '229 13 2 2 2 2 2 2 Furnace Install Rep 230 11 2 3 2 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 49 2 7 13 1 4 - 7 Instrument Repairman 233 36 1 4 7 1 2 Knife Grinder 236 8 1 1 1 1 Lineman (It, ht, pw) 238 108 11 18 25 - 3 - lc 25

Linotype Operator 239 44 1. 1 2 3 1 2 2 Machinist 241 294 10 30 50 4 10 17 Maintenance Man 242 186 7 24 40 6 14 Z4 Maintenance Mechanic 243 327 2 12 34 56 3 9 14 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 79 20 60 101 10 51 85 Millwright 246 119 7 15 24 - 5 - 2 - 5 Offset-Press Man 247 25 6 14 21 1 3 Painter 249 141 3 14 25 1 7 13 Patternm'kr-A'cft Mf 251 9 Photoengraver 255 15 1 Photolithographer 256 7 1 1 3 4 1 3 4 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 106 9 15 21 - 2 4 3 Plasterer Const 259 84 31 48 64 30 47 63 Platen-Press Man 261 5 - 1 1 - 2 Plumber 262 52 12 33 54 10 26 46 Power-Shovel Oper 263 36 1 4 5 1 4 6 Printer-Compositor 264 7 1 1 2 Refrig Engineei 265 6 1 1 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 139 16 37 89 141 19 47 71 Stationary Engineer 269 51 2 6 10 - 5 - 3 4 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 270 11 1 - _ 1 Structural Ironwkers 272 10 1 1 Tractor Mechanic 275 14 2 7 11 3 4 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 82 7 22 37 5 15 24 Upholsterer 277 18 3 1 2 4 1 2 Welder 278 390 74 153 232 15 61 79 Web-Press Man 279 51 1 2 3 1 1 2 MISC TOTAL 18 3 5 10 4 6

SUB TOTAL 4017 35 383 936 1438 166 513 778

NO- SUS TOTAL 4017 35 383 936 1438 195 535 823 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 401 644 389 59 148 243 50 123 202 Bookkeeper 402 483 370 47 116 189 47 109 177 Bookkeeping Mach Op 403 137 127 18 39 61 16 34 53 Page 57 TABLE XV CURRENT EMPLOYMENT RELATED TO EXPECT:5 INCREASE IN EPLOVENT • AND NET TRAINING NEEDS FOR 1 y:;;!R, 3 YEARS, ;, N7) 5 YEA:Z6

AREA 33

✓ OCCUPATION CATEGORY .EST. NO. OF JOB OPENINGS, NEW + REPLACE. WET TRAINING EE 5

AD JOB TYPE CURRENT EMPLOYENT 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEARS 1 YEAR 3 YEARS 5 YEA8 TOTAL FEMALES

Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 404 85 71 9 21 34 8 i9 31 Statistical Clerk 405 218 143 18 48 79 16 44 73 22? Stenographer 406 616 575 66 155 250 59 143 Tabulating Mach Oper 407 45 23 5 14 24 2 12 20 Typist 428 439 452 56 125 198 51 120 130 'MSC TOTAL

S'..) TOTAL 2717 2150 278 666 1072 24; 604 -)75

NO- SUE TOTAL 2717 2150 278 665 1076 249 604 T/)

GRAND TOTAL 7579 2245 711 1757 2820 442 1215 1914

NO - GRAND TOTAL 7579 2245 711 1757 2820 465 1238 1960

CURRE.J EVPLY ■•ENT kaLATED TO EXI=ECTE6 /NCWEASE IN E,'PLOY6tNT AUGUSTA Page 58 ANC.) NET TRAINING iLED3 FOR 1 YEAR, 3 YEARS, AflD 5 YEARS TABLE XVI AREA 34

()CCT'ATION CATtuC:kY EST. NO. OF NF + R=PLL.CE. HiLDS

Af:D JOE TYPE CURRE::T 37LOYELT 1 YEAR 3 YEAR: YEA:5 1 YEA: 3 YEA:7 9 YEA:LS TOTAL FE;IALES Technicians 5 11 M-c"t-rk& Cost 150 30 18 5 8 '13 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 10 1 Chemist-Assistant c 6 1 1 Civil & Const Tech 3 25 2 6 10 2 v 10 Clerical Technician 1C; 27 17 5 7 9 Cloth Tester 13 10 7 Commercial Artist 1.=, 25 6 1 1 1 Cost Technician 16 23 3 4 5 6 4 6 5 Draftsman-Elect 22 12 1 1 1 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 45 5 11 17 3 10 16 Draftsman-Structural 22 29 4 12 19 3 10 17 Draftsman-Topo 23 13 1 1 2 2 2 Electronics Tech 25 67' = 15 2C 3 3 14 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 38 1 4 7 1 4 6 Estimator 23 81 7 20 54 6 17 23 Estimator & Drafts . 29 .)` 1 1 1 1 Industrial Tech 15 2 4 5 Instructor-Trainees 34 66 4 2 4 7 1 5 Instrument Man 35 15 1 4 3 4 Lab Ass i t-Metal 39 369 51 2 7 13 2 7 13 Laboratory Tester 42 25 11 . 1 1 1 Mechanical Tech 45 25 2 3 1 2 3 Paper Tester 48 6 1 . - Production Planner 31 3 3 15 12 Quality Control Tech ..,_, 39 6 3 7 12 10 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 3i 4 1 4 6 1 3 Research Lab Analyst 56 5 1 1 Safety Technician 59 18 1 2 1 2 Sanitation Tech 60 12 1 1 1 1 1 Systems Analyst 68 5 2 4 7 2 7 Time-Study II 74 19 2 2 3 5 - 1 - - 2 Yarn Tester io 21 15 1 - 2 - 1 2 I50 fi,TAL 45' 6 6 3 14 Z. 4 7

SUB TOTAL 1400 181 65 158 254 40 117 186

118 190 NO - SUB TOTAL 1400 181 65 158 254 44 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Mechanic 202 8 1 1 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 62 7 14 21 5 6 11 Automobile Mechanic' 204 383 2 11 41 70 9 26 49 Auto Body Repr-Paint 205 9: 3 11 18 2 7 13 Baker-foods 2^6 21 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 Boilermaker 208 20 1 2 3 1 2 Cabinetmaker I 210 44 4 16 '28 2 14 24- Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 351 L::,' 126 210 38 104 173 Cement Finisher Const 213 97 12 34 55 12 32 52- Page 59 TABLE XVI

5 1C:',R;•:.. L

Compositor (Hand) Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr ;110 71 7 11 Dragline Operator 21": 13 Dyer-Master-Textiles 1.: 1 Electrician L21 16 11 13 Elect Appl Repair 7 Elect-Instr Repair 479 6 17 Finisher-Furniture 22) 14 2 Furnace Install Rep 17 L.- 4 Gas-Appl Serviceman 1 t5 Instrument Repairman 13 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) Lineman (1t, ht, pw) 116 Linotype Operator 2'3) 44 i 1 Loom Fixer 1:44 7 44 Machinist ;_41 L40 Maintenance Man 242 1 1 53 Maintenance Mechanic o /(0 is Mason (Brick, etc) j.1 .10 37 11: Millwright ;.L40 Offset-Press Man 7 i . Painter Photoengraver 2. 1 Photolithographer Pipe & Steam Fitter Plasterer Const 24 23 Plumber 262 7,6 11 20 Power-Shovel Oper z63 Printer-Compositor 264 1 Refrig Engineer e.E,O Sew Machine Repair e6 24 Sheet-Metal Worker 201 Spinning Frame Fixer 263 1C2 10 5;1 Stationary Engineer 262 6C 2 7 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 27 ) 12 Structural Ironwkers 62 1 0 Tractor Mechanic 275 8 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 270 6 , ; 27 Upholsterer 3 Welder 20 72 TABLE XVI C; Page 60 4 1 -A 7,9 3 YL :1 -

3 4

OF JOE.

1 YE'.7, YLA;:: :.5 T,T,L r

Web-Press Man 1: I C G - AL 31

0I AL Dv; ,- 30 314 163

-r. TO 7;.L 36::..4 30 31:: 113 4: Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 4 51 1 3. ..0 121 204 47 llu 1 71 3

Bookkeeper 4- , 7.3 0 I 111 180 , 6 1:,,u iil L • 16 Bookkeeping Mach Op ∎ 3 l'j 146 i_1 ,!-_:) 70 40 (:_, C.. L Key-Punch-Dupl Oper .iJ ''. 23 ::,:p 31 -, Statistical Clerk w 1, Z4i 156 20 21 16 t..,: Stenographer , b 7.7,7 'il,. :01 72 17 77 .22,i, - - (.) Tabulating Mach Oper ', . - Typist .".),, 70 IC- 337 li,,C -1 ,37L

TL:FAL 2:L;S 311 117E. 234 677 1J., 2

TOTPL 1171 o4 on 13 3

GRAND TOTAL 10144 2896 690 1741 2840 487 1336 2162

NO - GRAND TOTAL 10144 2896 690 1741 2840 521 1371 2225 Page 61 COLUMBUS LCY = T X ,-- , ALES ENT .^ T. 3 97;\ •9 TABLE XVII AREA 3 =.:7

CCU ,' A Tr'

J T ;:- 1

Technicians Acc't-Gen & Cost i 130 28 7 13 20 7 10 14 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 11 1 _ - Civil & Const Tech A ..)3 14 14 Clerical Technician 1 t 7 7 Cloth Designer 1, ' 1 Cloth Tester 1.' 12 Commercial Artist 14 12 5 1 I Cost Technician 1.t 5 13 = IL. Die Designer 19 Draftsman-Mech-Furn i'l 24 2 6 11 13 lu Draftsman-Structural ;7 -1 6 2C IQ Draftsman-Topo 1. i 2 2 2 ;1"/ 1 _ Electronics Tech ,L, T 5 1- _ 7. 14 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip L7 L q S. 6 L Estimator 1 11 27 c2 Estimator & Drafts 2' 5 1 5 i Industrial Tech 14 4 Instructor-Trainees () - 6 Instrument Man 14 — 2 Laboratory Tester t,. ,.:, 1 1 Mechanical Tech i 13 Production Planner :, 'i 1 r 12 Quality Control Tech 13 . Radio/TV Trans Tech 1 Safety Technician 1 ./ _ Sanitation Tech 6 11 1 Time-Study II (4 c -TI C - i - - 1 Yarn Tester 7:1 lb 1 - 2 - 2 - I ., ■L 4d 'Ci 12

SUB TOTAL 947 128 82 188 297 40 121 187

NO - SUB TOTAL 947 128 82 188 297 49 123 191 _ Skilled Occupations Aircraft Mechanic 2,2 0 1 Air-cond or Ref Mech 2 1, D6 77 13 1: Automobile Mechanic 4 4 57 2 10 61 26 47 Auto Body Repr-Paint G. 5 94 3 16' 16 2 7 Si. Baker-foods 2C, 6 37 1 1 1 - 1 2 3 Boilermaker z::(., 27 1 2 1 C Bookbinder .7:',) I) 3 1 4 42 4 Cabinetmaker I ,:1; 44 _ 2 i 11 20 Carpenter (Non-mfg) ,14 20, 46 .,- 16 1 1 111 172 Cement Finisher Const 213 123 14 57 61 Compositor (Rand) 214 11 0 16 ':. ..1 . Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 19 2 4 L. 3 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 213 41 6 12 1 10 15 TABLE XVII Page 62

Dragline Operator Dyer-Master-Textiles 1 Electrician 1 2 Elect Appl Repair Elect-Instr Repair 1 Finisher-Furniture 3 Furnace Install Rep Gas-Appl Serviceman 4 Instrument Repairman Jig & Fixture-Bldg Job Setter Knit-mach Fix (Tex) Lineman (it, ht, pw) Linotype Operator Loom Fixer • Machinist Maintenance Man Maintenance Mechanic Mason (Brick, etc) Molder-Coremaker Millwright Offset-Press Man Painter Patternm i kr-Met fdry Photoengraver Photolithographer Pipe & Steam Fitter Plasterer Const Plumber Power-Shovel Oper Printer-Compositor Refrig Engineer 5: Sew Machine Repair Sheet-Metal Worker Spinning Frame Fixer Stationary Engineer Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) Structural Ironwkers Tool Die Maker Tool-Grinder Oper . Tractor Mechanic TABLE XVII :T I" - :'PLLV .cJ Page 63 F.DR 1 yEAR, 3 Y2.3, ';,3 5

72,21, 32

JC_, SL 3E. ;IF_T

TyPL :PL3y - 5: ',Efl3 3 y -_AP2 1 5 2 .1I %JAL F.2Y.ALE3

Truck Mech (Non-mfg) ,76 i0 72 44 Upholsterer 217 .,.2 4 2 ..) I ∎-4- Welder 276 1 .3,1, 19 4 5 77 14 _u Du Web-Press Man 279 :.., 1 - 1I32 , uT4L 8 1 3

TOTAL 35 3,37 7,36 1620 212

9T,AL 43:1 35 356 337 1n:1 245 342 1336 Clerical Workers ..-, Accounting Clerk 4 ,: 1 4 ,-::6 930 41 173 44 106 175 Bookkeeper 4:4' y .:) ...o5 r 11:, 13. 43 ilA IUI Bookkeeping Mach Op -, , ,,-,,-- 121 1.: 33 57 15 53 51 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 4 ‘-, 64 o4 7 17 27 6 20 LD Statistical Clerk 4-3 236 142 22 55 95 16 , I-, 71 r,- - -.- 743 1-., is Stenographer .1 - D 0.6 J1_, 65 132 _ Tabulating Mach Oper 44 15 35 Typist 4 , 516 , 93 133 215 131 ',I. 3 TIJHL

..,- TuT ,, L 2:57 71 269 64- 1342 241 523 :65

,:- -,,:, k.TAL 2555 21:3 266 c41 1042 241 5 ,:.:3 7:51;

GRAND TOTAL 7798 2266 734 1830 OW 493 1331 2132 4

NO - GRAND TOTAL 7798 2266 734 1830 2960 535 1363 2190 Page 64

STATE OF GEORGIA DATA (Excluding Aiken County, South Carolina, and Russell County, Alabama)

Table XVIII. Current Employment by Major Industrial Category

Table XIX. 5-Year Expected Employment by Major Industrial Category

Table XX. Current Employment by Manufacturing Type

Table XXI. 5-Year Expected Employment by Manufacturing Type

SUMMARY OF CURRENT EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, STATE OF GEORGIA DATA Page 65 :KILLED, A:',D CLERICAL TYPES OF ';ORKERc CY ;-,,,J02 INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY TABLE XVIII EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351

OCCUPAT:CN Ci.TEGRY TCTAL COVERED EMPLOYMENT NON-COVERED ENPLOY E'T

J8i3 TYPE ALL TOTAL MANUFACTURING E'IPLCY. COMSTR- TRAS.00 TRADE GOVERNMENT

EMPLOY. OUR- NO -OUR TOTAL UCTION MN,LLEC. A N D TOTAL FEDERAL STATE ALL Technicians Afl,LE A:11.17c, 0,=_S-1-SAM. SERVCS + LOC OTHE TAcc t--Gen & Cost 1 3279 - 2465 276 547 923 323 181 1138 814 454 260 100 Aerodynamics Analyst 7 14 14 14 14 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 204 186 11 27 38 67 5 75 18 1 14 3 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 49 49 5 44 49 Baker-Laboratory 5 5 5 6 6 Ceramics Analyst 6 2 2 2 Chem Tech-Radiation 7 92 8 8 8 :4 72 12 Chemist-Assistant 3 350 162 11 151 162 190 50 108 Civil & Const Tech 929- 330 ' 4 103 2 221 599 124 432 43 Clerical Technician 12 397 157 19 44 63 79 15 240 202 34 Cloth Designer 11 37 37 37 37 Clothes Designer _12 27 27 27 27 Cloth Tester 1S 93 93 93 93 Commercial Artist 14 437 339 27 153 240 10 139 48 43 4 1 Computer Lab Tech 35 12 6 4 2 6 6 6 Cost Technician 16 358 271 52 194 226 10 13 2 07 37 Develop Inat-Aircr IS 40 40 42 40 Die Designer 12 19 19 17 19 Draftsman-Elect 2.7', 145 133 42 42 49 43 4 7 7 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 044 603 501 9 51C 115 37 145 36 19 13 Draftsman-Structural 22 738 557 280 3 282 34 25 212 181 96 65 Draftsman-Topo 23 661 33 2 2 5 5 18 625 46 SS2 Elect Power Tech 24 85 66 7 7 3 56 19 19 Electronics Tech 25 1748 1069 113 2 124 22 585 333 879 650 29 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 260 206 139 39 195 5 54 36 11 7 Estimator 23 1333 1315 302 10 312 4 70 17 19 65 64 1 Estimator & Drafts 29 36 85 05 1 1 Fixture Designer 3: 7 7 1 1 6 Flutter & Vib-Aircr 31 9 9 9 9 Furniture Designer 22 8 8 8 8 Industrial Tech 03 325 747 51 113 164 11 572 78 7: Instructor-Trainees 34 673 446 113 261 376 37 33 227 191 23 Instrument Man 35 1083 107 4 4 5 63 35 976 39 134 3 Instrumentation-Tech 36 103 103 97 4 101 2 Lab Assistant I 33 103 103 4 4 99 Lab Ass i t-Metal 39 21 21 21 21 Lab Ass i t (sc'tific) 42 115 115 115 115 Laboratory Tester 42 224 224 6 202 208 16 Mathematics Tech 43 2C 9 9 9 11 11 Mechanical Tech 4 576 397 62 10 79 30 288 179 155 24 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 12 12 12 12 TABLE XVIII SUMMARY OF CURRENT EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, Page 66 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES OF kRKERS SY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351

OCCUPATION CATEGORY TOTAL COVERED EMPLOYMENT NON-CCVE N ED EMPLOYMENT

A 7, JOE TYP= ALL TOTAL MANUFACTURING EMPLOY. CONSTR- TRANS,C0 TflADE GOVERNMENT

EMPLOY. DL1R- NON-U7, TOTAL UCTION MN,7LEC, AND TOTAL FEDERAL STATE ALL ABLE ASLES GA5+31!1. SERVOS + LOC OTHL-:: Paint Tester 47 43 43 43 43 Paper Tester 48 95 95 95 95 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 334 284 279 5 284 100 100 Production Planner 57) 1090 1004 436 532 965 4 32 SO 82 3 1 Programmer 51 247 149 16 41 57 24 38 98 56 27 11 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52 137 16 3 3 7 6 121 107 14 Quality Control Tech 53 907 308 234 454 638 120 99 CO 19 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 465 348 1 1 321 26 117 5 112 Research Lab Analyst 56 339 113 113 113 726 2 724 Res Tech-Env Test 57 293 15 15 15 278 66 210 Research Writer 58 23 23 22 1 Safety Technician 59 211 164 37 72 109 4 25 26 47 44 2 Sanitation Tech 63 133 69 15 54 69 64 27 36 Sheet Metal Tech 61 62 62 31 31 31 Soda Tester 63 9 9 9 9 Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 11 n Spectroscopist 65 16 14 14 14 2 Statistician I 66 151 29 15 15 3 11 122 65 57 Stress Analyst 67 9 9 9 9 Systems Analyst 68 182 96 15 7 22 3 71 86 64 3 1- Sys Testing Lab Tech 70 18 7 7 7 11 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 42 4 4 4 33 37 1 Tester 72 46 46 46 46 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 73 14 3 3 3 11 11 Time-Study II 7 4 356 352 91 257 343 4 4 Tool Designer 75 166 166 166 166 Welding Technician 75 135 135 37 87 9 39 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 16 15 11 11 4 1 1 Yarn Tester 73 190 190 190 190

2U.: TOTAL 22354 15105 3355 •017 7373 1833 1507 3842 7259 3230 28() 221 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 291 204 95 25 25 70 109 109 Aircraft Mechanic 292 983 796 448 448 261 87 187 181 6 Air-cond or Ref Mech 2:3 955 749 50 146 196 383 4 166 2C6 162 41 3 Automobile Mechanic 294 6067 5120 142 50 192 185 232 4511 347 583 333 26 Auto Body Repr-Paint 295 2334 2136 361 12 373 89 1724 19S 170 20 Baker-foods 206 447 445 441 441 4 2 2 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 2 3,7 9 9 9 9 Boilermaker 228 265 220 55 SC 155 65 45 1 44 Bookbinder 2C9 323 320 320 320 3 3 Cabinetmaker I 213 1729 1724 1366 1366 68 3 287 5 2 1 2 - Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 126 126 33 90 123 3 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 6621 5761 236 60 29 4- 5239 4 222 360 - 457 364 59• TABLE XVIII • SUMMARY OF CURRENT EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, Page 67 SKILLED, - AND CLERICAL TYPES OF WORKERS DY :AJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 OCCJPATION CATEGORY TOTAL COVERED EVPLOYMENT NON-COVERED EMPLOY SE

AND J013 TYPE ALL TOTAL MANUFACTURING ENDLOY. CONSTR- TRANS,CO TRADE GOVERNMENT EMPLOY. DUR- NON-OUR TOTAL UCTICN MN,ELEC, AND TOTAL FGGER A L STATE ALL ABLE ARLES GAS+sAN. SERVOS + LOC OTH7N Cement Finisher Const 213 1340 1306 3 3 1303 34 17 17 Compositor (Hand) 214 408 408 408 408 Cut & Crease Press 215 104 104 1C4 104 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 610 610 610 61C Die Maker (pap gds) 217 57 57 57 57 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 210 1134 056 34 13 47 131 320 358 278 55 43 173 Dragline Operator 219 368 365 21 8 29 336 3 3 Dyer-Master-Textiles 220 202 202 202 202 Electrician 221 4356 4043 507 858 1365 2193 242 243 008 324 194 293 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 19 19 19 Elect Appl Repair 223 520 513 134 379 7 3 2 2 Elect-Instr Repair 224 146 101 38 19 57 44 45 41 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 80 49 49 49 31 21 Electrotyper 226 28 28 28 28 Elev-Install & Repr 227 204 204 33 33 171 Engineer Clk-Acraft 228 56 56 53 53 3 Finisher-Furniture 229 419 419 396 396 9 14 Furnace Install Rep 230 166 166 27 27 139 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 332 329 317 12 3 3 Heat Treaters, etc. 232 90 90 90 90 Instrument Repairman 233 196 174 45 123 168 4 2 .22 22 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 418 418 418 418 Job Setter 235 178 170 170 178 Knife Grinder 236 172 172 169 3 172 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 353 353 353 353 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 238 1737 1630 281 1349 107 59 16 32 Linotype Operator 239 437 435 435 435 2 2 Loom Fixer 240 2551 2551 2551 2551 Machinist 241 4719 4082 2349 1262 3611 67 67 337 637 286 54 297 Maintenance Man 242 4357 3164 784 1499 2283 44 176 661 1193 226 033 54 Maintenance Mechanic 243 4302 3840 808 2122 2930 331 131 448 462 184 253 25 Mason (Brick, etc.) 244 2388 2291 75 3. 78 2183 20 107 51 55 1 Molder-Coremaker 245 184 184 183 1 184 Millwright 246 1230 1219 483 397 880 334 5 11 10 1 Offset-Press Man 247 658 545 8 493 501 44 113 67 40 6 Painter 249 4257 4041 74 123 197 3830 14 216 123 59 29 Pattern Cutter 250 145 145 145 145 Patternm'kr-A'cft Mf 251 111 111 111 111 Patternm'kr-App Text 252 108 108 108 108 Patternmaker-Furn 253 10 10 10 10 Patternm'kr-Met fdry 254 44 44 43 1 44 TABLE XVIII SUMMARY OF CURRENT EMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, Page 68 SKILLED, 703) CLERICAL TYPES OF yORKFRF fly -1AJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 OCCUPATION CATEGORY TOTAL COVERED ,PLOV:!ENT r:0 1,: - COVERED EPLOY"2!T

A: 3 292 TYP'5 ALL TOTAL ''AUFACTURING EMPLOY. COSTR- TP,AN,S,C0 TPAP.: iCOV2flr.r . E.::7

" PLOY. Dup- NO:'!-DuR TOTAL UCTISI. IT:,ELLC, 4.':0 TOTAL FELESAL STTi9 :IL ABLE AflLF5 GAS+9AN. SEEV O S + LOC ,.H..... Photoengraver 255 194 194 ICC 190 Photolithographer 255 124 134 124 19" Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 1050 380 113 290 409 452 20 170 96 Plater-Electro 253 131 156 192 6 156 25 29 Plasterer Const 27? 520 520 520 Platen-Press Man 261 112 112 112 112 Plumber 262 1426 1179 15 15 1114 5C 307 172 1L7 Power-Shovel Oper 253 665 433 38 174 259 232 ::i5. 191 Printer-Compositor 265 552 5"1 541 541 17 14 - Refrig Engineer 265 217 127 37 150 187 25 3 17 Sew Machine Repair 266 696 696 2 637 689 7 Sheet-Metal Worker 257 3437 2851 1005 25 1030 1404 138 279 566 473 az Spinning Frame Fixer 263 959 959 959 959 Stationary Engineer 269 722 324 47 256 253 34 7 393 206 is Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 279 133 130 130 130 Street-Lt Sery Repr 271 3 8 8 '', Structural Ironwkers 272 1078 1078 62 62 972 4 Tool Die Maker 273 456 456 429 27 456 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 220 220 217 3 220 Tractor Mechanic 27 341 93 10 10 41 42 243 170 65 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 1319 1177 43 34 216 466 41'1 142 3C 103 Upholsterer 277 290 267 140 150 12 115 03 Welder 278 7.21449 0032 1069, 9 149 572 6C 259 201 116 13 Web-Press Man 277 431 421 401

T3T"L 71266 69732 14C23 17373 7;1'41 -, 22532 4239 11053 903 4 ':726 1: 7.5 Clerical Workers Accounting Clerk 471 12961 5:359 1006 57':: --,, -2,00 731 1597 7753 3572 157: 512 1 ' Bookkeeper 472 9404 0673 1165 1674 2302 1271 570 "030 721 257 421 Bookkeeping Mach Op 31'71 2900 159 442 601 97 114 2038 471 9915. _;32 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 404 1771 1015 109 212 321 3 118 573 756 403 177 Statistical Clerk 4232 2942 225 10' .7. 1273 42 757 365 1290 705 2'24 328 7405 776 3131 6 142 Stenographer ,"-26 11:236 7.=:50 221 1373 2674 553 Tabulating Mach Oper 4:'7 15.15 12'.1 115 205 320 3 09 629 529 376 12) Typist 11435 2753 750 1303 705;, 305 775 7627 5272 3577 0252

TOTAL 59990 39223 4403 7, 957 12360 50 5 4'.00 17970 20767 3426

TOTAL 163620 :=23560 22282 30399 52641 27500 10554 32365 2735C 17056 15277 STATE OF GEORGIA DATA SUMMARY OF 5 YR EXPECTED EMPL IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, Page 69 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES OF 'ORKERS BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY TABLE XIX EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 OCCUPATION CATEGORY TOTAL COVERED EMPLOYMENT NON—COVERED E M PLOY M ENT

ArD JOB TYPE ALL TOTAL MANUFACTURING EMPLOY. CONSTR— TRANS.00 TRADE GOVERNMENT

EMPLOY. DUR— NON—DUR TOTAL UCTION r1N,ELEC, AND TOTAL FEDERAL STATE ALL Technicians ABLE AELES GAS+SAN. SERVCS + LOC OTHER. Acc't-Gen & Cost 1 4048 3135 332 635 967 372 209 1587 913 487 320 106 Aerodynamics Analyst 2 14 14 14 14 Air-cond-Ref Tech 3 268 234 24 30 54 67 26 87 34 1 28 5 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 75 75 5 70 75 Baker-Laboratory 5 6 6 6 6 Ceramics Analyst 6 2 2 2 2 Chem Tech-Radiation 7 100 8 8 8 92 75 17 Chemist-Assistant 8 579 323 8 315 323 256 66 170 Civil & Const Tech 9 1135 443 4 4 144 2 293 692 203 446 43 Clerical Technician In 458 204 20 57 77 86 41 254 210 40 4 Cloth Designer 11 49 49 49 49 Clothes Designer 12 28 28 28 28 Cloth Tester 13 111 111 111 111 Commercial Artist 14 579 527 87 238 325 10 192 52 43 U 1 Computer Lab Tech 15 16 10 8 2 10 6 6 Cost Technician 16 465 374 73 258 331 28 13 2 91 91 Develop Inst-Aircr 18 40 40 40 40 Die Designer 19 23 23 23 23 Draftsman-Elect 20 195 190 55 55 65 56 14 5 5 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 1159 1104 704 9 713 146 48 197 55 21 30 4 Draftsman-Structural 22 958 761 325 3 328 34 30 369 197 103 94 Draftsman-Topa 23 683 33 2 2 5 8 18 650 52 598 Elect Power Tech 24 93 74 7 7 11 56 19 19 Electronics Tech 25 2533 1770 165 23 188 45 965 572 763 703 55 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 376 296 240 40 280 16 80 36 37 7 Estimator 28 1803 1736 405 10 415 1274 28 19 67 66 1 Estimator & Drafts 29 134 133 133 1 1 Fixture Designer 3r.:' 7 7 1 1 6 Flutter & Vib-Aircr 31 9 9 9 9 Furniture Designer 32 8 8 8. 8 Industrial Tech 33 1056 972 60 122 182 16 774 84 84 Instructor-Trainees 34 834 601 194 318 512 46 43 233 195 30 8 Instrument Man 35 1140 152 4 4 5 78 65 988 46 939 3 Instrumentation-Tech 36 142 142 133 7 140 2 Lab Assistant I 38 127 127 4 4 123 Lab Ass't-Metal 39 21 21 21 21 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 40 157 157 157 157 Laboratory Tester 42 231 231 6 209 215 16 Mathematics Tech 43 22 9 9 9 13 13 Mechanical Tech 45 836 634 102 10 112 30 492 202 157 45 Metal-Furn Model Mk 46 17 17 17 17 SUMMARY OF 5 YR EXPECTED EMPL IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, TABLE XIX Page 70 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES OF 'ORKERS By MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 OCCUPATION CATEGORY TOTAL COVERED EMPLOYMENT NON-COVERED EPLOsC:r7 AID J08 TYPE ALL TOTAL MANUFACTURING EMPLOY. CONSTR- TRANS,CO TRADE GOVERNMENT EMPLOY. DUR- NON-DUR TOTAL UCTION MN,ELEC, AND TOTAL FEDERAL 0TA75 ALL ABLE ALES GAE+SAN. SERVCS + LOC OTHER Paint Tester 47 49 49 49 49 Paper Tester 48 108 108 108 108 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 384 284 279 5 284 100 100 Production Planner 50 1384 1287 544 692 1236 4 47 97 91 5 1 Programmer 51 445 327 27 51 78 37 212 118 59 41 13 Proj Plan-Data pr sy 52 152 34 2 3 5 14 15 118 102 16 Quality Control Tech 53 1133 1027 288 604 892 135 106 SO 26 Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 556 379 1 1 352 26 177 172 Research Lab Analyst 56 860 129 129 129 731 2 729 Res Tech-Env Test 57 347 15 15 15 332 32 250 Research Writer 58 23 23 22 1 Safety Technician 09 241 194 40 80 120 4 25 45 47 44 2 Sanitation Tech 6C 145 70 15 55 70 75 27 47 Sheet Metal Tech 61 108 108 67 67 41 Soda Tester 63 9 9 9 9 Spec Writer-Elec Dev 64 11 11 11 Spectroscopist 65 23 21 21 21 2 2 Statistician I 66 396 44 25 25 3 16 152 77 75 Stress Analyst 67 9 9 9 9 Systems Analyst 68 249 142 21 18 39 5 00 107 69 Sys Testing Lab Tech 70 22 11 11 11 11 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 50 12 12 12 33 37 1. Tester 72 62 62 62 62 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 73 14 3 3_. 3 11 11 Time-Study II 74 510 5 0 2 188 310 498 8 Tool Designer 75 181 191 181 181 Welding Technician 76 422 422 233 233 9 180 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 20 19 11 11 8 1 1 Yarn Tester 78 196 196 196 196

SUP_ TOTAL 28446 29445 5117 5073 10190 2428 2076 5751 8001 3497 4256 243 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 201 279 170 25 25 145 109 109 Aircraft Mechanic 202 1130 947 448 448 412. 87 183 177 6 Air-cond or Ref Mech 203 1323 1100 71 161 232 624 4 240 223 166 54 Automobile Mechanic 204 7329 6335 166 51 217 217 328 5573 994 559 4C6 Auto Body Repr-Paint 2 8 5 2881 2670 456 12 468 102 2100 211 166 45 Baker-foods 2 8 6 492 490 486 486 4 2 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 207 15 15 15 15 Boilermaker 208 264 219 64 90 154 65 45 Bookbinder 209 478 475 475 475 Cabinetmaker I 210 2076 2071 1603 1603 97 6 365 5 2 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 133 133 32 95 127 6 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 9026 8060 267 69 336 7336 4 384 966 461 453 52 TABLE XIX SUMMARY OF 5 YR EXPECTED EMPL IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, Page 71 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES CF 'vfORKE'RS PY 'AJOR INDUSTRI A L CATEGORY EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351

OCCUPATION CATEGORY TOTAL COVERED FrPLO ,CD,IT NON-COVERED E ,IPLO ,WENT

AND JOB TYPE ALL TOTAL ::.ANuFACTUE!P:G EPLOy. COSTR- TRANS,C0 TRADE GOVERNMENT

EMPLOY. DuR- NON-DUR TOTAL UCTICN NN,ELEC, AND TOTAL FE .:ERAL( STATE ALL ABLE ACLEs GAS+AN. 5"_,EVCS + LOC 011- :::% Cement Finisher Const 213 2180 2137 3 3 2134 43 17 26 Compositor (Hand) 214 536 586 586 586 Cut & Crease Press 215 158 158 158 155 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 808 805 BC& 808 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 105 105 105 105 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218 1415 1137 34 20 54 199 395 489 278 55 48 173 Dragline Operator 219 463 460 21 8 29 431 3 3 Dyer-Master-Textiles 22^ 248 248 248 248 Electrician 221 6756 5876 61C 933 1543 3804 270 259 880 334 253 223 Elect Adj-Elec Eqpt 222 19 19 19 Elect Appl Repair 223 666 659 150 509 7 3 2 Elect-Instr Repair 224 208 163 38 24 112 51 45 41 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 100 69 69 69 31 31 Electrotyper 226 30 30 30 30 Elev-Install & Repr 227 217 217 45 46 171 Engineer Clk-Acraft 223 56 56 53 53 3 Finisher-Furniture 229 469 469 438 435 17 14 Furnace Install Rep 233 190 190 38 38 152 Gas-Appl Serviceman 231 385 382 370 12 3 3 Heat Treaters, etc. 212 12? 173 123 123 Instrument Repairman 233 22 2 310 117 187 304 4 2 22 22 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 539 539 532 7 539 Job Setter 225 271 271 271 271 Knife Grinder 236 20? 203 270 3 203 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 436 435 436 436 Lineman (it, ht, pw) 233 2036 1924 367 1557 112 53 17 32 Linotype Operator ;,, o, 540 538 538 538 2 2 Loom F ixer 243 2641 2641 2.541 7641 Machinist 241 5525 5167 3249 1333 4637 95 86 349 656 290 71 297 Maintenance Man 242 5158 3703 1037 1711 2748 49 202 704 1455 242 1095 118 Maintenance Mechanic 243 4988 4433 994 7113 2307 494 177 460 550 184 338 28 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 3076 2968 79 7 82 2866 20 108 52 55 1 Molder-Coremaker 245 204 204 203 1 204 Millwright 246 1315 1304 531 434 - 965 334 5 11 10 1 Offset-Press Man 247 954 830 12 758 770 60 124 67 51 Painter 249 4821 4595 111 124 235 4346 14 226 127 70 Pattern Cutter 250 233 233 233 233 Patternm I kr-A s cft Mf 251 111 111 111 111 Patternm'kr-App Text 252 132 132 132 132 Patternrnaker-Furn 253 10 10 10 10 Patternmikr-Met fdry 254 61 61 60 1 61 SUMMARY OF 5 YR EXPECTED EMPL IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, TABLE XIX Page 72 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES OF 'WORKERS BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 OCCjPATION CATEGORY TOTAL COVERED EMPLOY:1ENT NON—COVERED EMPLOW1ENT

ACID JOB TYPE ALL TOTAL MANUFACTURING EMPLOY. CONSTR— TRANS0C0 TRADE GOVERNENT EMPLOY. DUR— NO—DUR TOTAL UCTIO1': MN,ELEC, A^'3 TOTAL FEDERAL STATE ALL ABLE AELES 445+sAN• SEEVCS + LOC OTHER Photoengraver 255 251 251 247 247 4 Photolithographer 256 265 265 255 265 96 25 Pipe & Stem Fitter 257 1 140. 1270 132 303 435 915 20 170 25 Plater-Electro 253 121. 156 150 6 156 25 Plasterer Const 252 956 956 956 Platen-Press Man 261 120 120 120 120 40 2 215 12 Plumber 267 2428 2024 19 19 1955 50 177 151 Power-Shovel Oper 263 774 521 90 92 132 339 253 98 3 Printer-Compositor 264 604 587 537 557 17 14 Refrig Engineer 265 253 228 37 171 228 25 8 17 Sew Machine Repair 266 832 832 2 823 825 7 473 39 91 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 4577 3974 1341 25 1366 1939 179 490 603 Spinning Frame Fixer 268 1048 1048 1048 1048 418 318 24 16 Stationary Engineer 269 747 329 47 211 258 64 7 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 270 131 131 131 131 Street-Lt Sery Repr 271 8 8 8 148 Structural Ironwkers 272 1190 1190 68 68 974 Tool Die Maker 273 610 610 553 57 510 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 268 268 265 3 258 251 173 67 11 Tractor Mechanic 275 3E1 130 10 10 41 79 32 1 15 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 1680 1526 66 41 107 231 653 535 154 1 Upholsterer 277 310 757 147 147 17 123 23 20 3 227 117 15 72 Welder 278 4532 4325 2223 20.8 2831 953 73 452 Web-Press Man 279 589 589 589 589

SU1 TOTAL 98769 88901 17720 20253 37953 31788 5304 13856 9866 4757 3723 1268 Clerical Workers 4438 4113 1902 1109 1102 Accounting Clerk 421 15346 11233 1224 2780 4004 1045 1746 296 537 32 Bookkeeper 402 11186 10271 1 275 2016 3292 1529 620 4830 915 559 110 399 50 Bookkeeping Mach Op 403 3967 3423 198 559 757 97 122 2432 1817 1422 214 131 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 404 3536 1819 154 254 408 3 191 1217 774 342 296 Statistical Clerk 425 5215 3803 336 1390 1726 94 862 1121 1412 3443 521 Stenographer 4"6 18252 9249 1015 2326 3341 731 947 4230 9003 5039 329 160 32 Tabulating Mach Oper 4 - 7 2839 2298 147 258 405 3 122 1768 541 338 971 6346 3552 2515 279 Typist 413 13895 7549 1248 1684 2932 3308

SUE TOTAL 74336 49630 5598 11267 16865 3840 5581 23344 24706 11828 10335 25/, 3

GRAND TOTAL 201551 ,;58976 28435 36573 65009 38056 129.61 42951 42575 20082 18314 4179

STATE OF GEORGIA DATA SUMMARY OF CURRENT E M PLOYMENT IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL. Page 73 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES OF WORKERS BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY TABLE )0C EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 ')Cr. C'T'rO 9 Y T'T'\L DURABLES MANUFACTURING NON-DURAELES ,OF,ACTW;;F.G

)0', TY ,1 vr:PG.9. TO -MI_ LUM- FJRN. STONE PRIM- FAB- MCHY0 ELEC. TRANS TOTAL FOOD TL;;T. 7APL CH:- ,=-LL FMPL. ?ER +FIX- .CLAY ARY RIC EXCL MCHY+ EQUIP .2., ,) ICLS L'THL Technicians TURES +GLSS METAL METAL ELEC. INSTR -'1ENT 42;, L Pl- Acc t-Gen & Cost 1_ 8 2 3 276 79 21 18 5 45 74 18 16 ' - 547 13E.- 204 33 67 Aerodynamics Analyst 7 14 16- 14 Air-cond-Ref Tech 38 11 4 7 27 3 18 1 Anal Res-Resins & Ad 4 4 ,7., 5 5 44 13 .I 3, Baker-Laboratory 5 6 6 6 Ceramics Analyst 5 2 2 2 Chem Tech-Radiation 7 8 ,. 4 Chemist-Assistant a 162 1 1 6 4 1 151 4 117 _L Civil & Const Tech 9 4 4 1 Clerical Technician 10 63 1 9 2 2 2 5 7 36 .:. Cloth Designer 11 37 37 37 Clothes Designer 1 2 27 27 47 Cloth Tester 13 9'1 Commercial Artist 1 6 24'. 87 2 10 6 2 66 153 iC 7 111 i Computer Lab Tech 15 6 4 4 2 Cost Technician 16 246 52 2 4 1 5 10 4 2.:, 134 Develop Inst-Aircr 19 '7 40 Die Designer 19 19 19 2 1

Draftsman-Elect :,,, 42 47 42 Draftsman-Mech-Furn 21 51 0 501 42 31 25 20 49 134- 123 r,6 17 Draftsman-Structural 22 283 280 27 12 161 29 4,' 3 2 1 Draftsman-Topo 23 2 2 2 Elect Power Tech 2 4 7 7 7 Electronics Tech 2 5 124 116 6 7 103 3 7 Eng-Ass't-Meth Equip 77 1 98 159 64 71 ID 11 39 4 _c Estimator 2R 312 302 105 26 c, 102 47 12 10 5 5 Fixture Designer 'r"' 1 1 1 Flutter & Vib-Aircr 11 9 9 Furniture Designer 72 8 F.' Industrial Tech 33 164 51 4 19 1 14 4 117, 31 72 Instructor-Trainees 34 376 115 47 7 6 1 261 1 13 7 Instrument Man 35 4 4 4 Instrumentation-Tech 36 101 97 2 2 93 4 Lab Assistant I q9 4 4 Lab Ass i t-Metal 39 21 21 p. 1 6 10 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) 4n 115 1 1 5 1 93 Laboratory Tester 47 208 6 1 202 6 157 3: Mathematics Tech 43 9 9 Mechanical Tech 45 79 6? 4 10 7 Metal-Furn Model Mk 4 6 12 12 12 Paint Tester 47 43 43 43

TABLE XX CL""T 7 :.:7' L, Page 74 (7.LnIC,"L TYH= , rE - 771: 1_ EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351

TLT 1—XT. — 7 — PL. +F ' 7.- 17 .2 I C,L, THP:.17 +01375 7_277. I Paper Tester 7 Proc-Descrip Writer trn 77 ," Production Planner 17 7 7 Programmer 57 is ti- Proj Plan-Data pr sy Quality Control Tech ^F. 1_1 Radio/TV Trans Tech Research Lab Analyst Res Tech-Env Test Safety Technician Sanitation Tech Sheet Metal Tech Soda Tester Spectroscopist 1 , 1'. Statistician I Stress Analyst :7 Systems Analyst 1' Sys Testing Lab Tech 7- Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 7' 4 Tester Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 7 - Time-Study II 7' 3 47 23 30 257 Tool Designer 7 6 15'; 11'1_ Welding Technician ,7 97 31 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 11 Yarn Tester 170

7,7 , 4 , fl , 77,,T,_ '7:- 273 1??? Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech 7" ,,, 7' 25 Aircraft Mechanic 7^7 o ,,_e h4c Air-cond or Ref Mech 196 57 106 Automobile Mechanic 192 1/,7 r, 7 3 127 50 Auto Body Repr-Paint Tn:7 371 761 361 12 Baker-foods 2 , ,, 14. L.1 4 41 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 0 Boilermaker F 155 65 15 57 90 Bookbinder 32' 320 Cabinetmaker I ?1 -, 1366 1366 567 777 Carpenter-Maint'ance 77 1 12? 33 24 1 5 2 90 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 -)c,6 236 117 2 30 Cement Finisher Const 2 17 1 Compositor (Hand) 314 /1 -.P 473 Cut & Crease Press 215 10', 104

SUMMARY, OF CURRENT EPLO•ENT IX GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, TABLE XX Page 75 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES OF WORKERS BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 P0CCUR4TI0N CATEGORY TOTAL DURABLES :1ANUFACTURING NON-DURABLES ;4ANUFACTURING ALL TOTAL LH"- FURN. STONE PRIM- FA3- MCHY, ELEC. TRANS TOTAL FOOD TEXT. PAPER CHEM- VD JO's TYPE YNFGR, OTHER EMPL. 3E7 +FIX- ,CLAY ARY RIC EXCL l'ICHY+ EQUIP AND AND ICALS TURES +GLSS .A.ETAL METAL ELEC. INSTR -ME;.I. APPRL PRINT 610 Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb 216 61^ 610 57 Die Maker (pap gds) 217 57 57 6 5 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 218 47 1 4 34 13 Dragiine Operator 219 29 21 10 11 8 8 Dyer-Master-Textiles 220 202 202 202 404 246 76 15 Electrician 221 1365 507 53 97 56 66 34 17 29 155 858 117 19 19 Elect-Instr Repair 224 57 38 10 28 49 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 225 49 49 28 Electrotyper 726 28 28 Elev-Install & Repr 227 33 33 33 Engineer Clk-Acrft 228 53 53 53 Finisher-Furniture 229 396 396 140 255 1 5 Furnace Install Rep 23 0 27 27 22 Heat Treaters, etc 232 90 90 2 69 19 17 6 39 11 Instrument Repairman 233 168 45 7 38 123 Jig & Fixture-Bldg 234 418 418 29 7 114 268 Job Setter 235 178 178 3 100 73 2 3 3 Knife Grinder 236 172 169 155 14 353 Knit-mach Fix (Tex) 237 353 353 435 435 Linotype Operator 239 435 2551 2551 Loom Fixer 240 2551 702 246 83 35 Machinist 241 3611 2349 157 44 58 88 248 1328 27 399 1262 196 870 118 106 37 Maintenance Man 242 2283 784 257 90 143 45 61 47 20 121 1499 368 222 214 128 Maintenance Mechanic 743 2930 808 182 75 199 86 134 35 41 56 2122 491 1067 3 Mason (Brick, etc) 244 78 75 7: 3 3 1 1 Molder-Coremaker 245 184 183 98 85 54 67 241 31 4 Millwright 246 890 483 120 14 14 52 45 42 11 185 397 2 488 Offset-Press Man 247 501 8 8 493 3 123 4 41 71 6 1 Painter 249 197 74 10 3 2 41 18 145 Pattern Cutter 250 145 145 Patternm t kr-A i cft Mf 251 111 111 111 108 Pattern's' kr-App Text 252 108 106 Patternmaker-Furn 253 10 10 6 4 1 1 Patternm' kr-Met fdry 254 44 43 22 18 3 190 Photoengraver 255 190 190 184 184 Photolithographer 256 194 59 125 77 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 408 118 2 33 5 78 290 29 6 5 1 Plater-Electro 258 156 150 5 5 117 23 112 112 Platen-Press Man 261 112 8 1 Plumber 262 15 15 6 69 19 Power-Shovel Oper 263 174 86 49 37 88 TABLE XX SUMMARY OF CURRE'IT 1=015 Page 76 SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES 07 y , 797:,- Ty CATJ3C!.:Y EXCLUDING AREAS 341 & 351 NO;Z-D,;RAELES 7' " '-- 2"Y TOTAL DURABLES MANUFACTURING TEXT. PAPER CHEM- ALL :,.. F:-_,D... TOTAL LUM- FURN. STONE PRIM- FA3 - C1-!), , ELEC. TRANS TOTAL FOOD AND or!-- 7PL. BER +FIX- ,CLAY ARY RIC EXCL MCHY+ EQUIP AND ICALS TURES +GLSS METAL METAL ELEC. INSTR -MENT APPRL PRINT 499 9 Printer-Compositor i,,, c G 1. 541 2 31 Refrig Engineer 177 37 37 150 150 12 6 Sew Machine Repair 439 2 2 687 669 Sheet-Metal Worker ,"5' 1 ,-)1.-. 1005 8 4 210 236 303 242 25 15 2 8 Spinning Frame Fixer 719 959 959 Stationary Engineer 47 2 6 7 19 13 206 59 73 35 39 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) l?', 130 130 Structural Ironwkers -,7;7. 6 7 62 62 Tool Die Maker -)77, 456 422 11 41 63 64 250 27 18 -9---- 3 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 72 , 217 17 41 81 4 74 3 Tractor Mechanic 1, 10 1 7 24 Truck Mach (Non-mfg) 77,,_ - L L5 7 10 24 4 39 15 . Upholsterer -;-77 "Y.- 140 134 6 15 22 Welder 273 2 1 '9 1963 44 77 31 43 398 734 65 570 185 2 27 119 Web-Press Man 27? (--,? 401

714'9 ' 4 ^23 1 7 13 1711 696. 674 1604 3116 657 3652 - - 17385 - 2O5783155731 - 784 2?:, Clerical Workers CDz- Accounting Clerk ??., 1066 2°F '2 150 44 122 151 51 174 2242 ' 606 857- 4V7 222 2..; Bookkeeper 4' , 2512 2767 /92 113 142 6 115 143 35 52 1634 610 572 250 177 Bookkeeping Mach Op 6, 159 65 20 2" 0 24 23 4 4 442 - 146 1-82 51 62 1 1 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 1 - 321 109 5 12 4 2 14 72 212 43 74 68 26 Statistical Clerk 1275 236 24 50 3 10 27 83 18 10 1043 - 157 576 25-37 28 29 74 Stenographer 267 4 701 140 70 e9 73 120 131 92 67 1 8 73 300 767 475 257 1 13 6 Tabulating Mach Oper L-7 -.7,,, 115 17 1 7 4 12 73 205 46 - 111 ---- 29- 284 144 79 Typist 25^6 750 9'. 127 32 73 65 116 159 76 1306 138 661 929 67? 1774' 1;407 1775 553 50 179 474 653 385 528 8957 2046 3796 1907

14338' 8304. 2268 , T's,T 52641 Q2272 3171 7'3'6 17. '016 2672 4438 1415 5333 30359 4668 STATE OF GEORGIA DATA CF 5 YP F.P7CTID 7YDL Ifl CF Page 77 7/.ILLED, CLYJI,,ICAL TYr) F7 (7•F 'Y CATE7C'2'/ TABLE XXI EXCLUDING 341 & 351 ')Cr , IPATICV1 C;J=GOPY TOTAL 7.JR7L 7 F

.; , 0 .J'` r-p. 7 ,-)TAL LS"- 'j7:'!. 7T3rYi P7A . :-, :1 2.-- - :Hy, FLEC. Tfl,af.:, T:._;7- !._ ,,._, TL;;7. 7 :-Po. cl.: H. P112 1. 7E7,, +F.1- ,CL .Y7'.',' 2.1C 7;;CL : . (-_:!Y+ ECUIP - IC , L. Technicians TLJEF. +CL77 :ETAL T,'L TLEC. I . ;;Tfl - . :1- Acc't-Gen & Cost q51 722 7' 21 2. 5 51 102 29 1'.2 025 17'2 ,T.:., Aerodynamics Analyst 14 l'- 14 Air-cond-Ref Tech 0 .,..-4 2L 17 20 , Anal Res-Resins & Ad / 75 5 70 J. .: Baker-Laboratory Ceramics Analyst 4, 1 Chem Tech-Radiation 7 7 Chemist-Assistant q 222 :15 Civil & Const Tech n Clerical Technician 77 27 7 1 Cloth Designer IS . 4.2 Clothes Designer 17 23 21 Cloth Tester 1. 21. 111 Commercial Artist l'' 22= R7 1 n 2SL 1 ,:: 1 1 Computer Lab Tech 1 0 Cost Technician ,e_ ,.2., 7'2 27 Develop Inst-Aircr Afl Die Designer 1 :- 7)0. 27 10 Draftsman-Elect 2", 55 55 5E.': Draftsman-Mech-Furn 71 77. 2 774 2 - t,-7 .:., 7; ' :1 7• 1159 ?". ..7,.:z 1" , , Draftsman-Structural --Y2E 7 Draftsman-Topo 7 2 2 Elect Power Tech 71, 7 • 7 Electronics Tech .2 1. 2 16 11 Eng-Ass't-Mech Equip 27 la te, 1/1 15 : c Estimator T", ,,.1‘; /c.:.; ,,, 1 ,,,,. 7c, 15:, 77 10 Fixture Designer T Flutter & Vib-Aircr -11 ,-) n Furniture Designer 22 .,, Industrial Tech ,2 7°7 ( Instructor-Trainees '4 512 19b 177 1 Instrument Man ' Instrumentation-Tech .:4, 1'27 Lab Assistant I 22 /, Lab Ass i t-Metal 'P 21 Lab Ass't (sc'tific) /,' '57 Laboratory Tester /., Mathematics Tech /2 n Mechanical Tech /: ,, i 7 70 Metal-Furn Model Mk 17 11 Paint Tester

TABLE XXI 7216 17 Page 78 6.27.Y EXCLUDING 341 & 351 r'' CL .7_ 6

T,, - 7T - =-". ILEC. FOOL. - +'7 I"- ,2_LCY ' 2- TIC - CHY+ "-(77L2" Cylinder-press-Pr&Pb Die Maker (pap gds) 105 15 5 Diesel Mech-Non-mfgr 20 Dragline Operator 3 Dyer-Master-Textiles /43 7 92 933 122 41,3 :i70 Electrician 710 Elect-Instr Repair 21 67 L4 Elect Insp-Acrft Mfg 63 Electrotyper 30 Elev-Install & Repr I, 7, 46 Engineer Clk-Acraft Finisher-Furniture 771 1 Furnace Install Rep 2") Heat Treaters, etc 1 7 , 17 , 107 19 Instrument Repairman , 2" 29 72 137 101. Jig & Fixture-Bldg 2 7 16 212 777 7 Job Setter 271 127 197 Knife Grinder nr, ^ Knit-mach Fix (Tex) .5 7,. Linotype Operator 2641 2341 Loom Fixer 4r, 725 2,,, , _: Machinist 4(377 ,7 " ," 6 ..) 116 499 1812 39 1326 207 -7 ,. ..371 177 1711 794 773 0 Maintenance Man .7, L7 27L" 1037 157. 77 557 1115 6 1 i Maintenance Mechanic 7707 71 9 ,, 107 2 1 ' 126 1607.:. 11 31 23121 Mason (Brick, etc) 61,1% Q" 72 72 7 Molder-Coremaker 6/,5, 202 10 7 1 37 Millwright 7/, g, 531 ITC _57 63 135 474 67 70 262 74.:, Offset-Press Man 12 12 752. i 3 77 Painter f,c) 775 111 2 61 25 126. 1 2_- 23: 2 21 Pattern Cutter 737 Patternm i kr-A T cft Mf 751. 111 11 1 111 Patternm'kr-App Text 1 2 2 131 _ Patternmaker-Furn IC Patternm'kr-Met fdry 27/, 51 62 31 247 Photoengraver 6, 25 2L7 247 Photolithographer 755 265 265 7 127 70 Pipe & Steam Fitter 257 132 303 1 Plater-Electro 27' 150 117 110 120 Platen-Press Man 12 0 6 1 Plumber 1"-.) 12 92 73 19 Power-Shovel Oper 252 192 90 37 TABLE xoci SU —!%RY 0F 5 "'72 5_XPEC7T -: E- PL I., G:ORGIA OF TECHICAL, Page 79 , KILL`-C. A:57 CLEPICAL TYPO 8 :0:7577 - 27 J07 IDusTrIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING 341 & 351

1-X:E . !D!'.TT0 CPT7 r-' 'Y 7 07 ,^1_ !=N;j7ACTL:PIN(-, NON-C, OAL, LES .1kUFACTURF-6

, 7, j i,,, Tvr,, !F. C--7 0 . TOTAL L'-. F'.=. T'I'l- PAN- 'YOHY, NLEC. 77,1, TOTAL FOOD TEXT. PAPE CHE- ALL '621°L. 2E5. +FIX- .CL'`( Arv? 51C EXCL :Cliy+ 2C2,.;IP 100 AND ICALS OTHLF: n'2E8 -1-GL5:: r-, TAL ;.L .flL :LF=_C. ISTR -.-ENT :,APL PRIT Paper Tester 49 109 100 108 Proc-Descrip Writer 49 294 779 1 3 2 270 5 5 Production Planner 5-. 1 225 544 253 17" 26 6? 62 60 20 692 53 309 173 41 3 0 Programmer 5' 78 27 7 5 4 11 51 2 40 8 1 Proj Plan-Data pr sy ..2 5 7 2 3 2 1 Quality Control Tech 53 . 8 0 ? 750 7,.. 5'4 114 50 L1.3 24 53 604 136 235 50 77 :E-, Radio/TV Trans Tech 54 7 1 1 Research Lab Analyst 56 7 , n 129 129 Res Tech-Env Test 57 15 15 15 Safety TeChnician 5 0 1 9 40 13 3 /, 5 4 1 80 11 38 21 6 Sanitation Tech 5" 79 15 13 2 55 41 17 Sheet Metal Tech 61 57 67 4 67 Soda Tester 5' 9 3 9 Spectroscopist Ac 77 21 21 Statistician I 66 25 25 19 6 Stress Analyst 57 " n Systems Analyst 68 79 21 10 2 16 c 16 Sys Testing Lab Tech 7^ 17 11 Tech Writ-Elec Sr Pb 71 1' 12 12 Tester 7? 52 67 42 20 Test Lab Tech-Tp Con 7' 3 3 Time-Study II 74 497 18 7 15 8 46 44 18 53 310 23 256 15 Tool Designer 75 151 191 42 11. 16 112 Welding Technician 75 711 ??,,,. 2 3 14 190 X-ray Tech-Indust 77 11 11 3 8 Yarn Tester 79 196 196 106

,, , 5r' TOTAL 11190 5117 545 251 273 757 723 1070 449 1479 5073 619 2390 910 731 416 Skilled Occupations Aircraft Engine Mech ?" 1 75 25 25 Aircraft Mechanic 2^? 44° 449 44 Air-cond or Ref Mech 7,,a 272 71 15 36 1 19 151 57 43 o 15 ltD Automobile Mechanic 7 , 4 7 1 7 166 4 7 3 152 51 36 5 1 6 Auto Body Repr-Paint 90 5 468 456 453 12 C 1 Baker-foods 2 9 6 486 486 406 Bleach (Chl-hyp) Sys 7(■ 7 15 15 15 Boilermaker 709 154 64 15 49 90 50 40 Bookbinder 29 9 475 475 475 Cabinetmaker I 210 1603. 1603 572 1031 Carpenter-Maint'ance 211 127 32 24 1 5 2 95 48 1; 27 1 Carpenter (Non-mfg) 212 336 267' 1 1 5 150 2 69 14 23 28 4 Cement Finisher Const 213 3 3 3 Compositor (Hand) 714 596 536 566 Cut & Crease Press 715 158 158 136

SUMMARY OF 5 YR EXPECTED EMPL IN GEORGIA OF TECHNICAL, Page 80 TABLE MU SKILLED, AND CLERICAL TYPES OF WORKERS BY MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY EXCLUDING 341 & 351

OCCUPATION CATEGORY TOTAL DURABLES MANUFACTURING NON-DURABLES MAuFACTuRIG

AND JOB TYPE MNFGR. TOTAL LUM- FURN. STONE PRIX- FAB- MCHY, ELEC. TRANS TOTAL FOOD TEXT. PAPER CHEm- ALL EMPL. BER +FIX- ,CLAY ARY RIC EXCL MCHY+ EQUIP AND AND ICALS OTHER TUREs +GLSS METAL METAL ELEC. IN5TR -"'TENT APPRL PRINT 9 Printer-Compositor 264 587 587 2 31 545 Refrig Engineer 265 228 57 57 171 171 Sew Machine Repair 266 825 2 2 823 805 12 5 Sheet-Metal Worker 267 '1366 1341 8 4 284 297 371 377 25 15 2 8 Spinning Frame Fixer 268 1048 1048 1048 Stationary Engineer 269 258 47 2 6 7 19 13 211 64 73 35 39 Sterotyper (Pr & Pb) 270 131 131 131 68 Stzuctur al , Imminkers 272 68 68 10 To Die Haw . 273 610 553 11 89 90 88 275 57 23 24 Tool-Grinder Oper 274 268 265 14 41 126 4 80 3 3 Tractor Mechanic 275 10 10 3 7 15 26 Truck Mech (Non-mfg) 276 107 66 7 10 42 7 41 Upholsterer 277 147 147 141 6 29 Welder 278 2831 2623 44 112 31 64 526 927 94 825 208 2 30 127 20 Web-Press Man 279 589 589 589

SIJR TOTAL 37953 17720 2098 2169 757 835 2218 4317 838 4488 20233 2338 9329 7320 860 336 Clerical Workers 35 Accounting Clerk 411 4014 1224 305 100 150 55 140 199 75 200 2780 729 1053 594 319 230 36 Bookkeeper 412 3292 1276 496 183 184 6 130 165 50 62 2Q16 678 733 339 231 51 72 18 BOokkeeping Mach Op 4 1 3 757 198 75 20 36 9 15 31 8 4 559 187 Key-Punch-Dupl Oper 414 408 154 5 23 10 5 33 78 254 47 105 74 26 2 29 Statistical Clerk 405 1726 336 24 63 17 21 29 140 29 13 1390 204 672 450 35 149 Stenographer 406 3341 1015 142 90 105 110 191 166 114 97 2326 334 902 617 324 Tabulating Mach Oper 407 405 147 25 1 1 14 7 25 74 258 49 152 35 16 6 153 Typist 408 2932 1248 116 329 98 60 92 169 275 110 1684 151 759 456 165 1187 478 SU9 TOTAL 16865 5598 1183 784 596 285 621 882 609 638 11267 2379 4607 2616

16331 10846 2778 1282 GRAND TOTAL 65008 28435 3826 3204 1626 1377 3632 6269 1896 6605 36573 5336 LJ

CURRENT USE • FUTURE DEMAND 4 • S PPLY PROSPECTS'' FOR TECHNICAL,SKILLED AND CL ICAL WORKERS'

I ••••1 • - SUMMARY REPORT

from

Analysis of Georgia's Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Labor Requirements and Training Needs 1962 to 1967

DR. JOHN L. FULMER

Project Director and Professor

and

DR. ROBERT E. GREEN

Assistant Project Director

and

Assistant Professor

Both of the Faculty

School of Industrial Management

Georgia Institute of Technology

1963

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BEN T. HUIET EMPLOYMENT SECURITY AGENCY Commissioner

Contract A-636 SPONSORING COMMITTEE

Mr. L. L. Austin, Director Mr. Elmer George Retail Merchants Association Executive Director Retail Automobile Dealers Association Georgia Municipal Association

Mr. Walter T. Cates Mr. Hill Healan Executive Vice President Executive Director Georgia State Chamber of Commerce Association of County Commissioners of Georgia

Mr. J. 0. Long Mr. Clifford Clarke Georgia State Supervisor Executive Vice President U. S. Bureau of Apprenticeship & Training Associated Industries of Georgia

Mr. Jack J. Minter, Director Mr. J. W. Fanning, Director Department of Industry and Trade Institute for Community & Area Development University of Georgia Mr. 0. L. Shelton Executive Vice President & General Manager Mr. T. M. Forbes Atlanta Chamber of Commerce Executive Vice President Georgia Textile Manufacturers Association Mr. E. A. Yates, Jr., Vice President Georgia Power Company

COMPANIES SUPPLYING PHOTOGRAPHS FOR USE IN REPORT

Delta Air Lines, Inc. Lockheed Georgia Company Atlanta Airport S. Cobb Drive Atlanta, Georgia Marietta, Georgia

Division of Vocational Education Scientific Atlanta State Department of Education Pleasantdale Road Atlanta 3, Georgia Doraville, Georgia

Federal Aviation Agency Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co. Systems Maintenance Division Georgia Division Office Southern Region 805 Peachtree Street, N. E. East Point, Georgia Atlanta 8, Georgia Georgia Power Company Atlanta Division Atlanta, Georgia

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This summary report could not have been prepared without the cooperation of numerous technicians and expert analysts who collaborated in the finest spirit on the larger technical report issued in three parts, under the title: "Analysis of Georgia's Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Labor Requirements and Training Needs, 1962 to 1967." The authors acknowledge with sincere appreciation the following persons: Mr. 0. H. Stephenson, Chief, Mrs. Maria M. Mallet, Assistant Chief, and Mr. Ernest Johnson, Statistician, Reports and Analysis Section, Employment Security Agency, Georgia Department of Labor; Mr. Jack P. Nix, Direc- tor of Vocational Education, Mr. William M. Hicks, Supervisor of Trade and Industrial Education, and Mr. George W. Mulling, Assistant State Supervisor of Trade and Industrial Education, Georgia Department of Education.

We are especially grateful to Commissioner Ben T. Huiet, Georgia Department of Labor, and to Mr. Marion Williamson, Director, Employment Security Agency of Georgia, whose interest and support made possible this highly basic study.

FOREWORD

This report is a condensed version of a larger report on Georgia's skilled labor use and future requirements. The larger, more complete report should be referred to for details. The title is: "Analysis of Georgia's Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Labor Requirements and Training Needs, 1962 to 1967," and may be obtained by addressing a request to Commissioner Ben T. Huiet, Georgia Department of Labor, State Labor Building, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303.

In the abbreviated version of the main report here presented, the objective has been to bring out the highlights of the larger report in a popular, easily readable style. Details are passed over in the interest of getting at the larger, broad issues involved today in planning for Georgia's growing needs for more technical, skilled, and clerical workers. A considerable lead time, two or more years, is involved in having trained skilled workers when they are needed. In order to meet these needs as they arise, forecasts of requirements must be prepared and training capacity developed in line with the anticipated demands of Georgia industry for such trained personnel. This dual role in preparing for the State's future is well exemplified by the researchers from Georgia Institute of Technology working under contract to prepare the forecasts for the Georgia Department of Labor on the one hand, and the Georgia Department of Education preparing plans to meet the anticipated requirements through its vocational-technical schools on the other.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Acknowledgements ii Foreword ii MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THIS REPORT 1 I. Objectives of the Study 2 II. Methods of Procedure 2 III. Technological Trends A. General Summary 3 B. New Research Developments 4 IV. Definitions 6 V. Findings from Study The 1962 Current Employment of Skilled Workers Related to the 1967 Expected Employment 7 The Sex Distribution of Skilled Workers 8 The Age Distribution of Skilled Workers 9 Expected Job Openings for Skilled Workers 1962-1967 Related to Anticipated Training Rates 10 Major Sources of Demand for Skilled Workers Expected 1962-1967 11 Ratio of Companies Requiring High School Education for Initial Employment of Skilled Workers, 1962 12 Effect of Firm Size on the Relative Use of Skilled Workers, 1962 13 Effect of City Size on Relative Use of Skilled Workers, 1962 14 City Size and Concentration of Skilled Workers, 1962 15 VI. Yearly Number of Job Openings by Job Types Leading Job Titles, Arranged in Descending Order According to Current Employment . 16 Summary of 31 New Technician Types Expected to Develop in State 1962-1967 18 VII. Statistical Summary of Job Openings by Areas Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Workers 19 Project Area Composite 19 Atlanta Metropolitan Area 20 Non-Metropolitan Georgia 20 Albany Metropolitan Area 21 Macon Metropolitan Area 21 Savannah Metropolitan Area 22 Augusta Metropolitan Area 22 Columbus Metropolitan Area 23 VIII. Training Programs 24 IX. Impact of Skilled Workers on Economic Development 29 X. Conclusions and Recommendations 31 APPENDIX A. Job Description of Leading Types of Skilled Workers, Currently Employed 33 B. Job Description of New Types of Technicians Developing 39 iii MAJOR FINDINGS FROM THIS REPORT

It is estimated that 65,581 job openings will occur for technical, skilled, and clerical workers in five years, based on the 155 job types included in the study. This represents 13,100 job openings yearly for trained workers that industry will need. About 80 per cent of these openings will be the result of new jobs arising from growth in the State's economy. The other 20 per cent of openings are estimates of replacement needs for currently employed skilled workers. In addition, changing technology will develop the need for 31 new technician types not now employed in Georgia, representing an estimated five year growth in demand for an additional 7,500 technicians, or at the annual rate of 1,500 workers.

Study of the training plans of companies and public institutions, including Southern Technical Institute, shows that companies in their programs expect to meet 25 per cent of the requirements; another 50 per cent approximately will come from public institutions according to present plans. If company estimates of requirements are correct, this indicates a deficit of 25 per cent in current training projections.

Economic growth is coming increasingly to be dependent on an adequate supply of trained workers because of the speed and complexity of technological change. If Georgia is to stay in the parade of satisfactory economic growth, it must prepare to have these workers ready when they are needed by industry, which will involve adequate financial support for a program that we must have if the State is to make progress. Another equally important problem is the matter of continuous upgrading of workers to keep pace with changing technology. This involves a manifold expansion of training in company classrooms, and a broad almost pervasive program of adult education in public schools. Closely tied to this problem is the matter of keeping public schools and colleges, not only updated to changes in their own fields, but in those fields of study which impinge strongly on the field of specialization. This problem requires broader and more extensive opportunities for teachers to have time away from the classroom to study and renew their knowledge.

A related problem is that of a freer interchange between educators and industry relative to what is happening on one hand in the area of industrial technology, and on the other hand in education, science, and applications of science which vitally affect industry. This would seem to require some sort of Summer Institute and some common communication device to keep the two groups mutually informed.

All of this will be costly in time and money. However, if we are willing to pay the price of gaining the full advantage of technological change in the State's economy, there is no doubt that Georgia will move to the front of the parade among states in economic growth. Recent rapid rates of growth will be assured for the near future with accelerated rates of growth in a few years when industries and businesses in Georgia become better attuned to problems of technological change. I. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

A principal objective of the Study was to (1) determine current use and future demand for the most important technical, skilled, and clerical types of workers in Georgia's economy, with special emphasis on the metropolitan areas. In all, 165 jobs were surveyed. After deleting ten of these for which response data was limited, this study reports on 155 job types. Another objective was (2) to measure adequacy of current training programs for these workers in company programs and in public educational institutes, and to estimate the minimum training needs of the State as a whole and for the different metropolitan areas. A third major objective, and one of critical importance in planning Georgia's future needs for skilled workers, was (3) the determination of the technological trends which are now affecting Georgia industry and the impacts on technician types of workers, with special reference to demands for new types of technicians and the nature of the training they would need in order to better fill technical types of jobs anticipated in the future. And finally, the plan of the study included (4) formulation of policy recommendations which would facilitate planning to meet the State's future demand for technical, skilled, and clerical workers.

II. METHODS OF PROCEDURE

The basic data for this report were obtained by a sample survey, employing a mailed questionnaire, of a cross section of firms in Georgia and from two adjacent counties of adjoining states which form a part of two metropolitan areas in Georgia, Augusta and Columbus. The first phase of the study involved mailing of a questionnaire to 4,731 employers about June 15, 1962, accompanied by a letter and explanatory materials. The universe for this part of the study was a special selection' of 17,186 firms and 792,126 employees. Of those firms receiving questionnaires, 53 per cent responded, or 2,521. Fifty-two per cent of the workers of all firms in the selected universe are represented. The sampling was based on stratification of the selected universe by area and size of firm, with variable sampling ratios. The returned questionnaires were inflated to universe estimates by programmed equations on the 220 Datatron at Georgia Institute of Tech- nology.

A second phase of the study involved personal interviews with top management and technical personnel in 80 large companies, also stratified by industry and location. In all, over three hundred persons in these companies were contacted by experts in interview analysis during the period July 1 to October 1, 1962. The purpose of this part of the study was to summarize the thinking of top company management and engineers on technological trends dominating Georgia industry now and in the near future. Another objective was to determine impact of these technological changes on company needs for new types of technicians as well as the training requirements of these new technician jobs.

A third and final part of the study involved a special survey by mail of the self-employed, including small companies of three or less workers, in order to determine their needs for skilled and technical types of workers. There are about 32,000 of these firms in Georgia with total employment of about 58,000. Magnetic tapes on them were obtained from the Old Age and Survivors' Insurance Agency, Baltimore, Maryland, for analysis as to size and industrial characteristics. The sampling was by computer program from the tape according to industry. A total of 216 useable replies were obtained in the time interval allowed. These were analyzed according to the following categories: Manufacturing, repair work, general business service, and trade and services. Significantly, the results showed that such firms are more oriented toward skilled and technical workers than larger firms.

'Those SIC industry categories, and some size groups, which were not likely employers of skilled and technical workers were omitted in the interest of greater efficiency in conducting the study. 2 III. TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS

A. General Summary

1. There is increased use of microwave technology in communications, including mobile communication facilities employing mircrowaves in ship to shore, automobile telephones, etc. Railroads are moving to an integrated computer system. Air lines are going to leased line concept with satellite transmitters. Data transmission to central office computing from a network of smaller computers is in the planning stage by some large national companies.

2. Trend is from DC circuitry to AC circuitry. Although there is some reversal to DC circuitry where variable speed control is important.

3. There is a rapid move to a more intensive use of computers in practically all aspects of the Georgia economy. The most widespread uses are developing in managerial accounting and data processing and in machine tool operations with the use of programmed tape. The newest uses for computers are in freight car accounting, airplane reservations and wider areas of simulation — training of air line pilots, business simulation, mathematical models of railroads. In the study of cell cytolysis, it is proposed to use computers with criteria to eliminate those slides which are not significant. Consideration is also being given to the use of computers for general diagnostic analysis. Computers arc being used regularly to check out circuitry in air lines, to operate railroads and in rapid transit. Such systems are being programmed to be self-corrective. Tele- processing of data through computers located at great distance is increasing.

4. Use of electronic components and systems of all types is experiencing a phenomenal growth. In communication, there is a growth of the electronic central office. Greatly expanded use of electronic equipment in air lines exists with the automatic pilot getting better all the time. Transponders, showing the third dimension in flight are being introduced. The need for and the use of test equipment with heavy problems of development, construction and maintenance is widespread. There is an increased use of all sorts of instrumentation and electronic devices in medical research.

5. Electronic components are being added to many production machines and sub-systems.

6. Electronic components are tending to move toward solid-state circuitry from vacuum tube circuitry.

7. Automatic equipment, frequently electronically controlled, is replacing human effort in the inspection processes.

8. Standards for product quality are growing more rigorous. Statistical procedures of quality control, based on the use of sampling and control charts, dominate the methods. This trend is broad and pervasive. It has been developed even as a tool for quality of performance in airplane maintenance.

9. New materials, new machines, and new processes are being developed and used as soon as practical. This trend is well illustrated by synthetic textiles, shoe materials, and exotic metals. It is also illustrated by developments in nuclear physics. A procedure is being developed to test for cancer of the abdomen by the use of such half life isotopes of short duration as chlorine, which disintegrates quickly despite the larger quantities needed. Isotope tracing is of growing importance in communicable disease research. New materials such as these are also being adopted in industrial processes, as in two instances mentioned in the interviews: (1) Cobalt 60 to test the welded strength of highway bridges, and (2) use of a strontium 90 beam to test uniformity of composition of an industrial product. Research on a considerable scale is going forward to develop nuclear thrust for rockets. 3 10. X-ray inspection of airplane parts — assemblies and sub-assemblies before maintenance — is standard practice.

11. Mechanical handling of materials, both raw and finished product, is developing rapidly. The systems, generally electronically controlled, may involve mechanical and hydraulic components, with pneumatic systems tending to displace hydraulic systems. Mechanical handling is highly developed in stages, as for example, in the handling of shoe components from station to station by the Rollermatic.

12. In engineering design of industrial and some other types of buildings, the trend is to windowless buildings. This enables accurate light control to be maintained and lessens the cost of heating and air-conditioning. Accurate light control is being recognized increasingly as a very important factor in quality of output and output per man.

13. There is a growing recognition of the place of science and technology in faster industrialization and more rapid economic growth. The place of the educational system relative to the need for trained scientists, engineers, technicians, and skilled workers is better appreciated.

14. Management in some companies is tending to apply the systems concept to the entire company operation rather than limiting it to small units of processing operations. In some cases the thought is that if the proper components of the system can be interrelated and programmed properly, much of the system can be controlled by computer.

15. There is constant emphasis on the improvement of methods and the use of new materials. Com- panies regard the costs of the basic factors of production and the prices of the finished product or products to be largely determined by competition. Improvements in the efficiency of methods and processes offer the most fruitful channel for profit improvement.

16. Company managements in some industries are giving more thought to diversification, even to the current line.

B. New Research Developments

The following trends are those suggested by the wok of university research organizations. As such, they represent developments considerably ahead of those in industry. These trends may be expected to show up in any industry at a later period, 3 to 10 years later:

1. With respect to electronics and computers, a. Equipment is being developed to perform in more stringent environments. This should mean cheaper and more trouble free equipment for normal use in the future.

b. Much of the work being done for the National Aeronautics and Space Agency is unclassified and thus is available to industry much quicker and easier.

c. There will probably be an explosion of consumer products related to electronics.

d. The application of electronics to medical problems or problems in the life sciences area is developing and should grow rapidly. Electronic instrumentation for bio-medical and bio-physics is developing.

e. Micro-miniaturization and thin film circuitry is increasing computer capabilities. Computers will be applied to more types of problems due to increased speed and flexibility. Also, more equipment capability can be built into a smaller space.

f. Information storage and retrieval is a growing field which is tending to become a science — informational science.

4 g. Software developments in computers are making the equipment more flexible and are changing the requirements for technicians to support the computer installation. 2. With respect to nuclear products, a. Small nuclear devices for producing electricity or heat are under development. b. Nuclear rockets are under development. c. Use of radiation for production of new materials and for studying the structure of matter is growing. New devices for measuring radiation are under development. d. Radiation techniques based on radioisotopes and neutrons will be used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. e. Use of nuclear devices in process control as well as actual processing, e. g. food. f. Use of radiation for pest control. g. Utilization of radiation to accelerate selective mutations for crop improvement. h. Increasing knowledge about water pollution by radioactive materials. 3. With respect to the physical sciences, a. High vacuum and micro-miniaturization techniques are being developed. b. Increased research in low temperature physics and chemistry with development of cryogenic techniques. c. New developments are occurring in the fields of solid-state electronics and molecular electronics. d. Expanded research in (1) Maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), and (2) Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).

5 IV. DEFINITIONS

Technician

A technician is one who performs tasks which are parts of scientific or engineering activities. Tech- nicians are more intensively trained in fundamentals than craftsmen. They occur between engineers and scientists, on the one hand, and craftsmen on the other. Their work is usually in a specialized field of research design, development and/or construction; in exploration, measurement and analysis and/or application of basic scientific concepts; and in control of production facilities and manpower. A technician must have knowledge of the underlying scientific engineering and/or mathematical principles related to the specialized field of work; and he must be able to make applications of established scientific techniques and methods toward the solution of specialized problems. Technicians usually become qualified through formal technical training, on-the-job training, or a combination of both.

Skilled Workers or Craftsmen

This group includes occupations predominantly requiring a thorough knowledge of processes of the work. They must be able to exercise judgment involving a high degree of dexterity, and be responsible for valuable products or machines. They become qualified through formal vocational training by serving apprenticeship training periods, or a combination of both.

Clerical Workers

This group includes those jobs concerned with the preparation, transcribing, transferring, systemizing, or preserving of written communications and records in offices, shops, and other places of work where such functions are performed. Mental and manual processes are required. A few include the use of equipment such as bookkeeping arid calculating machines.

6 V. FINDINGS FROM STUDY

TECHNICAL, SKILLED, AND CLERICAL WORKERS 1962 AND 1967

Employment (In thousands) Worker Category 0 20 40 60 80 100

LEGEND

III 1962 Emp oyment Technical *414 1.414Ifyrlif IF V' i Workers • ,■ ‘,4 1967 Expected Employment 411& 8. evirr 44 V •Z

416. S ■ &_ .40■44.4441‘ . .41

• Skilled kY k Workers . Y ' ' ' ' ' •41. •44 • , , . . , • • &WA,:4 ••• ■•• ■ I It. \ \ ••• . . ••it•V•V•r•Wk ) . , ' . . • •• •• • •SS41‘\ \ \ ' \ '' \ '.. '' R ' )., c Y. '. Y A • .,..?

Clerical Workers . OrMiellit". N. ... It.. . _ _ Atb..4•14%. . . , -, . , \\'''<.'''„'>,V,". ),

The 1962 Current Employment of Ski led Workers Related to the 1967 Expected Employment

Of the 155 job types reported, skilled workers, during Summer of 1962, accounted for 50 per cent of employment. Total employment of the technical, skilled, and clerical workers included in this study is expected to rise by 41,000 jobs or 25 per cent during the next five years ; but the gains will be varied according to 2,521 employers in the sample. The groups studied rank as follows: First, technical workers With 26.2 per cent; second, skilled workers with 25.6 per cent gain, and third, clerical workers with 23.6 per cent.

RELATIONSHIP OF EMPLOYMENT OF FEMALES TO TOTAL NUMBER OF WORKERS IN THE TECHNICAL, SKILLED, AND CLERICAL CATEGORIES, 1962

Worker Employment (In thousands) Category 0 20 40 60 80

LEGEND

All Classes of Worker s Technical Workers 2., , Female Workers .1....

',/,;/..t.,gri,, ,*/*1.,0

Skilled Workers

f1 1 1 - -. r • , .. : . ?1: .. Clerical ligi. .!:: :7"2;1.!::` Workers 4 " —e— '4' • •S 'r••••• • •440 ..... A..- " Alb. AltlYht..■ A•441' 4

The Sex Distribution of Skilled Workers

The ratio of women to total employment is highest in clerical jobs and the least in skilled or craftsmen types of work. Over 83 per cent of clerical workers were women during the survey period, Summer of 1962, and 10 per cent of technical were women. The greatest employment opportunities, therefore, for females will be in clerical types of jobs; however, opportunities are also good in many of the technical types of jobs, especially where patience and adeptness are required.

8 COMPARISON OF AGE DISTRIBUTION OF SKILLED CATEGORIES OF WORKERS IN STUDY WITH GEORGIA EMPLOYMENT AGE CATEGORIES (FROM 1960 CENSUS), 1962

Age Per Cent Total Employed Class 0 20 40 60

••• v . . ri Nor sql g viv10 ry V' 11111, Milio Under 35 itle

...... • • • • • • • • • • • .....*:::::::::::.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •.7.7... • • • • • • •::::::::::::: • • • • • • . • • • • ••••••••••••••••,••••••••••••••••••...•...... -

35 to 44 .4k*.

. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ... • • • LEGEND

State Employment

.4 Technical ! - .4..40• , IIII Skilled 45 & over .•••••• SI. Clerical ••••• ••••••••••••••• •••• •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

The Age Distribution of Skilled Workers

The graph shows that clerical and technical workers are heavily concentrated in the age class under 35, while skilled workers are heaviest in age class 35 to 44. Technicians are predominantly in the youngest age class because of the recentness with which most jobs in this category have developed. Clerical workers are heaviest in this age class also because the women, which dominate clerical workers, have a heavy turnover for marriage. Craftsmen have a higher concentration of workers in the age class 35 to 44 but are well represented in the other two age classes as well. Skilled workers shift with technology but have been with us a long time because of the basic nature of such employment. It is noted from the chart that the distribution of skilled workers by age classes coincides more closely with the age distribution of Georgia's employed labor force than either of the other two categories of skills included in the study.

JOB OPENINGS EXPECTED FOR TECHNICAL AND SKILLED WORKERS 1962 TO 1967 COMPARED TO PRESENT ANTICIPATED TRAINING NEEDS

Worker Job Openings (In thousands) Category 0 10 20 30

LEGEND

Job Openings 1 I Technical 1 Workers ;K"..,< 4 ...... ,... AI „ , ito • ...... Company Trained •10 ■■ 19A • . • • • • • 4 .' ' ' ' . . 4 • • • • • • • • ' , ...... Q. ..•..••. Trained in Public Institutions ••••••, Unfilled Demand •••••••••••*, Present Capacity •7•• .7.

Skilled •••...... v. vow • • ••.•••••••.••• Workers ••••••.•••• .•.•.•••••• S.# ••••••••••• 4*4. 441 •••••••••••••••••••••, •••••••.•• 4 .. ■.. • • • • I I • • • • • •

Expected Job Openings for Skilled Workers 1962-1967 Related to Anticipated Training Rates

There are expected to be 3,000 technician job openings yearly during the next five years, of which about half will be new types of technicians not in existence today. Over 5,400 job openings for skilled workers and Craftsmen are anticipated annually from 1962 to 1967. Yet in neither category is the currently planned training capacity either by companies or by public education sufficient to meet expected demands. Estimates indicate a shortage of 25 per cent in trained men to meet foreseeable needs. Clerical workers have been excluded because the training cycle is comparatively short relative to that for either technicians or skilled craftsmen. Not as much lead time need be allowed for in training clerical workers; as training capacity can be expanded more readily to meet enlarged demands for clerical workers.

10 MAJOR SOURCES OF DEMAND FOR SKILLED WORKERS EXPECTED 1962-1967

The major source of job openings among technical and skilled workers in the next five years will be job increases from growth in the State's economy. This requirement will account for about 80 per cent of the jobs that will become available each year. The other fifth, often ignored but highly important, is due to replacements for the present workers who will die, retire, or otherwise withdraw from the labor force during the period.

Technical and Skilled Workers: Major Sources of Demand Expected 1962-1967

SOURCES OF JOB OPENINGS WORKER CATEGORY 1962-1967 and Per Cent DEMAND SOURCE Number of Total

Technical Workers: Worker Replacement 1 336 18 Jobs Increase 6,076 82 Total 7,412 100

Skilled Workers: Worker Replacement 6,377 23 Jobs Increase 20,828 77 Total 27 205 100

11 RELATIONSHIP OF SIZE OF COMPANY TO REQUIREMENTS OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES ON INITIAL EMPLOYMENT, 1962

Per Cent 100

/ / / Clerical 60 / ....------' -----" ..." ----" . ..., . ■-•' ..-

40 Skilled ."'

---- Technical

4 to 19 Workers 20 to 99 Workers 100 & over Workers

Size of Firm

Ratio of Companies Requiring High School Education For Initial Employment of Skilled Workers; 1962

The minimum requirement of a high school education for initial employment varies with size of firm and class of worker. The requirement is substantially higher for clerical workers. Only about two-thirds as many of the companies relatively require a high school education for skilled workers as for clerical. Yet size of company affects this requirement also. The larger companies are about twice as high in impos- ing the high school minimum as the smaller companies, and the requirements for all three classes of workers increase significantly with company size. This means that the larger companies are more rigorous in their requirements, probably because the personnel department is better organized and also the worker is expected to adjust to a wider variety of jobs and problem situations than in the smallest companies.

12 EFFECT OF SIZE OF FIRM ON RELATIVE USE OF SKILLED WORKERS IN GEORGIA, 1962

Per Cent 40

Skilled

--...... -.....,.. _ ...... Cleri,....scal

--...... --s,..... 8 -...... „...... -..... ------.....------.. Technical ------

0 to 3 Workers 4 to 19 Workers 20 to 99 Workers 100 & Over Workers

Size of Firm

Effect of Firm Size on the Relative Use of Skilled Workers, 1962

Twenty-one per cent of all workers of survey firms were represented by technical, skilled, and clerical workers (based on 155 dominant job types in the Georgia economy). Skilled workers occupied the highest percentage of use, technical workers the lowest, partly because of this category's newness. The graph shows that there is a significant inverse relationship between percentage use of the three types of skills studied and size of firm. Among the Covered firms, the overc II use of skilled workers -of firms with 4 to 19 workers is more than double that of firms employing 103 workers or more. The self-employed, including those companies with 3 or less workers had the highest ratio of all, or almost double that of the smallest of the Covered firms in the use of technical and skilled workers. This relationship is not unexpected because the smaller firms, being so dependent on a service or product, are undeveloped organization-wise. The smaller firms, therefore, have relatively fewer of the modern type organization and management personnel. They must be dominated by skilled and technical personnel in order to hold a market that to them is so dependent on the excellence and cheapness of the service rendered or the product provided.

13 EFFECT OF SIZE OF CITY ON RELATIVE USE OF TECHNICAL, SKILLED, AND CLERICAL WORKERS, 1962 Per Cent 14

Skilled

..■

...../.. .../"." ...."*"..

8 ../...... --•- .7

"'Clerical

Z 6 V Z. 7,

..- ---- ....------...... ------ ___,....-- _____ Technical

Non-Metropolitan Ga. 5 Smaller Metropolitan Metropolitan Atlanta Average Population of Average Population 1 Million Population Cities — 4,400 of Cities — 176,000

Effect of City Size on Relative Use of Skilled Workers, 1962

The graph shows that there is a strong rise in the percentage use of skilled workers with increase in city size. The variation from this generalization for skilled workers in 5-Smaller Metropolitan areas is due to the very large A.E.C. Savannah River Plant near Augusta and the Airplane Modification Center below Macon, both heavy users of skilled craftsmen. The consequence of this generalization for the future is that growing urbanization and increase in city size will greatly enlarge the future requirements for technical, skilled, and clerical workers. 14 RELATION OF SHARE OF STATE'S POPULATION TO SHARE OF SKILLED WORKERS IN DIFFERENT AREAS, 1962

Per Cent of Total AREA 10 20 30 40 50

At Metropolitan ,AA.',. S ' N.'.' Area - l 4, 411. . • )•• . , . . . . • AS* . . i . ',-..i,•:.•-•:,:x

LEGEND

Wit /I /// (//if,,;( i '40 ? i / Population Ratio 5-Smaller Metropolitan . . -wilwonviviorvisriy• lo-sins N 1 Technical, Skilled, and Clerical Workers Ratio 44 44 444V4***#

, Non- /// , , . , /. / ,/ . , . , , , / Metropolitan . ,4r-...w■., ...... v...... , 1 Georgia . ' "#40. 11.•; 40. Si -•t•- .118# .4.• 4. s *pt. 84:1*% 44 #4 At, # 4•3P41,4V

City Size and Concentration of Skilled Workers, 1962

The graph shows that Atlanta Metropolitan Area controls a relatively large share of the skilled workers compared to its share of the project area's total population. In contrast, Non-Metropolitan Georgia has a low ratio of the total skilled workers compared to its control of total population, only 38.5 per cent compared to 53 per cent. Atlanta has 50 per cent more relatively of skilled workers; Non-Metro- politan Georgia, an area of small towns, has 27 per cent less. The conclusion is that the larger the size of the Metropolitan Area is relative to the State's total population the more it tends to control the concentration of skilled workers.

15 VI. YEARLY NUMBER OF JOB OPENINGS BY JOB TYPES

Acceleration in Georgia's rate of growth recently provides employment opportunities for the youth of this State never available before. But rapid advances in science and technology, accompanied by enlarged complexity of the whole industrial process makes it imperative that not only young persons coming into the labor force prepare themselves to perform valuable services in our economy but also that workers currently employed acquire a greater consciousness of the necessity for continuous upgrading of technical and craftsman type know-how. If the workers of this State can move forward on both fronts, they will make a contribution both to the economic development of this State and will be rewarding themselves by having indispensability in a scarce labor market and the high earnings which this implies.

LEADING JOB TITLES, ARRANGED IN DESCENDING ORDER ACCORDING TO CURRENT EMPLOYMENT

Job Openings Net Training Current Expected Requirements Skilled Category Employment Total in Average Total in Average and Job Title Summer 5 Years Yearly 5 Years Yearly 1962 1967 Number 1967 Number Technicians:

001 Accountant- Gen. & Cost 3,336 1,078 216 738 148 025 Electronics Tech. 1,756 852 170 614 123 028 Estimator 1,414 532 106 408 82 050 Production Planner 1,111 397 79 299 60 035 Instrument Man 1,085 74 15 53 11 009 Civil & Const. Tech. 935 248 50 245 49 053 Quality Control Tech 923 276 55 216 43 021 Draftsman-Mech.-Furn. 878 353 71 232 46 056 Research Lab Analyst 840 41 8 35 7 033 Industrial Tech 833 271 54 51 10 022 Draftsman-Structural 751 246 49 153 31 034 Instructor-Trainees 692 206 41 123 25 054 Radio/TV Trans. Tech. 473 106 21 74 15 014 Commercial Artist 450 162 32 117 23 039 Lab Ass't-Metal 410 14 3 14 3 010 Clerical Technician 404 93 19 52 10 049 Proc-Descrip. Writer 388 32 6 - 33 - 7 016 Cost Technician 368 132 26 114 23 074 Time-Study II 365 171 34 96 19 All other Tech 5,761 2,128 426 1,450 290 Total 23,173 7,412 1,482 5,051 1,010

16 LEADING JOB TITLES, ARRANGED IN DESCENDING ORDER ACCORDING TO CURRENT EMPLOYMENT (Continued)

Job Openings Net Training Current Expected Requirements Skilled Category Employment Total in Average Total in Average and Job Title Summer 5 Years Yearly 5 Years Yearly 1962 1967 Number 1967 Number

Skilled Workers:

212 Carpenter (Non-mfg ) 6,780 3,062 612 2,451 490 204 Automobile Mechanic 6,159 1,693 339 1,271 254 221 Electrician 4,997 2,228 446 1,673 335 243 Maintenance Mechanic 4,969 1,097 219 604 121 241 Machinist 4,860 1,564 313 1,043 209 242 Maintenance Man 4,530 1,210 242 1,044 209 249 Painter 4,332 944 189 671 134 267 Sheet-Metal Worker 3,471 1,379 276 899 180 278 Welder 3,312 1,515 303 954 191 240 Loom Fixer 2,701 390 78 109 - 22 244 Mason (Brick, etc ) 2,415 825 165 675 135 205 Auto Body Repr.-Paint 2,404 654 131 447 89 238 Lineman (It., ht., pw ) 1 788 379 76 - 77 - 15 210 Cabinetmaker I 1,748 504 101 407 81 262 Plumber 1,497 1,077 215 630 126 246 Millwright 1,431 244 49 135 27 213 Cement Finisher Const 1 374 951 190 746 149 276 Truck Mech. (Non-mfg ) 1,336 464 93 294 59 257 Pipe & Steam Fitter 1,266 622 124 453 91

218 Diesel Mech-Non-mfg . 1,151 408 82 293 59 272 Structural lronwkrs 1,134 222 44 222 44 268 Spinning Frame Fixer 1,021 236 47 21 4 202 Aircraft Mechanic 983 221 44 169 34 203 Air-cond. or Ref. Mech 968 436 87 253 51 269 Stationary Engineer 737 104 21 57 11 All other Tech 14,022 4,776 955 2,867 573 Total 81,386 27,205 5,441 18,093 3,619 Clerical Workers: 406 Stenographer 15,549 7,247 1,449 6,822 1,364 401 Accounting Clerk 13,117 5,864 1,173 4,737 947 408 Typist 11,734 5,826 1,165 5,575 1,115 402 Bookkeeper 9,513 4,210 842 3,869 774 405 Statistical Clerk 4,344 2,127 425 1,770 354 403 Bookkeeping Mach. Op 3,421 1,571 314 1,327 265 404 Key-Punch-Dupl. Oper 1,805 2,397 479 592 118 407 Tabulating Mach. Opr. 1,614 1,722 344 976 195 Total 61,097 30,964 6,193 25,668 5,134 AGGREGATE OF ALL JOBS STUDIED 165,656 65,581 13,116 48,812 9,763

NOTE: The total of the average yearly number for individual jobs will not necessarily add to the composite total because of statistical rounding.

17 SUMMARY OF 31 NEW TECHNICIAN TYPES EXPECTED TO DEVELOP IN STATE 1962-1967

Expected Occupational Title Employment Skilled of by Survey Code Technicians 80 Companies 1962-1967

01 Animal Technician 34 02 Audio-Visual Technician 74 03 Bio-Chemical Electronic Technician 81 04 Building Service Systems Technician 41 05 Chemical Technician 94 06 Combustion and Furnace Technician 0 07 Communications Technician 361 08 Computer Programmer-Operator 70 09 Construction Technician 45 10 Cryogenics Technician 27 11 Electrical Technician 34 12 Electrical and Electronics Technician 75 13 Electronic Computer Maintenance Technician 17 14 Electronics-Mechanical Technician 273 15 Engineering Technician 76 16 Environmental Health Technician 0 17 Food Quality Control Technician 2 18 General Science Technician 112 19 Industrial Engineering Technician 41 20 Industrial Water Filter & Sewerage Plant Technician 0 21 Machine Tool and Die Technician 11 22 Metals Technician 21 23 Nuclear Technician 18 24 Plastics Technician 24 25 Pneumatics Technician 47 26 Poultry Technician 19 27 Quality Control Technician 20 28 Silk-Screen Process Technician 3 29 Statistical Technician 83 30 Systems Analyst 29 31 Welding Technician 5 Total Jobs of the Above 1 737

Projected Values to the Total for Study Area: Total Number New Technicians of above Types Estimated for State of Georgia 7,542

Yearly Average Number 1,508

18 VII. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF JOB OPENINGS BY AREAS

This section shows the measure of the market demand for technical, skilled, and clerical workers which is expected to exist annually based on the 5-year projections.

TECHNICAL, SKILLED, AND CLERICAL WORKERS: Summary of Job Openings and Training Requirements Annually by Areas (Based on expected employment, 1962-1967)

Estimated Number Estimated Training of Requirements Area Job Openings Annually from Public Annually Institutions Project Area Total 13 116 9,762 Breakdown of Project Total to Areas: 1. Metropolitan Atlanta 5 599 3,973 2. Non-Metropolitan Georgia 4,842 3,793 3. Metropolitan Albany 284 226 4. Metropolitan Macon 665 528 5. Metropolitan Savannah 564 383 6. Metropolitan Augusta 568 432 7. Metropolitan Columbus 592 426 NOTE: The above projections do not include the 31 new types of technicians discussed elsewhere, and amounting to about 1,500 jobs yearly.

PROJECT AREA COMPOSITE: Georgia State Total Plus Aiken County, South Carolina and Russell County, Alabama Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962-1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Accountants-General and Cost 1,078 738 Electronics 852 614 Estimator 532 408 Production Planner 397 299 Subtotal 2,859 2,059 Skilled: Carpenter 3,062 2,451 Electrician 2,228 1,673 Auto Mechanics 1,693 1,271 Machinist 1,564 1,043 Welder 1,515 954 Sheet Metal Worker 1,379 899 Maintenance Man 1 210 1,044 Subtotal 12 651 9,335 Clerical: Stenographer 7 247 6,822 Accounting Clerk 5,864 4,737 Typist 5,826 5,575 Bookkeeper 4,210 3,869 Subtotal 23 147 21,003 TOTAL OF ABOVE 38,657 32,397 All other survey jobs 26,924 16,415 AGGREGATE DEMAND 65,581 48,812 Annual Number 13,116 9,762 NOTE: These data are based on estimates from reports by 2,521 firms.

19 ATLANTA METROPOLITAN AREA

Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962-1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Electronics 687 542 Accountant-General and Cost 645 448 Industrial Technician 243 40 Draftsman-Mechanical-Furniture 155 94 Subtotal 1 730 1,124 Skilled: Electrician 1 461 1,253 Plumber 746 359 Machinist 576 491 Auto Mechanic 530 444 Pipe and Steam Fitter 459 357 Welder 420 342 Carpenter (Non-mfg ) 381 338 Subtotal 4 573 3,584 Clerical: Stenographer 3 404 3,163 Typist 3,006 2,857 Accounting Clerk 2,754 2,120 Subtotal 9 164 8,140

TOTAL OF ABOVE 15,467 12,848 All other survey jobs 12,526 7,016 AGGREGATE DEMAND 27 993 19,864 Annual Number 5,599 3,973

NON-METROPOLITAN GEORGIA

Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962-1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Accountant-General and Cost 353 232 Production Planner 238 194 Estimator 205 127 Subtotal 796 553 Skilled: Carpenter (Non-mfg ) 1,646 1,276 Auto Mechanic 838 610 Maintenance Man 707 609 Welder 665 385 Cement Finisher Const 635 445 Sheet Metal Worker 628 401 Machinist 627 331 Subtotal 5 746 4,057 Clerical: Stenographers 2,606 2,522 Bookkeeper 2 224 2,101 Accounting Clerk 2 056 1,689 Subtotal 6,886 6,312 TOTAL OF ABOVE 13,428 10,922 All other survey jobs 10,779 8,042 AGGREGATE DEMAND 24 207 18,964 Annual Number 4 842 3,793

20 ALBANY METROPOLITAN AREA

Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962-1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Estimator 29 25 Accountant—General and Cost 9 6 Electronics 9 4 Su btota I 47 35 Skilled: Carpenter 204 170 Mason 122 113 Cement Finisher 55 52 Sheet Metal Worker 50 29 Machinist 46 29 Auto Mechanic 33 23 Electrician 28 10 Subtotal 538 426 Clerical: Stenographer 118 106 Typist 94 92 Bookkeeper 86 82 Subtotal 298 280 TOTAL OF ABOVE 883 741 All other survey jobs 537 387 AGGREGATE DEMAND 1,420 1,128 Annual Number 284 226

MACON METROPOLITAN AREA

Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962.1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Estimator 41 32 Draftsman—Structural 31 23 Accountant—General and Cost 16 11 Subtotal 88 66 Skilled: Carpenter 221 177 Sheet Metal Worker 140 97 Auto Mechanic 88 55 Machinist 71 50 Welder 67 51 Electrician 66 20 Cement Finisher 57 54 Subtotal 710 504 Clerical: Typist 538 527 Accounting Clerk 329 302 Stenographer 326 305 Subtotal 1,193 1,134 TOTAL OF ABOVE 1,991 1,704 All other survey jobs 1,334 938 AGGREGATE DEMAND 3,325 2,642 Annual Number 665 528

21 SAVANNAH METROPOLITAN AREA

Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962-1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Estimator 36 28 Draftsma n —Structura I 31 23 Electronics 25 11 Subtotal 92 62 Skilled: Welder 232 79 Carpenter 184 145 Sheet Metal Worker 141 71 Auto Mechanic 66 44 Electrician 61 13 Maintenance Mechanic 56 14 Cement Finisher Const. 50 48 Subtotal 790 414 Clerical: Stenographer 250 229 Accounting Clerk 243 202 Typist 198 190 Subtotal 691 621

TOTAL OF ABOVE 1,573 1,097 All other survey jobs 1 247 817 AGGREGATE DEMAND 2,820 1,914 Annual Number 564 383

AUGUSTA METROPOLITAN AREA

Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962-1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Estimator 34 29 Electronics 24 14 Accountant—General and Cost 18 13 Subtotal 76 56 Skilled: Carpenter 210 173 Maintenance Mechanic 97 56 Auto Mechanic 70 49 Maintenance Man 55 50 Electrician 52 13 Machinist 43 28 Welder 32 24 Subtotal 559 393 Clerical: Stenographer 301 277 Typist 263 257 Accounting Clerk 204 179 Su btota I 768 713

TOTAL OF ABOVE 1,403 1,162 All other survey jobs 1,437 1,000 AGGREGATE DEMAND 2,840 2,162 Annual Number 568 432 22 COLUMBUS METROPOLITAN AREA

Selected Net Job Net Training Major Openings Requirements Occupations 1962-1967 1962-1967 Technicians: Estimator 43 36 Electronics 24 12 Accountant—General and Cost 20 14 Subtotal 87 62 Skilled: Carpenter 216 172 Machinist 151 97 Sheet Metal Worker 117 65 Welder 77 58 Auto Mechanic 69 47 Cement Finisher 65 61 Electrician 55 15 Subtotal 750 515 Clerical: Stenographer 243 219 Typist 215 210 Accounting Clerk 195 187 Subtotal 653 616

TOTAL OF ABOVE 1 490 1,193 All other survey jobs 1,469 939 AGGREGATE DEMAND 2,959 2,132 Annual Number 592 426

23 VIII. TRAINING PROGRAMS

Most people are familiar with what the colleges are doing to prepare for our future demands for profes- sionals, teachers, and researchers. Few have adequate information on the efforts and investments private companies are making to prepare for future anticipated demands for skilled workers. There is also a general lack of knowledge of services along these lines available from government agencies, and what the educational institutions in Georgia are planning to meet the enlarged demands of the future for all types of skilled workers. This section contains that information, and it is hoped it will further appreciation for those leaders in education who have struggled long for development of area vocational-technical schools as an integral part of our public educational system.

Company Training

Companies reported on their training programs in the questionnaire as to type of program and what specific types of workers were in training. The following presents in broad summary form the extent to which companies engaged in company training during the Summer of 1962. The ratios of firms having one or more training programs in operation are as follows: Per Cent with Training Job Insurance Covered Firms Employing: 4 to 19 workers 44 20 to 99 workers 58 100 or more workers 72 Non-Covered Firms 67

The data show that training programs overall increase with company size. The types of program in which engaged are apprenticeship, on-the-job training, unit classroom, and university executive development programs. The type of training program most popular with companies was On-the-Job Training in which 57 per cent of those replying to the questionnaire participated. The second most popular program was apprenticeship in which 11 per cent participated. Companies expect to train about one-fourth of their future needs for skilled workers in the composite.

Apprenticeship Training

The Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, U. S. Department of Labor, assists industry in promotion and development of a broad and growing program of apprenticeship training in Georgia industries. Georgia has no apprenticeship law governing policies and standards and is thus in a cooperative status. The Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training promotes and helps companies develop programs for specific skills, and also registers workers for the programs. The Georgia Department of Labor's function is that of testing, screening, and referring workers. The active partner in carrying out apprenticeship training is the individual company. In view of the need for expansion shown by this report, it is suggested that companies contact the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training either for a specific type of apprenticeship training or for a program of worker improvement.

The Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training has indicated that unions promote the majority of company apprenticeship type programs. In a few cases, unions operate their own programs, providing necessary space, equipment, and management. 24 Public Institutions

Training in public institutions includes the training of all three classes of skilled workers here studied in the Public Area Vocational-Technical Schools operated by local boards of education in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Education. The training of Technicians is also highly developed in the Southern Technical Institute which is operated by the Georgia Institute of Technology.

At the end of the School year 1962, six Area Vocational-Technical Schools were in operation. In addition, there were two State operated schools of this type in operation at Clarksville and Americus. The two State schools have boarding facilities.

Training of the technological type may be obtained also in some of the institutions in the university system, particularly in the Evening Schools of Georgia Tech and Georgia State College. A range of courses are offered in the evenings at both Atlanta institutions, leading directly to a 2-Year Associate of Science De- gree in technology at Georgia Tech, and indirectly, to the equivalent in some areas of technology at Georgia State through a combination of courses.

LOCATION OF GEORGIA STATE EMPLOYMENT OFFICES AND VOCATIONAL — TECHNICAL SCHOOLS OF THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

/ OROSSVILLE I TANNIN BLUE RIDGE '4"5 ....,, ,,A,,,,,,, DADE / i-, ''''' J LEGEND: \ ■ I ,_r'-' ch DALTON .„1.1.' \ •H -'1..,,,,mr- MURRAY ) , ( / I( WALKER I , -1 GILDER / ,,,, / .„,' CLARICE SVILLE ),(,---) WHITE \ HABERSHAM \ 0 EMPLOYMENT OFFICE li------ \ • / TOCCOA ,.,- LUMPKIN > ) ../ g? WAR 55

/ CORDON PICKENS L \-... ..---ii ---- -DAWSON _,A• A VOCATIONAL - TECHNICAL ----- ,./ SCHOOLS IN OPERATION 7.- . ,,, .„,_ (.>: BANKS j FRAN., HART A, ROME r / 0 FLOYD BARTOW CHEROKEE FORSYTH GA INE S VI L 17 E 'Y` ../ \--" ---,-"' 111/ VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL CARTERSVILLEQ „--- - , 4\ -...... „ SCHOOLS PROJECTED 4,_____I 4. / l._ JACKSON I 4c '47/\ 1 "A°157;EITER1-No 7 - SOUTHERN TECHNICAL INSTITUTE CEDARTOWN __J 4 IN OPERATION SINCE 1948 : PAuLDING 1-1 COck 1 0 . OGLETHORPE / 'OCONEE i Al. la talB. A . 'y / K.' WALTON wiLKES \ „LINCOLN I DOUGLAS , 0 ) ...---

\___c—o-cL ARRoLLToN _ ; DORGAN --i - /- Ao ArETTE • H. """ f A, r wAR RCN ) \ .• AUGUSTA COWE TA Y')„ JASPER PuTNAM 2 .ANcoce, GRIFFIN .01/1,77 j__, SPALETNG BUT T S • 1'7

MIL-LEDGEVILLE .0 i PIKE LAMAR BURKE coL,AGRIANGE .,,,,. • ', BAWINLO , J ONES \ MONROE \--,JEFFERSON \ ,' )„...... WASHINGTON / uPSON MACON ) ' THOMASTON 0 ---T- B I B B111115'' \ WILKINSON JENKINS / ___.--„----i-sj------SCREVEN . JOHNSON /. HARRIS TALBOT CRAwEGRD TWIGGS \ l'' / -1...... EMANUEL 5' V

TATLOR / PEACH 0 SWAINSBORO -- ,- \--'DUBL IN \----, MUSGOGEC /---, ,...r ,-' LAU .___„ r HOUSTON BLECKLEY • 0 STATESBORO COLUMBUS TREUT LEN 1 /) CANDLER BUL LOCH \EFFINGHAM HAT TAHOOCHEE MARION I 1.-1- rj MAC , FSCHLEY 1

DOOLY PULA S EVANS \ \--- TOOMBS ! AO AMERICUS STEWART WEBSTER SUMTER 'T'"ALL ((\-) CRISP wILCO% °CORDELE rte. J LIBERTY

RANDOLPH TER RELL LEE BEN HILL JEFF DAVIS APPLING LONG TURNER J-. LA:1L. AA ALBANY I RWIN COFTEE BACON cAL,„0,„ DOUCHE TY I WORTH . A T IF TON 0 DOUGLAS r7;1- FL-

',_ -c PIERCE ,_,1. 74/ EARLY t BAKER ‘-‘ \ r _J r _._,,,,,-1_ \--I BERRIEN ') ATKINSON 1 . 1\kik MOULTRIE 01 ) ! ,r--- BRANTLEY GLYNN MILLER MITCHELL c.C.Lctual- COOK BRUNSWICK I F---'7._____,,,,LAycRossorw-7-, \ WARE ) r '"---- -,,, 4 rLANIERi 1 'f-----.---. -.4.1k./ - r-- - ( .±1 \\ _ ,_/ 7 - --`1 • \ °BAINBRIDGE CLINCH .( 01---\ 1 1 CHARLTON ?.1... CAMDEN ATUR I GRAD, VALDOSTA OE THOMAS BROOKS ....,) LOWND 5 r.1-4'-i------, \ THOMASVIL \ L___ .., LE x r \ ECHOES' .) /

The accompanying map compares the location of the Georgia State Employment offices with the location of currently operating vocational-technical schools. The 21 schools projected will also be in operation in 1964 or shortly thereafter. The employment offices are prepared to take the lead in placement of the skilled and technical workers trained by the area trade schools. The close proximity of the employment offices to the area training centers will assist greatly the vital placement function. 26 The 27 Vocational-Technical area schools, including status of operation, or date scheduled to be in operation, are as follows:

Number of Operational Location Schools Status Albany 2 In operation Augusta 1 In operation Columbus 2 In operation Rome 1 In operation Marietta 1 September, 1963 Thomasville 2 September, 1963 DeKalb County September, 1963 Moultrie September, 1963 Swainsboro September, 1963 Valdosta September, 1963 Waycross 2 September, 1963 Thomaston 1 September, 1963 Athens 2 September, 1963 Griffin 2 January 1, 1964 Macon 2 January 1, 1964 Atlanta 2 January 1, 1964 Savannah 2 January 1, 1964 Augusta 1 January 1, 1964

In June 1962, 502 certificates were granted by th e two State and the six area Vocational-Technical Schools. By June 1963, the output is expected to be up to 1,387; June 1965, 3,821; and by June 1967, 5,788. In addition, there must be taken into account the number of students finishing high school in business education. The number was 2,738 in 1961-1962, and projections for years in the near future are shown below: 1963 2,960 1965 3,500 1967 4,200

The total enrollment in all courses in business education during 1961-62 was 108,680, in such courses as filing, typewriting, shorthand, office practice, business law, and 17 others, involving over 300 high schools, including also adult classes and private schools. Many of these young people graduating from these schools will take employment in clerical types of jobs in business after graduation from high school. Consequently, the demand for clerical workers in future years should be balanced against the output, not only of clerical workers from the Area Vocational-Technical Schools and business education graduates but also in part against those persons in high school who are taking one or more courses in business education.

From the standpoint of the State's overall need for trained workers, and particularly in connection with apprenticeship training and various adult and extension programs to upgrade skills of workers, the Georgia Department of Education participates in a large number of special short-term training programs and offers a vast number of extension classes, especially for employed workers to keep up with changing industrial methods.

27 Southern Technical Institute

The Southern Technical Institute, a unit of the Engineering Extension Division, Georgia Institute of Technology, trains technicians currently only in eleven fields of technology and is adding a twelfth in Chemi- cal Technology. It granted 260 Associate of Science Degrees (2-year program) in June, 1962, and expects to be up to 375 graduates by 1965 and 555 in 1967.

The rates of output of technical, skilled, and clerical workers given for both types of public institutions given above will meet about 50 per cent of the State's five year need for all skilled workers considered compositely. This estimate taken in connection with company training indicates a possible deficit of 25 per cent in terms of forecasted demand.

The demand based on employer projections could be optimistic, but we should not bet on it. Even if it is optimistic and it develops that we are training a few more than necessary, this would be desirable from three standpoints. First, it would encourage industry migration to Georgia which is increasingly seeking not only adequate supplies of skilled workers but capacity locally to train additional requirements. Second, many industry starts are by skilled and technical workers. A temporary excess would encourage more of these highly trained workers to develop their own enterprises, which would be good for economic growth of the State, And third, if the State has that many youths seeking such training, and they have the capacity for training, it should be provided even if the trained worker must migrate to another state for a job. It is the ideal of a democracy to provide opportunity for the maximum human development for every one of its citizens.

With regard to company training, the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training stands ready to help develop and promote any type training in this line which the company wants and can effectively employ in its operations. This is the time to expand all types of training — On-the-Job, Apprenticeship, Unit Classroom, and help can be obtained in developing any of these programs by inquiring either of the Bureau of Appren- ticeship and Training, U. S. Department of Labor, Atlanta Regional Office, or from the Division of Voca- tional Education, Georgia Department of Education.

28 IX. IMPACT OF SKILLED WORKERS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

"During the years ahead, industries will survive, and regional economies will grow and prosper, substantially in proportion to their utilization of the scientific and technological progress which is made, and this utilization will come more easily, more naturally, and with greater certainty in those areas where basic research is valued and supported." by James E. Webb, Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The relationship of an abundant supply of technical and skilled workers, and the capacity to train any needed workers in the future, to migration of branch factories into an area is established. Modern, complex industry, increasingly market oriented, considers not only the size of the market demand before establishing a branch factory but also comparative costs. Efficient and skilled labor loom large in determining whether goods should be produced near the market or continue to be shipped in from a distance where the labor costs of production are known.

New firm starts and particularly the ability of an area to develop locally from available resources depends upon skilled and technical workers with the venture spirit to a considerable extent. In a recent study of metal working firms, it was found that nearly half had been started by machinists, lay-out men, and similar technicians. In the main report on which this digest is based, data are given on the self-employed firms, of which there are 32,000 in Georgia. The sample study of these firms disclosed that 45 per cent of the operators of these firms had a background as a technical or skilled worker. Many began operations as a result of inventive developments for which they could find a market. A substantial number of others had recently made important product developments or devised new methods in production processes; some examples are as follows: Electronic type barbecue machine, combination gang and edger, thermal insulation materials, compressed air stapling gun, horizontal power line switch, bags for coffee urns, manually operated outboard motor, and brake bleeding device that eliminates the need for two men in bleeding hydraulic brake systems. Examples of service developments or new processes are package finance service to small firms, special methods and tools for repair of refrigeration equipment, and use of acetylene torch to solder radiator cores with a new type of solder. If an economy can get enough new firm starts, it can expect that a certain percentage will grow into enterprises of some scope. The study of metal working firms proved this point through the history of growth in the size of the company to employers of several hundred workers on the average.

Technical and skilled workers occupy a structural pyramid in the work force of a company in the cases where operations are strongly oriented toward technology. Mr. L. V. Johnson, Director, Extension Division, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Supervisor of Southern Technical Institute, has stated that proper use of engineers and scientists in our economy requires a team approach.

29 At the top of the pyramid is the engineer, followed by 3 to 6 technicians, and in turn by perhaps the same number of skilled workers tied to a technician. The balance of the work force would be semi-skilled and unskilled workers, fitted into the kind of organization that would make for a maximum of efficiency. In the past, we have tended to neglect the importance of skilled workers, and particularly technicians in this pyramid with the consequence that operations worked in a jerky fashion of improper sequence in the operational links. An improper proportion of technical and skilled workers in the organizational setup will cause delays, and more importantly probably prevent the company from moving with maximum speed to capitalize on changing technology. This not only loses a competitive advantage for the individual firm but slows down growth of the economy because of frustrations and delays over adopting the newest technological changes. An example is known from the personal knowledge by the author of where a large company engaged in a basic development enterprise has been held up at the cost of millions while a key group of technicians were being trained by scientists from local high school graduates. Had the demand for this critically important technician been anticipated and training occurred with sufficient lead time, all the delay and a good part of the additional expense of the development could have been avoided. Other companies dependent on the development could also have gone ahead more promptly with larger numbers of workers employed. Another very important impact of larger numbers of technical and skilled workers in the economy is that of scientific discovery and technological innovation. The technician particularly is important to both types of developments. The reason is that he understands theory in a narrower field than the engineer or the scientist. His strong point is his ability to work with engineers to make developments, equipment, or tests to carry out and put into effect the engineer's theory. It is through his unique ability to understand theory in a narrow concept, coupled with a practical turn in putting it into effect, that the technician is so valuable to industry in speeding technological developments or making original scientific discoveries. The following are a couple of examples to illustrate the point: At the University of Virginia, in the late 1930's when Hitler was running wild in Europe, the physics department employed a couple of refugee German instrument makers. These men worked in the physics department with highly theoretical men. Yet, about fifteen years later, as a result of this teamwork, the physics department of the University of Virginia was able to make a breakthrough in nuclear physics by demonstrating that an element could be separated into components or particles of different weights. This was done through the use of an ultra-high speed centrifuge, revolving at the rate of several million RPM's. From a concept, the German instrument makers had worked out the equipment to test the theory. An example from the history of science also supports the point. In 1860, the noted English physicist, James Clerk Maxwell, developed the electromagnetic theory of light. This stated that light waves are electrical in nature and not mechanical. But Maxwell only gave a mathematical formulation as proof of his theory. Scientists would not accept his theory until it was proved in the laboratory. This was accomplished in 1888 by a young German scientist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz,' in his technical high school laboratory in Karlsuhe where he was a professor of physics. The fact that technicians are important to rapid scientific and technological progress and industrial growth has been demonstrated. The importance of technicians (and skilled workers) to maintenance work on complex types of equipment — even automobiles — is neither recognized nor appreciated in some of our arguments for expansion of technical type schools. Production type equipment is coming out in increasing volume, designed with electronic controls and mechanical and hydraulic mechanisms, or those of a pneumatic type. Such equipment is expensive — may involve a half-million dollars. Obviously, many industries cannot afford "downtime" on such equipment. They want maintenance technicians who prevent breakdowns by proper inspections, or if breakdowns do occur, technicians who can move immediately to diagnose the trouble and make the equipment operative. This is beyond the ordinary skilled mechanic or maintenance man. A technician is needed who knows the theory of the mechanism and how it operates. A veritable boom is expected to develop for technicians to perform sophisticated maintenance work. Activity stretching across the entire economy is foreseen — even to maintenance work on household appliances and automobiles which are fast becoming increasingly complex.

2 Upton, Monroe: Electronics for Everyone, Signet Science Library Book, August 1962, pp. 124-134. 30 X. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Approximately one fifth of workers are skilled in terms of the 155 highly important job types included in the Study of which 2.9 per cent are technical workers, 10.2 per cent skilled workers, and 7.7 per cent clerical.

2. The 5-year projections show that the yearly number of job openings, excluding the new types of technicians, will be 13,100 of which 1,482 will be technicians, 5,441 skilled workers, and 6,193 clerical workers. New technician jobs expected to develop in the period will add another 1,500 yearly. 3. The demand-supply analysis for skilled workers show that company training is expected to provide about 25 per cent of the 5-year projected demand, and public institutions another 50 per cent approximately, leaving a probable deficit of 3,700. This can be met without difficulty by stepped up company training in apprenticeship and On-the-Job Training, and by an expanded capacity of public educational facilities to train technical, skilled, and clerical workers. The latter will require significantly enlarged State financing. But the alternative is slower rate of economic growth and denial of skilled training to many youths who could perhaps find jobs for such talent in Georgia. 4. The survey of 80 large firms, involving over 300 persons, demonstrated that rapid technological change of a complex nature is widespread in the Georgia economy. Top management is cognizant of the technological changes but is being overwhelmed by the speed and complexity of them. Many have not thought out fully the implications of technological change in terms of their operations nor in terms of their need for technicians. 5. The rapidity and complexity of technoligical change are producing steadily more complex and expensive equipment in production operation and also consumer appliances. From the standpoint of costs of operations and consumer good will, there is a compelling necessity for preventive maintenance and quick repair on such equipment. These trends are therefore building up the demand for design engineers and technicians on the one hand and for maintenance technicians on the other.

6. The continuous acceleration of scientific discovery and technological change is magnifying problems of communications between Georgia industry and educators both in college and the public school system.

7. The steady up-grading in the skills and knowledge of workers, required to keep pace with changes in technology, requires top management to have under continuous study and assessment its need for skilled workers and technicians. This may require the assistance of outside analysts as with interviewers in the present study.

8. The rapid growth in the State's requirements for technical, skilled, and clerical workers means a vast program of public education, assisted by the colleges, in meeting these needs.

9. Rapid technological change requires frequent studies of the overall supply and demand for technical, skilled, and clerical workers at intervals of 2 to 5 years to keep estimates current and reasonably accurate and also to provide data of a maximum value to counselors in high school.

10. The problem of up-dating, i. e. keeping up with changing technology in Georgia industry is all per- vading and a big factor to the State's future rate of growth. This means that teachers everywhere in high schools, vocational-technical schools, and colleges must be provided sabbatical leave to renew knowledge.

11. Skilled workers at every stage in companies, technicians and engineers, must be given the maximum opportunity to keep up if their companies are to capitalize on changing technology. This means rapid expansion of company training programs and adult education in our public educational facilities.

12. The pace of progress depends upon dissemination of new knowledge on changes in technology. This requires better interchange between industrialists and educators through summer institutes or some other method. Published media and other sources of information should be developed to further this process.

31 13. Small companies in Georgia cannot afford an elaborate setup to capitalize on technological change. In fact, many large companies appear weak in this area also. They need analytical help, and certainly expert engineers to speed-up the process of adopting technological change. It is suggested that the engineering staff of the Engineering Experiment Station be expanded to meet this need. Since there must exist a real desire on the part of companies for such services, it is suggested that they be subsidized to only a minor extent by the State. This means that companies would pay for the cost of such consultation services, the State bearing the overhead cost of maintaining an organization. 14. In order to meet the demand for technicians, currently quite large, but which will become progressively greater, a massive effort must be made throughout the State to change the status image of young people in high schools. It is now firmly fixed on colleges, but many who finish, and perhaps most of the 60 per cent who drop out, would be happier and more successful in technician or skilled types of jobs. Changing the image will require much publicity to parents and intensive counseling with high school pupils. The State Employment Service is in a prime position to assist in changing the direction of thinking on some of these jobs through their extensive counseling and vocational guidance program with youth. It will help if we will work to increase the prestige of such jobs which do command good pay. 15. It has been said that a state or region can expect to achieve rapid growth in the future to the extent to which it is able to capitalize on rapid changes in science and technology. This will depend: (1) upon the extent to which its institutions and private centers engage in basic research, and (2) the extent to which there is an active effort to promote and help facilitate adoption of technology. Therefore, it is recommended that we re-examine our programs of research in the State's public and private institutions with the thought of both up-grading research and greatly enlarging their financial support, to meet this challenge to Georgia's future.

32 APPENDIX

A. Job Description of Leading Types of Skilled Workers, Currently Employed

B. Job Description of New Types of Technicians Developing

A. Job Description of Leading Types of Skilled Workers, Currently Employed

Technicians Occupations

001'—ACCOUNTANT, GENERAL AND COST (0-01-10 & 0-01.20)' Devises, installs, and supervises operation of general-accounting, budget, and cost systems. Supervises subordinates engaged in maintenance of accounts and records. Balances books periodically, and prepares statements for administrative officers, showing items, such as receipts, disbursements, expenses, and profit and loss. Prepares Federal, State, or local tax returns. Interprets accounts and records for administrative officers.

025—ELECTRONICS TECHNICIAN (5-83.444) Assists or works in support of Electronic Engineers and deals with more complex and technical work than is normally involved in routine operating or repair work. Applies knowledge of fundamental theory of electronics. Participates in special research, development, and/or production work in accordance with engineers' specifications.

028—ESTIMATOR (0-68.64) Prepares cost estimates for construction projects or as an estimate for customers computing costs of labor, material, and equipment installation.

050—PRODUCTION PLANNER (0-68.50) Plans production for manufacture of industrial products.

035—INSTRUMENT MAN (0-64.30) Sets up, adjusts, and operates an engineer's level, transit and other surveying instruments to establish angles and elevations for constructions, map making, mining or other purposes.

009—CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNICIAN (0-16.01) Assists or works in support of Civil and Construction Engineers and deals with more complex and technical work than is normally required of building trade craftsmen. Applies knowledge of fundamental civil engineering theory and construction techniques. Participates in estimating costs, purchasing materials, preparing specifications, etc.

053—QUALITY CONTROL TECHNICIAN (0-50.22) Compiles and analyzes statistical quality control data to determine frequency and types of defects which cause rejected or substandard production (seconds). Investigates production operations to determine necessary corrective measures to apply to machine or processing operations. Participates in preparing procedures and standards for product inspection. Checks causes for excessive variation from normal amounts of waste and scrap.

Survey Code Number assigned for tabulation purposes. From the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, published by the Bureau of Employment Security, U. S. Department of Labor, March 1949. 33 021—DRAFTSMAN-MECHANICAL: DETAIL MAN, FURNITURE (0-48.25) All draftsmen associated with development of plans or patterns for machines, machine tools or mechanical equipment, and/or fabricated products. 056—RESEARCH LABORATORY ANALYST (0-50.22) Chemical laboratory man, laboratory technician, process analyst. Performs laboratory tests for either development of new products, materials, and processing methods, quality control purposes, or for maintenance of health and safety standards. 033—INDUSTRIAL TECHNICIAN (0-18.01) Assists or works in support of Industrial Engineers and deals with problems of efficient use of men, materials and machines in mass production processes: Participates in determining layout of machinery and equipment, planning flow of work and making statistical studies and analysis of production costs in accordance with engineers' specifications.

022—DRAFTSMAN, STRUCTURAL (0-48.25) All draftsmen associated with development of plans and patterns for structural forms such as buildings, bridges and other commercial and industrial structures; and/or drafting of plans for installation of systems and facilities such as air-conditioning, heating, ventilating and plumbing.

034—INSTRUCTOR OF TRAINEES (Any industry) (0-32.30) Instructs apprentices or trainees, in an industrial establishment, in occupations or skills concerned with industrial processes. Plans and conducts classroom and on-the-job training programs. Uses textbooks, training materials. Exercises a qualifying combination of practical experience and academic education.

0-54—RADIO/TELEVISION TRANSMITTING TECHNICIAN (5-83.444) Controls the operation of and repairs communications transmitters; adjusts equipment associated with private and network radio and television transmitting; and assumes responsibility for compliance with federal regulations.

014—COMMERCIAL ARTIST (0-44.21) Designs artistic illustrations and displays. May create illustrations for advertising copy, manufacturer's catalogs, newspapers, books, magazines, etc., may design fashions, showcards, posters, signs or labels for containers, packages and products, etc., may prepare maps, charts, diagrams, sketches, etc.

039—LABORATORY ASSISTANT, METALLURGICAL (0-50.27) Collects and prepares statistical data for use by metallurgist. Analyzes laboratory test, reviews fur- nished log sheets, and issues technical advice from production laboratories.

010—CLERICAL TECHNICIAN (1-36.01) Studies clerical and statistical methods in industrial and commercial establishments. Prepares reports on procedures and tasks of individual workers. Devises new or revised forms procedures and/or methods.

049—PROCESS-DESCRIPTION WRITER (0-18.01) Prepares descriptions of work methods and processes to be followed in an industrial establishment.

016—COST TECHNICIAN (1-01.35) Assists or works in support of cost accountant in classifying labor, material and overhead costs to compute unit cost of product or service. 34 074—TIME STUDY MAN II (0-68.73) Observes, records and makes standard calculations of time involved in performing the less difficult industrial operations.

Skilled Occupations 212—CARPENTER (Non-manufacturing) (5-25.150 & 5-25.230) Cuts, fits, and installs: Framing, molding, sheathing, floors, baseboards, doors, windows and frames, paneling and cabinets, and performs a variety of other duties requiring the skillful use of carpenters tools. Includes FINISH AND ROUGH carpenters, foremen and supervisors, (does not include helpers).

204—AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC (5-81.010) Repairs passenger automobiles and light delivery trucks, performing such duties as disassembling and overhauling engines, transmissions, clutches, rear ends, and other assemblies on automobile, replacing worn or broken parts, grinding valves, adjusting brakes, tightening body bolts, and aligning wheels. Uses hoists, wrenches, gages, drills, grinding wheels, and other general or specialized machines, gages and tools.

221—ELECTRICIAN (4-97.010) Lays out, assembles, installs, and/or tests appliances, electrical wiring fixtures, apparatus, control equipment, etc. Plans proposed installations and/or repair work from blueprints and wiring diagrams. (Includes all electrical installers, assemblers, testers, and wiring workers who arc required to utilize a basic knowledge of the principles of electricity).

243—MAINTENANCE MECHANIC (Any industry) (5-83.641) A classification title for workers who keep machinery and mechanical equipment of an establishment in a state of good repair.

241—MACHINIST (4-75.010) Carries through to completion the construction and repair of all kinds of metal parts, tools, and machines: Understands blueprints and written specifications. Possesses knowledge of shop mathematics, use of charts and tables, efficient planning of shop work, dimensions and uses of standard bolts, screws, threads, and tapers.

242—MAINTENANCE MAN (Factory or mill) (5-83.610) A classification title for workers who keep the physical structures of an establishment in good repair and working order, performing a wide variety of maintenance duties (BRICKLAYER, MAINTENANCE: CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE, and other maintenance workers). Is moderately skilled in the use of the tools of several trades rather than specializing in one trade or one type of maintenance work.

249—PAINTER (7-27.010) Performs all classes of painting work, such as painting the exterior of houses, sheds, and other structures (PAINTER, ROUGH), and painting and decorating the interior of buildings (GRAINER, HAND) any industry: PAINTER, INTERIOR FINISH, mixes paint and matches colors by stirring together the proper proportions of pigment, base, and thinner. Removes old paint by applying liquid paint remover or by heating surface with blowtorch and scraping off paint.

267—SHEET METAL WORKER (Fabrication and Construction) (4-80.010) Studies drawings and specifications of articles to be made and outlines dimensions of parts on sheet metal. Operates sheet metal fabricating machines and uses tools and equipment for the trade. Includes sheet metal fabrication on construction and installation. 35 278—WELDER (4-85.040) Welds metal parts by using one or more of the following types of welding: Acetylene (oxacetylene torch), Electric-arc, atomic (atomic-hydrogen-arc welder), and/or helium-arc; (inert-gas welder).

240—LOOM FIXER (Textiles) (4-16.010) Inspects, maintains, and repairs looms: Puts in new harness straps and replaces worn out shuttles. In- stalls new warp beams and sets harness, reed, and drop wires into position, and ties warp ends to cloth beam.

244—MASON (Brick, stone, cement blocks) (5-24.110) A term applied to any worker who works with artificial stone, brick, concrete, stone, and the like.

205—AUTOMOBILE BODY REPAIRMAN AND/OR PAINTER (5-81.510) Removes dents in automobile bodies and fenders, and paints over corrected dents.

238—LINEMAN (Light, heat, and power) (5-53.420) Erects power line, consisting of poles, cable, and auxiliary equipment, to conduct electricity from power plant to place of use: Instructs and assists GROUNDMEN in erecting poles in holes. Attaches wires from auxiliary equipment to power line, using pliers, and wraps insulation tape around connections. Does not usually work on energized lines.

210—CABINETMAKER (4-32.100) Performs operations, such as cutting, shaping, and may do assembling, in the manufacture of wooden furniture: Interprets work order, drawings and blueprints; selects stock, layout work, plans sequence of cutting and shaping. Operates such woodworking machines as handsaw, jointer, mortiser, molder, router, etc.

262—PLUMBER (Construction) (5-30.210) Assembles and installs air, gas, water, and waste-disposal systems. Cuts openings in walls for pipes. Bends pipe over blocks by hand. Cuts, reams and threads pipe (PIPE CUTTER: PIPE THREADER, HAND). Calks joints (PIPE CALKER). Wipes joints, pours molten solder over joints and spreads and shapes solder with a cloth. Tests joints and pipe system for leaks by filling pipe with water under pressure and checking with a gauge for a fall in pressure. Installs gas, water and sanitary fixtures and equipment with their supports, hangers, or foundations.

246—MILLWRIGHT (Any industry) (5-78.100) Changes the layout and setup of machines and mechanical equipment in a plant or mill wherein the machinery is usually of heavy type, and keeps the machines and equipment in efficient operating condition.

213—CEMENT FINISHER OR WORKER (Construction) (5-26.100) Secures a surface of specified texture on floors, walls, or other float-cement surfaces by using hand tools, such as trowels, floats, and screens. Finishes vertical surfaces by wetting surface and rubbing with abrasive, chipping bad spots with cold chisel and hammer, and patching holes with fresh concrete. Refinishes old concrete by roughing (chipping) the surface and using a trowel to spread a layer of new concrete which sometimes requires special coloring or mixing. May supervise the subgrade work, the mixing of concrete, and the proper setting of the forms. 36 276—TRUCK MECHANIC (Non-manufacturing) (5-81.030) Repairs and overhauls trucks performing such duties as diagnosing trouble, disassembling and overhauling engines, transmissions, clutches and other assemblies. Repairs or replaces worn or broken parts. In- cludes foremen and supervisors.

257—PIPE FITTER, STEAM FITTER (5-30.010) Installs, bends, cuts, and threads air, water, and gas pipes and fittings in a manufacturing establishment; and/or installs pipes and equipment that must withstand high pressure for distribution of steam.

218—DIESEL MECHANIC (Non-manufacturing) (5-83.931) Maintains and repairs Diesel engines used to power such equipment as construction machinery, trucks, buses, electric generators, pumps and shops: Diagnoses trouble, disassembles engines, and examines parts for defects and excess wear. Reconditions and replaces parts. Includes foremen and supervisors.

272—STRUCTURAL IRONWORKERS (4-84.610) Cuts new plates to size, clamps them in place, and secures them with an electric weld or rivets. Levels girders by inserting any welding shims between girders and supporting columns. May also perform the duties of an ornamental ironworker.

268—SPINNING FRAME FIXER (5-83.324) Maintains and repairs machines in good working condition. Makes repairs and replaces spindles, roll- ers, guides, gears, pulleys, etc. (All workers engaged in maintaining frames are included in this position, even though the Spinning Frame Fixer may also work on other similar types of machines).

202—AIRCRAFT MECHANIC (5-80.120) Inspects, overhauls, and services airplanes except engines: Repairs, replaces, and assembles such parts as wings, fuselage, tail assembly, landing or flotation gears, control cables, fuel and oil tanks, and lines. Re- moves damaged parts and installs replacement from stock or duplicates wooden and metal parts. Performs necessary welding, metal-fitting, covering, doping, rigging, and woodworking operations. Must hold license from Civil Aeronautics Authority as Aircraft Mechanic or perform duties under supervision of licensed worker.

203—AIR CONDITIONING MECHANIC OR REFRIGERATION MECHANIC (5-83.941) Installs, maintains, and repairs refrigeration equipment used in refrigeration plants, for conditioning air, and for cooling water in building. Installations are made in accordance with blueprints, specifications, sketches, and also, with Technician's or Engineer's instruction.

269—STATIONARY ENGINEER (Any industry) (5-72.010) Operates and maintains stationary engines and mechanical equipment such as steam engines, air com- pressors, generators, motors, turbines, ventilating and refrigerating equipment, steam boilers, and boiler- feeding-water pumps.

Clerical Occupations 406—STENOGRAPHER (1-37.12) Takes dictation in shorthand of correspondence, reports, and other matter and transcribes dictated material, writing it out in longhand or using a typewriter. May be required to be versed in the technical language and terms used in a particular profession. May perform a variety of related clerical duties. May take dictation on a stenotype machine, or may transcribe information from a sound-producing record. When transcribing foreign languages may be known as Foreign-Language Stenographer. 37 401—ACCOUNTING CLERK (Clerical) ( 1-01.31 ) Performs routine calculating, typing, and posting duties in accounting. Checks items on reports, summarizing and posting data to designated books. Performs a variety of other clerical duties, such as making up invoices or monthly statements, preparing pay rolls, verifying bank accounts, keeping record files, making up periodic report of business activities, and listing and checking details as instructed. May operate calculating machine or adding machine.

408—TYPIST (1-37.32) Typewrites letters, addresses envelopes, copies data from one record to another, fills in report forms and does miscellaneous typing, all the work being routine or straight copy from rough draft or corrected copy. May make up stencils for use in duplicating machine.

402—BOOKKEEPER (Clerical) (1-01.02) Keeps complete and systematic set of records of business transactions of establishment, examining and recording transactions in record books and on forms: Balances books and compiles reports at regular intervals to show receipts, expenditures, accounts payable, accounts receivable, profit or loss, and many other items pertinent to the operation of a business. Calculates wages of employees from plant records or time cards, and makes up checks or draws from bank for payment of wages. May prepare, type, and mail monthly statements to customers. May perform other duties, such as taking telephone orders and making bank deposits. May operate adding machine or calculating machine. May take and transcribe dictation.

405—STATISTICAL (Clerical) (1-36.01) Compiles regular and special reports, for the use of the management and as a basis for statistical studies, using the regular bookkeeping and accounting records as a source of information: Makes up records showing information, such as amount and type of material ordered used, and rejected, volume and class of daily sales, number and kind of accumulation pending sales, and average working time and wage rates of company employees. May check material used as a source of information. May operate an adding machine and a calculating machine.

403—BOOKKEEPING MACHINE OPERATOR (Clerical) (1-02.01) Keeps set of records of business transactions, using bookkeeping machine: Places selected bookkeeping form on flat writing surface of machine and sets carriage. Depresses keys to type on sheet desired data, such as name, address, items purchased or sold, and to calculate totals, net amounts, and other items, recording final computations on the form. Performs related clerical duties. May make up bills, invoices, and statements on billing machine.

404—KEY-PUNCH-DUPLICATOR OPERATOR (1-25.62) Records accounting and statistical data on tabulating cards by punching a series of holes in the cards in a specified sequence, using a punch machine similar in operation and action to a typewriter: Places card on base of machine by hand or automatically by pressing a lever, and positions carriage for perforating operation. Following written information on records, punches corresponding numbers or symbols on the machine keyboard, thereby transcribing the written information into perforations on the tabulating cards. Operates a machine that makes duplicate copies of punched tabulating cards: Places cards to be duplicated in machine along with bank cards. Starts machine which, through a series of mechanically and electric- ally controlled devices, locates the holes in the original or master card and automatically punches duplicate hole in the blank card. Removes punched cards from machine. May operate a tabulating machine, a sorting machine, and a verifying machine. 38 407—TABULATING—MACHINE OPERATOR (Clerical) (1-25.64)

Operates a machine that automatically analyzes, makes calculations, and translates or divides information represented by holes punched in groups of tabulating cards, and prints the translated data on form sheets, reports, special cards, or accounting records; sets or adjusts machine to add, substract, multiply, and make other calculations. Places cards to be tabulated in feed magazine and starts machine. May file cards after they are tabulated.

B. Job Description of New Types of Technicians Developing

01—ANIMAL TECHNICIAN (0-50-019) 3 Conditions animals for and then handles them during laboratory experiments; prepares diets based on feed, exercise, and any other instruments; makes innoculations, harvests materials, bleeds, keeps records; may also handle radioisotopes. Uses same equipment for animals as nurse does for humans such as syringes, thermometers, etc. Plant job titles: Animal Technician Primate Technician (Animal)

02—AUDIO-VISUAL TECHNICIAN (0-66.819) Produces audio and visual aids; works with authors to get the ideas to be developed or displayed; does creative work in writing and graphic arts. Uses all sorts of photographic instruments and graphic arts equipment. Does photo laboratory processing. Plant job title: Audio-visual Technician

03—BIO-CHEMICAL ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN (0-50.049) Operates electronic equipment used in patient treatment and care including also electronic equipment used in controlling and measuring dosages of radioisotopes or radiation; sets up equipment in operating room or wherever is needed for patient surveillance or treatment; maintains and calibrates equipment; administers prescribed dosage of isotopes or radiation; calculates intensity and time required for radiation dosage and records daily dose-intensity, time and dose; evaluates radiation treatments. Uses simple chemical equipment, time-pulse-respiration recorders, spectrophotometer, central axis depth dose tables, radiation meters, centrifuges, and fine optical instruments. Plant job titles: Bio-Chemical Technician Bio-Electronics Technician Radio Therapy Assistant Medical Electronic Equipment Technician Radioisotope Assistant

n Number in parenthesis is Title Code for the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, assigned by the U. S. Department of Labor. Of the titles listed in this summary, 27 were discovered as new technicians as a direct result of this study. These new titles will appear in the next edition of the Dictionary. 39 04—BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS TECHNICIAN (5-72.010) Coordinates installation and/or operation of various building service systems; establishes desired relationships between installation of systems; checks shop drawings against specifications; operates and maintains, including development of a preventive maintenance program for motors, generators, air conditioning, heating, and lighting equipment in building. Uses testing equipment for electrical circuits, refrigeration equipment including air measuring devices. Plant job titles: Air Conditioning and Ventilating Technician Building Power and Gas Mechanical and Electrical Coordinator

05—CHEMICAL TECHNICIAN (0-50.909) Plans and controls the use of chemicals in manufacturing operations; tests new chemicals on the market and new chemicals being introduced into processing operations by laboratory analyses; maintains purity and strength of chemicals in bulk or in solution; checks purity of water; reclaims chemicals; runs chemical tests using conventional chemical laboratory equipment and in addition other specialized tests as follows: colorimeters, resilience tests, density tests, hardness tests, pyrometers, oxygen analyzers, microscopes, fadeometers, and viscometers. Plant job titles: Chemical Control Man Chemical Process Control Technician Chemical Technician Chemical Testing Technician Glass Technology Laboratory Technician Rubber Technician Process Materials Recovery Technician Textile Chemical Technician Textile Finishing Technician

06—COMBUSTION AND FURNACE TECHNICIAN (0-50.929) Analyzes incoming raw materials, mixes and melts batch in glass manufacturing, and checks the resulting product for conformance to quality standards; tests raw materials for chemical content; sets up the instrumentation to maintain controls of the combustion process; supervises work force of semi-skilled people; takes "seed counts" and analyzes "cords." Uses pyrometers, oxygen analyzers, microscope, mechanical screens, and glass saws; also does some chemical analysis. Plant job title: Combustion and Furnace Technician

07—COMMUNICATIONS TECHNICIAN (0-67.119) Participates in the planning and programming of equipment, then installs and maintains complicated communications and computing equipment; works to convert engineering sketches to a part or component for testing; installs equipment and circuits; monitors and interprets data from the equipment; maintains and repairs the equipment as needed; plans the use of the equipment. Uses electrical and electronic equipment including wave meters, oscillators, oscilloscopes, vacuum tube voltmeters, signal generators, recorders, slide rules, calculators, bridges, wide band power and voice measuring devices, and pulse generators. Plant job titles: Communications Technician Electronic Transmission Technician Microwave and Antennae Technician Microwave Maintainer Apprentice Telegraphic Computer Technician Trunk Engineering Assistant 40 08--COMPUTER PROGRAMMER-OPERATOR (0-69.989) Prepares and maintains programs and operates the computer and peripheral equipment; keeps up with and maintains new computer routines and new types of equipment as available; writes programs not requiring advanced mathematics; follows specific instructions, e.g., engineering, or accounting, in preparing programs for specific problems; assembles program and data and processes through input devices, computers, and output devices. Utilizes various types of programs, instructional manuals, and input-output equipment. Plant job titles: Accounting Computer Technician Computer Analyst Computer Librarian Computer Operator Programmer Computer Process Control Technician Data Processing Supervisor's Assistant Programming Standards Technician Programming Technician Computer Programmer or Systems Analyst

09—CONSTRUCTION TECHNICIAN (0-67.069) Plans and coordinates construction project work under direction of civil engineer; studies specifications and program operations on project by scheduling work and use of resources such as men, materials, and equipment; handles and supervises surveying instruments and work; calibrates concrete and asphalt mix plants; supervises concrete and steel reinforcing work; calculates equipment and bearing values; calculates cost by cost accounting methods; develops preventive maintenance program and directs maintenance on mechanical equipment including diesel and gasoline engines. Uses surveying equipment, calculators, accounting forms, and mechanical equipment including diesel and engines. Plant job titles: Instrument Man for Surveying Work Paving Construction Technician Construction Technician

10—CRYOGENICS TECHNICIAN (0-66.919) Designs, assembles, and operates a system (storage, refrigeration, pumping, and instrumentation) to achieve extremely low temperatures; stores cryogen fluids in tanks at proper pressure; uses pumps to cause liquids to flow; keeps fluids flowing properly at the correct pressure and temperature; must be able to carry out instrumentation to tell what is happening in the systems. Plant job title: Cryogenics Technician

11—ELECTRICIAL TECHNICIAN (0-67.139) Develops, designs, and prepares layouts for electrical installations and electrical equipment and tests after fabrication and installation; may work under direction of electrical engineer and expand basic engineering design into final product; supervises installation; corrects failures in equipment by testing, diagnosing difficulties, and making repairs as needed. Uses drawing instruments, electrical and electronic test equipment such as voltmeters, ammeters, and stroboscopes. Plant job titles: Electrical Control Technician General Field Superintendent Electrical Motor Technician Test Technician 41 12—ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNICIAN (0-67.129) Installs, adjusts, and maintains electrical and electronic components of all types of manufacturing and industrial control equipment; follows procedures of design engineer in testing and installing electrical and electronic equipment; follows prescribed engineering testing procedures for acceptance and evaluation tests and prepares reports; develops preventive maintenance program; observes, diagnoses and either corrects or instructs electrician to modify and make repairs on equipment. Uses circuit testers, voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, oscilloscopes, stroboscopes, signal generators, resistance and capacity bridges, and frequency counters. Plant job titles: Electrical and Electronic Technician Electrical Technician Electronic Control Technician Electronic Technician Electronic and Electrical Maintenance Technician Electronic Maintenance Technician Electronics Assistant Electronics Research Technician Flight Simulator Technician Radiation Equipment Technician Technical Draftsman for Electronics Work Transponder Altimetry Technician

13—ELECTRONIC COMPUTER MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN (5-83.449) Services and does minor repair work on computers and all peripheral equipment including tabulating equipment; does routine maintenance and service; installs mechanical and electronic parts. Uses electronic measuring instruments, mechanical tools, logic diagrams, and circuit drawings. Plant job titles: Electronic Computer Maintenance Technician Tabulating and Electronic Equipment Technician

14—ELECTRONICS-MECHANICAL TECHNICIAN (0-67.109) Assists in fabricating, installing, and maintaining equipment with mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic sub-systems controlled largely by electronic components or systems; reads prints, does corrective design work, and does layout work; develops preventive maintenance program; observes, diagnoses and corrects failures in equipment. Uses shall mechanical tools, circuit testers, ohmmeters, voltmeters, amperage meters, oscilloscopes, mircometers, calipers, and may be called upon to use basic machine tools. Plant job titles: Advanced Maintenance Technician Agricultural Implement Technician Automated Equipment Technician Automated Machine Maintenance Technician Automatic Milling Technician Automation Technician Electro-Mechanical Technician Electro-Mechanical Testing Technician Electronics Maintenance Man Field Service Engineer Foreman of an Automated Assembly Section Foreman of an electro-mechanical devices department Gin Service Technician Industrial Electrical Maintenance Technician 42 Machine Tool Programmer Mechanical Electronics Packaging Technician Mobile Equipment Maintenance Technician Packaging Service Technician Technical Maintenance Supervisor Technician for Pulp and Paper Industry Textile Equipment Technician

15—ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN (0-67.059) Does sub-design work, testing, and estimating to turn an engineer's basic design into a workable product; prepares engineering drawings and fills in components and methods to conform to company procedures under direction of project engineer; does estimating of performance and costs; examines difficulties and makes recommendations about design changes in product. Utilizes drafting tools, calculating equipment, machine tools and equipment, and handbooks on weights and strength; may also use other specialized equipment such as surveying or electronic equipment. Plant job titles: Cotton Gin Engineering Technician Engineering Technician Gin Sales Technician Machine and Tool Designer Materials Handling Technician Mechanical Design Technician Textile Equipment Installer Yarn Carrier Research and Development

16—ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TECHNICIAN (0-95.093) Assesses and corrects or recommends corrective action for environmental health problems; does routine inspections of water waste and selected industrial hazards; determines insect and rodent infestation; inspects food and dairy plants. Uses ph-meters, chlorimeters, thermometers, and drafting instruments and equipment. Plant job title: Environmental Health Technician

17—FOOD QUALITY CONTROL TECHNICIAN (0-50.959) Develops procedures for testing food products and packaging materials during processing to insure conformance with quality standards; formulates quality control system; runs biological and weight tests on in- process birds; tests packaging materials before and after this operation is completed. Uses microscope, test tubes, bacteriology tests and various other laboratory procedures; also uses shear test for tenderness, scales, and various other measuring devices including spectrometers. Plant job titles: Biological and Quality Control Technician Food Technician

18—GENERAL SCIENCE TECHNICIAN (0-67.049) Establishes or follows directions of scientist or engineer in the establishment and accomplishment of testing programs in the various fields of science; follows standard laboratory procedures or instructions of superior in testing and measuring in the areas of electricity, chemistry, and mechanics. Uses standard measuring devices such as micrometer, calipers, potentiometer, flow transducers, and pressure transducers. Plant job titles: Engineering Research Technician General Science Technician Heat Transfer Technician Test Department Technician 43 19—INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN (0-67.149) Assists industrial engineer or does some industrial engineering work as specified and may also be considered for supervisory work in manufacturing departments; does studies involving the establishment of work standards by either conventional stop watch methods or work sampling procedures; develops standards for either existing or changed jobs; develops plant layouts, inspection programs, and maintenance programs; may also coordinate production activities by scheduling and supervision. Uses stop watch, handbooks on methods engineering, statistical tables, and may also use more specialized equipment such as precision gauges or testing fixtures peculiar to particular firm. Plant job titles: Assistant to Industrial Engineer Department Manager Industrial Engineering Technician Methods and Standards Technician Printing Supervisor Production Supervisor Trainee Supervisory Trainee Time and Motion Technician

20—INDUSTRIAL WATER FILTER AND SEWERAGE PLANT TECHNICIAN (7-54.621) Operates water filter and sewerage treatment plant; would operate plant during day and be responsible for those in charge at night; applies and controls the use of chemicals in the treatment of industrial wastes. Uses water pumps, pressure flow meters, and basic chemical tests. Plant job title: Industrial Water Filter and Sewerage Plant Technician

21—MACHINE TOOL AND DIE TECHNICIAN (0-67.019) Develops and fabricates jigs, fixtures, tools, and dies in accordance with plant needs; develops parts from engineerng instructions and blueprints, templates, or a piece already made; may do supplemental design work; instructs skilled workers in the fabrication of parts. Uses drafting equipment and all standard shop equipment such as lathes, grinders, boring mills, drills, etc.; also makes use of reference books and catalogues. Plant job titles: Die-sinker at the technical level Tool and Die Maker Tool Design Technician

22—METALS TECHNICIAN (0-50.519) Tests and assists in processing particularly plating, of metals and metal products; runs mechanical and chemical tests on metals; and chemical tests on plating solutions; develops testing equipment for specific types or adaptations of basic tests. Uses the following equipment: Spectrograph and spectrophotos, ampere hour meters, hull cells, strain testers, elongation testers, tensile testers, hardness testers, compression testers, and any type of machine tool to be found in the typical machine shop. Plant job titles: Chemical Plating Technician Coating, Finishing and Plating Technician Exotic Metals Coating Technician Metals Laboratory Technician Mechanical Laboratory Technician Metals Testing Technician 44 23—NUCLEAR TECHNICIAN (0-50.609) Operates equipment using either high or low power nuclear energy devices for research or industrial purposes; manipulates electro-mechanical controls to obtain energy needed; uses radiation equipment to test perfection of welds, thickness of paint, quality of asphalt, and determine the density of soils; constructs and maintains (including preventive maintenance) specialized equipment for research purposes. Uses nuclear sources such as reactor, or Cobalt 60 and similar type nuclear energy source, reactor control instruments, calibration instruments, radiation detection instruments, vacuum equipment, cryogenics equipment; may also use pumps and motors and special devices such as paint thickness gauges, and asphalt thickness gauges. Plant job titles: Nuclear Reactor Operator Nuclear Test Technician Radiation Laboratory Technician

24—PLASTICS TECHNICIAN (0-66.969) Develops designs for and fabricates products made of or finished with plastics materials or components; turns engineering ideas into real product through hand lay-up use of compression molding equipment, and plastics machine tools; does plastics applications in construction or industrial firms; checks usage of plastics to insure application within material capabilities. Uses machine flow meters, pressure gauges, pilot air valves, air motors, plastics machine tools, and injection molding equipment. Also, uses a slide rule and accurate measuring devices such as scales and balances. Plant job titles: Building Plastics Technician Frothing Technician Plastics Technician

25—PNEUMATICS TECHNICIAN (5-80.109) Maintains, overhauls, modifies, and tests pneumatics systems; performs trouble shooting, testing, and performs corrective action; may remove part from basic equipment, shop test, and restore to basic equipment; improves system to keep up with advancing technology. Uses exotic metals, ceramics, stainless steels, and aluminum; also uses manometers, humidifiers, seals, and filters. Plant job title: Pneumatics Technician

26—POULTRY TECHNICIAN (3-48.919) Establishes and checks on maintenance of standards for poultry growing conditions. Works with contract or wholly owned poultry growing operations giving counsel and inspecting for conformance with standards. Checks on environment, feed, and growth of birds. May also work with environmental control equipment, automatic bird feeding equipment, medicines, and antibiotics used in the poultry industry, scales, thermometers, and laboratory testing equipment. Plant job titles: Agriculture Poultry Technician Broiler Serviceman or Technician 45 27—QUALITY CONTROL TECHNICIAN (0-50.339) Develops and/or administers quality systems for maintaining standards of quality in incoming materials, processing operations, and finished products; runs various types of tests on incoming materials, materials in- process, and finished products; develops control charts for in-process control systems, may make recommendations about correcting process difficulties. Uses statistical tables and specialized measuring instruments and tests depending upon the industry such as Rockwell hardness, optical comparator, sonic X-ray or Magna- flux to test castings, mullen tester, flat crush tester, and Beach puncture test on paper or moisture meters, oil extraction tests, and twist checks in the textile industry. Plant job titles: Quality Control Technician Textile Quality Control Technician

28 SILK-SCREEN PROCESS TECHNICIAN (5-91.701) Advises on technical capability of silk-screen process, plans the work and supervises reproduction by silk-screen process; works with art and photo department; consults with the sales department; may actually do the layout work, photo-color separation, and stencil cutting; assists in or does the setup work on presses; supervises production employees. Uses photographic equipment such as darkroom camera, vacuum beams, arc lamps, developers, enlargers, and special chemicals and paper; also works with screens, stencils, and presses. Plant job titles: Photographic Technician for silk-screen printing Production Supervisor for Silk-Screen Silk-Screen Printing Press Technician

29 STATISTICAL TECHNICIAN (0-66.829) Assembles, analyzes, and classifies data using statistical tools to provide a basis for decision making; may accumulate data from records or in the field; transposes data to machine records; analyzes and classifies data on appropriate basis; may assist in design of experiments. Uses mathematical, statistical, and probability tables; also uses slide rules, calculators, machine record equipment, graphing, and tabulation equipment. Plant job titles: Engineering Assistant Engineering Forecast Technician Statistical Technician Urban Traffic Analyst

30—SYSTEMS ANALYST (0-69.929) Analyzes existing systems of accomplishing work and develops improved systems; surveys relationships among personnel, materials, equipment, and procedures in existing systems by block diagramming and flow charting; does procedures design work; applies computer services where desired and applicable in systems. Uses libraries of forms, books, and manuals including layout forms and flow charts. Plant job titles: Assistant to Systems Analyst Business Systems Analyst Financial Systems Analyst and Programmer Systems Analyst 46 31—WELDING TECHNICIAN (4-85.199) Programs, operates, and maintains electron beam and maser equipment; adjusts equipment for operation to be performed; keeps highly technical records; does preventive maintenance work and repair work on machine; adjusts and adapts machine to keep it updated with new development or to new jobs. Uses vacuum furnace, holding fixtures, electron beam welding equipment, and masers. Plant job titles: Electron Beam Cutting & Welding Technician Welding Technician (Emphasis on electronic welding) Maser Beam Welder

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