Schooner Way Cardiff

Home , Cardiff Docks, Cardiff Roman Fort, Womanby Street

Archaeology Wales

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Archaeology Wales Limited, Rhos Helyg, Cwm Belan, Llanidloes, Powys SY18 6QF Tel: +44 (0) 1686 440371 E-mail: [email protected]

CONTENTS

Summary 1

1. Introduction 2 2. Site Description 2 3. Methodology 3 4. Archaeological and Historical Background 4 4.1 Previous Archaeological Studies 4 4.2 The Historic Landscape 5 4.3 Scheduled Ancient Monuments 5 4.4 Listed Buildings 5 4.5 Non designated sites 8 4.6 Historical background 10 5. Map Regression 15 6. Aerial Photographs 16 7. New Sites 18 8. Site Visit 18 9. Assessing visual impact 18 10.Impact Assessment 19 10.1 Assessment of archaeological potential and importance 19 10.2 Potential impacts from proposed development 19 10.3 Mitigation 19 11.Conclusion 20 12.Sources Appendix I: Gazetteer of sites recorded on the regional HER Appendix II: List of sites recorded on the NMR Appendix III: Specification

List of Figures

Figure 1 Site of proposed development Figure 2 Listed buildings within 1km radius from the site Figure 3 Detail of listed buildings N of the site Figure 4 Detail of listed buildings S of the site Figure 5 Sites recorded on the regional HER Figure 6 &RXQW\6HULHVILUVWHGLWLRQVKRZLQJDSSUR[LPDWHORFDWLRQWRVLWH Figure 7 &RXQW\6HULHVVHFRQGHGLWLRQVKRZLQJDSSUR[LPDWHORFDWLRQWR VLWH

Plates Plate 1 Centre of the site. View to south Plate 2 View across eastern half of the site. View to south Plate 3 View across eastern half of the site. View to east Plate 4 View across eastern half of the site. View to north Plate 5 View across the site. View to SW Plate 6 View across western half of the site. View to E Plate 7 View along E dock. View to NW Plate 8 View along E dock. View to SE Plate 9 View to N from W half of the site Plate 10 View to S along the W boundary Plate 11 View to NW from the western corner of the site Plate 12 View towards the E from the W half of the site

Copyright Notice: Archaeology Wales Ltd. retain copyright of this report under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, and have granted a licence to Asbri Planning Ltd, to use and reproduce the material contained within.

The Ordnance Survey has granted Archaeology Wales Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100055111) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise with the Ordnance Survey.

Summary

In October 2015, Archaeology Wales was commissioned to carry out an archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, including a site visit, to determine the archaeological potential of the land at Schooner Way, Cardiff. The work was undertaken in advance of the submission of a planning application for a housing development in the area.

No Registered Historic Landscape areas, Historic Parks & Gardens or Conservation Areas lie within the bounds of the proposed development site or within 1km radius from the site. Similarly, no Scheduled Ancient Monuments lie within a 1km radius of the proposed development area. The closest SAMs are Cardiff Castle (00102s) and the Roman fort (00101s) located c. 1.8 km NW from the site. These monuments will not be affected by the development.

Eighty-seven Listed Buildings lie within a 1km radius of the proposed development site, eighty-four of which are Grade II buildings. The development is not considered to have visual impact on the Grade II listed site of Spillers and Bakers located 582m north from the proposed development or on the Grade II* Cardiff Bay Station situated c. 449m south from the site.

The regional Historic Environment Record lists 71 sites of historical significance within a 1 km search area. No sites lie within the bounds of the proposed development area. The site proposed for development will not have a greater impact to adjacent HER sites than the impact that the adjacent residential area already has over these sites.

One new site of archaeological interest (SW001) was noted within the area of proposed development during the course of the research. This is an engine house known to exist in the period between 1906 to 1950s.

Suitable mitigation to safeguard the potential archaeological resource within the development area would be the provision of an archaeological watching brief during all intrusive groundworks

1 Introduction

1.1 In October 2015, Archaeology Wales (AW) was commissioned by of Asbri Planning Ltd, on behalf of their clients to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment to investigate the heritage potential the land located to the east of Schooner Way and to the west of the Bute East Dock (NGR: ST19284 75271; Archaeology Wales Project 2386) (Figure 1). The work was undertaken in advance of the submission of a planning application for the development of a housing development in the area. 1.2 The proposed site is currently (October 2015) in the pre-planning stages of development. A Specification for the Desk-Based Assessment was produced by AW in October 2015 and approved by Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT), who act as archaeological advisors to the local planning authority, City of Cardiff Council (CCC) (see Appendix III).

1.3 The purpose of the Desk-Based Assessment, which is detailed in the following report, is to provide CCC with the information they are likely to request in respect of the proposed development, the requirements for which are set out in Planning Policy WALES, July 2014, Section 6.5, and Welsh Office Circular 60/96. The work is to highlight and assess the impact upon standing and buried remains of potential archaeological interest and to ensure that they are fully investigated and recorded if they are disturbed or revealed as a result of subsequent activities associated with the development.

1.4 The proposed residential development site comprises a roughly rectangular shaped parcel of land located to the east of Schooner Way and to the west of the Bute East Dock (Figure 1).

2 Site Description

2.1 The proposed development area lies 1.5km to the south of Cardiff city centre (NGR: ST19284 75271). This site currently comprises a delimited area of wasteland bounded on the east by Bute East Dock, on the west by Schooner Way, to the south by a County Hall and to the north by Henke Court residential area. The proposed site has an area of approximately 1.05 ha.

2.2 Vehicular access to the site is currently gained from the north, off Henke Court.

2.3 The underlying geology falls within the Mercia Mudstone Group mainly composed of red mudstone and green-grey mudstone. Superficial deposits are defined by Alluvium deposits of clay, silt, sand and gravel. The location under development also integrates areas of artificial ground (BGS 2015).

3 Methodology

3.1 The methodology for this desk-based assessment follows that set out in the specification (Appendix III).

3.2 The primary objective is to assess the impact of the proposed development on the historic environment. This will help inform future decision making, design solutions and potential mitigation strategies. The aim is to make full and effective use of existing information in establishing the archaeological significance of the site, to elucidate the presence or absence of archaeological material, its character, distribution, extent, condition and relative significance.

3.3 The work includes a comprehensive assessment of regional context within which the archaeological evidence rests and aims to highlight any relevant research issues within national and regional research frameworks.

3.4 This report provides information of sufficient detail to allow informed planning decisions to be made which can safeguard the archaeological resource. Preservation in situ has been advocated where at all possible, but where engineering or other factors result in loss of archaeological deposits, preservation by record has been recommended.

3.5 This assessment considers the following:

a) The nature, extent and degree of survival of archaeological sites, structures, deposits and landscapes within the study area through assessment of various readily available primary sources:

1. Collation and assessment of all relevant information held in the regional HER at Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust within a 1km radius from the centre of the development.

2. Collation and basic assessment of the impact on all Designated archaeological sites (Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Historic Parks & Gardens, Conservation Areas) within a 1km radius of the aforementioned area

3. Assessment of all available excavation report and archives including unpublished and unprocessed material affecting the site and its setting.

4. Assessment of all relevant extant aerial photographic (AP) evidence, including that held at the Central Register of Air Photography for Wales, in Cardiff and the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales (RCAHMW), Aberystwyth.

5. All sources indexed in the County Archive.

6. Heritage Gateway sources.

7. Map regression analysis using all relevant cartographic sources e.g. All editions of the Ordnance Survey County Series, Tithe and early estate maps (as available).

8. Place name evidence.

9. Internet sourced satellite imagery.

10.Historic documents (e.g. Charters, registers, estate papers).

b) The significance of any remains in their context both regionally and nationally and in light of the findings of the desk based study.

3.6 This work conforms to the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk Based Assessment, as produced by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA 2014).

4 Archaeological and Historical Background

4.1 Previous archaeological studies

4.1.1 In 1976, the Welsh Folk Museum undertook a survey of the Norwegian Church (E000221) currently located in Harbour Drive, Cardiff. This church was founded in 1868 to serve Norwegian sailors exporting timber to be used in the coal industry.

4.1.2 In 1977, the Royal Commission of Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) conducted a survey of the Cardiff Bute West Docks junction canal swing bridge (E000235) used to join the Bute East Dock (34257) with Bute West Dock (34242).

4.1.3 In 1977 RCAHMW carried out a survey of the Cardiff Bute Dock Junction Canal lock (E00236) (34248). This is a lock on the junction canal between Bute East Dock (34257) and Bute West Dock (34242).

4.1.4 In 2005, GGAT produced a Desk-Based Assessment focused on exploring the archaeological potential of the waterfronts in South Wales (E001379) (see Dunning and Howell 2005). This report considered the areas of the west bank of the River Wye within the historic town of Chepstow, the west bank of the River Usk, the eastern bank of the River Taff adjacent to the historic core of Cardiff and the west bank of the River Towe in Swansea.

4.1.5 In 1989, GGAT produced a Desk-Based Assessment to assess the archaeological implications of land reclamation at Tremorfa (E001487) (see GGAT 1989).

4.1.6 In 2011, Smart Association carried out a building survey of 35-39, 41 and 43 Tressillian Terrace (E003555) (see Audrey 2011). This survey concluded that these buildings were structurally sound.

4.1.7 In 1994, GGAT produced an Environmental Statement to accompany a Planning Application for the proposed Eastern Bay Link Road (E003848). While this development had to impact on known archaeological sites, a sampling strategy was chosen to identify the potential that the area had to evidence the remains of prehistoric landscapes.

4.1.8 In 2013, Archaeology Wales was commissioned by Asbri Planning to conduct a building survey of Bethel Baptist Church prior its demolition (E004423) (see Harries 2013).

4.1.9 In 2012, SLR Consulting carried out a borehole survey with the aim to establish the archaeological and paleoecological potential of the Wentlooge peat formations (E004423). This study concluded that the chronological sequence of the peat formation span from the Early Neolithic (c. 3790-3700 BC) to the Early Bronze Age (c. 1890-1750 BC) (see SLR consulting 2013).

4.1.10 In 2002, Costworld Archaeology was commissioned to produce a Desk-Based Assessment of Roath Basin, Cardiff. The report highlighted the existence of Grade II buildings within the site and pointed at the heritage interest of Channel Dry Lock (E004682) (see Stoten 2002).

4.2 The Historic Landscape

4.2.1 The proposed development does not lie within the boundaries of any Historic Landscape Categorisation Areas (HLCA) recorded in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales (Cadw et al 1998), nor do any lie within the wider 1km search area around the proposed development.

4.2.2 There are no registered Historic Park & Gardens within the 1km search area. Neither are there any Conservation areas within the same search area.

4.3 Scheduled Ancient Monuments

4.1 In order to assess the potential impact of the proposed development on designated archaeological sites a search area of 1km from the proposed development has been used.

4.3.2 There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments within this 1km radius of the proposed site.

4.3.3 The nearest Scheduled Ancient Monuments are Cardiff Castle (00102s) and Roman Fort (00101s) at a distance of c. 1.8km NW from the site, and Dominican Friary (00104s) 2km NW from the proposed development site.

4.3.4 The proposed development will not have a direct impact on the Scheduled Ancient Monuments located in the surrounding area.

4.4 Listed Buildings (Figure 2, 3 and 4)

4.4.1 Within the same 1km search area there are 87 Listed Buildings, of which 82 are Grade II, 4 Grade II* and 1 Grade I building.

4.4.2 A number of Listed Buildings are found on Bute Street and Mount Stuart Square and these are primarily associated with the industrial significance of the area during the nineteenth century. These are located some 0.5km to the SW of the proposed development area. Other Listed Buildings are concentrated in the city centre at distances between 1.5 and 2km to the north-west of the proposed development area. The buildings are of primarily nineteenth date.

4.4.3 The closest listed building from the site is Spillers and Bakers (LB 14016). This Grade II was originally part of the Spiller’s mills and factory. Its interior was converted into flats in the late 1980s. The building is at 582m north from the proposed development, south of the -XQFWLRQ&DQDORI%XWH(DVW'RFNRQFRUQHURI6FKRRQHU:D\DQG/ODQVDQQRU 'ULYH. Approximately 449m south from the proposed development there is Grade II* Cardiff Bay Station. This structure was first used in 1843 to be used as offices for the Taff Vale Railway. In 1862, the building began to be used as consulates. It was finally used as station at the beginning of the 20th century following the closure of the old Cardiff Docks Station. The interior of the building is currently used as a space for the Railway Museum.

4.4.4 There are no Listed Buildings within the proposed site for development.

NUMBER NAME GRADE 13799 Statue of Second Marquis of Bute II 13952 Dead End Saloon II 13953 Not known II 13954 Eli Jenkins II 13955 Not known II 13956 Ocean Building II 13957 Bonded Warehouse II 13960 Not known II 13961 Not known II 13962 Railway Overbridge II 13963 Cardiff Bay Station II* 13964 Pascoe House II 13965 Meandros House II 13966 Not known II 13967 Not known II 13968 4 Dock Chambers (Emlyn House) II 13969 5 Dock Chambers (Emlyn House) II 13970 Seaway House II 13971 Former H.M.Immigration Office II 13972 Cory's Building II 13973 Midland Bank II 13974 National Westminster Bank II* 13975 Baltimore Hotel II 13976 Not known II 13977 Not known II 13978 Not known II 13979 Royal Bank of Scotland II 13980 Not known II Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin and St Stephen the Martyr, 13981 including forecourt wall and railings II 13982 Marquess of Bute's Warehouse II 13983 Warehouse Adjacent to Marquess of Bute's Warehouse II Warehouse on corner of Lloyd George Avenue and Herbert 13984 Street II 13985 Cast Iron Posts and Railings to E of Dock Lane II 13986 Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas II 13987 Railway Bridge over Dock Feeder II

13988 Bridge over Dock Feeder Canal II 13989 Bridge over Dock Feeder Canal II 13990 Lloyd's Bank II 13991 Phoenix Buildings II 13992 Coptic House II 13993 Not known II 13994 Not known II 13995 Not known II 13996 Not known II 13997 Kilsby and Williams II 13998 Crichton House II Telephone Call Box adjoining E Side Of The Former Coal 13999 Exchange II 14000 Pillar Box Outside former Coal Exchange II 14001 Baltic House II 14002 Not known II 14003 Marine House II 14004 Mount Stuart House II 14006 Aberdare House II 14007 Empire House II* 14008 Not known II 14009 Not known II 14010 Beynon House II 14011 Cambrian Buildings II 14012 Cymric Buildings II 14013 Pillar Box Outside Cambrian Buildings. II 14014 The Point (Formerly St Stephen's Church) II 14015 Cardiff Exchange Building II* 14016 Spillers and Bakers II 14017 Scott's Brasserie (Former Pilotage Office). II Railings & Gates behind Scott's Brasserie (Former Pilotage 14018 Office) II 14019 The Big Windsor II 14020 The Jug & Platter (Formerly The Bute Dock) II 14021 Not known II 14022 34 & 35 II 14023 36 & 37 II 14024 Pillar Box Outside Royal Bank of Scotland II 14047 Mount Stuart Graving Dock No.2 II 14048 Mount Stuart Graving Dock No.1 II 14049 Sea Wall to East of former Mount Stuart Shiprepair Yard II 14050 Signal Platform in Bay II 14051 Signal Platform in Bay II 14052 Bute West Dock Basin, including Sea Walls and Catch Pit II 14053 One of a Pair of Navigation Lamps to E of Bute West Dock Basin II 14054 One of a Pair of Navigation Lamps tp E of Bute West Dock Basin II 14055 Pier Head Building I 14056 Sea Wall and Lock of Bute East Dock Basin II 14057 Former Warehouse (The "D" Shed) II

Sloping Stone Sea Wall between Entrance to Bute East Dock and 14058 Roath Basin, including 5 Dolphins II 14059 Former H.M.Customs and Excise Office II Locky's Cottage (former Workmen's Hut at Sea Lock to Roath 14060 Basin II Dock Walls of Roath Basin, including Sea Walls and Sea Lock, 14062 Walls of Locks, and Dry Docks II 20282 White Hart Public House II

4.5 Non designated sites

5.1 The HER records 71 sites of archaeological and historic significance within 1km of the proposed development site (Figure 4). A summary table is included below and the full gazetteer can be found in Appendix 1.

PRN Site name Form Period Designation 001159s Axe found in Polished axe Neolithic Splott 00813s Norwegian Church Post-Medieval Church 00895s Sea-Pound Warehouse Post-Medieval wharf Warehouse 00899s Sea-Pond Crane Machinery Post-Medieval 00941s Bute Docks Office Post-Medieval Grade II Office 01099s 1 Bute Crescent House Post-Medieval 01100s 2 Bute Crescent House Post-Medieval 01101s 5 Bute Crescent House Post-Medieval Grade II 01102s 6 Bute Crescent House Post-Medieval Grade II 01103s 7 Bute Crescent House Post-Medieval Grade II 01104s 8 Bute Crescent House Post-Medieval Grade II 01105s 9 Bute Crescent House Post-Medieval Grade II 01106s 10 Bute House Post-Medieval Grade II Crescent 01107s 11 Bute House Post-Medieval Grade II Crescent 01108s 12 Bute House Post-Medieval Grade II Crescent 01110s Not known House Post-Medieval Grade II 01111s 1,3 Bute Place Office Post-Medieval Grade II 01112s Bute Station Railway Station Post-Medieval Grade II* 01172s James St House Post-Medieval Grade II 01183s The Coal Coal exchange Post-Medieval Grade II* Exchange 01184s Lloyds Bank House Post-Medieval Grade II 01185s 4,5 Mt Stuart House Post-Medieval Grade II Square

01186s 6,7 Mt Stuart House Post-Medieval Grade II Square 01187s 8,9 Mt Stuart House Post-Medieval Grade II Square 01188s 15,16 Mt Stuart Building Post-Medieval Grade II Square 01189s 20 Mt Stuart House Post-Medieval Grade II Square 01190s 21,23 Mt Stuart Building Post-Medieval Grade II Square 01191s Casablanca ClubChapel Post-Medieval Grade II 01192s 28,29 Mt Stuart Building Post-Medieval Grade II Square 01193s 60 Mt Stuart Office Modern Grade II Square 01227s Statue 2nd Commemorative Post-Medieval Grade II Marquis od Bute monument 01245s Church of St Church Post-Medieval Grade II Stephen 01570.0s Llantrisant- Railway Post-Medieval Aberthaw Railway 01659s 125 Bute Street Building Post-Medieval Grade II 01682.185 Hodges Dry Canal Lock Post-Medieval Lock 01682.19s Cardiff Bute Canal Bridge Post-Medieval Grade II Docks Junction Canal Swing 01682.20s Cardiff Bute Canal Lock Post-Medieval Docks Junction Canal 01682.28s Dock Feeder Canal Post-Medieval Glamorganshire Canal 01682.29s Cardiff-Bute Canal Basin Post-Medieval West Dock Canal Basin 01682.30s Cardiff-Bute Canal Basin Post-Medieval East Dock Canal Basin 01979s Bute East Dock Dock Post-Medieval 02101s Telephone Box Telephone Box Modern Grade II 02146s Not known Bridge Post-Medieval Grade II 02147s Marquis of Warehouse Post-Medieval Grade II Butes’ warehouse 02148s Pilotage House Stable Post-Medieval Grade II 02150s Empire House Coal exchange Post-Medieval Grade II PGW II* 02151s Baltic House Shop Post-Medieval Grade II 02156s Not known Church Post-Medieval Grade II

02172s Telephone Box Telephone Post-Medieval Grade II 02242s Public Library Library Post-Medieval Grade II 02257s 33 West Bute House Post-Medieval Grade II Street 02258s 34,35 West House Post-Medieval Grade II Bute Street 02736s Not known Canal Post-Medieval 02739s Not known Hospital Ship Post-Medieval 03709s Butetown Cannon Ball Post-Medieval Cannon 04258s 35-39 Tresillian Hostel Post-Medieval Terrace 04259s 41 Tresillian Dwelling Post-Medieval Terrace 04260s 43 Tresillian Dwelling Post-Medieval Terrace 050054s Cambrian Aircraft Factory Modern Aircraft Constructions 05056s Messr Curran’s Factory Modern Metals and Munitions Factory 05092s Peat deposition Peat Neolithic 05098s Docks Walls of Dock Post-Medieval Grade II Roath Barm 05100s Locky’s cottage Hut Post-Medieval Grade II 05101s Former HM Custome Office Post-Medieval Grade II Costumes and excise office 05102s Sea Walls Wall Post-Medieval Grade II 05103s Wall and Lock Dock Post-Medieval Grade II of Bute East Dock 05104s Bute West Dock Dock Post-Medieval Grade II Basin 05105s Navigation Navigation Aid Post-Medieval Grade II Lamp 05106s Signal Platform Navigation Aid Post-Medieval Grade II 05107s Signal Platform Navigation Aid Post-Medieval Grade II 07486m Dowlais Cardiff Steel Works Modern Steel Works

4.6 Sites recorded at NMRW (Coflein)

4.6.1 A 1km radius search from the location of the site (ST 19284 75271) on the Royal Commission of Historical and Ancient Monuments of Wales has produced 167 records. A summary table is included below:

NPRN SITE NAME SITE TYPE

307718 ROYAL STUART BUILDING HOUSE

307715 BOSTON BUILDING HOUSE

96090 SOUTH GLAMORGAN COUNTY HALL OFFICE

91444 WEST JUNCTION CANAL, CARDIFF CANAL

307719 MERTHYR HOUSE HOUSE

307720 MOUNT STUART HOUSE HOUSE

302379 WHITE HART INN; 66 JAMES STREET INN

302127 ALL SOULS CHURCH SEAMEN'S CHURCH: CHURCH SEAMAN'S MISSION, BUTETOWN

307731 COLUM BUILDINGS OFFICE

91433 FLOUR MILLS, COLLINGDON ROAD, CORN MILL CARDIFF

85399 HODGES DRY DOCK, GLAMORGANSHIRE DOCK CANAL, CARDIFF

307743 WELSH INDUSTRIAL & MARITIME MUSEUM MUSEUM

307739 CUSTOM HOUSE; H.M. IMMIGRATION, 56 OFFICE BUTE STREET

307738 DOCK CHAMBERS, 4-5, BUTE STREET OFFICE

307750 LANDSEA HOUSE OFFICE

307751 TECHNIQUEST MUSEUM

307713 SALVAGE BUILDINGS HOUSE

305754 ROATH BASIN, CARDIFF DOCKS HARBOUR

308222 ST STEPHEN'S CHURCH, WEST BUTE CHURCH STREET AND MOUNT STUART SQUARE

274113 MAYFLOWER WRECK

9384 LOUDON SQUARE ENGLISH WESLEYAN CHAPEL METHODIST CHAPEL,BUTETOWN, CARDIFF

18165 BUTE PLACE (GENERAL), BUTETOWN DWELLING

18164 BUTE CRESCENT, 12, BUTETOWN HOUSE

18163 BUTE CRESCENT, 11, BUTETOWN HOUSE

18162 BUTE CRESCENT, 10, BUTETOWN HOUSE

18167 BUTE STREET, 54, BUTETOWN; PASCOE OFFICE HOUSE;MEANDROS HOUSE;POWELL DUFFRYN BUILDING

18168 BUTE STREET, 63-68, BUTETOWN DWELLING

307580 WAREHOUSE ADJACENT TO MARQUESS WAREHOUSE OF BUTE'S WAREHOUSE, COLLINGDON RD

307579 WAREHOUSE ON CORNER OF WAREHOUSE COLLINGDON RD & HERBERT ST

18169 BUTE STREET, 97-100, BUTETOWN DWELLING

18161 BUTE CRESCENT, 9 , BUTETOWN HOUSE

18160 BUTE CRESCENT, 8, BUTETOWN HOUSE

17987 BALTIC HOUSE, MOUNT STUART HOUSE SQUARE

9256 HANNAH STREET ENGLISH INDEPENDENT CHAPEL CHAPEL, CARDIFF

20001 BIG WINDSOR HOTEL PUBLIC HOUSE, PUBLIC HOUSE STUART STREET, BUTETOWN

18155 MOUNT STUART;BUTE CRESCENT, 1, PUBLIC HOUSE BUTETOWN

18156 BUTE CRESCENT, 2, BUTETOWN DWELLING

18159 BUTE CRESCENT, 7, BUTETOWN HOUSE

18158 BUTE CRESCENT, 6, BUTETOWN HOUSE

18157 BUTE CRESCENT, 5, BUTETOWN HOUSE

307736 CYMRIC BUILDINGS OFFICE

307735 MOUNT STUART SQUARE, 58-59 HOUSE

34242 BUTE EAST DOCK, CARDIFF DOCK

405925 CRICKHOWELL HOUSE:TY CRUGHYWEL, GOVERNMENT OFFICE CARDIFF BAY

405902 9 CORPORATION BUILDINGS, DUMBALLS WAREHOUSE ROAD, CARDIFF

18171 BUTE STREET, 117, BUTETOWN;DOCKS HOTEL NON-POLITICAL CLUB

400587 CRAWSHAY'S WHARF, SEA POUND, WHARF BUTETOWN, CARDIFF

400586 PENYDARREN WHARF, SEA POUND, WHARF BUTETOWN, CARDIFF

400582 LOUDON IRON FOUNDRY, DUMBALLS IRON FOUNDRY ROAD, BUTETOWN, CARDIFF

400583 BUTE CHAIN AND ANCHOR TESTING TEST HOUSE HOUSE, DUMBALLS ROAD, BUTETOWN, CARDIFF

400584 PLYMOUTH WHARF AND DOCK, SEA DOCK, WHARF POUND, BUTETOWN, CARDIFF

4.6.2 The recorded sites are of post-medieval date and include 16 houses, a canal and 3 churches among other. These sites are primarily associated with the industrial significance of the area during the 19th century.

4.6.3 None of the recorded sites are found within the limits of the proposed development.

4.7 Historical Background

4.7.1 Prehistoric landscapes have been attested through sampling strategies used in the study of Wentlooge peat formations (ESA4423). This examination confirmed the existence of Neolithic and Bronze Age peat levels in superficial deposits. Moreover, Neolithic activity in the area is confirmed through the recovery of a polished flint axe of Neolithic date in the area of Splott (001159s).

4.7.2 The city of Cardiff was founded with the construction of a Roman fort (00101s) in 55AD during the occupation of South Wales. Evidence indicates that this fort was rebuilt at a smaller scale in 75AD and occupied until the 5th century, following the Roman departure of the area.

4.7.3 Cardiff castle (00102s) occupies a central position in the definition of Medieval Cardiff. The castle was built in the 11th century with the invasion of Glamorgan by the Normans. The castle was ruined 3 centuries later by Owain Glyndƀr's army and rebuilt by Richard Beauchamp in 1423. The medieval town was first contained within an enclosure currently corresponding to Working Street and Womanby Street. However, it rapidly grew towards the south. The town was enclosed by a defensive structure to the west and protected by the River Taff on its eastern side.

4.7.4 The proposed development area lies in the heart of what was once the largest and busiest port in the world. Between the late 18th century and the end of the 19th century Cardiff docks exported iron and coal primarily from the Cynon, Rhondda and Merthyr valleys. Infrastructure and communication routes converged here from the south Wales valleys, bringing the coal and iron to the massive 11km of quayage. The historical built environment testifies the importance of this area during the 19th century as a central commercial port through the number of warehouses, railway tracks and docks and related infrastructure located within the vicinities of the docks. This significance is further evidenced with the construction of the Norwegian Church (E000221) currently located in Harbour Drive, Cardiff. This church was founded in 1868 to serve Norwegian sailors exporting timber to be used in the coal industry. Decline came during the early part of the 20th century when modern technologies made Barry Docks a more suitable port for the region. In recent times much of the dock area has been infilled and the area now comprises residential units along with retail and leisure facilities.

5 Map Regression

5.1 Tithe map, Cardiff St Mary’s Parish, 1946

5.1.1 The apportionments for the area currently occupied by the disused Bute East Dock are represented in the tithe map as 19 meadows owed by the Marquis of Bute.

5.1.2 The area proposed for development was occupied by James James and it is also defined as a meadow.

5.1.3 West from the site, the area was characterised by the Bute ship canal and wharfs.

5.1.4 While Bute ship canal continues to be depicted in later OS map editions, the area of meadows were soon converted into the Bute East Dock.

5.2 County Series, First Edition 1853, 1: 2500 (Figure 6)

5.2.1 This map edition shows the Bute East Dock. This dock was opened by Lord Bute in the 1850s and soon enabled more than a million tons of coal to be handled by this dock annually (Evans 2003).

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5.4 OS map 1941-1947 edition, 1: 2500

5.4.1 The engine house depicted in the area proposed for development continues to be depicted on this map edition. However, the area is now occupied by 2 coal hoists.

5.4.2 The reservoir is no longer depicted. At this point, the area had been infilled and occupied by a series of coal hoists.

5.5 OS map 1953-1955 edition, 1: 2500

5.5.1 The engine house is no longer depicted.

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6 Aerial Photographs

6.1 An array of aerial photos exist for this area from the period between 1941 to the 1990s. These photos show little extra detail for the proposed development area than is visible on map sources. The information obtained through their analysis is summarised below:

Photograph ID Type of Direction Details print 18.8.1941 Black Oblique This photograph shows a series of NG318/176 T846 and railway sidings and lifting cranes within White the development area. 18.8.1941 Black Oblique No further detail to that obtained in NG319/178 T844 and maps of the area can be seen on this White photograph. 8.4.1942 AC 470 Black Oblique No further detail to that obtained in and maps of the area can be seen in this White photograph. 8.4.1942 AC 475, Black Oblique This photograph shows a series of 478 and 479 and railway sidings. White 8.4.1942 AC 480 Black Oblique No further detail to that obtained in and maps of the area can be seen in this White photograph. 25.6.1942 Sortie Black Oblique This photograph shows a series of FNO/17 6.28, 6.29 and railway sidings and lifting cranes within and 6.39 White the development area. 21.9.1943. Black Oblique This photograph shows a series of NG318/174 and railway sidings and lifting cranes within White the development area. 4.12.1946 Sortie. Black Railway sidings can be seen toward the CPE UK 1871 4004- and dock edge. These sidings are joined to Royal Air Force 6. White a lifting crane. 15.5.1947. Sortie Black Railway sidings can be seen toward the CPE UK 2081. and dock edge. These sidings are joined to 3427-8 White a lifting crane.

Royal Air Force 23.3.1948. Sortie Black Railway sidings can be seen toward the CPE UK 2520. and dock edge. These sidings are joined to 5291-3 White a lifting crane. Royal Air Force 9.3.1948. Sortie Black Railway sidings can be seen toward the CPE UK 2472. 3258 and dock edge. These sidings are joined to Royal Air Force White a lifting crane. Trams can be observed in the sidings. 14.8.1994. Sortie Black Railway sidings can be seen toward the 58 RAF 94. 5005-6 and dock edge. These sidings are joined to Royal Air Force White a lifting crane. Trams can be observed in the sidings. 14.5.1950. Sortie Black Railway sidings can be seen toward the 541RAF527. 4175 and dock edge. These sidings are joined to Royal Air Force White a lifting crane. Trams can be observed in the sidings. 1.6.1956. Sortie 82 Black Railway sidings can be seen toward the RAF 1436. 98, 100, and dock edge. These sidings are joined to 102 White a lifting crane. Trams can be observed Royal Air Force in the sidings. 2.5.1963. Sortie Black The cranes are no longer visible and the 58RAF5098. 0049- and railway sidings appear to be disused. 50 White Royal Air Force 3.10.1962. Sortie Black The cranes are no longer visible and the 58RAF5502 0006-7 and railway sidings appear to be disused. Royal Air Force White Along the East Dock side to the north of the development area there seems to be excavation work at the dock side. 31.5.1963. Sortie Black No further detail to that obtained in OS63 74. 052-3 and maps of the area can be seen on this Royal Air Force White photograph. 18.3.1968. Sortie Black To the north of the development area 58 RAF 8659 and a significant ground work programme (0066-67) White seems to have been undertaken which Royal Air Force has cut across the railway access from the north.

5.8.1968. Sortie Black The development area is now clearly Meridian 60/68 and abandoned and overgrown having 118-120 OS White been abandoned some time ago. 27.4.1982. Sortie Black The development area is now clearly OS 82 072 005-6. and abandoned and overgrown having OS White been abandoned some time ago. 13.7.1990 OS 90 The East dock has been infilled at its 160 219-20 OS southern end, leaving a rectangular shaped enclosed Dock. Some residential development to the north and west. County Hall is depicted to the south.

6.2 Later aerial photographs remain unchanged within the development area.

7 New Sites

7.1 One new site of archaeological interest (SW001) were noted within the area of proposed development during the course of the research. This is an engine house documented between OS map editions from 1906 to the 1950s.

8 Site Visit (Photos 1 – 12)

8.1 A site visit was undertaken on the 19th of October 2015. Conditions were sunny and dry, visibility was good. This site is currently bounded on the east by Bute East Dock, on the west by Schooner Way, to the south by a County Hall and to the north by Henke Court residential area. The proposed site has an area of approximately KD'XULQJ WKHGD\VSULRUWRWKHVLWHYLVLWWKHDUHDZDVFRPSOHWHO\RYHUJURZQ

8.2 From the centre of the side looking south, the County Hall is visible. This building is separated from the site by a line of hedgerows (Plate 1).

8.3 The topography of the site is characterised by its undulating character (Plate 2, 5 and 6). However, the remains of previous overgrown vegetation limit the possibility to assess the nature of these undulations (Plate 11 and 12).

8.4 Similarly, this fact hinders any possibility to evidence possible archaeological features on the ground (Plate 3).

8.5 The site proposed for development is located in close proximity to Bute East Canal. The surrounding area is characterised by modern housing developments.

8.6 No archaeological feature was observed during the site visit.

9 Assessing visual impact

9.1 This site currently is bounded on the east by Bute East Dock, on the west by Schooner Way, to the south by a County Hall and to the north by Henke Court residential area.

9.2 The nearest Listed Building is Spillers and Bakers (14016). The proposed development will not affect the view from and of the building.

9.3 The closest non-designated sites are Bute East Dock (01978s) and Cardiff Bute Dock Junction Canal (01682.20s). While both sites are clearly visible from the proposed area for development, the visual impact will be comparable to that of the adjacent residential area.

9.4 The site will have no visual impact upon the nearest Cardiff Castle (00102s) and the Roman fort (00101s).

10 Impact Assessment

10.1 Assessment of Archaeological Potential and Importance

10.1.1 Research has identified that the proposed development lies in area largely characterised by post-medieval activities relating to the coal industry. A relatively small number of prehistoric sites are recorded in the area but there is no indication of significant archaeological potential from these periods within the area of proposed development.

10.2 Potential impacts from proposed development

10.2.1 The proposed development consists of a housing development occupying approximately 1.05ha. Associated groundworks such as topsoil stripping, foundation excavation and cable trenching all have the potential to expose, damage or destroy potential archaeological remains.

10.2.2 No registered Historic Landscape will be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed development. It is considered, therefore, that the proposed development will not have a significant detrimental impact on the general archaeological and historical landscape setting.

10.2.3 No designated sites (Registered Parks & Gardens, Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Listed Buildings) will be directly affected by the proposed development.

10.3 Mitigation

10.3.1 Suitable mitigation to safeguard the potential archaeological resource within the development area would be the provision of an archaeological watching brief during all intrusive groundwork.

11 Conclusions

11.1 The archaeological desk-based assessment assessed the potential impact of the proposed development on the archaeological resource, and examined designated sites and landscapes within an agreed search area of 1km around the proposed development site, and undesignated sites and landscapes within an agreed search area of 1km.

11.2 The archaeological desk-based assessment determined that the proposed development does not lie within, or affect, any Registered Historic Landscapes, Historic Parks and Gardens or Conservation Areas.

11.3 There is no Scheduled Ancient Monument within 1km of the proposed development. No site will be directly affected. Cardiff Castle (00102s) and the Roman fort (00101s) will not be affected by the development.

11.4 Within the same 1km search area, there are 87 Listed Buildings of which 82 are Grade II, 4 Grade II* and 1 Grade I building. No site will be directly affected.

11.5 Within a 1km wide search area around the proposed development, 71 sites are recorded within the regional HER, with an additional one recorded on the NMR. No sites are directly recorded within the area of the proposed development. The area records peat levels dating from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Additionally, a Neolithic flint axe has been recovered within the 1km search area. While Roman and Medieval remains have not been found within the search area, it is significant to note that Cardiff Castle (00102s) and the Roman fort (00101s) are located c. 2km from the proposed development site. The general area is largely characterised by post-medieval built environments related to the coal industry.

11.6 One new sites of archaeological interest was identified within the bounds of the proposed development area during the course of the research. This is an engine house documented between OS map editions from 1906 to the 1950s.

11.7 Suitable mitigation to safeguard the potential archaeological resource within the development area would be the provision of an archaeological watching brief during all intrusive groundwork.

11 Sources

Published Cadw, CCW & ICOMOS UK 1998 Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales. Cardiff: CADW.

Unpublished

GGAT 1989 Archaeological implications of land reclamation at Tremorfa: a preliminary assessment 10 78-89/01. Audrey, B 2011 Structural Survey of existing dwellings at Tresillian Terrace, Cardiff 3023. Harries, S 2013 Bethel Baptist Church, Pomeroy Street, Cardiff: Standing Building Recording 3220; HER_MM_0253. Locock, M 1994 Eastern Bay Link Road, Cardiff. Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment. 151 Stoten, G 2002 Roath Basin, Cardiff: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment 1245 202/06. Various, SLR Consulting 2012 Energy from Waste Facility Trident Park, Cardiff SUR 3348.

Maps

British Geological Survey 2015 Geology of Britain Viewer - (accessed 20/10/15) 1846 Tithe Map, Cardiff St Mary’s Parish Ordnance Survey 1853 County Series 1: 2 500, 1st edition Ordnance Survey 1906 County Series 1: 2 500, 2nd edition

Ordnance Survey 1941 OS map 1: 2 500

Ordnance Survey 1953 OS map 1: 2 500

Aerial Photographs The following photographs were examined at the Central Registry for Aerial Photographs in Wales, Cardiff:

Photograph ID

1941 18.8.1941 NG318/176 T846

18.8.1941 NG319/178 T844

1942 8.4.1942 AC 470

8.4.1942 AC 475, 478 and 479

8.4.1942 AC 480

25.6.1942 Sortie FNO/17 6.28, 6.29 and 6.39

1943 21.9.1943. NG318/174

1946 4.12.1946 Sortie. CPE UK 1871 4004- Royal Air Force 6.

1947 15.5.1947. Sortie CPE UK 2081. 3427-8

1948 23.3.1948. Sortie CPE UK 2520. 5291-3

9.3.1948. Sortie CPE UK 2472. 3258

1994 14.8.1994. Sortie 58 RAF 94. 5005-6

1950 14.5.1950. Sortie 541RAF527. 4175

1956 1.6.1956. Sortie 82 RAF 1436. 98, 100, 102

1963 2.5.1963. Sortie 58RAF5098. 0049-50

1962 3.10.1962. Sortie 58RAF5502 0006-7

1963 31.5.1963. Sortie OS63 74. 052-3

1968 18.3.1968. Sortie 58 RAF 8659 (0066-67)

1968 5.8.1968. Sortie Meridian 60/68 118-120 OS

1982 27.4.1982. Sortie OS 82 072 005-6. OS

1990 13.7.1990 OS 90 160 219-20 OS

Databases Regional Historic Environment Record (HER), held and maintained by Glamorgan-Went Archaeological Trust Single Onshore Boreholes Index, as maintained and displayed online by the British Geological Survey

Online resources

British Geological Survey – bgs.ac.uk (accessed 20/10/15)

22 The site

Fig. 2: Listed buildings within 1km radius from the site.

0 1km The site

Fig. 3: Listed buildings within 1km radius N of site.

The site

Fig. 4: Listed buildings within 1km radius S of site.

Fig. 5: Sites recorded on the regional HER. Fig. 6: County Series 1st edition 1853 1:2500, showing approximate location of site.

Fig. 7: County Series 2nd edition 1906 1:2500, showing approximate location of site.

Plate 1

Plate 1: Centre of site. View to south.

Plate 2: View across eastern half of site. View to south.

Plate 2 Plate 3

Plate 3: View across eastern half of the site. View to east.

Plate 4: View across eastern half of the site. View to north.

Plate 4 Plate 5

Plate 5: View across the site. View to SW.

Plate 6: View across western half of site. View to west.

Plate 6 Plate 7

Plate 7: View along E dock. View to NW.

Plate 8: View along E dock. View to SE.

Plate 8 Plate 9

Plate 9: View to N from western half of the site.

Plate 10: View to S along the western boundary.

Plate 10 Plate 11

Plate 11: View to NW from the western corner of the site.

Plate 12: View towards the E from the western half of the site.

Plate12

Specification

For Archaeological Desk Based Assessment and Site Visit:

Schooner Way

Cardiff

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4 The proposed archaeological work

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