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FCC FACT SHEET* Mitigation of Orbital Debris in the New Space Age Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, IB Docket No

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FCC FACT SHEET* Mitigation of Orbital Debris in the New Space Age Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, IB Docket No April 2, 2020 FCC FACT SHEET* Mitigation of Orbital Debris in the New Space Age Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, IB Docket No. 18-313 Background: Since 2004, when the Commission first adopted rules regarding orbital debris mitigation for Commission-authorized satellites, there have been a number of developments in technologies and business models that pose new or additional orbital debris risks. These developments include the increasing deployment of lower-cost small satellites and of large constellations of non-geostationary satellite orbit systems, some potentially involving thousands of satellites. This revision of our orbital debris mitigation rules would address these recent developments and incorporate technical guidance from the broad U.S. Government interagency community that developed the recent update to the U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices. What the Report and Order Would Do: • Revise existing application disclosure rules to incorporate numeric thresholds, including for: o risk of collision with large objects o risk of collision with small objects that would disable the satellite o probability of successful post-mission disposal casualty risk associated with those satellites that will re-enter Earth’s atmosphere o • Adopt a requirement that all satellites must be equipped with maneuverability sufficient to perform collision avoidance maneuvers during any period when the satellite is in an orbit that is above the International Space Station (approximately 400 kilometers altitude). • Update disclosure requirements and adopt new disclosure requirements related to limiting collision risk, protecting inhabitable spacecraft, maneuverability, use of deployment devices, release of persistent liquids, and proximity operations. • Adopt disclosure requirements regarding satellite trackability, satellite identification, and how operators plan to share information related to space situational awareness, such as ephemeris data. • Codify informational requirements for geostationary-orbit satellite license extensions and limit the duration of such extensions to five years maximum per extension. • Clarify existing high-level Commission requirements regarding maintaining control of authorized stations, including for satellite command communications. • Clarify liability issues by adopting a requirement that licensees indemnify the United States for costs associated with any claims brought against the United States under international outer space treaties. • Clarify that the revised rules, with some exceptions, apply to applicants under parts 5, 25, and 97 of the Commission’s rules, including applicants for U.S. market access under part 25. What the Further Notice Would Do: • Propose a bond requirement for geostationary and non-geostationary orbit space stations associated with successful post-mission disposal. * This document is being released as part of a "permit-but-disclose" proceeding. Any presentations or views on the subject expressed to the Commission or its staff, including by email, must be filed in IB Docket No. 18-313, which may be accessed via the Electronic Comment Filing System (https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/). Before filing, participants should familiarize themselves with the Commission’s ex parte rules, including the general prohibition on presentations (written and oral) on matters listed on the Sunshine Agenda, which is typically released a week prior to the Commission’s meeting. See 47 CFR § 1.1200 et seq. Federal Communications Commission FCC-CIRC2004-03 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Mitigation of Orbital Debris in the New Space Age ) IB Docket No. 18-313 ) REPORT AND ORDER AND FURTHER NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING* Adopted: [] Released: [] By the Commission: Comment Date: [] Reply Comment Date: [] TABLE OF CONTENTS Heading Paragraph # I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 II. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 3 III. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 14 A. Regulatory Approach to Mitigation of Orbital Debris ................................................................... 15 1. FCC Statutory Authority Regarding Orbital Debris ................................................................ 15 2. Relationship with Other U.S. Government Activities ............................................................. 20 3. Economic Considerations ........................................................................................................ 25 4. Other Introductory Matters ...................................................................................................... 28 B. Safe Flight Profiles ........................................................................................................................ 32 1. Collisions with Large Objects ................................................................................................. 33 2. Collisions with Small Objects ................................................................................................. 43 3. Disclosures Regarding Planned Orbit(s) ................................................................................. 46 4. Orbit Variance and Orbit Selection for Large NGSO Systems ............................................... 51 5. Protection of Inhabitable Spacecraft ....................................................................................... 54 6. Maneuverability....................................................................................................................... 56 C. Tracking and Data Sharing ............................................................................................................ 64 1. Trackability and Satellite Identification .................................................................................. 67 * This document has been circulated for tentative consideration by the Commission at its April 2020 open meeting. The issues referenced in this document and the Commission’s ultimate resolution of those issues remain under consideration and subject to change. This document does not constitute any official action by the Commission. However, the Chairman has determined that, in the interest of promoting the public’s ability to understand the nature and scope of issues under consideration, the public interest would be served by making this document publicly available. The FCC’s ex parte rules apply and presentations are subject to “permit-but-disclose” ex parte rules. See, e.g., 47 C.F.R. §§ 1.1206, 1.1200(a). Participants in this proceeding should familiarize themselves with the Commission’s ex parte rules, including the general prohibition on presentations (written and oral) on matters listed on the Sunshine Agenda, which is typically released a week prior to the Commission’s meeting. See 47 CFR §§ 1.1200(a), 1.1203. Federal Communications Commission FCC-CIRC2004-03 2. Ongoing Space Situational Awareness .................................................................................... 77 D. Topics Related to Creation of Debris During Operations .............................................................. 86 1. Deployment Devices ............................................................................................................... 87 2. Minimizing Debris Generated by Release of Persistent Liquids ............................................. 93 E. Post-Mission Disposal ................................................................................................................... 96 1. Post-Mission Orbital Lifetime ................................................................................................. 98 2. Reliability and Post-Mission Disposal .................................................................................. 103 a. Deployment Orbit ........................................................................................................... 111 b. Automatic Initiation of Disposal ..................................................................................... 115 c. Direct Spacecraft Retrieval ............................................................................................. 117 3. MEO Disposal ....................................................................................................................... 119 F. GSO License Extensions and Related Issues ............................................................................... 121 G. Casualty Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................... 128 H. Proximity Operations ................................................................................................................... 133 I. Encryption and Security of Spacecraft Command ....................................................................... 135 J. Frequency Coordination for Orbit-Raising .................................................................................. 139 K. Liability Issues and Economic Incentives .................................................................................... 146 1. Indemnification ....................................................................................................................
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