Forest Bioenergy for Europe
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What Science Can Tell Us Tell What Science Can What Science Can Tell Us | No 4 | We live in an intricate and changing environment with Bioenergy for Europe Forest interrelated feedback between ecosystems, society, economy and the environment. EFI’s ‘What Science Can Tell Us’ series is based on collective scientific ex- pert reviews providing interdisciplinary background information on key and complex forest-related issues for policy and decision makers, citizens and society in general. What Science Forest Bioenergy Can Tell Us for Europe Paavo Pelkonen, Mika Mustonen, Antti Asikainen, Gustaf Egnell, Promode Kant, Sylvain Leduc and Davide Pettenella (editors) The European Forest Institute (EFI) is an international organisation established by European States. EFI conducts research and provides policy advice on forest related issues. It facilitates and stimulates forest related networking as well as promotes the supply of unbiased and policy relevant information on forests and What Science Can Tell Us 4 Yliopistokatu 6, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland forestry. It also advocates for forest research and for scientifically sound infor- 2014 Tel. +358 10 773 4300, Fax. +358 10 773 4377 mation as a basis for policy-making on forests. www.efi.int What Science Can Tell Us Lauri Hetemäki, Editor-In-Chief Marcus Lindner, Associate Editor Robert Mavsar, Associate Editor Minna Korhonen, Managing Editor The editorial office can be contacted at [email protected] Layout: Grano Oy / Jouni Halonen Printing: Painotalo Seiska Oy Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the European Forest Institute. ISBN: 978-952-5980-10-3 (printed) ISBN: 978-952-5980-11-0 (pdf) Forest Bioenergy What Science Can Tell Us for Europe Paavo Pelkonen, Mika Mustonen, Antti Asikainen, Gustaf Egnell, Promode Kant, Sylvain Leduc and Davide Pettenella (editors) Contents Authors ............................................................................................................................... 7 Foreword .............................................................................................................................9 Introduction ......................................................................................................................11 Paavo Pelkonen and Promode Kant 1. Markets and policy ........................................................................................................15 1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................15 1.2 Consumption of renewable energy and wood fuels in the European Union ..........................................................................17 Esa Ylitalo and Mika Mustonen 1.3 Forest-related policies affecting bioenergy markets in Europe .................... 23 Mauro Masiero, Bart Muys and Birger Solberg 1.4 Impacts of forest bioenergy and policies on the forest sector markets in Europe: What do we know? ........................................................................29 Birger Solberg, Lauri Hetemäki, A. Maarit I. Kallio, Alexander Moiseyev and Hanne K. Sjølie 1.5 European reliance on the world bioenergy market ........................................35 Promode Kant, Anatoly Shvidenko, Warwick Manfrinato, Luiz Fernando de Moura and Petro Lakyda 2. Conversion .................................................................................................................. 41 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Heat ..................................................................................................................42 Lennart Gustavsson and Claes Tullin 2.3 Power ................................................................................................................47 Stefano Consonni 2.4 Transport fuel .................................................................................................. 52 Frederik Ronsse, Henning Jørgensen, Ingmar Schüßler and Rikard Gebart 3. From biomass to feedstock ..........................................................................................59 Antti Asikainen, Rolf Björheden, Andy J. Moffat and Raffaele Spinelli 3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................59 3.2 Harvesting, chipping and transport technology ........................................... 60 5 WHAT SCIENCE CAN TELL US 3.3 Logistics solutions .......................................................................................... 64 3.4 New innovations for biomass supply .............................................................65 3.5 Economy of feedstock supply ........................................................................ 66 4. Potential in forest-based biomass production for energy ........................................ 69 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 69 4.2 Potential of long rotation forestry (LRF) ........................................................70 Heinrich Spiecker and Johanna Schuler 4.3 Potential of short rotation forestry (SRF) ....................................................... 75 Ioannis Dimitriou and Blas Mola-Yudego 5. Sustainability challenges ............................................................................................. 81 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 81 5.2 Biomass production: impacts on other ecosystem services .........................82 Maria Nijnik, Bill Slee and Albert Nijnik 5.3 Sustainability issues of using forests as a bioenergy resource .................... 90 Bart Muys, Mauro Masiero and Wouter MJ Achten 5.4 Sustainability at Source .................................................................................. 98 5.4.1 Responsibilities beyond domestic forests ........................................ 98 Bart Muys, Mauro Masiero, Wouter MJ Achten 5.4.2 Cross-continental challenges ...........................................................100 Promode Kant, Anatoly Shvidenko, Warwick Manfrinato, Luiz Fernando de Moura and Petro Lakyda 6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 105 Lauri Hetemäki, Bart Muys, Paavo Pelkonen and Davide Pettenella List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................109 6 Authors Wouter MJ Achten, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institute for Environmental Management and Land Use Planning, Belgium Antti Asikainen, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Finland Rolf Björheden, Skogforsk, Sweden Stefano Consonni, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Ioannis Dimitriou, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Dep. of Crop Production Ecology, Uppsala, Sweden Francesca Ferranti, Central European Regional Office of the European Forest Institute – EFICENT, Germany Rikard Gebart, Division of Energy Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden Lennart Gustavsson, Department of Energy Technology, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden Lauri Hetemäki, European Forest Institute Henning Jørgensen, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark A. Maarit I. Kallio, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Finland Promode Kant, Institute of Green Economy, Noida, India Petro I. Lakyda, Institute of forestry and landscape-park management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Sylvain Leduc, Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analyses (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria Warwick Manfrinato, Amazonia in Transformation Program, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Mauro Masiero, University of Padova, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Italy Andy J. Moffat, A.J. Moffat & Associates Ltd, UK Alexander Moiseyev, European Forest Institute and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management. Norway Blas Mola-Yudego, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Ås, Norway Luiz Fernando de Moura, Laboratórios Integrados de Química, Celulose e Energia, Grupo Bioenergia e Bioprodutos de Base Florestal, Brazil Mika Mustonen, North European Regional Office of the European Forest Institute – EFINORD 7 WHAT SCIENCE CAN TELL US Bart Muys, University of Leuven, Forest Ecology & Management Research Group and Mediterranean Regional Office of the European Forest Institute – EFIMED Albert Nijnik, Environmental Network Ltd, UK – Germany Maria Nijnik, Social, Economic and Geographical Sciences Group, the James Hutton Institute, UK Anders Nordin, Energy Engineering and Thermal Process Chemistry Group, Umeå University, Sweden Frederik Ronsse, Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Johanna Schuler, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany Ingmar Schüßlerb, Department of Energy Technology, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden Anatoly Shvidenko, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria Hanne Sjølie, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norway Bill Slee, Social,